APPENDICES

APPENDIX A

List and Uses of Apparatus

An Ostwald Viscometer is a device used to measure the viscosity of a liquid.

A pipette is a narrow glass tube used for measuring liquid or for moving small amounts

of liquid from one place to another.

A pipetol is used to help a pipette pump liquid into it.

A clamp is used to fasten glassware into place on an iron stand.

An iron clamp is used to elevate the apparatus that are used in an experiment.

A timer is used to determine the amount of time taken to finish a test or an experiment.

A wash bottle is a squeeze bottle with a nozzle, used to rinse various pieces of laboratory

glassware, such as test tubes and round bottom flasks.

A dryer is a machine, appliance, or apparatus for removing moisture, as by forced

ventilation or heat.

A graduated cylinder is used to measure a specific volume needed in an experiment.

A Westphal Balance is an instrument used to measure density of a liquid.

A medicine dropper is a glass tube with a hollow rubber bulb at one end and a small

opening at the other, for drawing in a liquid and expelling it in drops; medicine dropper.

Rubber tubing is often connected to a condenser, which is a laboratory tool used in the

process of distillation. The rubber tubing helps cool water to flow in and out of the

condenser and helps the heated water vapour in the condenser return to its liquid state.
 APPENDIX B

Definition of Terms

Viscosity is the property of fluids by virtue of which they offer resistance to flow or to

any change in the arrangement of their molecules.

Density is the mass of a substance per unit of its volume.

Hydrochloric acid pertains to or designating a colorless, corrosive, fuming acid, HCL,

exceeding soluble in water, in which form it is largely used in manufactures and

sometimes called muriatic acid.

Benzene is a colorless, volatile, inflammable, liquid hydrocarbon, C6H6, obtained chiefly

from coal tar by fractional distillation.

Distilled water is water that has had many of its impurities removed through distillation.

Methanol is a colorless, volatile, inflammable liquid, CH3OH, obtained by the destructive

distillation of wood or by catalytic treatment of hydrogen and carbon monoxide.

Chloroform is a colorless, volatile, sweetish liquid compound, CHCl3, used as an

anesthetic and anodyne and as a solvent of wax, resin and plastics.

The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to gradual deformation by shear

stress or tensile stress. For liquids, it corresponds to the informal concept of "thickness".

For example, honey has a much higher viscosity than water.

 APPENDIX C

Computations

WATER MEAN TIME: COMPUTATION OF VISCOSITY:

WATER
16.48+16.37+16.51
= 3
Trial 1:

= 16. 4533 s = t ( )r

BENZENE MEAN TIME:

[ 9.6695 ]
4
10 .
=0.9960(16.48) 0.9955 (16.4533)
15.6+15.22+14.58
= 3

= 9.6901 x 10-4 Pa. s

= 15. 1333 s

Trial 2:
CHLOROFORM MEAN TIME:

= t ( )r
9.83+9.80+9.76
=
[ 9.6695 ]
3 4
10 .
=0.9955(16.37) 0.9955 (16.4533)

= 9.7967 s
= 9.6205 x 10-4 Pa. s
METHANOL MEAN TIME:
Trial 3:
17.20+17.06+17.02
= = t ( )r
3

[ 9.6695 ]
4
10 .
= 17.0933 s =0.9950(16.51) 0.9955 (16.4533)

= 9.6979 x 10-4 Pa. s

 BENZENE Trial 2:

Trial 1:
= t ( )r

= t ( )r
[ 9.6695 ]
104 .
=1.4603(9.80) 0.9955 (16.4533)

[ 9.6695 ]
10 4
.
=0.8690(15.60) 0.9955 (16.4533)
= 8.4485 x 10-4 Pa. s

= 8.0030 x 10-4 Pa. s Trial 3:

Trial 2:
= t ( )r

= t ( )r
[ 9.6695 ]
4
10 .
=1.492(9.76) 0.9955 (16.4533)

[ 9.6695 ]
10 4
.
=0.8680(15.22) 0.9955 (16.4533)
= 8.5966 x 10-4 Pa. s

= 7.8045 x 10-4 Pa. s METHANOL

Trial 3: Trial 1:

= t ( )r = t ( )r

[ 9.6695 ] [ 9.6695 ]
10 4
. 10 4
.
=0.8700(14.58) =0.7872(17.20)
0.9955 (16.4533) 0.9955 (16.4533)

