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Editura PARADIGME
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Prezenta lucrare este conceput n conformitate cu recomandrile M.E.C.
pentru anul colar n curs.
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DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
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As for the tenses used in Indirect Speech it must be shown that, when the
reporting verb is in the Present Tense or in the Present Perfect, no tense change
occurs in Indirect Speech.
Example:
I shall buy this dress next week, Kim says.
Kim says that she will buy that dress next week.
But, when the reporting verb is in the Past Tense, the following change of
tenses takes place:
Fill in blanks with much, a lot of, plenty of, little, a little, few and a few:
MUCH/ MANY
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THE ADJECTIVE
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2.2. The Comparative of Equality
The following form can be used for short and long adjectives, too:
as + adj + as
E.g. My house is as high as yours.
The same idea of the comparative of equality can be also conveyed by:
the same + subst + as
! as not like !!!
E.g. My house is the same height as yours.
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3.1. The Relative superlative
very + adj
very can be replaced by: extremely, exceptionally, tremendously, awfully
E.g. This book is very important for them.
Irregular adjectives
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THE CONJUNCTION
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THE DEMONSTRATIVES
1. Function
The demonstratives this, that, these, those, show where an object or
person is in relation to the speaker.
This (singular) and these (plural) refer to an object or person near the
speaker. That (singular) and those (plural) refer to an object or person further
away. It can be a physical closeness or distance as in:
Who owns that house? (distant)/ Is this Johns car? (near)
Or it can be a psychological distance as in:
Thats nothing to do with her. (distant)/ This is a nice surprise! (near)
2. Position
a) Before the noun.
b) Before the word one.
c) Before an adjective + noun.
d) Alone when the noun is understood.
Examples:
This car looks cleaner than that one.
This old world keeps turning round
Do you remember that wonderful day in July?
Ill never forget this.
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1. The Indefinite Article
It has a unique form a which becomes an when it is used before
vowel sounds (an egg) or before a mute h (an hour ago).
! The word which begins with u takesa and it doesnt take an
ifu composes a syllable.
a u-ni-ver-si-ty
a u-ni-form
Which is different from an um-bre-lla
It is the same rule for those words which begins with eu
A European Country
! Before one we will always have a and not an A one hundred
dollars bill.
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2.6. Before a noun in apposition, when the person or thing is considered
to be unfamiliar:
E.g. Peter, a friend of mine, saw this film.
2.7. Before Miss/Mr./Mrs. + surname, to denote a person known only as
a name:
E.g. A Mss Brown wants to see you.
2.8. When we want to classify people in terms of their origin;
occupation; religion and their politics:
E.g. He is a doctor.
You are an English.
She is a Catholic.
John is a Republican.
Exceptions: The persons title which is temporary:
E.g. He is Vice president of a company.
2.10. With little and few to change the meaning from negative into
positive:
Little = almost nothing (for uncountable nouns)
E.g. I eat little bread (Nu mnnc pine aproape deloc).
A little = at least some
E.g. I have a little money on me (Am ceva bani la mine).
Few = almost nothing (for countable nouns)
E.g. We have few friends here (N-am aproape deloc prieteni aici)
A few = at least some
E.g They have a few animals in their farm.
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THE PASSIVE VOICE
The Passive Voice is formed with an appropriate tense form of the verb
to be combined with the past participle of the active verb. We can use the
passive voice in any tenses by changing the tense of the verb to be.
Active voice: They keep cows in this shed.
Passive voice: Cows are kept in this shed.
To make the negative of the passive voice, we use the negative of the
verb to be.
Examples:
This picture was not drawn by him.
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We can use the passive voice with a modal verb, too. We use this
structure: modal verb + be+ past participle.
Examples:
Paper can be recycled.
Cars mustnt be parked there.
We use the passive voice when the action is more important than who or
what did it.
Examples:
The new car has been tested.
A new theatre will be built.
If you want to show who or what does the action , we use by.
