Design, Modeling And Working Of On Load

Electronic Tap-Changer

Author
Muhammad Nasir 11-EE-20
Waqar Younus 11-EE-71
Shakeel Ur Rehman 11-EE-206

Supervisor
Dr. Tahir Mehmood
Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF ELECTRONICS & ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA
JUNE2015

i
 DESIGN, MODELING AND WORKING OF ON LOAD
ELECTRONIC TAP-CHANGER

Author

Muhammad Nasir 11-EE-20

Waqar Younus 11-EE-71
Shakeel Ur Rehman 11-EE-206

A Project Report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of

B.Sc. Electrical Engineering.

Supervisor

Dr. Tahir Mehmood

Assistant Professor
External Examiner Signature: ___________________________________________

Project Supervisor Signature: ___________________________________________

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOG TAXILA
June 2015
Undertaking

We certify that project work titled Design, Modeling and working of On Load Electronic Tap-

changer is our own work. No portion of the work presented in this project has been submitted in

support of another award or qualification either at this institution or elsewhere. Where material

has been used from other sources it has been properly acknowledged referred.

_________________________

Muhammad Nasir

11-EE-20

_________________________

Waqar Younus

11-EE-71

________________________

Shakeel Ur Rehman

11-EE-206
Acknowledgements

Firstly we would like to thank the Allah Subhana hu watala for giving us the fortitude

and persistence to strive for our destination. We are highly grateful to Sir Tahir Mehmood for his

continued supervision and guidance for the entire period of the project. Professional suggestions

of Sir Hammad Shaukat helped a great deal to improve and polish our work. We are much obliged

to them for their extended cooperation and providing vital information. We are also very much

thankful for all the help and support we were given by everyone from the UET Electrical

Engineering Faculty and everyone to whom we went to for equipment, or for work. We would

also like to thank our families and friends for their continuous encouragement and moral

support.
Abstract

Although various ideas have been introduced for the making of electronic tap changer, there

is no versatility in these ideas. Basically, which configurations are optimal? Or do the optimal

configurations have different structures? The purpose of an optimal configuration is the structure

that has the advantages of full-electronic tap-changers and draw backs of these tap- changers

are decreased as possible. One of the most important problems of electronic tap-changer is its

cost. In this project, ideas introduced for electronic tap-changer are first classified logically. Then,

cost parameter as objective function is defined to present an optimal configuration. Following

the selection of the optimal configuration, remaining design requirements such as switching

method for a proper commutation, control method and detection of the rise and drop of voltage,

etc. are designed tap-changer and finally the designed is practically realized.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Undertaking ................................................................................................................ii
Acknowledgements ................................................................................................... iii
Abstract.. ...................................................................................................................iv
Table of Contents ......................................................................................................vi
List of Figures ............................................................................................................ix
List of Tables .............................................................................................................xi
Introduction................................................................................................................ 1
1.2 Categories of Tap Changers: ............................................................................... 1
1.2.1 Off-circuit or no-load tap-changers: .................................................................. 2
1.3 Under-Load Tap-Changer .................................................................................... 3
1.3.1 Under-Load Reactor Tap-Changers .................................................................. 4
1.3.2 Under-Load Resistor Tap-Changers ...... 5
1.4 Limitations: Mechanical Under-Load Tap-Changers............................................ 8
1.4.1 Contact Arc in Diverter Switches during Tap-Changing Process....................... 8
1.4.2 High Maintenance and Service Cost .............................................................. 8
1.4.3 Low Speed of Tap-Changing .............................................................................. 8
1.4.4 High Losses of Tap-Changer during Tap-Changing ........................................... 8
a. Electronically Assisted Under-Load Tap-Changers (or Hybrid On-Load Tap-
Changer) ........................................................................................................................ 9
b. Fully Electronic Under-Load Tap-Changer (or Solid-State Under-Load Tap-
Changer or Static On-Load Tap-Changer)....................................................................... 9
1.5 Electronically Assisted Under-Load Tap-Changers ................................................... 9
1.6 Full-Electronic Tap-Changers .................................................................................... 11
1.6.1 Very Low Maintenance Cost ........................................................................... ....11
1.6.2 High Speed.............................................................................................................. 12
1.6.3 Tap Jumping........................................................................................................... 12
1.6.4 Better Performance.................................................................................................. 12
1.6.5 Non-limit in tap-changing time .............................................................................. 12
Theory Related to Project................................................................................................ 15
2.1 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM........................................................................ ..15
2.2 Parts of On Load Tap Changer...................................................................................16
2.3 Structure of the tap changer...................................................................................... 20
2.4 Features of on-load tap-changer................................................................................ 21
2.4.1 Selector Switches ........................................................................................... 21
2.4.2 Reactors ......................................................................................................... 22
2.4.3 Bypass Switch............................................................................................... 22
2.4.4 Vacuum Switch: ........................................................................................... 23
2.5 Basic Arrangements of regulating Windings.................................................. 24
2.6 Examples of commonly used winding schemes: ............................................ 26
2.7 The Design of Transformer Taps Configuration............................................ 28
2.3 Bi-Directional Solid-State Switches in Full-Electronic ................................. 34
2.3.1 Realization of Bi-Directional Switches....................................................... 35
2.3.2 Current Commutation Between Bi-Directional Switches.......................... 37
2.3.3 Commutation Based on Current Direction................................................ 39
2.3.3.1 Commutation Based on Voltage Amplitude .......................................... 42
2.3.4 Commutation of Current between Bi-Directional Switches in Electronic Tap-
Changer. ............................................................................................................. 45
2.3.8 Phase Control Modulation......................................................................... 47
2.3.9 Discredited Cycle Modulation................................................................. 47
2.3.10 Pulse Width Modulation ........................................................................ 47
2.3.11 No Modulation .............................................................................................. 49
2.8 Types of Todays On-Load Tap-Changers: ....................................................... 50
2.8.1 Oil Type OLTCs OILTAP.............................................................................. 50
2.8.2 Vacuum Type OLTCsVACUTAP.................................................................. 54
Implementation of Project................................................................................... 57
3.1 Model and Naming Conventions ...................................................................... 57
3.1.1 Magnetic relay ................................................................................................ 57
3.1.2 Tap Changer Block with Output.................................................................... 58
3.2 Working ............................................................................................................ 58
4 0 Implementation on matlab.60
4 1 Introduction.61
4.2 Automatic voltage control..62
4.3 Conclusion......................................................................................................... 63
4.3.1 Low Cost of Maintenance and Service......................................................... 76
4.3.2 High Speed..................................................................................................... 77
4.3.3 Jumping in Tap-changing................................................................................ 77
4.3.4 Better Capability and Performance................................................................. 77
4.4 Future Recommendations ................................................................................. 79
References.............................................................................................................. 80

List of Figures

Figure 1.1 Structure of a no-load tap-changer........................................................... 2

Figure 1.2 The simplest form of an under-load reactor .............................................. 5

Figure 1.3 Different arrangements of switches in resistor tap-changers..................... 6

Figure 1.4 Stages of tap changing from tap number 1 to tap number 2 in the
arrangement (Fig. 1.3a) ............................................................................................. 7

Figure 1.5 First suggested circuit for hybrid tap changers ........................................ 10

Figure 1.6 Hybrid tap-changer structure .................................................................. 11

Figure 1.7 The configuration of a typical full-electronic tap-changer using passing

Impedance.............................................................................................................. 14

Figure 1.8 An electronic tap-changer with no passing impedance ........................... 14

Tap Changer Head15

Figure 2.1 V-..16

Figure 2.2 V-type Oil Compartment16

Figure 2.3 Gearing Mechanism17

Figure 2.4 Cross-sectional View of OLTC19

Figure 2.5 Basic circuit diagrams of tap changer.21

Figure 2.6 Basic Connections of Tap winding..24

Figure 2.7 OLTC with neutral end of tap winding......26

Figure 2.8 Three pole line-end arrangement26

Figure 2.9 One and Two pole line-end arrangement27

Figure 2.10 Three pole mid-winding arrangement27

Figure 2.11 OLTCs in autotransformers28

Figure 2.12 Switching sequence of tap selector and diverter switch.30

Figure 2.13 Two different groups of windings for taps winding: a) main winding connected to

taps-winding, b) main winding not connected to taps winding..32

Figure 2.14 Circuit model of configuration of Fig. 2.2a in steady-state.32

Figure 2.15 Configuration of taps winding when there are several taps: repetition of configuration

of a. Fig. 2.2 a and b34

Figure 2.16 some samples of possible cases to realizable-directional switches,

Since in this bi-directional switch only one solid-state switch has been used36

Figure 2.17 Simple structure of tap-changer with two bi-directional switches S1 and S2 for

explanation of requirements of switching during commutation between currents of two

switches38

Figure 2.18 Simple circuit to explain commutation based on current direction.39

Figure 2.19 Time diagram for commutation between two bi-directional switches based on current

direction41

Figure 2.20 Time diagram for current commutation from bi-directional switch S1 to bi-directional

switch S2 based on amplitude of voltage in case of V>V.42

Figure 2.21 Time diagram for current commutation from bi-directional switch S1... 44

Figure 2.22 Equivalent circuit of tapped winding of a tap changer with two taps45
Figure 2.23 Voltage and current waveforms of switches during stage 3 from commutation based

of current direction assuming V>046

Figure 2.24 Output waveform in phase control modulation method48

Figure 2.25 Output waveform in dicredited cyle modulation method..48

Figure 2.26 Ouput waveform in pulse width modulation method48

Figure 2.27 Switching sequence of tap selector and diverter switch51

Figure 2.28 Design principle diverter switch (arcing switch) with tap selector OILTAP V..52

Figure 2.29 Design principle selector switch (arcing tap switch) OILTAP M52

Figure 2.30 Diverter-selector type and Selector Switch type53

Figure 2.31 switching sequence of selector switch (arcing tap switch) OILTAP V.. 54

Figure 2.32 VACUTAP.54

Figure 3.1 Magnetic relay block57

Figure 3.2 Tap Changer Block with Output58

List of Tables

Table 1.1 - Stages of tap changing in tap changer5

Table 2.1-Vacuum Switch Operation..23

Table 2.2 - Achievable voltages in model of Fig. 2.3.................33

Table 2.3-Comparison of characteristics of the bi-directional switches of Fig.

