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INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL
Reading and Writing, First Mid-Quarter Period
WHAT IS READING
Reading is a complex "cognitive process" of decoding symbols in order to construct or derive meaning
(reading comprehension). It is a means of language acquisition, communication, and of
sharing information and ideas. (De Certeau, Michel. "Reading as Poaching)
"Reading" is the process of looking at a series of written symbols and getting meaning from them. It is
making meaning from print. (http://www.readingrockets.org)
SCANNING VS SKIMMING
Scanning aims to cover a great deal of material in order to locate a specific fact or piece of information.
Skimming is a method of rapidly moving the eyes over the text with the purpose of getting only the main
ideas and general overview of the content.
READING STRATEGIES
Previewing enables readers to get a sense of what the text is about and how it is organized before reading
it closely. It reviews titles, section headings, and photo captions to get a sense of the structure and content
of a reading selection
Activating Prior knowledge is the association of the knowledge that the learner already has to the new
information they have at hand. Some call it schema, relevant background knowledge, or just plain
experience.
Making predictions is a strategy in which readers use information from a text (including titles, headings,
pictures, and diagrams) and their own personal experiences to anticipate what they are about to read (or
what comes next). It usually asks "What do you think will happen next?"This is related to this are guessing
and estimation.
Visualizing is the ability to create pictures in the heads based on text read or words heard. It is constructing
a mental image or graphic organizer for the purpose of extracting meaning from the text.
Summarizing requires students to determine what is important in what they are reading and to put it into
their own words. Instruction in summarizing helps students:identify or generate main ideas; connect the
main or central ideas; and, eliminate unnecessary information.
Asking Question/ QAR Strategy encourages learners to understand what kind of information they got from
the text they read. Questions can be effective because they: give students a purpose for reading; focus
students' attention on what they are to learn; help students to think actively as they read; encourage
students to monitor their comprehension; and, help students to review content and relate what they have
learned to what they already know.
Comparing and Contrasting explores likenesses and differences between texts to understand them better.
This maybe done with the elements included in the text. Say for stories, students can compare and contrast
characters, events, settings, and details. But it is more important in expository and persuasive writings.
Organizers illustrate concepts and relationships between concepts in a text or using diagrams or word.
Graphic organizers are known by different names, such as maps, webs, graphs, charts, frames, or clusters.
Semantic organizers can be outlines and the like.
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TECHNIQUES IN SELECTING AND ORGANIZING INFORMATION
Brainstorming - is the most popular tool in generating creative and rich ideas. It helps in: establishing
patterns of ideas; developing new ways of thinking; activating background knowledge; and, overcoming
mental block.
Brainstorming Strategies
1. Cubing is a strategy that requires cubic (six sides) method of discussion asking the six different angles of
the text. These are the following: 1) Describe the topic (what is it about?); 2) Compare it (what is it like?); 3)
Associate it (what does it make you think of?); 4) Analyze it (what constituent parts is it made of?); 5) Apply it
(how can it be used?); and 6) Argue for and/or against it (how can you support or oppose it?)
2. Freewriting is a strategy that asks the writer to jot down without restrictions not pausing in order to spell
correctly, not going back to rewrite any composed items, and by turning off the inner editor's self. It can be
considered done when one closes the eyes while writing or typing, or turn the computer monitor off.
3. Listing is the enumeration of words that are related to the given topic. This does not require outlining or
connection between or among the terms listed. Nonfiction lists opinions, facts, and questions. Fiction lists
people, places, and qualities.
4. Mapping (clustering, webbing) is a form of listing that involves jotting down ideas on a large writing
surface and then making connections by associating similarly themed ideas. How you produce the map,
exactly, is up to you, but as with any other brainstorming tool, wait until youve (temporarily) run out of ideas
before you begin making connections but dont hesitate to continue recording new ideas as you marshal
others.
5. Researching is a brainstorming that asks the writer to visit a particular resource/s to populate the idea at
hand. The ideas will be listed down in a more structured illustration.
Graphic Organizers - are visual representation of concepts that helps structure information into a pattern.
They present information and connect these info into a coherent framework.
Problem Solving Map is used to display the nature of the problem and how it
can be solved. The map show the problem, its causes and effect, and the
logical solution
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Persuasion Map is used to map out arguments and evidence and show these
pieces of information to lead to a logical conclusion. This map is usually used
when processing a persuasive text.
Timeline is used to show how events occurred chronologically through a long bar
labeled with dates and specific events. Timeline can be Linear or Comparative -
Linear shows how events happened in a time; Comparative shows two events that
happened at the same time
Principles of Outlining
1. Coordination - ideas of the same relevance are to be labeled the
same way (I,II,III or A,B,C)
2. Subordination - minor details have to be placed under the major
details
3. Division - no cluster should contain only one item
4. Parallel Construction - all entries must use the same format of
presentation
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Topic Outline uses words and phrases as entries. It is
used if the ideas being discussed can be arranged in a
number of ways.
