Tecunica, © Memoranpum 634 United States Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation AN INVESTIGATION OF PORE-WATER PRESSURE IN COMPACTED COHESIVE SOILS BIBLIOTHEQUE ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE ©. P. 501, Snowdon Montréal 28, Canada By Jack W. Hilf 7065! ‘GiGiHisiioner’s Office Denver, Colorad October 1956‘UNITED STATES DEPARTMEN? OF TH DITEXIOR BUREAU OF RECLAMATION DESTON AND CONSTRUCTION DIVISION AN DIESTIDATION GF PORE-SATER PRESSURE | ‘Di COMPACTED COHESIVE SOLS By Jack W. Hie A Teste aubaitted to the Faculty of the Graduate Sehool of the University of Colorado An partial fueitiment of the requirenents for the Degree | Doctor of Philosophy Departonat of Civil Engineering ‘THTRNTCAL moe 654 Denver, Colorado October 1956APKC DOMES he writer 4e indebted to Frofestors Willian H. Thonan and Teonara G. Tilin of the Materials Testing Laboratory, Depertaent of Civil Engineering, for their encouragement and £ul1 cooperation 4 roviding the special facilities needed to conduct the test The soils, the 1/30-cubie-foot split sold, and the comparative ‘test results on Soil B vere provided ty the Bureau of Reclanation's Barth Materials Laboratory Branch, Ws G. Holts, Chief. Discussions with Me. Kenneth Ry Clark and Mr. Frank Bs Larcom of that Branch helped to clarify the mechanical problems of pore pressure meamurenente by inserts. Special thanks is due to ay colleague, Mr. George C, Rouse, for ‘uggettions and advice which facilitated the laboratory phase of thie snvestgntion. The manuscript vas typed by Laura M, Hagerty.STABLE OP CONTENTS uPAR Ts DWRODOTION eee ee eee eee Me Problen vtec eect e eee Statenent of the problea ss see sees Importance of the study see eee eee Definitions see see e sees eee ee Cohesive Sole see seer eee eee Compaction ss eee eee ee cee Review of the Literature sees eee ees Organization of Remainder of Dissertation ‘The Solid Constituents of Soll ++ eee Structure of compacted cchesive soils. « Stresses on the soil ekelton + +e + ‘me Fore Fluid in Two-phase Systens «4s ‘The perfectly ary soil mss 2+. eee ‘Me saturated soil mass + + ‘the Pore Fluid in the Taree-ghase aysten « Boll water see e eee eee eeee Derivation of the Equation for Porewater Pressure Presoure tn the ir sees eee eee eee Poresuater presoure veces reece eee Brvect on mechanical properties of soils «++ Bow 10 E & 6 a6 » » 3 ca oyCHAPTER OI, Semmes . Scope of the Teste Bquipment ‘Priaxiel compression machine + +e see ee eee Porewvuter pressure device vee es eee eee Teste ss Deseription of the soile ss see es Priaxiad compression tests ee ee eee ee ee Measurement of pore-vater presmures seen ees Discussion of Results 6s eee pees e eee ee IV. APPLICARIONS = = Laboratory Teeth esses ee eee ee Confined compression teat sve ee Driacial shear Got ee ee eee eee eee ee Construction Contral «+ + + aeeerr Placesent molstire se eee eee eee Rapid wethod of control «+ + Vs SWOARY AND CONCLUSIONS so ss 5 Sumary s+ + Conclusions + « TRLTCORAPEYLior oP Prous nice Fa ae Average Field end Laboratory Compaction Curves for ‘Taree Dan Bobaniment Goll8 sve eee eee WesghtVolume Relationships for Soils. + ++ + Captilary Pressure eee eee eee eee hao e eee ets Layout of Arparatus for Triaxial Compreseion Teste ‘with Fore Pressure Measurenent ose eee Potogrash of Apperatus for Triacial Comprestion Teste with Pore Pressure Measuren CeLitration Curves for No-Flov Pore-pressure Device Frotographe of Material and Equtmaest Used to Seal Specinene in Rubber Shesths s+. s+ oe Index Properties of Soils Tested se. se oe ‘Triana Conpresaion Teste on SoA. eee + ‘Trinxial Conpression Teste on SoBe +e ees Determination of Capillary Fresoure by Translation, of the Origin eevee ee ee eee ee Safety Factor of @ Soall Soil Mase ix FLT Againgt Shear Fale ve ee eee eee Cospaction Curve = Vota Ratio v2 We Sevtlenent on Saturation in Confined Compression rene Eee eee tet Maeory of Repl Construction Control Method. + PAGE & ab > 49 3 2 er a| a7. curves tor Rapid Approxinate Method of Notsture AB, Buaaple of Computations - Rapid Construction Control Method vee eee eee teeter ees | a9. Basple of Oraphicel Solution for Rapid Construction Control sss eects eeeeceeces 96CUPER T ‘nermonucrrox ‘Taz EROBLEM Statement of she problen. The phenoueron of fluid pressure in the interstices of eof de encountered sn a variety of probleas in civii engineering, Under the umes of hydrostatic pressure, neutral stress, hydrodyasnic excess pressure, uplift prescure, capillary press eure, porewater pressure, and pore pressure; these stresses are of ajor inportance in stulies of groudurater movenent, of seepage under fend through dans, of settlenent and bearing capacity of foundations, fend of stability of earth slopes. a many of these cases the soil £¢ completely saturated vith watery hence, the mass can be considered to be @ two-phase systen con= sisting of soil graine and water, Major contributions in the field of eth mechanics have deen made hy anslysis of saturated sotle, such as perey's lav of Slov,> Teraaghi's theory of contelidation of soft~clay foundations,” and Forchetaer's and Casagrande's vorks on seepage through aans.? Considerable effort hae been expended in studying the strength of saturated clays in connection with the iapartant problem of Dearing capacity. Although mich hea yet to be learned about soft clay Ty, pareys) Les Zonteines publiques de Im ville de Dijon Parie:Dijon, 1836. yar Terzaghi, Theoretical Soil Hechantes (Nev York: John Wiley fant Sone, Ines, 1965) De 2 Dastiur Casagrande, Seepage throvgh Dasa, Contributions to Sot), Mechantee, (Boston? Boston Society of Civil Bogineers, 130), PPr 295-536.Imcortance of the etuly. Cohesive sotle are essential ingredi~ cents in earth dans and levees because of their ability to resist the passage of water. These soila are alec used extencively in the con | shown oF cite ur higimyey cathe, and egortey eoaite of the high cost of transporting Jarge volumes of sot] over great aie ‘tances, oarth construction virtually requires utilisation of mterials available close to the ite of the structure. In maay cases, cohesive soile are used for fills even vinen imperviousness {8 not @ design re= quirenent because no other matertale are economically available. ‘The mechanical properties of coupasted cohesive soils euch as compressibility and shearing strength must be given reneved attention | am view of project requireneate for enbanimants of unprecedented hnesght. Barth dans 500 feet high are nov under active consideration in the western portion of the United States. Tue sotle constituting the water-barrier zones of these structures will be subjected to stresses vel beyond those for vhich prototype performance data are evailable. ‘This emphasizes the need for a better understanding of the | factors involves in trensforming loose soll into @ structural, aaterial land of the piycice aud mechanics of soile subjected to stresses. ‘The Pore-vater pressures developed in compacted cohesive soils during con struction of high enbankzente Hay a vital role in the benavior of | thete materials. XL, DEFINITIONS Cohesive Cohesive soils are those vnich contain suffi clent quastities of stit or clay to affect aigaificantly thelr engineer= | tng properties. Such sotte vary in texture fron pure clays and silts(goin since emailer thon 0.07% m) to mixtures costainiag nore than ‘7 percent ty vetght of sand and gravel cizes. The fine-grained con ponents of oll exhibit to various degrees the property of plasticity Which 46 the ability of a moist soil mas to change shape under exter nal Presaure without changing volime. Tue highest water content that a soil my have without flowing when Jarred in a standard device {e called the Liquid limit. ‘the Lov= feet water content At vhich @ soil can be rolled into threads 1/8 inch An alanoter without crumbling 1s called the plastic Lintt. The aif- ference between these two vater contente ie inom as the plasticity sndex viich represents the range of water contents vithin hich the soll fs plastic, ‘The Liquid Limit of a soil and ite plasticity index were used by Casagrande to aifferentinte between silts and clays and between types of silts and claye.