3.1. 37

Table 2.4Comparison of two commutation methods based on voltage and current direction.44

Table 2.5Comparison of different modulation methods in electronic tap-changer.49

Table 2.6Technical Data VACUTAP.56

CHAPTER 1

Introduction

Transformer tap is basically a connection that is taken out from a node located between two ends

of a winding. This allows changes in voltage, current or turns ratio of the transformer after

it has left the (industry where it was made) factory. The reasons to have a series of taps in the

transformer are as follows:

a.) To fix the secondary voltage with respect to the primary voltage changes;

b.) To change the secondary voltage;

c.) To provide an auxiliary secondary voltage for a specific application such as lighting;

d. To reduce voltage for starting rotating motors.

In the transformers used in power systems the main reason for taps application is to adjust

and control the voltage. The load variations change the voltage of the power system. It is a fact

that sometimes taps in power transformers are used to shift the phase angle.
1.2 Categories of Tap Changers:

Tap-changers are classified into two basic categories:

a.) Off-circuit or no-load tap-changers

b.) On- load or under -load tap-changers

1.2.1 Off-circuit or no-load tap-changers:

A tap-changer is made as such that its fixing requires that it is disconnected from the power line,

this type of tap changer is known to be no-load tap-changer. If there is a need to change the turns

ratio over a long interval (for instance seasonal), the no-load tap-changer is used. Usually in the

no-load tap-changers taps are changed manually by means of a selector outside the transformer

tank. This selector may move linearly or circularly.

Figure 1.1 represents the structure of a no-load tap-changer with a circular selector.

Figure 1.1 Structure of a no-load tap-changer

1.2.2 On-load or under-load tap-changers:

For different hours of day, it is not possible to disconnect the transformer from the power

system and therefore under -load tap-changers must be used to change the taps. Tap-changer

having ability to change taps while power is on called under-load tap-changer. This type of tap-
changer is widely used in power systems and their details are presented in the following

parts.

1.3 Under-Load Tap-Changer

Before making wide transmission power networks, the common technique for voltage

adjustment in small and isolated networks was basically the use of a generator. This voltage

adjustment was done by using generator excitation system.

However, the voltage of different parts of a large network cannot be set using such a technique. In

larger networks an on-load tap-changer must be used in order to adjust the under- load voltage

continuously. These tap-changers are fixed on the transmission transformers and also the main

load supplying transformers in order to compensate voltage changes which are caused by load

variations. The structure of under- load tap-changers is more complex than that of the no-load

version. There are two basic features shared by all under-load tap-changer.

a.) During tap changing stages, taps are never short-circuited; thus an impedance is used to prevent

the short circuit.

b.) Load is not disconnected during the tap-changing process. To this ends, there is typically a

two-element circuit in the under- load tap-changer, when switching and tap changing are done in

one element of the circuit, the load current continues to pass in the other element. The impedance

used in under-load tap-changers is a tapped resistor or inductor and so it is called resistor or

inductor tap-changer. Although the advantage of resistors because of their short time duration

and consequently longer life of contacts was already known, the earlier designs of tap-

changers followed the tapped inductor version. The reason for its wide use was its ability to

continuously pass the load current; while resistors (based on their rating) can pass the load current
over a very short period of time. The absence this feature is the possible damage of the moving

mechanical system of the tap-changers which stops the tap-changers operation, while the

load current passes the tap-changer impedance. As mechanical systems used in the under-load

tap-changers became advanced inductor tap-changers have gradually been replaced by resistor tap-

changers.

1.3.1 Under-Load Reactor Tap-Changers

The reactor under- load tap- changer was built in 1926 for the very first time. There are different

circuits as used in this tap-changer. Figure 1.2 shows the simplest one of an under-load reactor

tap-changer in which an under- load switch is connected to each tap. The under-load switch

is a switch that can be turned on and off without disconnecting load. According to Fig.1.2, the

switches are connected to each other alternatively and form two distinctive groups. Each group is

connected to a terminal of the reactor. Table 1.1 summarizes different positions of the tap-changer

based on the different conditions of the switches.

According to Table1.1, only switch no. 1 at position 1 is on and the current passes only an half

of the reactor. In or der to transfer the tap to position no. 2, in addition to switch no. 1, switch no.

2 will be on. In this case the reactor is placed between tap no.1 and tap no. 2 and prevents the short

circuit of the taps. Meanwhile, the load current continues through the middle terminal of the reactor

, and the load voltage is the mean voltage of tap no. 1 and tap no. 2. Therefore, in this

configuration we can conveniently get the taps mid-voltage and this is one of the advantages

of this type of structure. To change the position to position no. 3, switch no. 1 is off and only

switch no. 2 is on; in this case the second half of the reactor will be the load current path. Similarly,

tap changing to further positions can easily be made based on Table 1.1.4
Figure 1.2 The simplest form of an on-load reactor

1.3.2 On-Load Resistor type Tap-Changers

Under-load reactor tap-changers have been almost totally replaced by quick under load resistor

tap-changers. Generally two basic circuit arrangements have been used in resistor tap-changers:

a. Tap changers which do tap selection and load current deviation in one single contact

(type I).

b. Tap changers which have distinctive diverter switches and tap selection switches (type II).

Figure 1.3 shows the different circuit arrangements of switches in the resistor tap- changers

and Fig. 1.3a the type I arrangement. Such an arrangement is normally done by rotating switches

and is called Pennant cycle. Figur e1.4 shows the stages of tap changing in this type of tap-

changer. Figure 1.3bd present the type II arrangements.

In these figures the arrangement of the selector switches, similar to the diverter switches,

differ from the type I arrangement. These arrangements are called the Flag cycle. In large

transformers the arrangement type II are normally used in resistor tap-changers Figure 1.3

Different arrangements of switches.

Stages of tap changing from tap number 1 to tap number 2 in the arrangement

Figure 1.4
(Fig. 1.3a)

For accurate adjustments, there are two types of taps: the taps with large steps and taps with small

steps.

1.4 Limitations: Mechanical Under-Load Tap-Changers

In spite of innovation in the structure of mechanical under -load tap-changers, these tap-changers

have somewhat drawbacks too; for example, the main factor which causes damage to power

transformers is their tap-changer failure. Some further pros of mechanical under-load tap-

changers are as follows.

1.4.1 Contact Arc in Diverter Switches amid Tap-Changing Process

An arc is established in the contacts of diverter switches at the time of make and breaks the load

current. This impure the oil surrounding the diverter switches and wear and tear of the contacts of

switches.

1.4.2 Service Cost and High Maintenance

Conditions of oil, contacts and mechanical parts of the mechanical under-load tap-changers

must be checked on regular basis. This is required due to arc and wearing-out of the moving

mechanical parts of tap-changer.

1.4.3 Low Speed of Tap-Changing

The low speed of tap-changing originates from mechanical nature of tap-changing process

and the required time for storing the desirable energy for tap-changing process. In an under-

load resistor tap-changer, it takes 100 s to change tap number 1 to tap number 19.
1.4.4 High Losses of Tap-Changer During Tap-Changing

This happens for under -load resistor tap-changer and reason is the use of passing resistor

s in this type of tap-changer.

In order to remove the above-mentioned limitations and drawbacks, the following new

circuits and structures have been suggested for under-load tap-changers. These are categorized

into two major groups.

a. Electronically Assisted Under-Load Tap-Changers (or Hybrid On-Load Tap-Changer)

In these tap-changer s solid-state power switches have been used beside the mechanical

switches in order to reduce the arc caused by tap-changing. Mechanical parts of the conventional

under-load tap-changer systems have been still used.

b. Fully Electronic Under-Load Tap-Changer (or Solid-State Under-Load Tap-Changer

or Static On-Load Tap-Changer)

There is no moving mechanical part in fully electronic tap-changer s and whole tap-changer

has been built by solid-state power switches. In this book, both groups are described and their

drawbacks and advantages are given.

1.5 Electronically Assisted Under-Load Tap-Changers

One of the most important problems of mechanical under- load tap-changers is the arc in the

contacts of diverter switches during the tap-changing process. The reason for appearance of arc

is the mechanical nature of the switches. Of course, mechanical switches are interesting in

the connecting of instant due to a ver y low voltage, however during tap- changing it has arc.
The main idea in the use of fully electronic under -load tap-changer is that during tap- changing

process solid-state power switches with more controllability compared with the mechanical

switches, come in and reduce the arc. But in a fixed tap, solid-state power switches exit the

circuit and mechanical switches pass the load current. The

reason is a ver y low connection voltage of mechanical switches compared with the solid-state

power switches.

The first suggested circuit for the hybrid tap-changers is shown in Fig.1.5.

