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UC Santa Cruz
The Dickens Project

DICKENS STUDIES ANNUAL

Essays on Victorian Fiction
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Volume 40 (2009)

Preface
Notes on Contributors

In Pursuit of Pickwick's Hat: Dickens and the Epistemology of Utilitarianism

PAUL SCHACHT

Hats often serve as a comic prop in Dickenss novels, but they are mentioned with unusual frequency
in Pickwick Papers. The reason has as much to do with the evolution of Dickenss social philosophy as it does
with the devices of his humor. As the quixotic leader of a club modeled partly on the utilitarian Society for the
Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, Pickwick is a mind seeking to know the world. The hat is both an object-in-the-
world and a natural metonym for the perceiving mind. In Pickwick, it participates in a play of signifiers
including heads, feet, boots, and spectaclesthrough which Dickens discredits utilitarian assumptions
about the relationship between mind and world. To this exposure of utilitarianisms misguided
epistemology, Oliver Twist would add a retort to its reductive psychology and Hard Times an assault on its
impoverished moral calculus. Thus, to pursue the hats of Pickwick is to better understand the intellectual
continuity that runs through these three novels. It is also to confront the contradictions that inhabit that
continuity and bedevil Dickenss politics.

The Erotics of Barnaby Rudge

NATALIE MCKNIGHT

The eroticism of Barnaby Rudge has been undervalued. In this novel, Dickens plays both with and against
Victorian gender norms to heighten sexual tensions between Dolly and Hugh, Dolly and her father, and Emma
and Haredale. Dickens further fuels the eroticism of these relationships by aligning it with the violence of the
Gordon Riots and the tensions between numerous gendered polarities, such as the urban and the pastoral,
parents and children, and past and present. Phizs suggestive illustrations extend Dickenss erotic
descriptions. Barnaby, however, seems devoid of erotic charge, which may explain why the eponymous novel
failed to tickle the fancy of many readers.

Reading Laura Bridgman: Literacy and Disability in Dickens's American Notes

KAREN BOURRIER

Laura Bridgman, billed as the first deaf and blind girl to learn to read and write, was one of the most popular
tourist attractions in Boston in the 1840s. Dickens paid a visit to her in January of 1842, and subsequently
wrote about and excerpted the widely reprinted annual reports about her in American Notes. I read this
narrative as the story of Bridgmans entrance into literacy, arguing that Dickenss account of the staged
spectacle of the young girl with diary in hand, surrounded by her schoolbooks, mobilizes sentiment in his
audience by emphasizing both her proximity to able-bodied young white women and her distance from them.
On the one hand, she is a paragon of the artless innocence of girlhood because her blindness and deafness

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supposedly preserve her from more dangerous forms of knowledge. On the other hand, the capacity to learn,
especially English, is needed to prove her humanity. Bridgman thus crystallizes Dickenss radical ambivalence
about the value of knowledge: he sees learning to read as both a humanizing and a threatening endeavor.
Situated among the Lowell factory girls, whose literary pursuits prove their gentility for Dickens, and debates
on slave and working-class literacy, Bridgmans story raises questions about literacy, consciousness and self-
consciousness, and the boundaries of the human.

Dombey and Son and the "Parlour on Wheels"

MICHAEL KLOTZ

Dombey and Son is a narrative concerned with the preservation and maintenance of domestic space, from the
redecoration of the Dombey mansion and the subsequent estate sale on the premises, to the threatened
dispersal of the items in the Wooden Midshipman and the ultimate securing of the shop as a refuge for Rob
Toodle, Captain Cuttle, and Florence Dombey. I argue that the novel reflects a broader cultural concern with
the ways that the nascent industry of interior decoration imperiled the cherished ideal of the home as a fixed
and unchanging refuge. The expansion of the railway in the 1840s is an important context for understanding
this effect, since the railway was a visible sign of the mobility of possessions and facilitated the distribution of
domestic goods throughout the country. I suggest that the railway emblematizes an anxiety about the stability
of the domestic interior. This essay concludes with a rereading of the well-known take the housetops off
passage in chapter 47, proposing that the perspective is that of a passenger on the railway.