® Sotls of high Liquid Matt exbinie nigh compressibility; those of high plasticity index show high strength at vater contents near the plastic Linit, ALL soils containing mare than about 12 percent of {lt or elay sizes exhibit lov permeabinity vhen properly comacted. In considering the reaction of these soils to stresses imposed upea then 45 a construction material, it ie sufficiently accurate, in samy in- stances, to aseune thet the soile are impervious. Compaction. An important charscteriatie of cohesive sols is the fect that compaction improves their engineering properties trenea- ously. Coapaction of cohesive safle hae been proved to fellow the — : "arthur Casagrande, Classification and Identification of Soilt, Transactions, ASE, Vol. 115 (1946), p- sol.3 principles stated by Proctor.? Although there are several, aboratary coupaction standards ané many Aifferent types of comactive efforte used 1m earth construction, the effect of the miter content of the ofl on the resulting ary deneity 4e eimtlar for ell methods. For each coupaction procedure there is an “optimm" vater content witch results kn the greatest ary deneity or state of compactnes + The daberetory standard of compactive effort used by the Bureau of Feclamation te 12,31 foot-pounds per cubic foot of sot! watch de equivalent to the ‘ASTM standard ** eathough there are differences in eizes and in veighte of equiment. ‘The Bureau standard has been found to approxiaate the compaction achieved in the field by 12 passes of @ 20-ton dual-drum sheepsfoot rotier on B= to 9-inch looge layers of cotesive soils. Figure 1 shove|the average tela compaction curves fer threb aifferent, conesive soils used in earth dans, together with the corresponding interetory curves 1? FR. R. Procter, The Design and Construction of Rolled Earth Daas, Rogineertie Newesiecord, August 51, September 7, 2, and 28, 1935+ Winited States Department of the Iatersor, Bureau of Reclamation, Barth Manual (Decver: Bureau of Reclaaation, 1951), 39+ 26-173. procedures for Testing Soils, Anerican Society for Testing Materials (Phitndelphin, Pennoyivanias ASEM, duly 19%), Be TBs Meck W. Wi2t, Compacting Barth Dans vith Heavy Tazping Rollers, (gooee reed etsne ASCE Covention, Sn Diegsy Calssuria, Feorsy 13, 15).T T = { 100% SATURATION FOR 6=2.65 | ANDERSON RANCH OAM. =“ TOTAL MATERIAL( 2263 TESTS) rit =noa [|_| [ap 4 a ee TESTS) Ln, fae eop TOE WOA Fo faewron aw cowrcetion|. [estoy rears eae | | i" WATER CONTENT-PERGENT ORY WEIGHT FIGURE | AVERAGE FIELD AND LABORATORY COMPACTION CURVES FOR THREE DAM EMBANKMENT SOILSTL. REVIB OF THE LITERATURE ‘the problen of fluid presoures in uneaturated soll masses was ‘iret attacked theoretically by Brabte? and experinentaliy by seattton?®, voth of the Bureau of Reclasation. They correctly coubined Boyle's and Henry's lave of {desl gases to determine sir pressure in a eated, coupressed epecinen of soil, ‘They incorrectly accused, hovever thet thls air pressure vas identical with the porewater pressures AGE showed how Brahts's equation could be coubined vith field or iaborstory compression date to estimate the mgnitude of pore pres sures during construction of dams and he provided a Limited enount of ‘eld evidence indicating thet the method gave results thet vere o2 ‘ne sere vide! Bishop used Boyle's and Henry's lave to estimate the efvect of @ enall asount of air in supposedly saturated soils on their mucaring strength. Ae vas done by Brahtr, the vapor pressure of water and the effects of surfece tension vere neglectea > WyaiA. Brahte, C. N, Zengar, and J. R. Bruggensn, Notes on Asalyticel Sti Mechonice, echnteal Menorandun No, 592 (Beaver, Colorado: Bureau of Reclanation, 1938), p. 123. yy. Haniiton, The Befect of Internal Hydrostatic Pressures: 0 the Sesring Strength of Sotle, Proceedings, Averican Society for Teeting Materials, Vol- 39, 1939, p+ 1100. jack W. HLA, Construction Pore Pressures and Their Brfect on ‘the stability of Rolled Barth Dane’ (unpublished Master's thesis, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 3988), P. 55+ 26x, u, Bishop and Ganal Eldin, Undrained Triscial Tests on Saturated Sands and Their Significance in the General Thoory of Shoar Strength, Gectechaique, Vol. 2, 1930, p+ 2. a i RRA RTGould analyzed the pore pressures developed in cohesive soils during construction of 23 earth dans using data from piezoweters end compression apparatus installed vithin the enbariments.”? He concluded that drainage and the presence of bubbles accounted for the cases wnere sbserved pore-vater pressures vere eualler than those computed by Boyle's and Henry's lays sir in soll existed in the fora of a lari Uoing the questionable assumption that the ‘umber of sunll spherical ‘vutbles, Gould shoved that the surface tension of the Bubbles would reduce the poresater pressure. Hovever, {t will be shom that thie hypothesis is not consistent vith measurements of capillary pressur in solls at different degrees of aaturation. Tere 4s no comprehensive antlysis available tn the literature of the interaction of vater and air in the pore fluid of « soi maze, Such @ study is needed both to Justify the assumptions used ia arriving se @ quintitative value for pore-vater pressure and possibly to explain certain persistent variations fran theoretical values vnich oscur én laboratory experinente and in field measurements Specific references to the contributions of others are given throughout the body of thie thesis in the aiecussion of each topes IV, ORGANIZATION OF REMAINDER OF TH DISSERTATION In Chapter II, the concept of the structure or arrangenent of ‘the solid constituents of a soil mass into a sofl skeleton is intro faced; the pore fluid 1s Aiecuseed firet in a perfectly dry soil, thea 275, P. Gould, Construction Pore Pressure, Draft of Technical, veaorendum, U.S. Departaent of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, 3951 (unpublished).ine completely saturated soll, and finally in the general cese of the presesce of both air and vater. ‘The equation far pore-water pressure 0 derived. In Chapter TIT, the laboratory phase of this investigation t= detcribed ae to the scope, the develomment and characteristics of ‘trimcial compression ané pore-pressure equijment, the soils tested, land the test procedures. The test resulte are discussed end compared with teste mide with other equisment . Chapter IV shove how the reaults of this investigation may be applied to compacted cotestve soils in the Inoratory and in the fields ‘Te concept of coupressibility in the one-dimensional consolidoneter test {0 changed, shearing strength 48 explained without uting the term “cohesion”, and a recomended procedure for the triaxial hear test se fescrived. The effect of pore-pressure thecry on moisture and deneity control of compected fills is clarified. As an aid to the attaiment of effective field contrel, « nev rapid method developed during thie Anvestigation 1s desoribea. Chapter V contains & sumary of the investigation end the con= clusions that may be drevn therefrom.CHAPTER I ‘riper 1X. THE SOLID CONSFITUENES OF SOIL ‘A sot mags consists of solid particles and pore fluids. Te solid particles generally are mineral grains of various sizes and epapes occurring in every concetvable arrangenent. Lasb considers the soil particle to be one of the folloving: (1) @ sheet (platelet, sancvich), the largest repenting structural array of atoms, (2) cryatel, the largest nosrepeating unit built up of sheets, and (5) an aggregate or a hophasard aggionerate of erystais.