Figure 1.5 also presents the tap-changer diverter switches. The tap-changing switches in this

structure do not differ from the under- load resistor tap- changer. I n fact, Fig. 1.5 is the improved

version of the under-load resistor tap-changer.Figure 1.5 First suggested circuit for hybrid tap

changers ,The structure suggested in Fig. 1.5 can largely reduce the arc, but its weakness is that

although in this structure the pair thyr istors are turned-on over a short time during tap- changing

process, they are permanently connected to the diverting switches circuit and reduce the

reliability of the system due to a possible bur ning of the thyristors. To solve this problem, the
structure shown in Fig. 1.6 is recommended. The main idea of this structur e is that the pair

thyristors are connected to the cir cuit only during tap-

changing and in other instants it must be isolated from the cir cuit. In this case the tap- changer

system does not fail if the thyr istors burn and this incr eases the reliability of the system.

Hybrid tap-changer structure

Figure 1.6

1.6 Full-Electronic Tap-Changers

There is no movable part in full-electronic tap- changers and only solid- state power switches are

used. The basic advantages of the full-electronic tap-changers are as follows:

1.6.1 Very Low Maintenance Cost

There is no movable mechanical part in full-electronic tap-changers, and no arc can appear during

the tap-changing process as there is basically no contact; therefore the maintenance cost is very

low (almost zero)

1.6.2 High Speed

The very fast switching process of solid-state power switches leads to the fast tap- changing

in full-electronic tap-changers, as such that it is possible to change the tap at least once in any half-

cycle.

1.6.3 Tap Jumping

There is no passing resistor in the full-electronic tap-changers and basically the circulation

current between the taps is zero, so tap jumping becomes possible.

1.6.4 Better Performance

High speed and controllability of the solid-state switches and non-existence of mechanical

limitations in the configuration of these switches enhance the capability and performance of the

full-electronic tap-changers. Some of these capabilities are as follows:

1. Obtaining more steps with lower tap numbers and solid-state power switches. The reason is

that there is non- limit in the configuration of the solid-state power switches.

2. A full-electronic tap-changer is a rapid static regulator as such that it can be considered

as custom power devices in power quality. It is capable to compensate the voltage sag, swell and

also flicker.

1.6.5 Non-limit in tap-changing time

The reason is that if power switches are correctly switched-on there will be slight fatigue

in the switches. Of course, besides of the above- mentioned advantages, full- electronic tap-

changer s have some problems and limitations. These limitations are as follows:

a.) Switch-on voltage drop of solid-state switch is larger than that of the mechanical switch, so

operational losses of the full-electronic tap-changer is higher than that of the mechanical tap-

changer.

b.) Cost of full-electronic tap-changer is higher than that of the mechanical tap- changers

because there are many solid-state power switch in the full electronic tap-changer.

c.) Full-electronic tap-changers must stand against short-circuit faults and large transient peaks in

power system voltage due to the lightening. Although the idea of the full-electronic tap-changers

was proposed in 1973, they was restricted for special applications. The first comprehensive and

academic study of this system was carried out in the 90 decay, then research continued. To

introduce the progress and research trend on full-electronic tap- changers and to clar ify its

position, activities in this area are reviewed. The conventional technique of using passing

impedance for restricting the circulating current between the taps during tap-changing is also

usable in the full electronic tap-changers.

Figure 1.7 presents a typical configuration of this tap-changer. In this figure, all switches

are AC solid-state power switches which are realized by pair -thyristor. Bypass switch which

may consist of a vacuum switch and/or a pair-thyristor with power higher than other

thyristors, is used to bypass the fault conditions or transformer energization and protection

of remaining thyristors. In tap- changer, Fig.1.7, in or der to change tap A to tap B, without taking

into account the load power factor, the following stages are followed:
a. Initially the gate command of switch A is off and at the same time the gate command

of switch X is on.

b. I n the next cycle, the gate command of switch X and B are on both at the same time.

Figure 1.7 The configuration of a typical full-electronic tap-changer using passing Impedance

Figure 1.8 An electronic tap-changer with no passing impedance

CHAPTER 2

Theory Related to Project

2.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The project contains design and implementation of electronic tap-changer. Full- electronic tap-

changer is quick, has better performance, more capabilities and less maintenance costs in

comparison to mechanical tap-changers and hybrid tap- changers; however, the cost of electronic

tap-changers is higher than that of the conventional tap changers. This is one of the most important

factors that prevents broader applications of this system. Two cost deterministic factors in an

electronic tap-changer are:

a. The number of solid-state power switches and their currents & voltages

b. The number of transformer taps because every tap requires isolation equipment and its own

specific insulators. So, if (a) and (b) reduce, the cost of tap-changers will be largely reduced. On

the other hand, greater the number of voltage steps over electronic tap-changer adjustment range,

the more precise and accurate the regulation will be, and this is the most important characteristic

of this system. Therefore, the major goals of the design of the power section of an electronic tap-

changer are as follows:

1. The number of solid-state power switches and their voltages and currents should be minimal.

2. The number of transfor mer taps should be minimal.

3. The number of voltage steps over output voltage regulation range should be maximal in order

to enhance the regulation precision. Of course, other lateral goals are also proposed and some of

these goals are:

1. System losses including losses of switches, and transformer losses must be negligible
2. System reliability must be high.

3. Standing should be very larger than the rated current arising from the short circuit.

4. Standing should be very higher than the rated voltage due to the switching of the power system

or lightning.

2.2 Parts of On Load Tap Changer

The essential parts of the type V tap changer are as described below.

Tap changer head

The oil compartment

The gearing mechanism

Tap changer insert

The tap changer head, which serves to mount the tap changer on the transformer cover, is

provided with connecting facilities for a pipe leading to the oil conservator and for a suction

pipe to drain the oil V-Tap Changer Head

Figure 2.1 is closed with a cover which is designed as a pressure relief diaphragm. The cover s

carry the upper gear unit with the drive shaft. The pipe connections and gear unit can be swiveled.

GFRP insulating cylinder is used as the oil compartment. Its upper end is attached to the tap

changer head and its lower end is closed by the bottom flange.

The fixed Fig 2.2 V-type Oil compartment

Contacts of both change-over selector and selector switch are arranged in separate levels

on the internal side of the oil compartment cylinder and connected to outside.

Terminals. Properly designed screening electrodes around the outside terminals and screening

rings on the selector switch inside the oil compartment optimize the static field distribution, that

result in an outstanding lightning impulse and power - frequency withstand. The gearing

mechanism for actuating the selector switch shaft and change- over selector is assembled on a base

plate within the tap changer head. It comprises of the spring energy accumulator, a step-by-step

gear for the operation of the selector switch and another step-by- step gear for the operation

of the position indicator and changeover selector. The step-by-step gears are self- locking. All

parts subject to high mechanical stress have been heat-treated on the surface. The gear ing
mechanism is Fig 2.3 Gearing Mechanism maintenance free. The tap changer insert contains the

entire movable contact system of the tap changer (selector switch and change-over selector contact

carrier). The upper end of the switch shaft is connected to the gearing mechanism by means of a

pin coupling. Its lower end is pivoted in a bearing centered in the oil compartment bottom.

The changeover selector contact carrier is located on the top of the switch shaft and can be tuned

independently of the switch shaft. The switching elements are mounted to the switch shaft at the

levels of the corresponding fixed contacts. There are 3 contact rollers side by side per switching

element which function as main switching or transition arcing contacts respectively

During tap changer operation, Active component construction can be either of the diverter or

selector type switching principle. The diverter type is made using two separate sections with

the diverter part having its own cell while the tap-selector shares oil with the transformer. The

tap-selector is mounted below the diverter switch housing and has two moving arms with one

carrying the current and the other free to pre-select the next tap position. The diverter switch

moves from left to right and transfers current to the other tap position (selector pre-selection) via

the transition resistors. All arcing takes place from within the diverter compartment. The complete

unit is suspended from the transformer tank cover.

Fig 2.4 Cross-sectional View of OLTC

On load Tap Changer (OLTC) is used with higher capacity transformers e.g. at the places where

HT side voltage variation is frequent and a nearly constant LT is required. OLTC is fitted with the

transformer itself. Multiple tapings from HV windings are brought out to the OLTC chamber

and are then connected to fixed contacts. Moving contacts revolve with the help of rotating

mechanism and rotating mechanism has a spindle. This spindle can be rotated manually as well as

electrically using a motor. Motor is connected in such a way that it can rotate in both the directions

so as to rotate the OLTC contacts in clockwise and anti-clock-wise direction. Two push buttons
are fitted on the LCP (local control panel) to rotate the motor and hence the OLTC contacts in

clockwise and anti-clockwise direction. This movement of contacts thus controls the output

LV voltage of the transformer. So rotating of OLTC contacts with spindle or push buttons

in this way is a manual process. In case this process of rotating the OLTC contacts and hence

controlling the LV side voltage is to be done automatically then a RTCC (Remote Tap

Changer Controller) is installed with the transformer HT Panel. The RTCC sends signals to

LCP and LCP in turn rotates the motor as per the signals received from the RTCC.

2.3 Structure of the tap changer

OLTC can be divided into three big components, namely the tap changer head cover, the selector

switch, and the oil compartment. The tap changer head cover is built using Aluminum alloy by

precision casting. On the cover, there is gear actuating mechanism, inspection window, oil

and gas discharge valve, protective diaphragm and oil-resistant sealing ring between the cover

and the flange. The selector switch is of overall structure. There are spring energy-accumulating

mechanism on the top and diverter & selector in the middle. Attention: it is not necessary to remove

the spring mechanism when lifting the selector switch. Spring energy-accumulating mechanism

the spring mechanism is on the top of the selector switch, consisting of gears, Geneva wheel driver

and spring as a sub assembly. The mains cause of using this is to actuate the movement from

the motor drive into the movement of the contacts on the main shaft. There are contacts assemblies

and transition resistors on the main shaft. On the cage, there are fixed contacts and floating

contacts, which are connected to the fixed contact on the oil compartment cylinder. There is a die

casting aluminum alloy flange on the top of the oil compartment head. The middle is the insulating

cylinder with fixed contacts and there is metal part at the bottom of insulation cylinder. The oil-

resistant
rubber sealing rings are used for the connection of these three parts. Changer -over

selector is installed outside the soil compartment when it is required.