Examples:
The new car has been tested by the best mechanic.
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THE PREPOSITION
TYPES OF PREPOSITIONS
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from (now on/January to March/time to time)
in (the sixteenth century)
inside (ten minutes/half an hour)
on (April 1/ Sunday morning)
throughout (life/the day/her caree)
till (the lunch/morning)
to (a quarter to five/ten to twelve)
up until (spring)
up to (his arrival)
within (twenty-four hours)
NOTE
The prepositions in, on or at will never be used before this, next, last,
tomorrow, yesterday and every. So, we must say
They have to meet again this week.
He will come here next month.
ON TIME IN TIME
On time means at exactly the right time, while in time means early
soon enough for something
Our French class always starts on time.
They got to the station in time. (= before the train left)
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BY/IN/ON with means of transport
Whenever we show how we travel we use the preposition by + the noun
expressing the means of transport; air; bicycle; boat; bus; car; coach; ferry;
motorbike; plane; rail; road; sea; ship; taxi; train; tube; underground (but: on
foot);
We usually go to work by tram, but today we are going by taxi.
But by is not used when the above nouns are preceded by a possessive
adjective or by the articles a or the. In such cases the preposition in is used with
the noun car, and on with the nouns bicycle; motorbike as well as with the
nouns indicating means of transport: bus; train; tube; underground
I went to the cinema in her car.
He didnt go to Bucharest on a motorbike, but on the train.
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THE QUESTION TAGS
With the verb to be we form the tag with the verb and the subject.
Examples:
It is very cold, is it?
When a verb has an auxiliary, we form the tag from the auxiliary and the
subject.
Examples:
He can speak Italian, cant he?
It doesnt matter, does it?
They have been to London, havent they?
When the verb hasnt got an auxiliary, we form the tag from the auxiliary
that we would normally use for making questions in that tense.
Examples:
He finished his work yesterday, didnt he?
You like disco music, dont you?
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When the subject of the statement is a noun, we replace it with a pronoun
in the tag.
Examples:
Laura is an American girl, isnt she?
Peter and Jack are friends, arent they?
There is an exception:
Examples:
I am very tired, arent I?
When we write a question tag it is separated from the statement by a
comma (,) and is followed by a question mark(?).
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THE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
The present perfect simple tense links the past with the present. We make
it with the verb have/has and the past participle of the verb.
S + have / has (III sg) + vb. Past Participle
E.g. My mother has gone to the shops. (Shes at the shop now).
USED
1. for actions ended very close to the present: recently, lately, just,
already, yet: You have eaten many fruits recently.
2. for actions which started in the past and continued till (close to)
the moment of speech:
since 1986, january, last summer
for to talk about a period of time
E.g. He has learning English for two years.
since to talk about a single point in time in the past, for example an
event or a date.
E.g. I have lived in Rome since I was 6.
3. for actions whose date is unknown:
E.g. He has written a very interesting composition.
4. for actions which have results in the present:
E.g. I have read this book so I can tell you the story.
UNLESS
Unless means the same as if not. Like if, it is followed by a present
tense, a past tense or a past perfect (never by would). It is used instead of if +
not in conditional sentences of all types:
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Type 1: (Unless + present)
a. Youll be sick unless you stop eating. (= You will be sick if you dont stop
eating)
b. I wont pay unless you provide the goods immediately. (= If you dont
provide them I wont pay)
c. Youll never understand English unless you study this grammar carefully.
(= Youll never understand if you dont study...)
Type 2: (Unless + past)
a. Unless he was very ill, he would be at work.
b. I wouldnt eat that food unless I was really hungry.
c. She would be here by now unless she was stuck in the traffic.
Type 3: (Unless + past perfect)
a. The elephant wouldnt have seen the mouse unless shed had perfect
eyesight.
b. I wouldnt have phoned him unless youd suggested it.
c. They would have shot her unless shed given them the money.
A/An
That/Those
This/These
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Tim never uses computer.