Dickens, Collins, and the Influence of the Arctic

JOHN KOFRON

This essay examines the links between the Victorian fascination with Arctic exploration and three Dickens and
Collins texts that were inspired by it. Using their collaboration on The Frozen Deep as a lens through which to
view their later novels, I trace the plays roots to Dickenss reliance on John Franklins Narrative of a Journey
to the Shores of the Polar Sea in his 1854 series of Household Words articles, The Lost Arctic Voyagers, and
follow the imagery that repeats from exploration narrative to periodical article to play. Then, moving forward, I
examine The Frozen Deeps Arctic-inspired themes and motifs in Dickenss and Collinss later solo works, A
Tale of Two Cities and No Name, finding that while each author incorporated the Arctic aesthetic into his
novel, it resonates in Dickenss novel as an image of sublime sacrifice, and in Collinss as sublime defeat. This
contrast seems to reveal both the cultures complicated response to Arctic exploration and the essential
features of each writers novelistic modus operandi.

Darkness, Light, and Various Shades of Gray: The Prison and the Outside World in Charles
Dickens's A Tale of Two Cities
JAN ALBER

This essay deals with the psychological and narrative effects of the prison experience in Charles Dickenss A
Tale of Two Cities (1859). More specifically, by analyzing the imprisonment of Dr. Manette and Charles
Darnay, I show that the Bastille and the prison of La Force serve as the novels most important focal points at
which the reciprocal connections between the narratives binary oppositions are negotiated and restructured.
The novel as a whole and its color symbolism in particular accentuate the dynamic relationship between
dichotomies by merging the prisons darkness with the brightness of the free world. Dickenss Tale thus
demonstrates that, albeit to various different degrees, everyone in society oscillates between poles. And,
surprisingly, sometimes prisoners can teach the free world something it has forgotten about, namely how to
achieve a sense of decency, community, and respect for others.

The Illustrations for Great Expectations in Harper's Weekly (1860-61) and in the Illustrated Library
Edition (1862) "Reading by the Light of Illustration"
PHILIP V. ALLINGHAM

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Although a number of critics have stated that Great Expectations was published in its initial form without
illustration both serially in All the Year Round and in its initial volume edition (Chapman and Hall, 1861), the
first American edition (which one may argue is the first edition by virtue of the publication date of the first
installment) was illustrated by John McLenan, whose 40 plates were dropped into the letterpress of
the Harpers Weekly American serialization of the novel. Not until the 1862 Chapman and Hall Library Edition
of the novel were British readers able to read this novel by what a Harpers advertisement terms the light of
illustration, and even then the program that Marcus Stone provided for the English volume was slight in
comparison: eight full-page woodcuts. In these narrative-pictorial sequences, Stone interprets the novel as
Pips Pilgrims Progress as, boy and then man, he appears in every illustration, while Magwitch does not
appear at all. In contrast, in his 40 plates of varying dimensions McLenan provides salient background details,
offers symbols for lack of self-insight and illumination in various scenes, and describes every significant
character, including Pumblechook, Mrs. Pocket, and Trabbs Boy, in a panoramic treatment. A comparison of a
selection of Stones with McLenans plates demonstrates not merely these artists differences in style and
approach, but also their very different (one may say, transatlantic) readings of the novel itself.

Dolls and Imaginative Agency in Bradford, Pardoe, and Dickens

VICTORIA FORD SMITH

This essay argues that fiction written for both adults and children in the nineteenth century recognizes that
dolls can perform work that is much more complicatedand sometimes more subversivethan imagined by
Victorians who upheld the toys as training wheels for motherhood. Doll narratives written for children, in
particular Clara Bradfords Ethels Adventures in the Doll Country (1880) and Julia Pardoes Lady Arabella,
or, The Adventures of a Doll (1856), as well as adult literature, in particular Charles Dickenss Our Mutual
Friend (186465), illustrate how authors use distortions of size and animation to subvert or sustain
relationships between the poor and the privileged, the weak and the powerful, the small and the enormous.
Such texts demonstrate not only that the doll and the agency it generates can be employed to interrogate and
manipulate social hierarchies but also that fantasies of subversion registered through the miniature and the
gigantic had imaginative currency powerful enough to cross the boundaries of genre.