Fig 2.5 Basic circuit diagrams of tap changer 2.4 Features of on-load tap-changer

The tap changer has four essential features:

2.4.1 Selector Switches

These switches select the physical tap position on the transformer winding and, because of

their construction, cannot and must not make or break the load current. A mechanical tap changer

physically makes the new connection before releasing the old using multiple tap selector switches,

but avoids creating high circulating currents by using a diverter switch to temporarily place large
diverter impedance in series with the short-circuited turns. This technique overcomes the

problems with open or short circuit taps. In a resistance type tap changer, the changeover must be

rapid to prevent overheating of the diverter. A reactance type tap changer uses a dedicated

preventive autotransformer winding to function as the diverter impedance, and a reactance type

tap changer is usually designed to sustain off-tap loading indefinitely.

2.4.2 Reactors

The load current must never be interrupted during a tap change. That is why, during each

tap change, there is an interval where two voltage taps are spanned. Reactors (inductors) are used

in the circuit to increase the impedance of the selector circuit and limit the amount of current

circulating due to this voltage difference. During the normal load conditions, same load current

flows in both halves of the reactor windings and the fluxes balance out to give no resultant flux in

the core. With no flux, there is no inductance and, therefore, no voltage drop due to inductance.

There will be however, a very small voltage drop due to resistance. During the tap change, the

selector switches are selected to different taps and a circulating current will flow in the reactor

circuit. This circulating current will create a flux and the resulting inductive reactance will limit

the flow of circulating current.

2.4.3 Bypass Switch

This switch operates during the tap changing sequence but, at no time, does it make or break load

current, though it does make before break each connection. The operating mechanism for the

under-load tap changer is motor driven. Manual operation is used at the time of motor failure.

The sequence of operation is mechanically linked, or interlocked, to ensure that all contacts always
operate in their correct order. Any failure of the operating mechanism can result in severe damage

to the transformers and tap changers.

2.4.4 Vacuum Switch:

This performs the task of a circuit breaker that makes and breaks current during the tap changing

sequence.

Table 2.1 Vacuum Switch Operation

DETAIL OF TAP CHANGER OPERATION

1) Present position tap changer selected to tap 1,bypass switch in, A+B, home position.

2) Bypass switch selects lower circuit arm

3 ) Vacuum switch opens, removing load current from tapper circuit ar m freeing one half of

selector switch for move.

4 As there is no load current on upper arm of selector switch, it moves to tap 2.

5 Vacuum switch closes - Both selector switches on-load, circulating current is limited by

reactors.

6 Bypass switch selects upper arm circuit arm. No arcing occurs as vacuum switch is

closed and in parallel.

7 Vacuum switch opens, removing load cur rent from lower circuit arm, freeing lower

circuit switch for move.

8 As there is no load current on lower arm of selector switch, it moves to tap 2.

9) Vacuum switch closes both selector switches on- load, in parallel, on tap 2

10) With vacuum switch closed and selector switch on a single tap, the bypass switch can

now return to its home position. Both reactor circuits stay usually in parallel. The tap change is

now complete.

2.5 Basic Arrangements of regulating Windings

The following basic arrangements of tap windings are used Linear arrangement, is generally

used on power transformers with moderate regulating ranges up to a

Fig. 2.6 Basic Connections of Tap winding

greatest of 20 %. The tapped turns are included arrangement with the principle winding and

change the transformer proportion. The evaluated position can be any of the tap positions.

With a switching change-over selector the tap winding is added to or subtracted from the

fundamental twisting so that the controlling extent can be multiplied or the quantity of taps be

decreased. Amid this operation the tap winding will be disengaged from the principle
winding. The best copper misfortunes happen, be that as it may, in the position with the base

number of powerful turns. This switching operation will be acknowledged with the help of

a change-over selector which is a piece of the tap selector or of the selector switch (arcing tap

switch). The appraised position is nor mally the mid one or nonpartisan position. The twofold rever

sing change-over selector dodges the disengagement of tap twisting amid the change-over

operation. In stage moving transformers (PST) this contraption is called development impede

switch (ARS). By implies of a coarse change-over selector the tap winding is either associated

with the in addition to or short tapping of the coarse winding. Likewise amid coarse selector

operation the tap winding will be separated from the principle winding (uncommon winding

game plans can cause same disengagement issues as above). For this situation the copper

misfortunes are least in the position of the most reduced viable number of turns. This advantage,

however , puts higher requests on protection material and obliges a bigger number of windings.

The numerous coarse changes-overnselectors permit a duplication of the managing range. It

will be essentially connected for modern process transformers (rectifier/heater transformers).

The coarse change- over selector will be likewise a piece of the OLTC. I t relies on upon the

framework and the working necessities, which of these essential winding game plans will be

utilized as a part of the individual case.

These plans will be relevant to two winding transfor mers as well as to autotransformer s

and to stage moving transformers (PST). The area where the tap winding and thusly the OLTC

will be embedded in the windings (high voltage or low voltage side) relies on upon the

transformer configuration and client details.

2.6 Examples of commonly used winding schemes:

Fig 2.7 OLTC with neutral end of tap winding

Two winding transformers with wye connected windings have the regulation applied to the neutral

end as shown in Figure.

Fig 2.8 Three pole line-end arrangement

This results in relatively simple and compact solutions for OLTCs and tap windings.
Fig 2.9 One and Two pole line-end arrangement

Fig 2.10 Thr ee pole mid-winding arrangement

For regulated autotransformer s, Figur e shows various circuits. In dependence on their regulating

range, system conditions and/or requirements, weight and size restrictions during transportation,

the most appropriate scheme is chosen. Autotransfor mers ar e

always wye-connected.

Fig 2.11 OLTC s in autotransfor mers

Neutral end regulation may be applied with a ratio above 1 : 2 and a moderate regulating

range up to 15 %. It operates with variable flux.

A scheme shown in Fig. 8-c is used for regulation of high voltage U1.

For regulation of low voltage U2 the circuits Fig. 8-b, 8-d, 8-e and 8-f are applicable.

The arrangements Fig. 8-e and 8- f are two core solutions. Circuit Fig. 8- f is operating with
variable flux in the series transformer, but it has the advantage that a neutral end OLTC can be

used. In case of arrangement according to main and regulating transformer are often placed

in separate tanks to reduce transport weight. At the same time this solution allows some degree

of phase shifting by changing the excitation connections within the intermediate circuit.

2.7 The Design of Transformer Taps Configuration

The primary stage in the outline of an electronic tap-changer is the configuration of transformer

taps design. Positively more diminishment of the quantity of taps gives a superior setup while the

quantity of voltage steps diminishes.

In the first occurrence, if the differences of the current designs for transformer taps is considered,

the choice of ideal arrangement does not appear to be clear. Then again, in the event that it is

guaranteed that a setup is ideal, by and large every conceivable arrangement must be considered.

In this manner, the ideal configuration of taps design in a transformer will be all things considered

that first the number of the accessible designs are evaluated; then, it will be attempted to order

exhaustively every conceivable arrangement into various gatherings. At last an ideal arrangement

is chosen by examining the qualities of every gathering.

Figure 2.1
shows a percentage of the normal conf igurations in mechanical, half breed furthermore full-

electronic tap-changers. Since this area focuses on the taps winding setup, just the transformer

twisting part has been attracted this figure and switches ar rangement has been exhibited as a black

box. In the interim, the transformer stage has been indicated and for a three-stage transformer

comparable

design is rehashed three times.

The taps in Fig. 2.1 may be put in the essential or secondar y, and this depends on some

elements such as voltage and power of the transformer; notwithstanding, further proposed

case, there is no distinction between the two sides of the transformer. The terminals with empty

circle and embedded number 1 and 2 structure two last terminals of the winding. Nis in Fig.

2.1 presents the principle piece of the winding. The fundamental piece of the winding is

dependably in the circuit and indeed gives steady predisposition to the winding turn number. The

taps winding displayed by n are utilized to manage the

i turn number around predisposition turn number, and they can be in the circuit or autonomous of

the switches position. Voltages of achievable cases are not equivalent, as such, there is no rehashed

cases.

Considering the configurations of Fig. 2.1, they are categorized into three

groups:

a. Those windings in which taps winding is placed on the main winding. In other words, taps

windings are connected to the main winding internally (Fig. 2.1a and d).

Fig 2.12 Common configurations for taps winding in tapped-tr ansformers and equipped by tap-

changer
b. Those windings in which none of taps winding is place on the main winding, but place

independently (Fig. 2.1b, e and f).

c. A combination of case a and b (Fig. 2.1c).Meanwhile, only those voltages that do not cause

short circuit in the windings are achievable. Schematic of groups a and b for tapped-winding has

been shown in Fig. 2.2. Number of taps in the configurations is equal to K. Now, in order to

compare these three groups, the following criterion C1 is defined taking into account the main

goals of the design for the proposed

configuration:

C1=Maximum achievable number of voltage steps

Number of taps

The maximum achievable voltage steps are obtained by the following two assumptions:

a. Arrangement of switches due to taps selection as such that all possible cases are realizable.

b. The achievable voltage cases are not equal with each other, in other words, there is no repeated

cases. Meanwhile, only those voltage that do not cause short circuit of the windings are

achievable.Certainly, larger C1 leads to a lower cost configuration which is more attractive.