\® ‘Te so-called clay minerals are knom to consist of crystals containing sheets of silica and other storie groupings Linked together by bonds of varying strength. In the montaortllostte elays the sater= sheet Linkage 48 weak, often resulting in ite aplitting off into ingle sheets when Ssazersed Sn water, ‘The large expensive rrozertion of the mostnorillontte clays are attributed to this property. It se a vell-tnovn fact thet important engineering properties of sotls, such as permeability, compressibility, and shearing strengtty fare determined by the fine particles to a degree entirely out of Bro- portion with their percentage in the mass, ‘These fines are chara terized by large epecitic curfaces (surface area per unit voluse) ‘hich, for particles sealer than about 0.001 mn, produce what te kom 1 colloidal bebevior. Surface phenonesa are increased as the shape TE, wiiiien Lasb, The Structure of Inorgante Soll, Vols 79, Separate No. 35, Proceedings, ASCE, October 1955, po 315-8.a of a particle deviates from that of @ cube. Hence, sheets, needles or roteshayed crystala characteristic of many clay minerals are conducive to so-called gurfece phenomena. On the other hand, silt particle nich sey be the major constituent of a cohesive eotl, are both larger jp size end more nearly exbical in haze than the so-called clay min- erais. They normally exibit ounface phenonena to a cualler degree then do olaye Structure of compacted cohesive soils. Depending on the geo~ logieal processes vnieh determined ite occurrence, a soil in ite nat= wal state Se the ground nay have single-grained structure or compound structure. In the former type each particle 18 supported ty contact ‘with several other graine, In the latter type large voids are enclosed tn a steleton of arches of individuel fine greine (noneycond struc ‘uwre) oF of aggregations of colloidel-sired particles into chains or rings (flocculent structure). Compound structure ‘s the result of sed- Amentetion of particles hich are saall enough to exhibit appreciable surface activity. Soils with ccapouna structure are usually of lov density (large void volume) but may have developed considerable strength due to compression of the arches in the soil skeleton. When ‘hese soils are renolded, their structure 1s changed, and it approtches ‘he aingle-grained structure, depending on the thoroughness of re= molding. "Te most obvious effect of renolding a natural cohesive soil at ‘constant vater content 1s the reduction in size of the voids. In a saturated soil, this results ina sparation of particles to £412 che spaces; hence, a reduction in strength occurs even at the same miss density. Tn unsaturated cotis, remolding tends to density the coilby expultion of air. The processes of excavating, placing, and con- pecting cohesive soils in modern fille contitutes @ high degree of re~ molding a0 that the structure of the final product bears little reven~ ‘innee to the source depooit. For example, the characteristics of 1 deposite vhich stand in high vertical cute as a result of oes pturel structure are entirely ebsent from the coupacted sci mide of ‘the sone materini. Soll Se porour--that 4e, st containg interconnected void apne ‘vetween the greins, thus pemaltting the floy of fluids through the soil mass, It is @ vellomom fact that the volume of voids in a soil mass se less important, fron the standpoint of yermesbility, than the size fof the pores, ‘Thus, a clay eof) with an average grain aize of 0.002 em ‘containing 50 percent volds by Volume may be 1,000 tines less permeable ‘than @ sand of average grain size 0.5 mm containing 30 percent vals by voline. The amount of volds in © soil mss may be expressed as poros~ ity, m the volume of voids per unit Yolune of soll mss, usually exurensed as a percentages or as void ratio, e, the volume of voids per unit volune of solid eof] particles, usually expressed as a decimal. ‘me relation between these values as well as the noneaclature aud the eight-rolune relationships for perfectly dry, saturated, and partially saturated solls are shom in Figures 2, a, b, ¢, anda, ‘The void ratio concept 19 useful in antlyzing volume changes in soll and ie used ex= elusively for that purpose in this investigation, Stresses on the go!) skeleton. ‘Te solid particles in a com pected soil mass of single-gratned structure can be considered to be @ skeleton through vhich forces say be transuitted by grain-tongrainB NOMENCLATURE SYMBOL, Porosity... void Ratio. Woter Void Ratio. . hit Void Rotio. sess Ory Unit Weight (Dry Density) Wet Unit Weight (Wet Density). Soturated Unit Weight (Soturated Density) Buoyant Unit Weight (Buoyant Density) Water Content in Percent of Ory Weight... Specific Grovity of Groins.....-.---2---0-0 Degree of Soturation... Unit weight of water 0, Nomenclature and Symbols in = A 9) n=vse ‘ Soil 6% You S20. Grains ie ei Bier 6% Yo= Sch % ©. Saturated Soil a ee Yu= SEY ew 6% sae 4, Partially Saturated Soil FIGURE 2 WEIGHT-VOLUME RELATIONSHIPS FOR SOILSus contact. ‘The percentage of the surface area of a particle which is sa contact with other particles of the muse is known to be sual. For (geusler colle, 1t te less than 1 percent. ‘Tersaght has show thet, even for clays, it 5 sual) enough to be neglected in soil mechanics computactcas 29 ‘tne concept of etre 15 in @ soil skeleton 4 not Adentical vith ‘spat in an idee) honogentous, isotropic material. Sere ate point ju ideal mterial is force per unit aren of @ plane surface containing ‘she point. For each of the infinite maber of planes containing the point, the stress (vhich in general is inclined to the plane) can be resolved into a component stress at right angles to the plane and & component, stress parallel to the plane. ‘The former component {s called ‘normal. stress and the 1atter is shearing stress. Stress in a soll shel- Geton bas been defined by Glover” as follove: "fo fora the concept of strese in the granular material, pass a plane through it and find the surface tha: passes ‘throug: no particle, but Which Lies es close to the plane a@ possible. The particles on one side of the surface touch ‘those on the other at several points, and at each of these points a force is transaitted from particle to particle. iow consider a saall part of the area of the surface, he feveragy streas on the suall area ie efined a the Fesultant (of the forces transaitted tran particle to particle aeror it divided by the aren of ita projection on the plane. Coo ‘ceptions of average noranl and shear streases can be formet 4S the cane vay. Since it 1a apparent thet the diameter of ‘he mall aren previously nentioned must be large compared 0 the diameter of a grain, in order to include enough comvact points to yield a valid average, a stress compitetion made for 4 poln:, ue designates ny coordinates, will represest an average stress in the imediate vicinity of the point rather than t stress at a point.” rari Terzaght, Simple Teste Determine Hydrostatic