= 7.4884 x 10-4 Pa. s = 7.4884 x 10-4 Pa. s

CHLOROFORM Trial 2:

Trial 1:
= t ( )r

= t ( )r
[ 9.6695 ]
10 4
.
=0.7935(17.06) 0.9955 (16.4533)

[ 9.6695 ]
4
10 .
=1.493(9.83) 0.9955 (16.4533)
= 7.9883 x 10-4 Pa. s

= 8.6641 x 10-4 Pa. s

 Trial 3: VISCOSITY THEORETICAL

= t ( )r WATER
2
water = e (C1+ +C3lnT+C4T C3)
=0.7930(17.02) [ 9.6695 104 .
0.9955 (16.4533)
]
3703.6
=e[-52. 243+295.55+5.866ln(295.550)+(-5.879x10 -29 )]
= 7.9679 x 10-4 Pa. s
water = 9.6695 x 10-4 Pa. s

BENZENE
COMPUTATION OF 2
benzene = e (C1+ +C3lnT+C4T C3)
MEAN VISCOSITY
294.68
=e{7.5117+295.55+[-2.794ln(295.550)]}
WATER

(9.6901+9.6205+9.6979)(104 )
benzene = 6.1996 x 10-4 Pa. s
Mean = 3
CHLOROFORM
Mean = 9.6695 x 10 Pa. s
-4
2
chloroform = e (C1+ +C3lnT+C4T C3)
BENZENE
1049.2
(8.0030+7.8045+7.4484)(104 ) =e[(-14.109)+295.55+0.5377ln(295.550)]
Mean = 3

Mean = 7.5120 x 10-4 Pa. s chloroform = 5.5302 x 10-4 Pa. s

CHLOROFORM
METHANOL
(8.6641+8.4485+8.5966)(104 )
Mean = 2
3 methanol = e (C1+ +C3lnT+C4T C3)
Mean = 8.5697 x 10-4 Pa. s 1789.2
=e[(-25.317)+295.55+2.069ln(295.550)]
METHANOL
methanol = 5.5697 x 10-4 Pa. s
(7.4884+7.9883+7.9679)(104 )
Mean = 3

Mean = 7.8149 x 10-4 Pa. s

 PERCENT ERROR:

WATER
.
% Error = x 100%

(9.6659.6695)(104 )
= x 100%
9.6695 104

% Error = 0.00 %

BENZENE
.
% Error = x 100%

(7.51206.1996)(104 )
= x 100%
6.1996 104

% Error = 21.1691 %

CHLOROFORM
.
% Error = x 100%

(8.56975.5302)(104 )
= x 100%
5.5302 104

% Error = 54.9618 %

METHANOL
.
% Error = x 100%

(7.81495.5697)(104 )
= x 100%
5.5697 104

% Error = 40.3110 %
 UNKNOWN LIQUID MEAN TIME Trial 3:
7.73+7.84+7.48
= = t ( )r
3

= 7.6833 s
[ 9.2061 ]
4
10 .
=0.9965(16.42)
WATER MEAN TIME 0.9971 (16.4233)

16.45+16.40+16.42
= 3
= 9.1987 x 10-4 Pa. s
= 16.4233 s
UNKNOWN LIQUID

Trial 1:
COMPUTATION OF VISCOSITY:

WATER = t ( )r

Trial 1:
[ 9.2061 ]
10 4.

=0.7806(7.73) 0.9971 (16.4233)
= t ( )r

[ 9.2061 ] = 3.3922 x 10-4 Pa. s

4
10 .
=0.9970(16.45) 0.9971 (16.4233)

Trial 2:

= 9.2201 x 10-4 Pa. s

= t ( )r

Trial 2:
[ 9.2061 ]
10 4.

=0.7903(7.84) 0.9971 (16.4233)
= t ( )r

[ 9.2061 ] = 3.4832 x 10-4 Pa. s

4
10 .
=0.9978(16.40) 0.9971 (16.4233)

= 9.1995 x 10-4 Pa. s

 Trial 3:

= t ( )r PERCENT ERROR:

WATER

[ 9.2061 ]
10 4
.
=0.7901(7.48) .
0.9971 (16.4233) % Error = x 100%

(9.20619.2061)(104 )
= x 100%
9.2061 104
= 3.3225 x 10-4 Pa. s

% Error = 0.00 %

COMPUTATION OF

MEAN VISCOSITY

WATER

(9.2201+9.1995+9.1987)(104 )
Mean = 3

Mean = 9.2061 x 10-4 Pa. s

UNKNOWN LIQUID

(3.3922+3.4832+3.3225)(104 )
Mean = 3

Mean = 3.3993 x 10-4 Pa. s

VISCOSITY THEORETICAL

WATER
2
water = e (C1+ +C3lnT+C4T C3)

