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References:
1.TheCriteriaCommitteeoftheNewYorkHeartAssociation.NomenclatureandCriteriaforDiagnosisofDiseasesoftheHeartandGreatVessels,9th
ed,Little,Brown&Co,Boston,1994.p.253.
2.CampeauL.Gradingofanginapectoris.Circulation197654:522.
3.GoldmanL,HashimotoB,etal.Comparativereproducibilityandvalidityofsystemsforassessingcardiovascularfunctionalclass:Advantagesofa
newspecificactivityscale.Circulation198164:1227.

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