Uplist, Ragincering NevesResord, June 1B, 1956, pp 872-815. OR, B. Glover and F. E. Corawell, Stability of Gramilar Materials, Paper No. 2l72, Traasastions, ASCE, Vol. 108, 1913, ps 47.sme normal and shearing stresses referred to in the foregoing qio- tetion Ore Known in coll mechanics as effective stresses, T and t, respectively. ‘Me equations of static equilibrium relating the norasl and shearing stresses at a point on a plane to the principal stresses at ‘aust point are considered valid for sofle, aubJect to the foregoing notified definition of « point. The finer the soil grains, the closer will the concept of stress at a point approach the mathesatical concept ‘me equilitrius equations for the stress on the soil skeleton are: Bauation (1) Equation (2) vagre B 4s the effective somal stress on # plane 1 A the ehearing stress on the plane 3 ts the ettective mjor principal stress at the point J, te the effective minor principal stress at tae point 6 4s the angle betveon the plane on vhich F and + act and the one on which J, acts (the major priscipal place) Under the action of effective stresses, the soil skeleton gener lly undergoes elastic deformation sod ite structure is altered by erticle rearraagesent, Te relationship of the volume of the sot sate to the effective normal stresees applied to the oil skeleton se oon as the comressibility. Similarly, the shearing strength of @ oi) mise depents on the abi2ity of the soil skalton to resist shearing stresses. Hence, the mechanical properties of sole are controlled Prred B. Seely, Advanced Mechanics of Materials (Wiew York: John Wiley and Sons, Ine., 1952), Py 26.16 extirely by the stresses on the soll skelton-the effective stresses. TX, "ME PORE FLUID IN "o-PiASE sysTBIS Conpletely surrounding the particles of the soi sueletoa, except st the points of grain-to-grain contact, is the pore flutd which my consist of air, vater vapor, and water. When the pore fluid consists of air only or vater only, the scil mass ts a tvo-thase tysten fof solid soi grains and air or water, reupectivelys ‘The perfectly dry gol mage. Figure 2b represents a soil anse voich 1s devold of water such as a very fine sand or silt which hse been ovenriried, aisintegrated, and compacted. If a sample of this aot] vere sealed vith a thin rubber menbrane and eubjected to an exter al anbient coapressive stress, a, st is clesr that « portion of the applied load vould act on the skeleton and cause it to undergo defor~ sation resulting in a decrease in volume of the soil mass, In the sealed sample, the air in the volds vould be compressed. Since the coupression of gases follove Boyle's lav, if the initial void volune fof the compacted soll is Inova and the amount of voluse change e ‘mensured, the pressure in the compressed air can be determined. 3t ADL be assumed thet teuperature rennine constant and that the cos~ Pressibility of the individual coll particles is negligible compared ‘to the compressibility of the sotl skeleton Lat ©, = ¢ = volune of air in the soil mass of voluae 1 + 67 ‘et P, equal atmoopheric pressure; let the subscripts 0 and 1 dencteaT sostiel and final conditions, respectively, Boyle's ant Charles’ lave gor en deel gas or mixture of idesh gases i6:°? ws oRt eauation (5) were P = absolute pressure in ataostheres volume in cubse centineters = nmber of mole 1 = obeolute tenperature in °K (275 + 2) = universal. gts constant = 62.06 SPOS ‘or the pressures and tenperatures ordinarily encountered in sot. ‘mechanics, the soil air can be considered to obey the gas lave. The donaity of oir Se 1.2528 grans per Liter and its molecular welght tn rane 2 1.2908 x 22.4 = 26.960. Hence, Equation (3) can be written: y, Pas aig® tquation (4) sere W, 18 velght of air in arene. For the condition of compression with no excape of air, 1¢ uy Fate Pat) Sy fone tat apitys + gph = where P, is initial air pressure (atnoepheric) and ig $0 fined air pressure (above ataoepherie) + fron vaich (a): 7 Designates 20 ey Equation (5) cuenical Engineer's Handbook, Second EAition, 1981, ps 617+B bich elves pore-air pressure in terms of initial airwoid ratio and quange in VoL ratio for a perfectly ary, sealed sot sass. By neglecting the email epecific aren of contact betveen par= ‘icles of the sof} skeletons the average contact stress, or effective stress, normal to every plane in the compr: 3 sed soil mae cen be found 2 ‘tron Terzaghi's equation! Tee-u=o-u Equation (6), for the dry eotl mas. The compre sbinsty of @ eofl mss has boon defined in ters of volune change by the coefficient * ws Bquation (7) 5° ee a rante®? defined compresatbility of the soil skeleton ay the term consolidation uodulus" vhich is the reciprocal of m, ven €, 18 0+ He recognized that the consolidation modulus, B, vas not constant, but assumed st stationary in the range of stresses dealt vith, using an average value. ‘The saturated sof) mass. Pigure 2o Le @ tvouphise syste, Dut ‘che voide in this case are completely filled with water tustead of air. ‘Te saturated conditions represented here can be found in nature or can be produced in the Inboratory. If « specimen of a tvo-phase systen of soll particles and water is cetled by @ thin ribber membrane fend se subjected to anbient external stress of moderate intensity (200 pet), there will ve no measurable volume change 1a the mage and yard Terzagh, op. sit., p. 813. ecg, yiktrh Tertaghi, Theoretical, Sot) Mechanics (Joan Wiley and Sous, Yew York, 1968),"p0 261s Parents, les site» ‘te entire strens vill be carried by poresmater pressure, u. Tata otiows from the fact that water 4¢ virtually secompresssble (bulk saotulus equals 300,000 pet), and that the specific contact area ‘yetveen the graine 40 negligible, Under these etrewetencea, the only serene that could be carried by the soil ekalaton would be the magn tude necessary to compress the skeleton an emmust equal to the volume coange in the water. This volume chesge Ss exzeedingly small for the stresses encountered Sn gp{1 nechanies. For a void ratio of 1.0 and ap applied str fof 100 pet, the volume change vould be approxiaately 0.02 percent. Thus, for 821 practical purposes, in a completely sut~ ureted sot, effective stress, J, =o - uO regardless of the com vorated preseibility of ite skeleton. In a laboratory sample of sold, the initial stress in the water due to grevity can be neglected. Hovever, in a colum of saturated sotl of appreciable height the hyaro~ static distribution of stress mst be takan into account. TUE, ‘HE PORE FLUID IN THE TERER-PUASE TERIA ‘Te remins to consider the three-sbsse aysten of Pigure 24, mate 2 the general case which includes all compacted cohesive soils, since perfectly ary soils are rare in nature and it is impossible to expel all air from a vet soil by compaction. Here, the soil skaleton As surrounded by © pore fluld consisting of water, water vaper, and Sir. Te Miguld phase or sofl vater will be considered first. Soi) water. ‘he field of coil sotence which studies soils fron the agricultural standpoint has ong been concerned with the retention20 cd novenest of vater in gots. In 2897, Brisss® considered that & sot} nase contained water of three kinds! gravitetional water, capil~ sary water, and hygroscopic vater, Gravrtatonal, vater was defined ‘es that portion of the soll water which vas in excess of the snount ‘the coil vas able to retain under given condstiore and vas therefore free to drain evay. The capillary water vas defined as that part of ‘he noi moisture vbich vould be retained in the captllary spaces an veich was capeble of movesent