First C1 is evaluated for configuration of Fig. 2.2a. Since transient modes of transformer are not

proposed in this stage, the steady-state voltage is considered and configuration of Fig. 2.2a is

modeled as Fig. 2.3. In this model, all voltage supply is sinusoidal and the phase and amplitude

of each supply is proportional with the relevant number of turns of the winding. The achievable

voltages in this model have been summarized in Table 2.1. As seen, V is present as bias

voltage in the N1 achievable voltages. It is noted that voltages such as V +V are not N12
Fig 2.13 Two different groups of windings for taps winding:

a main winding connected to taps-winding,

b main winding not connected to taps winding

Fig 2.14 Circuit model of configuration of Fig. 2.2a in steady-state

Table 2.2 - Achievable voltages in model of Fig. 2.3

No. Achievable voltage value No. of values

1 VN1 1

2 VN1 + V1 1

3 VN1 + V1 + V2 1

. . _
. . _

. . _

K1 VN1 +V1 + V2+..+VK-2 1

K VN1 + V1+ V2+..+VK-2+VK-1 1

Total K

achievable in this model, because they cause short circuit of V1. Therefore, criterion C1 for

configuration of Fig. 2.2a is calculated as follows:

=1

C|=1

Configuration of Fig. 2.2a

Similarly, for configuration of Fig. 2.2b a corresponding circuit model with voltage supplies can

be considered and then the achievable voltages can be summarized. There is V as bias voltage

over all values. N1 It must be noted that in the configurations having several tapped-windings, the

maximum number of the achievable voltages are obtained from the product of the achievable

voltages due to one by one windings; in other words, if the number of achievable voltages

of the tapped-winding is represented by N, the total number of V the achievable voltages N is

obtained as follows:

v Total N

=N
Where N is the number of achievable voltages due to the jth tapped-winding.

Fig. 2.15 Configur ation of taps winding when there are several taps: repetition of configuration

of a. Fig. 2.2a and b.

2.3 Bi-Directional Solid-State Switches in Full-Electronic Tap-Changer

The most important element in a full-electronic tap-changer is its solid-state switches. Since

voltages and currents are AC, the switches used in electronic tap-changer must be bi-

directional. Bi-directional switches ar e tolerable for the positive and negative voltages in the

switch-off condition and passing the positive and negative currents in the switch-on conditions. In

this chapter realization of these switches is presented, static behavior and current commutation is

explained.

2.3.1 Realization of Bi-Directional Switches

So far the strong state gadget with full trademark of a bi-directional switch has not been proposed;

in this way a bi-directional switch must be acknowledged by the mix of the strong state switches.

Figure 3.1 demonstrates a few specimens of the

conceivable cases to acknowledge bi-dir ectional switches. In Fig. 2.16a, a bi-directional switch

has been made by two against parallel

thyristors. In the switch-off case, both thyristors are off, and the terminal voltage of the switch is

endured by the thyr istors in any heading. In the switch-on case, both thyristors are on and the

present goes in both headings. In the interim, it is conceivable to control the present conduction

course. In this switch, there is no drop other than the thyr istor drop in the switch-on condition,

and this is the benefit of such a bi-directional switch in light of the fact that its misfortunes in the

on condition is indistinguishable with th misfortunes in the switch-on state of the thyristor. This

game plan for acknowledgment of a bi-directional switch is just conceivable by those switches that

they can likewise stand the rever se blocking capacity in the switch-off condition, so it is difficult

to utilize switches, for example, MOSFET or IGBT. Figure 2.16b presents acknowledgment of

a bi-dir ectional switch utilizing a uni- directional switch (IGBT) and four diodes. In the

switch-off condition, IGBT is off and the terminal voltage of the switch in any heading is

connected to IGBT utilizing four diodes (as positive) . In the switch-on condition, IGBT can't

avoid being on and the current in any course will lead in IGBT utilizing four diodes (as positive).

Positive headings of the voltage and current have been demonstrated in Fig. 3.1b.
Fig. 2.16 Some specimens of conceivable cases to feasible directional switches Since in this bi-

directional switch stand out strong state switch has been utilized, its structure is basic and expense

is low. Then again, the voltage drop of the switch in the switch-on condition is the total of drop on

IGBT switch and two diodes, in this way, the switch- on condition misfortunes of this switch is

extensive. Furthermore, the proposed switch has other disadvantage, it is difficult to control the

course of the present conduction; as such, the present will lead in any bearing when IGBT is

switch-on. In the proposed bi-directional switch, whatever other strong state switch, for example,

thyristor or MOSFET can be utilized rather than IGBT.

In Fig. 2.16c, a bi-directional switch has been made utilizing two uni- directional switches

(IGBT) and two diodes. In the switch-off condition, both IGBTs are off and the terminal voltage

of the bi-directional switch is connected to Sa or Sb, contingent upon its course. In the switch-on

condition, likewise both IGBTs will be on, and the present goes through Db, Sa of Da, Sb relying

upon its course. In this switch, voltage drop in the switch-on condition comprises of the drop at

the terminal of the switch IGBT and one diode. In this course of action the present bearing can be
controlled by exchanging on any of the Sa or Sb switches.

Game plan of Fig. 2.16d is like that of Fig. 3.1c. The distinction is that in Fig. 2.16c the emitters

of two switches Sa and Sb are associated to each other, while in Fig. 2.16d the above- said

switches have regular gatherers. This distinction does not cause a essential inconsistency in the

execution of two switches; just the quantity of the obliged detached supplies for driving the

switches can fluctuate in distinctive topologies. Table 2.3 thinks about the qualities of the bi-

directional switches of Fig. 2.16 quickly.

Since there is a requirement for bi-directional quick changes to have the capacity to control the

present heading, bi-directional switch (Fig. 3.1c) is utilized. The bi-directional switch said in the

following segments is the above- specified plan.

Table 2.3 Comparison of qualities of the bi-directional switches of Fig. 3.12.3.2 Current

Commutation Between Bi-Directional Switches Current replacement between the bi-directional

switches is more troublesome than that of the uni-directional switches in the base of the voltage

source inverters; the reason is that there is not an unmoving way in the first . To clarify this, a

straightforward tap-changer is considered. In this figure bi-directional switches S1 and S2 make it

conceivable to choose tap number 1 and tap number 2 individually. Assume switch S1 is on and

switch S2 is off; then, the heap current exchanged to the essential goes to switch S1. Presently

consider the minute that switch S1 is off and switch S2 is on. At such a minute, if first switch S1

is off and after a short dead.

the small switch S2 is on, both switches will be off in the dead-time period; this not only causes

the disconnection of the load current path and probably large increase of the voltage, but in the

switch-off period of both switches of S1 and S2, the applied voltage will be equivalent to the total

line voltage (Vin) ; however, if one of these two switches is on, the applied voltage on them will

be limited and there is no need to stand the total line voltage.

Fig 2.17 Simple structure of tap-changer with two bi-directional switches S1 and S2 for

clarification of prerequisites of exchanging amid replacement between streams of two changes To

exchange from tap 1 to tap 2, first switch S1 is on and after a short over- lap time, switch S1 is off.

Amid the over- lap time both switches will be on and this implies the short out of the tap. This

reasons extensive short out streams and can harm the twisting of the transformer or switches S1

and S2. In this manner, amid the present replacement between switches S1 and S2 can't put dead-

time like the switches recompense in the voltage source inverter or have over- lap time comparable

for switches substitution in the present sharp ce inverter. Then again, the switch-on or off time of

a strong state switch is not zero; as such, the switch-on and off procedure is not quick, so can't in

the meantime switch-off one switch and on the other one. Hence, the present compensation
between the bi-directional switches needs giving careful consideration and control.

In this way, the substitution prerequisites in the bi- directional switches can be summar ized as

takes after:

(a) Both switches should not be off all the while; this implies shutting the present way and making

extensive voltages.

(b) Both switches should not be on; this implies shortcircuiting of the taps and producing high

coursing mongrel rents.

There are two essential routines to switch the switches for the right current replacement between

the bi-directional switches. The principal strategy is taking into account the estimation of current

bearing, and the second technique will be construct in light of the estimation of the terminal

voltages of the switches. These two recompense techniques are portrayed in the following areas.
2.3.3 Commutation Based on Current Direction

In this system for substitution, the course of passing current in the bi-directional switches is

controlled. To clarify this technique a basic circuit of Fig. 2.1 is considered. In this circuit, each

bi- directional switch will be associated to the voltage source and burden is considered as a

present source. On the off chance that bi-directional switch S1 is on, voltage Fig 2.18 Simple

circuit to clarify substitution taking into account current heading source V1, and if bi-directional

S2 is on, voltage source V2 is connected to the heap. To clarify the recompense system in light of

the present, it is accepted that bi-directional switch S1 is as of now on and chose to exchange the

heap current from that change to the bi-directional switch S2. Then, the heap current at the

substitution time is expected in the same bearing indicated in Fig. 2.18. At the point when bi-

directional switch S1 is on, it implies that both S and S are switch-on to be 1a 1b ready to pass the

heap current in both bearings. The accompanying stages are taken after amid replacement: Stage

1. Heading of burden current is recognized by a suitable finder. Therefor e, it is resolved what of

two switches S and S really conveys the heap 1b 2b current. On the off chance that the heap current

heading compares with the course demonstrated in Fig. 2.18, S will auto ry the current and if the

heap current heading is 1a inverse to the aforementioned, S will convey the current. Since it is 1b

expected that the heap current compares to the bearing demonstrated in Fig. 2.18, switch S conveys

the heap current. 1a Stage 2. In bi-directional switch, S1 is the switch that does not convey the

heap current (S ) and is off; this does not have any effect on the position of the 1b current of

switches. Stage 3. In bi-directional switch S2 is a switch that at last conveys the heap current (S),
and it is switch- on. 2a Stage 4. In bi-directional switch S1, the switch conveying the present (S)

is off.