Do you like . orange juice?
You should clean .. things.
. books are interesting.
Can ________ man drive?
. tyres of his bike are flat.
.. boys ought to be polite.
The front legs of ______ armchair are broken.
. girls speak German.
Two/Too/To
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Prepositions
Much/Many
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Adjectives 1
Adjectives 2
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Betty is ______ than George.
a) careful b) more careful c) most careful
All the boys are bad, but Larry is the ______.
a) bad b) worse c) worst
Baby Animals
Because/Although
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They are going to have a picnic .. the weather
is cold.
Barbara never smiles, she is very popular.
Janet is very happy . she has a better job.
Robert still smokes . his brother has cancer.
She is very rich . she has won the lottery.
Fred does not speak Italian . he has lived in Italy for
many years.
He is fat he eats too much.
Despite/Although
For/Since
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Lexical Flexibility 1
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Lexical Flexibility 2
Lexical Flexibility 3
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She thinks that the sauce is too .. .
SALT
Paris is a city.
DELIGHT
Tom admitted that he had made many false . .
ACCUSE
I couldnt sleep because of the children.
NOISE
Barbara spent most of her . in California.
CHILD
Cindy dances .. .
ELEGANCE
Tom is a good . .
SWIM
The police came to investigate a which had interrupted
the concert.
DISTURB
Peter hopes his education will ..him to get a good
job.
ABLE
Lexical Flexibility 4
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Bruce is very . . He will never let you down.
RELY
Alice is responsible for the . of the
computers.
MAINTAIN
People have accused him of stealing cell phones, but I havent seen any
. .
PROVE
He is married to a .. .
LIBRARY
Robert lost his job yesterday, so now he is .. .
EMPLOY
What is the of this book?
IMPORTANT
The storm didnt cause much .. .
DESTROY
Lexical Flexibility 5
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It has been a .. to work with her.
PLEASE
The president is elected.
DEMOCRACY
Helen is always .. dressed.
FASHION
The .. must now spend twenty years in prison.
MURDER
Good food will .. your health.
STRONG
Passive Voice 1
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We can drive the car.
..............................................................................................................................
His decision disappointed them.
..............................................................................................................................
Robert is going to solve the problem.
..............................................................................................................................
Passive Voice 2
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Passive Voice 3
Phrasal Verbs 1
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Peter needs either to get a raise or to get a better job, because he cant get
______ on his current salary.
a) by b) out c) in d) off
Manuela and Glenda didnt like each other at first, but now they get
______.
a) over b) across c) away d) along
The plane is scheduled to take ______ at 7 a.m.
a) away b) to c) off d) with
We need milk, but we can do ______ beer.
a) without b) along c) away d) off
The wedding was originally scheduled for June 12, but it has been put
______ until September 24.
a) out b) away c) off d) up
Phrasal Verbs 2
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The university students want to do ______ with tuition, because they
think education should be free.
a) away b) out c) up d) off
Phrasal Verbs 3
Proverbs 1
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3. Out of _____, out of mind.
a) money b) heart c) sight d) head
4. Absence makes the heart grow ______.
a) bigger b) fonder c) weaker d) louder
5. When the cats away, the ______ will play.
a) dogs b) rats c) hamsters d) mice
6. Haste makes ______.
a) mistake b) chase c) waste d) paste
7. Abundance, like want, _______ many.
a) helps b) ruins c) enjoys d) desires
8. There is no accounting for ________ .
a) facts b) habits c) tastes d) desires
9. Actions speak _______ than words.
a) lower b) louder c) faster d) sooner
10. A womans advice is no great thing, but he who wont take it is a
_____ .
a) clever b) fool c) discreet d) bat-minded
Proverbs 2
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5. Two heads are better than ______.