through capillary ection. Hygroscopie water vas defined 2 that portion of the water that was found on the surfece of the grains vhich vas not capable of movenent through the section of gravity or of capillary forces. Briggs considered that the maxim anount of vater vaich @ given gol could contain depended on the effect of two forces~cgravitation and surfece tension. ‘The phenomenon of surface tension i dus to the extevence of nolesular forces. In 6 suspended drop of water, for example, the particles in the interior of the Liguié ere attracted equally in all Airections by other molecules of the Ligild, The resultant attraction on any solecule in the interior 4s, therefore, zero, A molecule on the surface of the drop of water, on the contrary, ‘a not attracted equally on al ides, cince the wieculee of Uke gav surrounding the drop exert lees attraction upon the water molecule than ie exerted by ‘he other water molecules, The remultent attraction 4s, therefore, Anwar along © Line perpendicular to the surface of the Liquid at that point, Tt has been found that the dehaviar of the drop of water under yan J. Briggs, The Machanics of Gott Yotsture, Duletia Yo. 10, Us 8. Departnent of Agriculture, Divisioa of Soils, Washingtos, Goverment Printing Office, 1897.‘ove ection of these forces 1s ddentical with that if the drop were joasined to be enclosed 4n a vatertight mabrene having « uniforn teneion. By surface tension 1e monnt the tension tat this ideal, pechrane vould have to possets in order to produce the observed phe onena ‘This {deel neabrane Gigfere from al materiel menbranes in ‘gut ite tenaton does not change vhen the surface 1s increased. Wien ‘ne ourface is extended, molecules which vere formerly in the interior ‘are browht to the surface eo that the number of molecules per unit of ‘area of the surface alimys rensins the sume, Surface tension occurs at the contacts or boundaries or interfaces separating to fluids. Tt ts virbuelly indoyendent of the for of the surface of contact but 4s fa function of the tenperature, ‘he rise of Mguids in fine-bared ‘bes is a result of surface tension and ie celled capiiiarity. Ime surface of the water in a capillary tube ts curveds it te opherical if the tibe ie cylindrical. ‘he surface of the water inter= sects the vall of the tube at an angle, a This angle depends on the properties of the eolid and the inpurities on the vail. For water on clean glass, a= 0. In general, the contact angle between a gas Miguia surface and any soli covered by © fim of the Liguid is 0. ‘Me helght of capillary rive can be computed by considering the statico of a cylindricel cepitsary coluan of radius r sbore @ free water eurtace:Weignt of water in the tube = 2° 7h, Force of surface tension = 2xr , cos 22, i fron vhieh, for a= 0, = =74 zquation (8) mere 1, {8 the surfece tension 7q 15 unit voight of vater. Sine the capidary tube 4s opea to atmoopheric air, which also } cts on the free vater surface, the pressure at the meniscus mst be equi to -h, 4f ataospheric pressure is taken as 0. This follove fron the fact that the water pressure ab ony height in the tube must decrease hydrostatically, starting fron 0 at the free horizontal sur face. ‘The soverse relationship detween the pressure at the meniecus and ste curvature holds, regardless of vbether the tube is vertical. Water vithin a horizontal cepillary tube of the sane radius would be bounded by to sentect of the sane curvature. ‘he pressure in the ‘vater at each meniscus and throughout the horizontal tube vould be ~ h, Jn general, the pressure on acy Liquid film in contact with the ataos- shore at any point can be expressed by the equation: weet (keh) Bquation (9) ae where u, Ae cepiilary pressure (taking ataossberie preesure = 0) 15, 48 eurfece tenston + en rp are radii of curvature of the two sections formed by Pissing two planes normal to the tangent plane through the point and ft right angles to each other. To iitustrate the relationship of capillary phenomena in softs to caplitmy tabee, consider the capillary-eited glass Ainmcle ia» pipe 3 coteining wer. Jn Figure 36, mater comely fie the oa, tha unter euruons are fiat and the pram a o23 polate te tue ter 48 etaomhere, of y, = 0. On exponire to uauetarate at, srogration vl) oer nd welecl vik fora. Bquibriu requires cant tha presen, he the cwrratureyat he to mentee mutt ive be the ame, At fSrub tla curature wide Jeno than the acim forthe larger funnel, but Voen that atc curvatare Ls exe owiehe water surface must retrest fro face Ay ae in Figure 3, hie 4¢ reninn at Face B wtih the maxima curvature at Pose Bis reached, whence At retreat fron taut fae alto, Bvetinlly, the er- veo onus 2, en tn Figure 3, and the preemre inte ater becomes fs salt scan be, TE voter jo now ede to a meiscss, either tacough Pace A or Face B, Dov vil take place util an equilibria yrosnire correrponting to 0 single curvature is reeched. te amaog to ole i to consider the vals of the fumnele as te aot gratne, Figure Hi. ater wots then end Sa bed in the cap lacy spaces betwots then Since the yore spaces in soil ms are totercomected, a noe: coasted antl at equiteien vill be al, fee mntct ot the sane carveire (3+ Banda of 86 water A Vin te a the sane presmure, proved the ante of fot As eal taough for raisy tobe nghacted. Bucking Antoticed the conept of eaptlary potential wich he defined as the vark thet vould have to be done against the "capti~ ary field force” in transferring a unit mass of vater from the sot.0, Water Sunfoces are Flot b. Menisci ore Gurved ©. Maximum Curvature of Menisci d. Unsaturated Soit FIGURE 3 CAPILLARY PRESSURE2 to free mater at cero hydrostatic pressure“ Gardae:®® ana rereclzen®? aeeined the function as the vork done against the eaptl~ jesy field force dn moving unit mass of water from a flat water sur= face to the point in question. This gives the capillary potential the cpyoeite sign from that of Buckinghas's éefinttion.”? the eaptilery ‘field force can be interpreted es the mechanical force involved in the attraction of motet soil for waters hence, it is the force set up in ‘the soll-water aysten due to a pressure gradient. ‘Thus, capillary potential Se the sane ae pressure potential. [Richards analyzed the factore affecting the capilary potential function and eurceeded in measuring capillary pressure by means of ‘field tensiousters.?* ite considares an isolated mses of moist soil ent concluded that moleture content, size of ootl particles, and state of pecking vill affect the capiliery pressure throwh their effect oo the curvature of the menisct. If, for a given soli eleleton, the amount of water in the voids 48 decreased, there will be an increase in the corvature of the water surfaces; hence, the mare negative the potential will be. Also, Sf equal veighte of @ silt and a cand have the sane water content, the silt will have more surface area, nore contact "Tzegar Backinghen, Studies on the Movenent of Soil Moisture, U. 8, Deparment of Agriculture, Bureau of Soils, Bulletin lio. 38, Weebdngten, D.Cs, Goverment Printing Office, 3507. Hy, Gardner, The Capillary Potential and its Relation to Soil, Mossture Constante, Soil Seience, Vol. X, 1920, pp 397-259+ 5, w. Israeisen, The Application of tyérodysamics, to Irrign~ ‘ion ana Draioage Froblens, Hilgardia, Vol. 11, 1927, yp. ¥19-528- Pouckinghas, b+ Si%:- Pyorenzo Ay Richards, The Usefulness of Capillary Potential to Soll Moisture and Plant Investigators, Journal, Agriculture) Research, July-Decesber 1928, Washington, D.C., U.S. Goverment Printing Office, 1929, BP» TA9-TH2.oints