EVALUACION DE FORMACIONES / YACIMIENTOS

SP CORES Descripcin (X ray, Th. Sec) PHIE

correlacin

estticos
CCA (Phi, K, GD, Sw) Sw
GR (NGT) SCAL (Kr, Swi, Shcr, mf, OB) Vsh

IND / RES TEST RFT / MDT (Pres, fluidos, Mob)

dinam.
DST (fluidos, K*h) K
RHOB - NPHI
porosidad

MUD LOG Cutting (litologa, fluidos) NS, NP, N/G

DT Co GAS (cromatografa) OWC, GOC
Sh, St ROP
Litologa
IMGENES
NT (CMR, C/O) Mineraloga

RAW DATA NON-LOG DATA INTERP. DATA

ECUACIONES
(parmetros)

TECNOLOGIA a mano bacos calculadoras computadoras

INTERPRETE ! ! !
Comparison of rock type population to rock type production

Abundance of Production by
Rock Types Rock Type

60%

42%
37% 37%

21%
3%

Miscellaneous Carbonates
Carbonates Shale
Sandstone Sandstone
 TEXTURE
ROCK
mm
COMPOSITION COMPONENTS Granules
2
TYPE OF DETRITAL ROCK Very coarse
TEXTURAL 1
CARBONATE SHALE SANDSTONE PARAMETERS Coarse
Quartz 1/2
Silt size of : Grain
Feldspars
Bioclasts Quartz Micas Size Medium
Oolits Feldspars Rocks
Pellets Micas fragments 1/4
Quartz Heavy Mudstone
minerales grains Fine
Bioclasts 1/8
Pellets Grain
(glauconite) Very fine
1/16
Abrasion
Matrix Silt
Micrite Product
Clay minerals 1/256
Clay minerals (silt size
quartz Roundness
Shape
Feldspars,
Micas...) Sphricity
Clay
minerals
Accessory
minerals Sorting
Packing
Silica Orientation
Sparry Calcite Calcite Cement Sand
Dolomite 1/16
calcite organics
Iron oxide Matrix Silt
Anhydrit Cement
1/256
Halite Clay
Clay
minerals
Asphalt

Water Fluid
Oil
gas
 Interpretacin de perfiles
Para qu? Evaluacin de yacimientos
Vsh, Phi, S, K, NS - NP...
Arcillosidad (Vsh): Volumen de arcilla.
Referencia bsica visual litolgica

Input para , Sw, cut off NS - NP.

Log GR (NGT), SP, N - D ...

04/12/2002 Principios Bsicos. D. Astesiano 2

Common Uses of Vclay, Vshale

.Fundamental visual lithology reference for all

team members

.Net:Gross cutoff criteria

.Shale corrections for other logs

.Exclusion criteria (constraint) for crossplots

.Input for shaly sand Sw equations

.Input. for logfacies predictions

.Input for log permeability predictions

Mapping parameter (occasionally)

 RAYOS GAMMA (GR)
Medicin de la radioactividad total natural de las rocas
Indicador de arcillosidad
Excelente curva de correlacin
Complemento / sustituto del SP

Propiedades
Los rayos gamma son impulsos de ondas electromagnticas de alta
energa emitidos espontneamente por elementos radioactivos

El istopo radioactivo del K (K 40) y los elementos radioactivos de las

series del U y Th emiten casi toda la radiacin gamma que se encuentra
en la tierra

Al atravesar la materia, los rayos gamma sufren colisiones sucesivas con

los tomos de la formacin y pierden energa hasta que son absorbidos
(efecto fotoelctrico). La tasa de absorcin depende de la densidad de la
formacin y de la concentracin de material radioactivo de la misma.
 Gamma Ray and Spontaneous Potential
Schlumberger

Gamma Ray Corrections for Hole Size and Mud Weight

GR-1
For 3 3 8-in. and 11116-in. SGT wireline gamma ray tools

10.0

7.0 GR

5.0 red
cente
l,
too
-in.
33 8
3.0 ered
cent
Correction factor

ool,
-in. t
111 16
2.0
338-in. tool, eccentered

11116-in. tool, eccentered

1.0

0.7

0.5

0.3
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
2)
t (g/cm
Schlumberger