1a Exchange of the load current from switch S to S is done in stage 3 or 1a 2a stage4. This

depends on the amplitudes of voltage sources V1 and V2 in the substitution time. On the off

chance that at the replacement time abundancy of voltage source V1

is less than that of V2, diode D is inver sely biased by switching on switch 1a S2a;therefore,

current will transfer from S to S

(in stage 3), and if at the 1a 2a commutation time the amplitude of voltage source V1 is higher

than that of V2,diode D will be inversely biased by switching on switch S. So, 2a 2a current will

not be transferred to switch S until switch S is off (stage 4) 2a 1a.

Fig 2.19 Time diagram for commutation between two bi-directional switches based on current

direction Stage 5. Finally, switch S will be on and bi-directional switch S2 will be ready to 2b pass

the current in both directions. Time diagram of the mentioned stages have
been shown in Fig. 2.19. Delay time between the different stages is specified considering the on

and off times of the switches. Of course, in the commutation method based on the current direction,

(the current direction is always known) only the carrying current switches are on and off, in this

case, stages 4 and 5 are eliminated from the mentioned stages and commutation is practically done

in two stages. If in the commutation method based on the current direction, the current

direction is wrong or current direction changes during commutation stages,

commutation will not be done correctly and large over -voltages and also damage of the switches

are expected. To prevent this, some methods can be recommended.

2.3.3.1 Commutation Based on Voltage Amplitude

In spite of the past strategy, in compensation system in view of the voltage adequacy, learning of

the present bearing is not necessar y, but rather amplitudes of voltage sources V1 and V2 are

imperative. The substitution stages are outlined in light of the bigger abundancy of V1 and V2. To

begin with expect that the abundancy of voltage source V1 is bigger than that of V2 at the
compensation moment, and it is chosen that bi-directional switch S1 which was at that point on, is

off and switch S2 is on. To do this, the accompanying stages are taken after.

Stage 1. Switch S is on. Since V1 is bigger than V2, when switch S2a is on, there 2a

will be no short out of the info voltage sources. Fig 2.20 Time outline for current substitution from

bi-directional switch S1 to bi-directional switch S2 in light of plentifulness of voltage in the event

of V >V12 Stage 2. Switch S is off. On the off chance that the heading of the current relates to

that 1a displayed in Fig. 2.18, as of now the present will exchange from switch S 2a toswitch S. 2a

Stage 3. Switch S2b is on. Since switch S was off in the past stage, when 1a switch S is on, there

is the danger of short out. On the off chance that course of the current is 2b inverse to the exhibited

bearing in Fig. 2.18, when switch S2b is on, a converse voltage will be connected to D1b.

Therefore, the present will be exchanged from S to S. 1b 2b Stage 4. Switch S will be on. Time

chart of the said stages is indicated in 1b

Fig. 2.20. In this manner phases of the present compensation from bi-directional switch S1 to bi-

directional switch S2 is finished, and it is noticed that this system is not touchy to the course of the

heap current. Phases of current substitution from bi-directional switch S to bi-directional 1

switch S when V1<V2 are quickly as takes after:

2 Stage 1. Switch S is on. 2b Stage 2. Switch S is off. 2b Stage 3. Switch S is on. 2a Stage 4. Switch

S is off. 1a

Time outline of the above stages have been demonstrated in Fig. 2.21. It is noticed that in spite of

the replacement strategy in light of the present course, in this compensation technique if the present

bearing changes in the substitution stages, there will be no danger in light of the fact that the system

is not fundamentally delicate to the present heading and there is continually passing way for current

in both bearings. This is clearer alluding to time graph of 2.20 and 2.21. It is seen that in any phase

of the recompense stages, no less than one of two switches S1a or S2a, furthermore no less than

one of switch S or S is on. This implies that there is a way for 1b 2b the present in both headings.

Fig 2.21 Time chart for current replacement from bi-directional switch S1 to bi-directional switch

S2 in light of plentifulness of voltage in the event of V <V12 obviously, if measured voltages V

and V aren't right, or location of bigger 1 2 voltage is mistaken or sign of voltage V - V changes

dur ing compensation stages, 1 2 short circuit will be conceivable. Since these slips or sign

changing happen in little voltages and fundamentally in those voltages, voltage distinction of

taps is even less than that of the conduction limit of the switches, no short out current is made.

Table 2.4 analyzes the particulars of the two replacement strategies quickly. It will be seen

that substitution strategy construct with respect to the voltage will be more protected and less

difficult contrasted with the replacement system in light of the present bearing. Table 2.4

Comparison of two replacement strategies taking into account voltage and current direction..

2.3.4 Commutation of Current between Bi-Directional

Switches in Electronic Tap-Changer So far, current compensation between the bi-directional

switches has been in light of a straightforward circuit of Fig. 2.18. The circumstance varies in an

electronic tap-changer because of existing spillage inductance. Figure 2.23 shows the equal

circuit of tapped twisting of a tap-changer with two taps. Fig 2.22 Equivalent circuit of tapped

twisting of a tap changer with two taps

Current recompense between switches S1 and S2 have more misfortunes and overvoltage

because of tap winding spillage inductance L1t. To clar ify this, the present replacement stages in

view of the present bearing is depicted for circuit introduced in Fig. 2.23. Assume that the course

of the heap current is as demonstrated in Fig. 2.23 and its esteem V1 is sure at the substitution

moment. The accompanying stages are for compensation. Stage 1. Switch S is off. This does not

change the present pass, and the current 1b still goes through switch S and diode D.1a 1a Stage 2.

Switch S is on. In this stage V is certain and connected voltage on diode 2a 1D will be altered and

accordingly the heap current from switch S2a won't be 2a exchanged.

Stage 3. Switch S1a is off. Zero gate command of switch S1a diminishes the current of switch S1a

with slope a (which depends on the specifications of the switch). In this case, the remaining current

of IL passes through switch S2a, diode D2a and inductance L1t. So, switch-on voltage of S1a at

the off-time is obtained as follows:

= V+L1

1a
It is seen that voltage of switch S at the off-time is larger than Vby L,1a1 1 ta andthis seriously

increases the losses of switch S at its off-time. It also may 1a damageswitch S. Figure 2.24

shows the voltage and current of the circuit. 1a Stage 4. Switch S is on. Thus, bi-directional switch

S2 is ready to pass the current 2b in both directions. Fig 2.23 Voltage and current waveforms of

switches during stage 3 from commutation based of current direction assuming V>01

2.3.7 Modulation of Switches in Electronic Tap-Changer

There are four modulation methods for modulation of electronic tap-changer switches for

controlling output voltage. These methods are described in the following parts.

2.3.8 Phase Control Modulation

As shown in Fig. 2.24, in this type of modulation, over a part of a cycle, a tap is connected to the

output and in the remaining cycle other tap is connected, and by controlling each tap (time a in

Fig. 2.24) the rms value of the output voltage can be controlled. Although in this method the

output voltage can be continuously controlled by adjusting a, the basic drawback of this method is

generating low frequency harmonics in the output that is undesirable in most cases.

2.3.9 Discredited Cycle Modulation

In this type of modulation, over one repetitive cycle equivalent with N cycles of electrical supply,

M cycles of a tap is connected to the output, and N-M remaining cycles of the tap is connected. In

this modulation method, the rms value of the output voltage can be adjusted. Figure 2.25 shows a

typical output waveform of this modulation method. This method is unable to provide continuous

output voltage and produces flicker. The advantage of this method is that without adding tap in

transformer, it is possible to generate rms voltages between the taps voltage.

2.3.10 Pulse Width Modulation

In this type of modulation, the attempt is made to adjust and control the output voltage

instantaneously by changing the taps in high frequency. A typical output waveform using this

modulation method has been shown in Fig. 2.26. This method

Fig 2.24 Output waveform in phase control modulation method

Fig 2.25 Output waveform in discredited cycle modulation method

Fig 2.26 Output waveform in pulse width modulation method

of modulation, is certainly very desirable because of continuous adjustment (possibility of the

modification of waveform). However, the use of this type of modulation causes high frequency

harmonics in the output. To eliminate these harmonics, some filters must be inserted in the output.

Meanwhile, implementation of this modulation method will produce large switching losses due to
the high switching frequency, so application of soft switching technique will be necessary which

increases the complexity of the system.

2.3.11 No Modulation

In order to adjust the output voltage in third case, the required tap is selected and connected to the

output by tap-changer and until the output voltage is impermissible range, the taps position does

not change. If due to any reason the output voltage leaves its permissible level, tap-changer

changes the taps position, and an appropriate tap is connected to the output. Certainly, no extra

harmonic is added permanently to the output. Operation of the electronic tap-changer in this Table

2.5 Comparison of different modulation methods

In electronic tap-changer method is similar to the mechanical tap-changers. In this book the

mentioned method is used to adjust the output voltage. Table 2.5 compares specifications of the

four above- mentioned methods. At present time and foreseeable future the Vacuum Switching

Technology in OLTCs provides the best solution for today s expectations. All new OLTC designs

(resistor and reactor type) of Maschinenfabr ik Reinhausen GmbH are based on the Vacuum

Switching Technology.