between particles, less vater for each contact potnt, hence over potential for the fine sol then for the coarse one. The con yectuess of the soil alo influences capillary potential. If the soll perticles are pushed closer together, the curvature of the water sur- face ecreases. If the soil is sufficiently compressed, water will run out of a moist soil by gravity. Up to that point, the vater con ‘teat remains the same, but the capillary potential increases to 0. ‘The magnitudes cf capillary potential have a very large range, ‘fron 0 for all saturated soils to negative pressures of more than 100 stapopheres in dry clays. The ability of vater to withstand high ten= fails strosces has been proved by experiment. Dorsey reports that water conteining aiesolved air and fibers of wood vas subjected to e ‘tension of nearly 160 stuospheres before rupture occurred. In the method used, the Liquid vas enclosed in a sealed tbe vich was nearly filled. By careful hesting, the Liquid vas expanded until 1t complete- dy filed the tube, exerting won 4¢ a moderate pressure; then the ten= perature wns slovly reduced. For a tine, the Liquid continued to £411, ‘he tube completely, but presently gave way with & soap, returning to ‘the metressed volume appropriate to the exteting temperature 2? Punt gives a table shoving the relation of the metn Ginneter of @ coil par= Yicle, the ancimm height of capiliary rise, the a? (logarithm of the reciprocal of the heigit of capillary rise in centineters), the rel- ative mumlaity of the capillary vater, and the negative pressure in ‘tuoepheret, all of vhich are related.2? naved on the results of y. eenest. Dore pert: , Ernest Dorsey (Comp.), Properties of Ordinary Yster Substance (Nev York: Reinhold Publishing Corpo son, 1580), Pe 280. (SA. M, Punt, Soller Physics 258 cuentstry (Nev Yon Retahotd Pibhishine’csiparatton, WD, Be BDa Indirect and direst capillary pressure mensurenents, Puri concludes ‘vont all water used dn soi is ‘capillary! water, and the so-called aster fare merely those due to size of pores and manttute of sree energy. There are no gaye or breaks vithin the entire range of relation Between percent saturation and free esersy oF presnure de= sicteacy, only pointe of tnfiection.* ‘Me phenomenon of negative (Iese than ataoerharic) pressure 4a the water of unesturated natural soils bas been called by many nanos, uch es soil pull, capillary potential, capillary sreasure, suction resnure, pressure deficiency, and capillary tension, In the resent stuly of ore pressures in compacted cohesive soils, these Iese-than- stospheric precsures will be called ceptllary presmures and desigated ty the symbol ug+ Copttiary pessube will represect the pressure in the water of the unestursted soils hen the air pressure ‘= stos~ meric. Crooey Liste the foltoving 5 direct and b indirect methods of measuring noisture euctioa of porous materials and the range (on the BP scale) to viteh each method spplies > Sh ‘Ts, bs 597. ®p. Croney, J.B. Colenan, and Pamela M. Briggs, The Suction of Moteture Held in Soil and Other Porous Materials, Mona Research Technical Paper No. 2h, Lonton, Departnent of Scientific end Totus trial Research, Hood Réceareh Laboratory, Her Majectyte Stationery oetice, 1952, Bbey Direct methods ange suction plate WO =a 5 ‘Tenstonecer WO =a 5 Centerstage WS mPa Pressure seabrane wo =F ConseLidation (apsLicable to eaturated we oar hays only) Indirect methods: reezing point depresston wo-ws Vacuum desiccator WAS -FT sorption balance WAS FT Hectrical resistance gages W5-mPT Im considering the engineering aspecte of compacted solla, att ‘presmures greater then ataoszherie are escountered. Their effect on capillary pressure én the water must be evaluated in a general pore ‘pressure theory. Tt has already boon shown by Equation (8) that the height of capillary rise in a vertical cylindrical tube depends only fon the surface tension, the radius of the tube, nd the unit wetaht of water. Tt is indepenent of the magnitude of ataospherte pressures ‘that 12, if the capilisy tibe-free water surface systen vere placed in a container and the air pressure were changed fron 0 to uy» the height of capiiary rise, hy, and the curvature of the meniscus vould Fenain the sane. Hovever, the pressure at every point in the capillary columa vould be changed by precisely the change in atmospheric res~ ‘ure, ‘The pressure in the water at the meniscus would be u = uy ~ hy ‘The sndependence of sexiscus curvature on aabient air pressure was ‘verified by experinent end vas used as a novel means of measuring29 cepillary pressures in this investigation. In general, wea ty, Bgustson (10) here u, 16 the capillary pressure. Soil air. A compacted cohesive soil contains air witch may snitially be under pressure due to the compaction process. However, ££ the coll 1s not immediately sotled, the air pressure vill soon become atmospheric. The presence of both air and vater in the voids of f soil miss viich 6 sealed and cubjected to volune changes requires consideration of the interaction between the to fluids. AST sn con tact with water contains water vapor; on the otter hand, the water con tains Giseolved air. The amount of each of these and the tine required to obtain equilitriun Wien the preseure 4s changed will be savestigatea 4m order to determine their effect on the magnitule of pore pressures Sn soll, Also, the subject of air bubbles in the yore fluid, as aie~ ‘tinguished from continous air voids, requires thearetical examination 4n the develoment of the theory. ‘The preseure of water vapor in equilibrium with water depends primarily on the temperature, but 4t {s affected aleo ty the partial pressure of the air vith which the vapor is mixed and by the shape of the Liquid surface, ‘The effect of temperature alone on pure water vapor dn equilibriun with a flat vater eurfece 4 diustrated by the foltoving tabulation” Fooreey, ops eke, p+ 56 (extract from ante 24).+ (te) Yepor pressure of 0 (mm He) ° hoo 3 cosy » 9.209 » 2.188 2 31935 2 25.098 » nto The effect of air pressure on the vapor pressure of an air~ ‘yayer Frosoure mixture ie moll for pressures encountered in soil mechanics, At an air pressure of 10 staospheres, for example, the ratio of the vapor presoure to the vapor preseure of the water in the absence of air 1s 1.00777, ‘me effect of curvature of the water ourfase on the vapor pres sure is given by the equation: > eRe Equation (11) vere p equals equilsbrial pressure of the vapor in contact vith a spherical eurface of the Liquid (radius equals 5) p, equals that of the vapor in contact vith a flat surface 1, equils surface tension of the Liquid 7 equals absolute temperature (27541 + °C) R equals the gas constant © equils the density of the Liquid For vater at 20° C, T equals 293.1", 7, equals 72.75 dynes per "ype, p. 576 (extract from Table 252).centineter, 9 equals 0.9964 gran per cubic centinater, R equals 14.645 x 20° erg por gran per degree centigrade. 