a) two rocks b) two hearts c) one d) two eyes
6. You cant judge a book by its ______.
a) reader b) author c) cover d) thickness
7. Better _______ than steal.
a) pray b) work c) beg d) starve
8. Every day is not _________ .
a) Saturday b) Thursday c) Monday d) Sunday
9. In at one _________ and out at the other.
a) eye b) hand c) ear d) arm
10. The exception proves the _________ .
a) truth b) rule c) method d) reverse
Tag Questions 1
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8. This student has to work rather hard, _______ she?
a) hasnt b) doesnt c) does d) has
9. You move to a new house every three years, ____ you?
a) do b) are c) arent d) dont
10. My sister read that book last month, ________ she?
a) doesnt b) didnt c) did d) does
Tag Questions 2
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Tag Questions 3
Unless/If
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He will not get drunk _____________ he only take a sip of wine.
You will be very tired tomorrow _____________ you get enough sleep
tonight.
Jim will get very angry _____________ anyone makes comments about
his nose.
The parrot will fly away _____________ you leave the cage open.
_____________ a person has a ticket, he cannot enter the concert hall.
Your mum will be very offended _____________ we invite her to our
wedding.
This child will be weak and unhealthy _____________ he doesnt eat the
right food.
_____________ you help me, Ill finish my homework in time.
He will not be employed in this factory _____________ he has the right
qualification.
They will not understand her _____________ she speaks so fast.
My sister will read that book _____________ she likes it.
They would not make so many mistakes _____________ they were more
careful.
_____________ his watch had been slow, he wouldnt have been late.
You will get pneumonia _____________ you do not change your wet
clothes.
_____________ Kim learns to type, she will be not employed.
_____________ Peter finds my phone number, he will ring me up.
You will not get a good mark _____________ you learn the lesson.
Up With Words
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But she became very ______ when her son Brian was expelled from
kindergarten.
a) uphill b) upset c) uproar d) uprising
The kindergarten teachers told Jessie that Brian had tried to lead some
children in an ______.
a) uppity b) uptight c) uphill d) uprising
Brian didnt like the kindergartens rule against chewing gum in class,
but the teachers said they would ______ the rule.
a) upset b) uphold c) uptight d) upkeep
The teacher said that Brian was a very ______ child.
a) uppity b) uplift c) upswing d) uprising
Trying to control him was an ______ battle.
a) upstairs b) uphill c) upturn d) uptight
His mother thought that it was __________ to slap him.
a) upset b) uppity c) uphill d) uproar
She couldnt accept the_______ like a joke.
a) uprising b) upswing c) upkeep d) uproar
It was so ________ for him to understand that he had to respect all the
rules.
a) uphill b) upturn c) uproar d) uplift
But Jessie is an optimistic person. Brians agreement is a real
___________.
a) upturn b) uptight c) upkeep d) uplift
Who/Which/Where
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Cynthia lives in a big city has several
restaurants.
The people .. work at the supermarket are very
cute.
This restaurant needs a waitress has a lot of
experience.
Pam is a student at a school . has some Canadian
teachers.
Sally is a teacher at a school many of the students are
from Spain.
Here is a picture of the fire . destroyed many houses.
That restaurant he works is very expensive.
Peter is visiting someone was once a professional
dancer.
The man .. is crossing the street now is our teacher of English.
These are books are the most interesting for you.
He asked me .. I lived.
This is the place . we first met.
I lived in house . was built in 1970.
Words Aplenty
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Peter hadnt ever committed a crime. Hed never run ______ of the law.
a) agape b) afoul c) aloof d) aside
He suspected that a plot against him was ______.
a) anew b) aloft c) afoot d) aloof
Peter was so confused, but he decided to travel ______ the following
summer instead of going home.
a) anew b) amuck c) alight d) abroad
He was probably ________ of someone.
a) agape b) afoul c) aside d) aloft
It was a real _________ for him.
a) aloof b) atop c) affront d) alight
Peter was ___________ when he found out the truth.
a) alight b) agape c) anew d) afresh
He was taken ________ when the best friend told him about his joke.
a) amid b) apiece c) aback d) afoul
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