PATTERNS OF COMMUNICATION
Characteristics:
Has a clear focus
Presents events in order
Has well developed plot
Uses sensory details
Uses narrative elements (Plot, Setting, Character, Theme, POV, Literary Devices, Atmosphere)
Uses effective sentence structure
Forms of Narrative
Fiction Narrative Non-Fiction Narrative
Realistic Fiction Personal Narratives
Fantasy Stories Biographical Narratives
Historical Fiction Diary
Mystery Stories Blogs
Myths Eyewitness accounts
Legends Memoirs
Science Fiction Reflective Essays
Tall Tales
Fiction Narrative - a narration/ story that comes from the imagination of the writer.
Realistic Fiction portrays invented characters and events in everyday situations. It is a genre
consisting of stories that could have actually occurred to people or animals in a believable setting.
These stories resemble real life, and fictional characters within these stories react similarly to real
people. Stories that are classified as realistic fiction have plots that highlight social or personal
events or issues that mirror contemporary life, such as falling in love, marriage, finding a job, divorce,
alcoholism, etc. They depict our world and our society.
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Check these examples!
- The Fault In Our Stars by John Green
- From the Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler (Paperback) by E.L. Konigsburg
- Loser (Mass Market Paperback) by Jerry Spinelli
- The Thing About Jellyfish (Hardcover) by Ali Benjamin
- High School Musical by Peter Barsocchini
Check this link and watch the video discussion about Realistic Fiction:
http://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-realistic-fiction-definition-characteristics-examples.html
Fantasy Story is a fiction genre that uses magic or other supernatural elements as a main plot
element, theme, or setting. Many works within the genre take place in imaginary worlds where
magic and magical creatures are common. These are highly imaginative writing that contain
elements not found in real life that involve characters, situations, worlds, and creatures.
- In a fantasy story, events occur outside the ordinary laws that operate within the universe.
- Magic is central to the fantasy genre.
- Fantasy stories often involve journeys and quests.
Historical Fiction is about imaginary people in real places and times of history. This may involve real
persons as they interact with fictional (invented) characters. These movies and novels are stories
which are made up but are set in the past that sometimes borrow true characteristics of the time
period in which they are set. For example, a novel that makes up a story about a Civil War battle that
really happened.
Mystery Stories present unexplained or strange events that characters try to solve. These stories
are often packed and full of surprises. The mystery genre is a type of fiction in which a detective, or
other professional, solves a crime or series of crimes. It can take the form of a novel or short story.
This genre may also be called detective or crime novels. The purpose of a mystery novel is to solve
a puzzle and to create a feeling of resolution with the audience.
Myths are fictional tales that explain actions of gods or heroes and/or the origins of nature. They
were generally handed down by words of mouth for generations. It is a story based on tradition (or
legend) which has a deep symbolic meaning. A myth 'conveys a truth' to those who tell it and hear it,
rather than necessarily recording a true event. Myths are often used to explain universal and local
beginnings and involve supernatural beings. The great power of the meaning of these stories, to the
culture in which they developed, is a major reason why they survive as long as they do - sometimes
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for thousands of years. Mythology, however, refers to the collected local stories of the people which
maybe about their culture, gods and goddesses, custom, and people.
Check these examples of Myths:
- Wrath of Titans (2012)
- Percy Jackson and the Olympians, The Lightning Thief (2010)
- The Legend of Hercules (2014)
Legends are widely told stories about the past that may or may not have foundations in reality.
These are traditional stories sometimes popularly regarded as historical but unauthenticated.
Legend, for its active and passive participants, includes no happenings that are outside the realm of
"possibility", but may include miracles. Legends may be transformed over time, in order to keep
them fresh and vital, and realistic. Many legends operate within the realm of uncertainty, never
being entirely believed by the participants, but also never being resolutely doubted.
It is a semi-true story, which has been passed on from person-to-person and has important meaning
or symbolism for the culture in which it originates. A legend usually includes an element of truth, or
is based on historic facts, but with 'mythical qualities'. Legends usually involve heroic characters or
fantastic places and often encompass the spiritual beliefs of the culture in which they originate.
Tall Tales are short stories with an unbelievable plot twist and line. Storytellers read tall tales as if
they were true. Tall tales usually have exaggerations of actual events. In addition, many tall tales
take place in an existing location, such as the American Old West, a European country, or at the
beginning of a major historical event. They tell larger-than-life characters in real life settings. These
characters can perform amazing acts of strength and bravery. Tall tales are usually very funny
because the exaggerations in the story tend to be the main focus of the whole story.