'vhesse @-») ; 2 SOP! corr 107 oa Pe or r= 0.001 mm, = = 2.077 x 107 or 0.1 percent, approximately. From the foregoing, it is evident thet the vapor pressure ean be con= sidered constant for a given temperature, regardless of the variation of the coll air pressure and the variation of the curvature of the capillary mentees. ‘Air 4 soluble in vuter to an extent that must be considered in wolls. According to Henry's aw,” Py = p= Bx Equation (12) where P equals total absolute pressure (air plus water vazor) in stnospheres P equals pertiel pressure of air in etmospheres y equals mol fraction of air in the airawter vapor mixture 4H equals Henry's constant in ataospheres per mol of air x equils mol fraction of Aissolved air in the Liquid phase, equals ratio of the number of gran formila weights of the gue 4m solution to the sux of thet nusber and the mumber of gram forms velghts of the vater in which the air 4s dissolved. ‘The molecular veight of air equals 26.960. The molecular weight of water equals 18.015. Hence te ‘ia, WPoneaical Engineers! Handbook, gp. git pe 1125.Bquacton (25) Boo * OS weere Wy, 10 veleht of alr dissolved and Wy de weight of water. For eee eres steer ‘very smal: (approximately 0,0001 for 100 pai air preseure); hence Beustion (13) can be written approximately: 2 2 : viance 4 pee Baquation (24), fo the veight of air dissolved in a given enount of water ie directly Proportiostl to the absolute pressure af the air. Solubiity of air in vater can aleo be expressed as the volune of air as measured under the conditions exteting in ase that, 4s contained in unit volume of saturated solution. From Boyle's lav, wm PY, a Paustion (25) where V,, cquals volume of air dissolved es nesnured under exsitttons 1m the gas phase. Prom Equations (14) and (35),2 Me Os * FF mv, tw, “ay Ye," IBGE” Boi FT qlee g mgatton GEES e Pauation (16), ainenstonless constant which varies with the temperature but vibteh so vray tpn of peter, tat 1D ga b= content of solubility of air in water by volume. Tt varies with tenperature as foltove: o es 0.0288 5 278 0.0260 285 0.0835 3 288 o.cené 295 owen 5 358 0.0188 ‘me rate of solution of air in vater mast aloo be examined. In ‘8 compacted cobesive ofl the vater can be considered to be in the fora fof thin flime. ‘The time rate of solution of air in a film vhich 1s m= oxturated vith air at © particular pressure can be found from the expressions? (= 6) me ae =o = ¥ ) Bguatson (27) BAe ) os Mporeey, p+ city Pe 952, Pe 5b.were * 1 Hine An minute g, $f initial concentration of air in water (att = 0} g_ 38 concentration as t veconee very large ¢ Se concentration at tine t fares, fe = 2.71828 equals area of the vater surface in square continaters V equals volume of water fim in cubic centinctere p equals a coefficient in centimeters per minute, Values of B for oxygen have been tabulated vhich shov, for ¢, = 0 at 20" C, 4% vill take 26 seconde for tie water to become saturated with covers." since the eolibsiity constants for oxygen and nitrogen are not greatly different, the tine ‘nvolved sn reaching equilibrium for olution of air in the water film in eotle 4e not of grest saportance, feven under Laboratory conditions vhes pressures are applied relatively repialy. Casagrande"? has show thet bubble of air in equilibrium with eter sust have © pressure higher than the surrounting water, depending on the surface tension and on the dianeter of the bubble, Fron Figure 4a, Bquation (18) Pred, p. 555- Faetnur Casagrande, Hotes on Soil Mechanics, revised 1939, Harvard Universsty Graduate Sehool of Bngineering, Pp. 38-55 (wineogeephed)Sut dts 0. PRESSURE IN AIR BUBBLE b. AUBBLE IN CAPILLARY TUBE FIGURE 4 AIR BUBBLES36 rressure in the air bubble bere u, equals de wressure in the vater a, equals surface teneion a counls Aancter of tumbles in o Line of reasoning involving the assumption of the insolubility of air sn voter, Terzagns"* snoved that hen . 3, un-($e S— +P) Bauation (29) OER ) where u, 19 initial etrese tn water -g 15 initial reaiue of bubble, gus bubble expands and contimies to do so until 1t Fille a void. ‘me otmultancous existence of bubbles and air voids én a pore “lua at equilibrium can be Snveetigated without assuming that air ie insoluble Consider a horizontal capillary tube (Figure ho) of Diameter D partially filled with water surrounded by air of presoure u, stove staospherie. The corresponding pressure in the vater will be, fron Bqustions (9) ana (20) hey wea ea eu Bqustion (20). At equilibrium the vater contains dissolved air according to Bqu~ ‘ton (14), Nov if an air bubble of aianeter d, Uys Since the vater surrounding the bubble is capsble of dissolving saore air at pressures higher than u, (Henry's lav), it ie clear that lot tine t the mss of free air in the bubble vill be enaller than st wos Snitially. Using Boyle's lav, this con be expressed by < k o a 2 203 8.265 BE v, < BBe, y, 5 eine BO >o, a? [woeQEB]E < [aere (hb , Beene < (4 whieh requires that @ 0. 2, ey) ad ennat se ye sha’ men =u +22 >, ish inicates tht the Mable wilt sontime to go into solution. fader equhibiom conditions, 58 fio thet bee oan ext ely ven the wine de ented with a atthe pressure in the bubble. IV. DERIVATION OF "HIE BQUADYoN FOR PORE WATER PRESSURE: ‘he forces caused by surface tensica mst be taken into account 4 the theory of pore prosture in unanturated soils. ‘The soil water 4s considered to exist in the form of @ continuous film covering the \weins, and mentees near the contact betveen grains. Neglecting gravity, the mensect hate @ particular curvature vhich corresponds ‘0#8 fg yertioular capillary preseure for a given tenpersture, vater content, od state of packing for a given goll- ‘The renainder of the void space qurounding the wetted coil skeleton is occupied by air. It is accued thst the air voids are interconnected; hence, for equsLibriun eond- sions, air preseure 4 the sage throughout the sage. Unter these oir cumstances, a change of presmure in the air, fron shatever cause, vill ave no efrect oa Mie cunvabure OF tte menses Keon reported on vork by Haines and by Fisher in viich the Gistribution and ehape of vater films and sir syaces in ideal coil vere cousttered for changing vater contents et constant void ratio.”? re vas concluded that Zor spherical grains the vater {las are contimous for degrees of saturation greater than 2 percent. Haines! concept was that the air space vas continous but that it vas ande up of cells with pour-giaes shaped vasete vaich comected each coll vith several other As notsture 42 added, the vater flue thicken and a neck is ‘finally closed, whence the entire air cell fills wp vith voter. This 4s said to occur aie to collapse of the vater filme which pull vater from neighboring cells asking the latter less saturated. This concept ‘ead Haines to conclude that cobesion increased vith increasing water content and reached a maxima at the instant before comlete satu ‘Hon when 4 rapidly fell. to zero. ‘This was disputed by Fisher who considered that the cohesion falls progressively over the vhole range of motsture contents. Regardless of vhether Rainec' concept of the bernard A. Kees, The Physical Properties of Soil, (Losenane, Green, and Co., Loadon, 1951) p. 100.Eo voids a5 cells is valid, the mechonten of saturation he proposed pre- cuded catrament of the air in the cell; hence, his theory does not conflict with the idea of contimisty of goi2 air. Pressure in the air. The pressure in the air of the voids of @ soll mass which has been compressed without permitting escape of the pore Fluids can be calculated by combining Boyle's lav of ccapresetbil~ ‘ty of tr with Henry's Inv of solubtlity of air in water. Tt has been previously established that the curvature of the menisci have 8 negli idte effect on the interaction of air and water. Also the tine io- volved in obtaining equilitrius for Heory'e lav, as the pressure $e Aperensed, vas shomm to be very enall; hence, the vater can be assumed to be saturated with air for the preesure considered. At tesperatures suvolved in soil mechanics, the magnitude of the vapor yressure of vweter 1s less than 4 percent of 1 atmosphere end ie virtually inde- pendent