3703.6
=e[-52. 243+297.75+5.866ln(297.75)+(-5.879x10 -29 )]

water = 9.2061 x 10-4 Pa. s

 APPENDIX D

Tables (Sources of Data)

Table D.1 Time Recorded Using a Stop Watch and Calculated Mean Time
Compounds Time(s) Mean Time
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 (s)
Water 1 16.48 16.37 16.51 16.4533
Benzene 15.60 15.22 14.58 15.1333
Chloroform 9.83 9.80 9.76 9.7967
Methanol 17.20 17.06 17.02 17.0933
Unknown 7.73 7.84 7.48 7.6833
Water 2 16.45 16.40 16.42 16.4233

Table D.2 Density Measured Using Westphal Balance and Calculated Mean Density
Compounds Density (g/mL) Mean Density
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 (g/mL)
Water 0.9960 0.9955 0.9950 0.9955
Benzene 0.8690 0.8686 0.8700 0.8692
Chloroform 1.4930 1.4603 1.4920 1.4818
Methanol 0.7172 0.7935 0.7930 0.7912
Unknown 0.7806 0.7903 0.7901 0.7870
Water 2 0.9970 0.9978 0.9965 0.9971

Table D.3 Calculated Mean Viscosity, Theoretical Viscosity and Percent Error
Compounds Mean Theoretical % Error
(Pa. s) (Pa. s)
Water 9.6695 x 10-4 9.6695 x 10-4 0.000
-4 -4
Benzene 7.5120 x 10 6.1996 x 10 21.1691
Chloroform 8.5697 x 10-4 5.5302 x 10-4 54.9618
-4 -4
Methanol 7.8149 x 10 5.5697 x 10 40.3110
Unknown 3.3993 x 10 -4

-4 -4
Water 2 9.2061 x 10 9.2061 x 10 0.0000
 APPENDIX E

Problems

1. In an experiment with Ostwald Viscometer, the times of flow of water and ethanol are 80 s
and 175 s at 20C. The density of water = 0.998g/cm3 and that of ethanol 0.790 g/cm3. The
viscosity of water at 20C is 0.01008 poise. Calculate the viscosity of ethanol.

Given:

twater = 80 s tethanol = 175s

water = 0.998 g/cm3 ethanol = 0.790g/cm3

water@20C = 0.01008 poise

* 1 poise (P) = 1g/cms

Required: viscosity of ethanol,

Solution:

= t ( )
t

0.790g 0.01008 g/cm s

=( ) (175 s) ( )
cm3 0.998g
cm3 (80s)
g
= 0.0175 s
cm
2. An experiment was performed that measured the flow of four different liquids as temperature
was increased. According to the graph, which of the liquids had the greatest viscosity at a
temperature of 30C?

Answer:

Liquid D because it has the lowest volumetric flow rate and the lower the
volumetric flow rate, the lower its resistance to the flow of the liquid. Therefore it
has the greater viscosity.

3. The dimensional formula of coefficient of viscosity is

r 4
K=
8VL
4. How does the viscosity of a liquid change with temperature?

As the temperature increases, the time of interaction between neighbouring molecules of

a liquid decreases because of the increased velocities of individual molecules. The
macroscopic effect is that the intermolecular force appears to decrease and so does the bulk
(or shear) viscosity.
5. In an experiment with an Ostwald Viscometer, the viscosity of toluene and water t 30C is
0.579 and 0.8007 poise. The times of flow of water and toluene are 41 s and 34.5 s. The
density of water is 1.002 g/cm3. Calculate the density of toluene.

Given:

toluene = 0.579 poise water = 0.8007 poise

ttoluene = 41 s twater = 34.5 s

water = 1.002 g/cm3

Required: toluene

Solution:
t
=
t

t
= ( )( )
t
g
1.002 cm3 (34.5 s) 0.579 poise
=( )( )
0.8007 poise 41 s

= 0.6097 g/cm3
 APPENDIX F

Documentation

Figure F.1 Density Determination Using Westphal Balance

Figure F.2 Set Up of the Ostwald Viscometer and Actual Experiment