Log interpretation Charts GR-1 and GR-2, replacing Chart Por-7, The correction for standoff is
are based on laboratory work and Monte Carlo calculations to 2
S Sm
provide improved corrections for 3 38- and 11116-in. SGT gamma CF = CFm + (CFo CFm ) .
ray tools. The corrections normalize the response of both tools to Sm
eccentered positions in an 8-in. borehole with 10-lbm mud. Chart CF m is the correction factor for centered tools, while CFo is the
GR-2 provides a correction for barite mud in small boreholes. correction factor for eccentered tools. Both are corrected for
Although these charts are more difficult to use than the ones barite if it is present in the borehole. S is the actual standoff, and
they replaced, the results are more exact since they are normal- Sm is the standoff with the tool centered.
ized to current tools, no interpolation is required, and the ranges
are extended. Example: GR reads 36 API units, d h is 12 in., and mud weight
The input parameter, t, in g/cm2, is calculated as follows: is 12 lbm/gal. The tool is 3 38 in. and centered.
Therefore, t = 15.8 g/cm2, resulting in a correction factor of 1.6.
Wmud 2.54 (d hole ) 2.54 (d sonde ) The corrected GR = 58 API units.
t= .
8.345 2 2

2-1
 NGS
Registro espectral de rayos gamma. Permite
determinar las concentraciones de potasio (K 40),
torio (Th232) y uranio (U238) en las formaciones .

Desintegracin:
Potasio 40 Argn 40 (1.46 MeV) Directa

Uranio 238 Bismuto 214 (1.76 MeV) series

complejas
Torio 232 Tolio 208 (2.62 MeV)
Potassium Thorium and Uranium spectra obrained with the Na I (TI)
crystal detector posirion of the windows

1.46

POTASSIUM
PROBABILITY OF EMISSION PER DISINTEGRATION

THORIUM SERIES

2.62

0 5 1.5 2 2.5 3

GAMMA RAY ENERGY (Me V)

Gamma ray emission spectra of radioactive elements

40 K
dN
dE

Th+U+K

214 Bi
x 10
SCALE
208 Ti

K U Th

0 1 2 3

W1 W2 W3 W4 W5
 Gamma Ray Measurement

NGT Log

Outputs are the relative amounts of Thorium,

Uranium and Potassium in the formation.
With:
Thorium in ppm.
Uranium in ppm.
Potassium in %.
Additional curves are the total gamma ray (SGR)
and a Uranium-corrected gamma ray (CGR).
2
2
 Evaluacin de la arcillosidad

Indicadores (logs) GR, NGT, SP, Resis, xplot N - D, N - S

GR (linear) Vsh = GR - GR clean
GRsh - GR clean
GR clean y GR shale histogramas (5 % - 95 %)

GR no linear Clavier, Steiber, Larinov

NGT Vsh = CGR - CGR clean

CGRsh - CGR clean
CGR = Th + K
SGR = Th + K + U

04/12/2002 Principios Bsicos. D. Astesiano 11

 Gamma Ray Measurement

Basic Gamma Ray Uses

Bed definition:
The tool reacts if the shale
is radioactive (usually the
case), hence show the
sands and shales, the
permeable zones and the
non-permeable zones.

Computation of the
amount of shale:

The minimum value gives

the clean (100%) shale free
zone, the maximum 100%
shale zone. All other points
can then be calibrated in
the amount of shale.

1
1
CGRcln and CGRsh values from 5 and 95 Percentiles
... clean sands and fully developed shales must be present

100

90

80

70

60
%
50

40
Cumulative percentage
30

20

10

0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
CGR
CGRcln=28 CGRsh=90
 Gamma Ray Measurement

NGT/GR parameters
Vertical resolution 18"

Depth of investigation 6"-8"

Readings in: API units

Limestone <20
Dolomite <30
Sandstone <30
Shale 80-300
Salt <10
Anhydrite <10

No formation is perfectly clean, hence the GR readings

will vary. Limestone is usually cleaner than the other two
reservoir rocks and normally has a lower GR.

3
3
Advantages of Vshgr

.Insensitive to borehole conditions

.Responds directly to clay minerals

Independent of fluid variations

.Largely independent of non-clay changes in rock matrix

.Avoids over reliance upon rhob

Provides closer correlation with clay electrical

properties

Adsorption of labile radioactive elements on high surface

Area kaolinites makes kaolinite radioactive

but do not use with feldspar or mica pay sands

 Potencial Espontaneo (SP)
Registro continuo de la diferencia de potencial elctrico de
un electrodo mvil en el pozo y el de uno fijo en la superficie

Indicador de arcillosidad
Determinar Rw (resisitividad del agua de formacin)
Detecta capas permeables, define sus limites y permite correlacionarlas
No se registra en pozos con lodos no conductivos (aire, OBM)

Frente a lutitas lnea recta (lnea base de

arcillas)
Frente a Fm permeables deflexin debido al arreglo de
salinidad (Rw vs Rmf)
 Potencial Espontaneo (SP)
Las deflexiones resultan de corrientes elctricas que fluyen
en el pozo debido a fuerzas electromotrices que tienen un
origen electrocintico y electroqumico

Potencial electroqumico diferente concentracin

salina del agua de formacin y el lodo y/o filtrado

Potencial electrocintico debido a la presin

diferencial entre la columna de lodo y la formacin. En
general es despreciable. Se da en pozos muy
sobrebalanceados o frente a formaciones de muy baja
permeabilidad
 Origin of spontaneous potential