of pressure; hence, st can be neglected, excepting far labor tory research conditions vere less than staostherie air pressures may be used. For exmple, at an air pressure of 50 pei and 20" C, the vapor pressure 46 27.5 mm of sercury which ie 1/2 of 1 perceat of the fir pressure, ‘he existence of bubbles of air in the pore fluid stml- taneously vith air voids ill be considered saporsible at equilibria, but their transitory existence during compression 8 recognized. Consider a compacted soil mass of volume 1 +¢,, as in Figure a, with air volume e, at stnospherie pressure, P+ Tt is then con sessed ot constant tesperature, F, without drainage to a void ratio e+ For pressures used in soil machantes, the entire change in void Patio, 9, - e, can be considered as occurring in the air, since theJor sotulus of voter is about 300,000 pat ead the bull moguius of the jai grains 1s shout 10 tines higher than that of water (5,000,000 espe fe for qusin). ‘Te soll wheleton se considered to be reduced ie ne without change in its solid Yolune by means of rearrangenent of e D articles or ty elastic bending of the grains, The soil vater 9 of Gime 6, for conditions ¢, and e,, but it contains sore air in solu ‘ton in the latter condition because of Henry's lav. Consider the weight of air, free (Gesignated by p) end dissolved (designated by p) prior to and subsequent to compression. Gy) “, vy, 2100 Sige eo pation 26 E tg = BSG (ry + 4g) ony Basin (24). by, fog, * BOT ie no fete once Way + * Fata, rape, Fat May Ory + ag * asa” + ase * matipiying both sides of the equation by FT and putting n = EEE E Bqustion (16), results tn Paley they) = (Py + ugleg + Bey) 5 a Solving for vgs Bquation (23).a ‘Bquntion (25) 1s similar to one given in different form orig~ somtty vy Brante.*® me quastity ¢, +h, 8 the total volume of atr (rot and atecoived) in the compacted sot prior to compression; the voline of Glssolved air ss, a8 before, expressed as the enount of gas couteined in solution measured under the conditions existing An the gas jase. hen Ae equiis ¢, , the air pressure becomes, Pe ‘se Bguation (24) which gives the presoure required to dissolve the air completely tn -sccordance with Henry's Ia. Fore-water pressure. Previous investigations by Seanta'”, zie'®, 'and Bishop!? neglected the effects of surface tension and ‘ascunod thet the pressure in the soil air, ug, vas the sane as the poresvater pressure, u. Gould”? attempted to account for the effects ‘of surface tension by assuntng the eotl air to consist of many bubbles, sail of the saue cize, the radius of vaich vas reduced as the volune of the soi miss decreased. Starting with atmospheric air pressure in the bubbles, this assumption accounts for less-than-ataospheric pressure dn the pore water initialay, but according to Equation (18) 1t requires ‘this pressure to becoue extrenely sual as the raati of the bubbles Wrrante, abe abe, De 220, "Ipcants, Ioe. sits Best, op. cite, pe Be Sasenon, gp. eit, De Ble Weouta, ops site, ps 206. isWe approsch zero. ‘This 4s at variance with obeyed pore~ater pressures vinioh inerease as saturation by compression is approached. Aso, the phenonanon of ncrense of capillary pressure fron negative value to zero as a soil is saturated at constant void ratio 40 aot consistent with the existence of soil air in the farm of bubblece ‘An Anerease Sn water content of @ fof) containing n air bibles of reciue r would appear to require either a reauction in a or a reduction snr, neither of vhich vould account for the sbserved pressure increase 4m the pore water, In order to meet the requirements of decrease in fir volume and increase in copillary pressure, the number of bubbles vould have to decrease and the size of the bles would have to Sa= crease, Since there 4s no physical Jay witch would perait some of the ‘bubbles to dissolve wide others are expanding, the only other possi- bility 8 for fusion of the bubbles to occur to reduce their amber ‘accompanied by solution of the air to reduce the total air volume, veicn is an extremely unlikely mechani to ascoaplish saturation of a sold On the other hand, the concept of interconnected air voids ounded by vater-covered goll grains abd menisci is consistent vith the sheory of incre 1e in capillary proseure vith decrease 1n void ratio at constant vater content (saturation by compression). Tt also peraite saturation to occur at e constant void ratio (by adding vater) without requiring alr to be Sietolved end it satisfactorily explains the ob served capitiary pressure increase in this process. ‘Te pressure in +h 19 pore water of an unsaturated soil, viich ie ‘the pressure in the fluid in contact vith the soll steleton, is given% ‘yy the formula: Bauation (20) ere u, 42 the capiDlary pressure for the existing curvature of the pentect. For en unsaturated soil (i, less than uy ) u, vill aluays be eeative; hence, u ie lest then y. If the soil 1s compressed to saturation, without areintge, Uy = Ug » Aad u, = 0} since no free air 4 present and the curvature of the neniact is zero. Thus, in the cone pression of © comasted cohesive foll without drainage, both ug 852 Yy very vith change in void ratio. he value of, con be canputed fron gustion (23). The value of u, must be measured or estimated, The ccaplete equation for porewater pressuwe for the condition of no arainage 48: ie amet, Paimtton (2). fects on mechanics) properties of soils. The concepts of lanbieat applied stress, costact area, snd effective strese that have been discussed previously for the perfectly ary soil and for the com pletely aaturated one are also epylictble to # three-phase soil mss, Te will be found desirable for the Baution (6) tate Bauation (26) for the general case where surface tension is acting. ‘The implications of thie equntion are clear. If 8 compacted cohesive soil is unstressed externally and the pressure in the air volds 1s atmosiheric, thea 0, ty #0) and T= Since capillary preesures are dsotropic—i ‘gat 5a, they are of equal mgnitade in all dlrections-the necienteal, effect on the skelston of congacted unsaturated soils, due to these preenures, 42 identical to the effect of a grain-tovgrain stress of equal migulluie ecting in all directions. Hence, © compacted cohesive got can never be considered unstressed, and the mechanical effect of ‘pe capillary stress on compressibility and shearing strength, mist be ‘eaten into account. ‘nen an excernal asbient normal stres 1 a, 48 applied too sealed comacted cohesive eoil and the votd ratio decreases, the re= antiouship between void ratio and effective stress vill be e=1(F) =£(o-a, -u,)+ For an unsaturated aotl, the expression (e = uy ~ 9) Will absays be greater then 0. Of outstanding importance in sof} mechinies is the shearing scrength of unsatirated cohesive soile, Tn recent years, the yrin- ciple of effective stress has been used in interpreting sheering strength of sotle, ‘This 1s done by atteupting to measure pore pres sures as vell as epplied stresses in laboratory triaxial chear tests, ‘Te Mohr's circle of stress 4a plotted far onch epecizen at failure, ‘vith cheering stress as ordinate and effective normal stress at ab- scisse, to provide a shearing strength envelope. The value of the crdinates of the envelope ven F equals 0 is comonly called exhesion, ce, cna the slope of the envelope, witch approximates a straigh: Line, 0 called tan ¢, or the internal friction factor according to Coulorh's equation recteemd Bguatioa (27). ‘te concept that effective etn soll, vaich arises fram the pore-pressure theory, immediately suageats