2.8 TYPES OF TODAYS ON-LOAD TAP-CHANGERS:

2.8.1 Oil Type OLTCOILTAP

In Resistor Oil Type OLTCs, the OLTC plan that will be typically connected to bigger

forces and higher voltages contains a diverter switch (arcing switch) and a tap selector. For

lower appraisals OLTC outlines are utilized, where the elements of the diverter
switch (arcing switch) and the tap selector are joined in a supposed selector switch (arcing tap

switch). With an OLTC embodying a diverter switch (arcing switch) and a tap selector, the tap

change operation happens in two steps. To start with the next tap is preselected by the tap

selector at no heap. At that point the diverter switch exchanges the heap current from the tap in

operation to the preselected tap. The OLTC will be worked by method for a drive system. The

tap selector is worked by an adapting straightforwardly from the drive component. In the

meantime, a spring vitality gatherer is tensioned; this works the diverter switch in the wake of

discharging in a brief while autonomously of the movement of the drive component. The

adapting guarantees that this diverter switch operation dependably happens many, many the

tap preselecting operation has been wrapped up. The exchanging time of a diverter switch

lies between 40 and 60 ms with today s plans. Amid the diverter switch operation, move

resistors are inser ted which are stacked for 2030 ms, i. e. the r esistors can be intended for

fleeting stacking. The measure of resistor material needed is thusly r elatively little. The aggregate
operation time of an OLTC is somewhere around 3 and 10 sec relying upon the individual configu

Fig 2.27 Switching sequence of tap selector and diverter switch

A selector switch (arcing tap switch) as shown carries out the tap change in one step from the tap

in service to the adjacent tap. The spring energy accumulator, wound up by the drive mechanism

actuates the selector switch sharply after releasing. For switching time and resistor loading,

the above statements are valid.

Fig 2.28 Design principle diverter switch Fig 2.29 Design principle selector

(arcing switch) with tap selector switch (arcing tap switch)

OILTAP

For reactor oil type OLTCs the following types of switching are used:

Selector switch (arcing tap switch)

Diverter switch (arcing switch) with tap selector

Fig 2.30 Diverter-selector type and Selector Switch type

All reactor type OLTCs are compartment types where the preventive autotransformer (reactor) is

not part of the OLTC. The preventive autotransformer is designed by the transformer manufacturer

and located in the transformer tank. Today only selector

switches (arcing tap switches) for voltage regulators are still in production whereas the reactor

vacuum type OLTCs are going to be the state of the art in the field of power transformers.

Therefore this oil technology is not further discussed. For more detailed information about

switching duty and pastor diagrams of reactor oil type OLTCs.

Fig 2.31 Switching sequence of selector switch (arcing tap switch) OILTAP

2.8.2 Vacuum Type OLTCs

VACUTAP

In the course of the keep going two decades the vacuum exchanging innovation has turn into

the transcendent exchanging innovation in the territories of medium voltage substations and high

limit power contactors and has supplanted oil and SF6 innovation. Today overall more than

60 % of the interest Fig 2.32 VACUTAP for circuit breakers in the medium force voltage section

is secured by vacuum sort electrical switch s. The vacuum exchanging innovation offers

additionally the best capability to meet new application prerequisites and expanded execution

requests from end-clients on OLTCs. Its prevalence over contending exchanging advancements in

the scope of low and medium force is in light of various its specialized elements:
 The vacuum interrupter is a hermetically fixed framework

> There is no communication with the encompassing medium, in spite of the bend

> The exchanging attributes don't rely on upon the encompassing medium

The curve (drop) voltage in vacuum is significantly lower than in oil or SF6

> Low vitality utilization

> Reduced contact wear

Elimination of the protecting medium as the curve extinguishing specialists

> Elimination of by-items e. g. carbon when utilizing transformer oil

> On- line channel gets to be superfluous

> Easy transfer

No maturing of the extinguishing medium

> Constant or notwithstanding enhancing exchanging attributes all through the whole existence

of the vacuum interrupters (getter impact)

No collaboration/oxidation amid exchanging

> High rate of suggestion of metal vapor on contacts expands contact life

> Constantly low contact resistance

Extraordinary quick dielectric recuperation of up to 10 kV/s

> Ensures short ar cing times ( most extreme one half -cycle) even if there should be an occurrence

of substantial stage edges in the middle of current and voltage or high voltage steepness dU/dt

after the present zero (converter transformers).

Table 2.6 Technical Data VACUTAP

Specialized Data

Max. Evaluated through-current single-stage/ three-stage 1,300 A

Max. Evaluated step voltage 4,000 V

Max. Evaluated exchanging limit single-stage/ three- 3.000 Kva stage

Most elevated voltage for hardware Um: 72, 5 362 kV

Application at unbiased point (three-stage) or at any selectable winding

Position (single-stage up to 2,600 A/ 6,000 kVA).*

Working positions without change-over selector 18 maximum.

Working position

CHAPTER 3

Implementation of Project

3.1 Model and Nami ng Conventions

Model is of single-phase tap changer. The model comprises of two blocks:

a) Electro Magnetic relays and input

b) Tap Changer Block with Output

3.1.1 Electro Magnetic Relay

It consists of hinged armature bonding strap normally closed contact, springs, normally open

contacts coil relay casing and iron core

Fig 3.1 Magnetic relay

3.1.2 Tap Changer Block with Output

Tap changer block contains major switching and control circuit which automatically selects the

tap position to keep constant output voltage of 220V irrespective of input Fig 3.2 Tap Changer

Block with Output

THE ELECTROMAGNETIC RELAY

The electromagnetic hand-off comprises of a multi-turn curl, twisted on an iron center, to shape

an electromagnet. At the point when the loop is empowered, by going current through it, the center

turns out to be incidentally charged. The charged center pulls in the iron armature. The armature

is rotated which makes it work one or more arrangements of contacts. At the point when the curl
is de-stimulated the armature and contacts are discharged. The loop can be empowered from a low

power source, for example, a transistor while the contacts can switch high powers, for example,

the mains supply. The hand-off can likewise be arranged remotely from the control source.

Transfers can create a high voltage over the curl when exchanged off. This can harm different parts

in the circuit. To keep this a diode is associated over the curl. The cathode of the diode is joined

with the best end of the curl.

The spring sets (contacts) can be a blend of n.o n.c and c.o. Take a gander at the page on changes

to perceive how they can be utilized as a part of circuits. Different curl working voltages (air

conditioning and dc) are accessible. The genuine contact focuses on the spring sets are accessible

for high present and low current operation. The REED RELAY has a much quicker operation than

the transfers portrayed previously.

Components of project

Auto transformer

Electromagnetic relays

Bridge rectifier

Transistors and variable resistor

Diodes

Capacitors

Voltmeter

3.2 Working

On burden Tap Changer (OLTC) is utilized with higher limit transformers where HT side voltage
variety is successive and about consistent LT is needed. OLTC is fitted with the transformer itself.
Numerous tapings from HV windings are conveyed to the OLTC chamber and associated with
altered contacts. Essential exchanging system is utilized as a part of tap changers. Each attractive
transfers produce voltages on the grounds that every one is given steady tap from transformer
winding and a loop. We utilized 5 transfers here as a part of our undertaking. At the point when
the loop is empowered, by going current through it, the center turns out to be incidentally charged.
The polarized center draws in the iron armature. The armature is turned which makes it work one
or more arrangements of contacts. At the point when the loop is de-invigorated the armature and
contacts are discharged. The loop can be stimulated from a low power source, for example, a
transistor while the contacts can switch high powers, for example, the mains supply. The hand-off
can likewise be arranged remotely from the control source. Transfers can produce a high voltage
over the curl when exchanged off. These transfers are controlled by little control hardware. On
control circuit there are transfers transistors diodes variable resistance capacitors and scaffold
rectifier. At the point when voltage decrease happens most importantly scaffold rectifier change
over Ac into Dc. At that point Dc sign channels through capacitors to evacuate mutilation. At that
point from this little estimation of current we are not ready to work electromagnetic transfers. So
first we utilize little electronic transfers then we control different transfers from these transfers by
changing base current of transistor and variable resistance. Hence electromagnetic transfers sense
voltage diminishment and send sign to tapping or transformer where it naturally chooses tapping
or as such winding. Along these lines tapping is on essential side there we diminish windings and
subsequently voltages at optional expanded. Fundamental capacity of transfers here is just to kill
on or the windings of transformer.

CHAPTER 4
IMPLEMENTATION OF TAP CHANGER ON MATLAB

4.1 INTRODUCTION
We simulated the working of ULTC utilizing two methodologies.

Firstly, we utilized a programmable voltage source and made under voltage and over voltage at
specific moments of time and saw the results. The change in the source voltage came about
in the change of voltage at the load transport which was balanced by the tap changer in
agreement to the reference set by us. The reenactment results will be demonstrated later in the
section.

Furthermore, we utilized a straightforward consistent voltage source and changed the load
at the burden transport and saw the outcomes. The adjustment in burden brought about the
adjustment in voltage of the load transport and will be detected and revised at last by the
tap changer. These recreation results will likewise be demonstrated later in the section.

The square above will be utilized to model a three -stage two-winding transformer or
autotransformer utilizing a under-burden tap changer (ULTC) for controlling voltage on a
transmission or circulation framework. Controlling voltage on a transmission framework will
influence basically stream of receptive power, which, in turn, will influence the force exchange
limits. The dynamic execution of the directing transformer can be upgraded by utilizing a
thyristor-based tap changer rather than a mechanical tap changer.[6]

4.2 Automatic voltage control

The managing transformer will be for the most part related with a control framework which
manages voltage at the transformer terminals (side 1 or side 2) or at a remote transport. Such
a control framework will be given in the Three-Phase OLTC Regulating Transformer piece.
We associated at the Vm data of the piece, the size of the positive- arrangement voltage
(in pu) to be controlled. The control framework will change naturally the tap position until
the measured voltage Vm will be measure up to to the reference voltage Vref determined in
the square menu

The voltage controller will be a hysteresis sort controller. Each time a tap change is needed,
the controller sends a beat either to the Up or down information of the Tap Changer
Controller. The controller will request a tap change if: Abs (Vm-Vref) > DeadBand/2 amid a
period t> Delay

Where Vref, DeadBand and deferral are parameters of the voltage controller.