"Opium Is the True Hero of the Tale": De Quincey, Dickens, and The Mystery of Edwin Drood
ROBERT TRACY

Writing about Jaspers opium dreams in The Mystery of Edwin Drood, Dickens turned for information about
the nature of the opium experience to Thomas De Quinceys Confessions of an English Opium-Eater. There
he found descriptions of De Quinceys elaborate opium dreams, which underlie Jaspers repeatedly induced
dream about a journey among great heights and depths with a doomed fellow-traveler, presumably his way of
imagining in anticipation the murder of Edwin Drood. In the Confessions Dickens also found opium associated
with the Orient and with violent death, a juxtaposition he employs in the unfinished novel. In portraying Jasper
rehearsing and savoring his dream of murdering Drood, and later threatening to destroy Neville Landless by
proving him to be Droods murderer, Dickens also draws on De Quinceys essay On Murder Considered as
One of the Fine Arts, which invokes a theory of the aesthetic murder that applies to Jasper, a musician and
would-be artist in crime.

Intoxication, Provocation, and Derangement: Interrogating the Nature of Criminal Responsibility

in The Mystery of Edwin Drood
STEPHANIE PEA-SY

This article argues that Dickenss unfinished final novel, The Mystery of Edwin Drood (1870),contains
phantom trajectories of an unborn commentary on the triangulation of the Victorians developing
understanding of the unconscious mind, the law, and the medical/legal turf war then being fought over criminal
responsibility. Contrary to legal critics claims that Dickenss novels are backward glances at near-extinct
issues of law, I argue that studying the Drood case alongside real-life court cases reveals Dickenss

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engagement with a current, emerging medico-legal discourse that he foresaw would change the structure of
future criminal defenses. This article moots the cases a prosecutor might bring against the two most likely
suspects, Neville Landless and John Jasper, and centers both their defenses on the exculpatory potential of
both characters having episodes of altered consciousness. Ultimately, I argue that Dickens is exploring the
way in which a legal acknowledgement of altered states and dual personalities might produce the moral
vacuum of crimes without a criminally responsible perpetrator.

Before Boz: The Juvenalia and Early Writings of Charles Dickens, 1820-1833
ROBERT C. HANNA

Works that constitute Dickenss juvenilia and early writings include poems (Acrostic, The Devils Walk,
The Churchyard, Lodgings to Let, and The Bill of Fare), plays (possibly The Stratagems of Rozanza and
definitely OThello), and nonfiction (Private Theatricals Regulations). Yet these works neither constitute all of
Dickenss earliest surviving written output nor represent all the types of writing he undertook before the
publication of his first sketch, later identified as written by Boz, in December 1833. Dickens also wrote letters,
recorded accounting entries with their descriptions in Ellis and Blackmores Cash Account Book, and
transcribed his own shorthand notes of the court cases Jarman vs. Bagster, and Jarman vs. Wise. Before
Boz collects and annotates Dickenss first two known letters, some sample entries from the Cash Account
Book, and the full texts of what has survived among the balance of the writings identified above. Dickenss
other letters through November 1833 are, of course, found in the Pilgrim Edition. Before Boz also includes
six appendices of related texts from Tobias Smollett, Walter Dexter, Oliver Goldsmith, Euge`ne Scribe,
Germain Delavigne, William Mickle, Thomas Moore, anonymous ballads, and Charles Dickens himself. Finally,
a seventh appendix provides the texts of works falsely attributed to young Dickens by John Payne Collier.

Recent Dickens Studies, 2007

NATALIE MCKNIGHT

The following is a review of articles, book chapters, and books of literary criticism on Charles Dickens
published in 2007. It shows that Dickens scholarship continues to thrive, that most if not all of it makes
worthwhile contributions to the field, and that new historicism continues to predominate as a critical approach.
Ive organized the review around the following headings: (1) Influences on Dickens/Dickenss Influence; (2)
Science, Medicine, and Technology; (3) Gender Studies; (4) Post-Colonial Studies; (5) Other Interdisciplinary
Approaches: Performances/ TV/Film, Art, Social Science, Philosophy/Theology, Cultural Studies,
Journalism; (6) Travel Writing; (7) Language, Style, Structure, and Genre; (8) Studies of Individual Works; and
(9) Bibliographic, Biographic and General Reference Works. The review ends with a few summary comments
about the quality of the years publications on Dickens. While I tried to be as comprehensive as possible, I
apologize in advance to anyone whose work I inadvertently left out.

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