(-) (+)
v

Shale base line

Shale

Esn

SSP
Esb

Rmf
Rw

Emc
SP Sand
Ed
amplitude

Shale
Liquid Junction

- - +
- + Na+ Rmf > Rw
- - + Cl-
- - +
Cl-
Membrane Potential

+
+
NA+
+
- - - -+
Na Rmf > Rw
- Cl-
- ---
+
+
+ NA+
SP Schematic

EM
RSH

RBH

Rmf > Rw
RXO E RT
LJ
Boundary Effects

RSH = 1m

RT = 2m

RSH = 1m
Boundary Effects (High RT)

RSH = 1m

RT = 10m

RSH = 1m
 SSP

Shale

Clean SS
SSP

Shale
 The SP Deflection and its Rmf - Rw Dependency

Rmfe
SSP = -Klog
SP
Rwe

SHALE
- + - + - +

SAND

SHALE

Rmf = Rw Rmf < Rw Rmf > Rw

Gamma Ray
Shale

Clean SS

Shale

Clean SS

Shale
Clean SS
Shale

Shaly SS
SP Curve Shapes
Shale

Fresh Water Clean SS

Shale

Salt Water Clean SS

Shale
Salt Water Clean SS
Shale

Salt Water Shaly SS

SP Curve Shapes
Shale

Clean SS

Shale

Clean SS

Shale
Clean SS
Shale

Shaly SS
SP curve in beds of different thickness for Rt=Rm (left) and Rt=21 Rm (center)

100 mV 100 mV

16d

2d

8d

d
2

11d

Rt = Rm Rt = 21 Rm

1,392-86
Permeable Strata Impervious Strata

Static SP Diagram SP Log

 Potencial Espontaneo (SP)
No hay relacin directa entrela magnitud de la deflexin y el valor
de la permeabilidad (ni de la porosidad).
El Potencial Espontaneo frente a una formacin limpia y de gran
espesor es el SP esttico (SSP) cuya deflexin se mide a partir de
la lnea base de las arcillas:

SSP = -K log (Rmfe/ Rwe)

Si Rmf >> Rw deflexin - (hacia la izquierda)

Si Rmf << Rw deflexin + (hacia la derecha)

Corrimiento de la linea de base de arcilla (baseline shift)

Las lutitas pueden separar agua de formacin de distinta salinidad
 SP baseline shift

Shale A

-42 Sandstone B

Shale C

+44 Sandstone D

Shale E

Sandstone F
-23

Shale G
Sandstone H
1,393-86

R mf = 0.2 - at 165F
 Evaluacin de la arcillosidad

Xplot N - D Vsh = n - d
nsh - dsh
donde d = ma - b
ma - fl

SP Vsh dem GR
SP BS shifted

Vshmin El mnimo valor de todos los indicadores usados

04/12/2002 Principios Bsicos. D. Astesiano 12

 TIPOS DE CONTACTO
FORMAS
E GRADACIONAL
INTERPRETACIN ABRUPTO

Suave Arcilla Arcilla Arcilla

CAMPANA

Seccin Arena Arena Arena

Normal Arcilla Arcilla Arcilla
Aserrado h

Simetra
Transgresin u
Agradacin
d
Arena Arena Arena

Suave
Cilindro Arena
Arcilla
Seccin
Indefinida
Aserrado Arena
Estabilidad Arena

Arcilla Arcilla
Suave
Arena Arena Arena Arena
Embudo
Arcilla Arcilla Arcilla Arcilla
Seccin Aserrado
Inversa Arena Arena Arena Arena
Regresin
Progradacin
Arcilla Arcilla Arcilla Arcilla

Forma de las curvas y su interpretacin (Modificado de Pirson, 1970)

 SP/GR Res SP/GR Res SP/GR Res

m m m
o o o

15 25 25

Canales distributarios Depsitos lacustres

deltaicos

SP/GR Res SP/GR Res

m m
o o

30 30

Depsitos de barras

SP/GR Res SP/GR Res SP/GR Res

m m m
o o o

60 60 60

Canales distributarios

SP/GR Res SP/GR Res SP/GR Res

m m m
o o o

90 4 30

Secuencia de Corriente Eolianitas

abanico marino de turbidez

Forma de las curvas (SP/GR y resistividad) y su interpretacin

 Arcillosidad (Vsh)
Objetivo: Calcular aproximadamente. contenido arcilloso visto en coronas
(cortes delgados, Rayos X, descripcin)
Finos no radioactivos (kaolinita)

No finos radioactivos (Feld K, micas, mat org)

Problemas Arcilla aislada = Arcilla del reservorio ???

Falta de coronas

Heterogeneidad de escalas

04/12/2002 Principios Bsicos. D. Astesiano 10