4.2.1 OPERATION OF ULTC

4.2.2 Programmable Source Approach

The fundamental chart is demonstrated as follows. Here a programmable source will be used to
shift the source voltage from 0.95-1.10 pu at time interims of 50 & 80 seconds. The starting tap
will be set at -4 and the tap move time is 0.06 seconds which is equivalent to three cycles. The
reference voltage is situated at 1.04 pu. The ULTC here is managing the voltage at the Burden
transport. So the adjustments in the voltage at transport 2 will be balanced in agreement to the
reference voltage. The reenactment results are indicated in the figures underneath. A 25 KV, 47
MVA circulation system comprising of three 30-km appropriation feeders associated in parallel
supply energy to 36MW/10 MVar load from 120 kV, 1000 MVA framework and ULTC
120kV/25kV transformer. Responsive power pay is given by 15 MVar capacitor bank. The tap
move will be performed by incidentally short circuiting two adjoining transformer taps
through 5 ohms resistors The voltage regulation depends on the indicated dead band (DB =
two times the voltage step or 0.0375 pu). This implies that the greatest voltage blunder at transport
B2 ought to be 0.01875 pu. The length of the most extreme tap number is not came to (-8 or +8),
voltage ought to stay in the extent: ( Vref-DB/2< V<1.04+DB/2 ) = (1.021< V< 1.059).

Figure 8: Simulation of ULTC wi th programmable voltage source Voltage regulation will be

performed by changing the transformer turn proportion. This is acquired by joining on each
stage, a tapped twisting in arrangement with each 120/sqrt(3) kV winding. Nine ULTC
switches permit choice of 8 diverse taps (tap positions 1 to 8, in addition to tap 0 which
gives ostensible 120kV/25 kV proportion). A turning around switch included in the OLTC
permits turning around associations of the regulation winding so that it is joined either added
substance (positive tap positions) or subtractive (negative tap positions). For an altered 25

kV auxiliary voltage, each tap gives a voltage redress of +/ -0.01875 pu of stensible 120
kV voltage. In this way, a sum of 17 tap positions, including tap 0, permit a voltage variety from
0.85 pu (102 kV) to 1.15 pu (138 kV) by ventures of 0.01875 pu (2.25 kV) [6]
67

Figure 9: Internal hardware of ULTC

Figure 10: Internal hardware of ULTC of single stage

69

Figure 12: Voltage at transport 2

Figure 13: Voltage at transport 1

Figure 14: Graph indicating taps, voltages, dynamic & receptive force
4.2.3 Explanation of the charts

As tap choice is a generally moderate mechanical process (4 sec for every tap as indicated in

the 'Tap choice time' parameter of the square menus), the reenactment Stop time is set to 2
minutes (120s) Follow 1 demonstrates the tap position.

Follow 2 demonstrates a superposition of positive-grouping voltages at 120 kV transport B1

(yellow), at 25 kV transport B2 (maroon) Follows 3 and 4 demonstrate the dynamic and receptive
forces measured on 120 kV side (transport B1) At the point when reenactment begins the OLTCs
will be at position -4 and the coming about voltage at transport B2 and B4 will be 1.038 pu.
At t=10 s, the source interior voltage will be all of a sudden brought down to 0.95 pu , so
that the 25 kV voltages drop to 0.986 pu, outside of the permitte d voltage range (1.021<
V<1.059). The voltage controller then orders further voltage boosting and the OLTC balances
out at tap= -6 (V=1.025 pu) At t=50 s, the source inward voltage will be all of a sudden expanded
to 1.10 pu ,so that the 25 kV voltages now reach to 1.19 pu. The voltage controller then
begins to diminishing voltage by moving taps in the upward heading and the OLTCs settle at
tap=+1 (V=1.043 pu) [6]

4.2.4 Constant Source Approach

The graph underneath demonstrates our second approach utilizing a consistent voltage source
and changing the load and subsequently the voltage at load transport. The working of the
taps are indicated in the charts underneath.
Figure 15: Simulation of ULTC with consistent voltage source

Figure 17: Voltage and tap settings with 20 MW load

4.3 Conclusion
The most imperative results depicted in the past parts are quickly communicated in this section.

Application of the full-electronic tap-changer will be lean toward red to the routine
mechanical tap-changer. The reasons are examined underneath.

4.3.1 Low Cost of Maintenance and Service

Tap changing in the mechanical tap-changer creates circular segment in the contacts of the
diverter switches. This bend causes defilement of the oil encompassing the diverter switches
furthermore prompts the disintegration of their contacts. Then, the entire tap changing process in
the mechanical tap-changer is fundamentally performed mechanically. Along these lines, in the
mechanical tap-changers the conditions of oil, contacts and mechanical versatile parts must be
analyzed consistently what's more, will be adjusted if fundamental. However , there will be no
curve in the full-electronic tap- changer amid the tap-changing and likewise no versatile
mechanical part. Along these lines, their support expense is low and just about zero.

4.3.2 High Speed

The tap-changing process in the mechanical tap-changer s will be moderate on the grounds
that of its mechanical nature furthermore the obliged time for putting away the essential vitality
for an suitable execution of the tap evolving procedure. In the resistor tap-changers, tap changing
from tap number 1 to tap number 19 takes around 100 s, while this takes s in the full-electronic
tap- changers. The reason is that the exchanging in strong state switches is high, which prompts
the rapid of the tap evolving procedure.

4.3.3 Jumping in Tap-evolving

In the full-electronic tap-changers, the circling current between the taps is fundamentally zero. In
this way, bouncing in the tap changing is conceivable. There is not such a decision in the
mechanical tap-changers because of their mechanical breaking points and flowing current.

4.3.4 Better Capability and Performance

High speed and controllability of the strong state tap- changers and additionally need of
mechanical limits in the switches plan lead to better ability and execution of the full-
electronic tap-changers. Some of these capacities will be as takes after:

(a) Achieving higher number of steps, tap number furthermore lower strong state power switches;
these capacities emerge from the absence of impediment in the strong state power switches
course of action.

(b) Proposing the full-electronic tap-changer as a quick static controller such that it is considered
as a custom power devices in force quality. It can alleviate hang furthermore glimmer in force
frameworks. So as to supplant the mechanical tap-changers by the full-electronic tap changer
s, the last tap-changers must have the accompanying component

1. Low Cost

Use of the strong state power switches in the full-electronic tap-changers raises their expense.
Thus, to adjust the value, it is important to utilize the low number of switches and least voltage
and current.

2. High Reliability

3. Standing higher than the appraised current and voltage in the flaw conditions in system for the
deficiency states of the system, (for example, short out or voltage ascend because of the lightning
and so forth.). The voltage and current get to be higher than their evaluated qualities. The full
electronic tap-changer must be planned such that it could stand these conditions.

Since diminishing the expenses of the full-electronic tap-changer is the most critical point in its
plan, the primary objectives in the outline of the force part of the tap-changer are taken as
takes after:

1. Negligible number of the strong state power switches and their voltages and streams.

2. Negligible number of the transformer taps.

3. Maximal Number of the voltage steps in the yield voltage regulation range in request to
build the regulation accuracy.

4.4 Future Recommendations

Further studies are conceivable in the full-electronic tap- changer which are as per the following:

Designing key protections for the full-electronic tap-changer:

One of the most imperative prerequisites of the full-electronic tap- changer will be its
capacity to remain against over-present and over-voltage amid the system issues. So it is
fundamental to outline an appropriate security framework.

Evaluation of the unwavering quality of the full-electronic tap-changer framework and

examination with the dependability of the mechanical tap-changers and enhancement of force
part in light of the unwavering quality measure.

Design of the tap-changer for high power transformer (appropriation transformers).

Optimization of the switches design in the full-electronic tap-changer accepting predefined

structure for taps winding.
 Extending the plans to three-stage case.

Designing a replacement system for bi-directional switches without mongrel rent and
voltage sensors.

Designing an advanced controller for the full-electronic tap-changer.

Designing the full electronic tap-changer with delicate exchanging for application of beat
width adjustment. Planning a quick recognition technique for the list in request to utilize it in
the control arrangement of the full-electronic tap changer.

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[2] Bauer P, de Haan SWH (1997) Protective device for electronic tap- changer for
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36(1):3338

[3] Ronan ER, Sudhoff SD, Glover F, Galloway DL (2002) A power electronic-based distribution
transformer. IEEE Trans Power Deliv 17(2):pp.537543

[4] Venkataramanan G, Johnson BK, Sundaram A (1996) An AC- AC power converter for custom
power applications. IEEE Trans Power Deliv 11(3):pp. 16661671

[5] Venkatar amanan G, Johnson B (1997) A pulse width modulation power lineconditioner
for sensitive load center s. IEEE Trans Power Deliv 12(2):844849

[6] Johnason BK, Venkataramanan G (1998) A hybrid solid state phase shifter using PWM AC
converters. IEEE Trans Power Deliv 13(4):pp.13161321

[7] Kwon BH, Youm JH, Choi JH (1999) Automatic voltage regulator with fastdynamic
speed.

[8] Hietpas SM, Pecen R (1998) Simulation of a three-phase AC- AC boost converter to
compensate for voltage sags, Rural Electric Power Conference Apr 1998, pp B4/1B4/7 IEE
Proc Electr Power Appl 146(2):pp. 201207

[9] Venkataramanan G (1997) A family of PWM converters for thr ee phase AC power
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