Science Fiction is a writing that tells about science and technology. It is a fiction based on imagined
future scientific or technological advances and major social or environmental changes, frequently
portraying space or time travel and life on other planets.
Personal Narratives/ Autobiography tell true events in a person's life. This is written by the person
himself.
Biographical Narratives are accounts of someone's life written by someone else. It can be short or
book-long.
Diary/ Journals are highly personal experiences, thoughts, and feelings. The audience however is
private, unless intended to be shared.
Blogs are online journals that may include autobiographical narratives, reflections, opinions, and other
types of comments that target a particular audience.
Eyewitness Accounts are writings that focus on historical or other important events. The writer is the
narrator who shares thoughts about the event he/she just witnessed.
Memoirs are accounts written by someone about meaningful scenes about his life and experiences.
Reflective Essays present personal experiences that generally focus on sharing observations and
insights the writer had.
Characteristics:
- has clear purpose and sense of purpose
- uses details and precise words
- presents details in logical order
Visual/ Sight
- can show outline, sizes, distance, perspective, motion, color, light, or surface
Auditory/ Hearing
- can distinguish volume (loud/soft), quality, pitch, and cause or source of sound
Tactile/ Touch
- can allow feeling of texture, temperature, resistance (hard/soft), skin sensation, and moisture
Gustatory/ Taste
- can describe taste of sweetness, saltiness, etc
Olfactory/ Smell
- can help determine scents and other odor
Definition Writing
This is a process of writing by which through analysis and explication, the meaning of a term is made clearer.
It is very useful in explaining unfamiliar terms making them more familiar. Definition writing is necessary for
indicating the precise sense of the word used. It can be done using: Synonyms, Classifications, and
Negation.
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Synonym is done by explaining the term by using the words that mean the same thing.
- Communication is a social contact between similar kind.
- Skill is a competence that proved someones accomplishment.
Class is done when you put your topic in a larger category to explain your term.
- Business is an economic system where goods and services are exchanged.
- Management is the act of organizing and coordinating business activities.
Negation means that the the term will be defined based on what it is not.
- Education is never driven by a single person.
- Studying is not about allowances.
Kinds of Definition
Formal
- follows concise logical pattern that permits maximum information in a minimum space
- it is methodical and systematic
- it involves three parts:
Examples:
Radio is an appliance that is used for listening music and news
STEM is a strand that focuses on mathematics, sciences, technology.
Language is a medium that sees no boundaries.
Examination is an assessment that identifies how well a student learns.
Accounting is a process that is employed to keep someones financial account.
Informal
- it is the substitution of familiar words or phrases for the unfamiliar terms
- sometimes a phrase, clause, or even a sentence may be used here
- it is generally partial, inacurate, and incomplete
- it lacks emphasis and completeness
Examples:
Methods of Definition
Physical Description focuses on defining shapes, sizes and other visual appearances.
Facebook is a social media with light and easy interfaces that is seen from keys to color.
Holy Angel University is an institution that has facilities from science laboratories to arts.
Word Derivation/ Etymology gives insight into how a word came to be as it talks about its origin. It is
how most definitions are defined
Education is a process that means bringing up derived from Latin educare
Number is an arithmetic symbol that is taken from Latin numerus which means proportion.
Elimination is about telling what it is and identifying what it is not to retain the true sense of the term
Martial Law is a state that is controlled by the highest military personnel in the land.
Christmas is an annual Christian celebration that is about Christs birth.
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Negative Statement is similar to Elimination as it emphasizes what is not, focusing on an obvious
other aspect of the term being defined
Piracy is an illegal act that does not have teeth to violators.
Happiness is a state which is never about bullying and offending other persons.
Concrete Examples & Instances aims to give the specifics of the term, it is considered the best of
the methods
Laptop is a communication device that has the same function with personal computers.
Senior High School is a program that is similar to vocational and crash courses.
Principles:
It places related items into
groups
It can only be used for
plural subjects
The categories should be
parallel
Categories must not
overlap
In a classification writing, we organize things into categories and give examples of things that fit into each
category.
Before writing, it is necessary to decide on the classification criteria. We should think according to what
properties we are going to classify things. The criteria must be discriminating and the emerging classes
should be non-overlapping. Check the example below:
Comparison and Contrast Writing focuses on similarities and differences between topics
The comparison & contrast should make a point or serve a purpose and do at least one in these:
Clarify something unknown or not well understood.
Lead to a fresh insight or new way of viewing something.
Bring one or both of the subjects into sharper focus.
Show that one subject is better than the other.