Passive, Active and Hybrid

DAS Design for 3G

Topics
Technical Requirements for a High Speed 3G Network
Uplink System Limitation in UMTS
Review of Available Coverage Solutions
Passive, Active, Hybrid Solutions
Wi-Fi Solutions
Off Air Repeater
Case Study Brazil World Cup Stadiums

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 2

1
 Basic Design Considerations for a
High Speed 3G/4G Network

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 3

Technical Requirements for a

High Speed HSPA+ / LTE Network
High Order
Modulation
(HOM)

Small Cells

Intercell Interference
MIMO

Radio channel

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 4

2
 Speed and Noise Performance of
High Order Modulation Schemes
QPSK Modulation 16 QAM Modulation 64 QAM Modulation
2 bits/sym 4 bits/sym 6 bits/sym

Euclidean Decision
Distance Thresholds

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 5

Theoretical SNR Requirements

for Higher Order Modulation (HOM)
7 64QAM - 6 bits/sym

QPSK 1/3
6
QPSK 1/2
Spectral efficiency [bits/s/Hz]

QPSK 2/3
5 16QAM 1/2
16QAM 2/3
16QAM 4/5
4 64QAM 1/2
64QAM 2/3 16QAM 4bits/sym
3 64QAM 4/5
Shannon

1 QPSK 2 bits/sym

0
-5 0 5 10 15 20
SNR [dB]
Active and Hybrid DAS Design 6

3
 Release 7 (R7) HSPA+ Performance
Up to 21.6 Mbps (with only 64QAM modulation) and
28.8 Mbps (with 2x2 MIMO and 16QAM modulation).

20 dB isolation needed
to achieve 21 Mbps

Dedicated HSPA
carrier with 15
SF16 codes

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 7

Shannon and the Cell Size

Shannons Capacity Theorem T/2

C = B log 2 (1 + SNR ) bits/s/Hz
2Preceive

where
Preceive

SNR ~ 1 R n
n = path loss exponent
T
With no change in power, bandwidth, frequency,
etc., the user needs to come closer to the BTS
for higher data rates.
No big difference for HSPA+, WiMAX, LTE
or EDGE+ regarding gross data rate if
same parameters and modulation
are used

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 8

4
 Inter-cell Interference and Small Cells
Classic DAS, single RF source, 3 antennas, LTE technology
No outdoor signal interference (dedicated indoor spectrum)
No DAS sector overlap (single in-building sector)
No SINR degradation between antennas

SINR (dB)
35

22

11

<-10

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 9

Small Cells Deployment

Notable SINR degradation between small cells due to inter-cell
interference.

SINR (dB)
35

22

11

5
Interference
Between
Sectors <-10

Conclusion: avoid placing multiple RF sources in open/semi open

space.

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 10

5
 Macro Interference
With the introduction of outdoor macro signal, SINR is further
degraded

SINR (dB)
35

22

11

5
Macro sector
interference
<-10

Conclusion: need more indoor antennas to overpower strong macro

signal.

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 11

SNR Requirements: SISO, SIMO, 2x2 MIMO

9

7 SISO
Spectral Efficiency b/s/Hz

SIMO
6 SFC
JC Spatial Multiplexing MIMO
5
Very high spectral
efficiency is only
4
seen when G-Factor is
above 15 dB
3
Diversity MIMO can increase the link
2 quality through diversity and array gain,
but there is no data rate improvement
1 compared to SISO.

0
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
G-Factor [dB]
JC: Joint Coding (Spatial Multiplexing)
SFC: space-frequency coding (Diversity)
Active and Hybrid DAS Design 12

6
 LTE Throughput in Various Modes
For typical and average throughputs, LTE will achieve an order of
magnitude higher performance than HSPA and at least a doubling
of spectral efficiency.
Due to radio channels that
are 4 times wider (20 MHz
vs. 5 MHz)
Figure shows increased
performance obtained with
addition of different orders
of MIMO.
Under suboptimal conditions,
such as being at the edge of
the cell or if user is moving at
SM MIMO requires Low
high speed, throughput rates Mobility, Good SINR,
will be lower. and Strong Multipaths

Source: Initial Field Performance Measurements of LTE, Layer 1 throughput measured at 10 MHz bandwidth using
Jonas Karlsson, Mathias Riback, Ericsson Review No. 3 2008 Extended Vehicular A 3 km/hour channel model.

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 13

Uplink System Limitation in UMTS

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 14

7
 Uplink System Limitation in UMTS
Since all users in UMTS share the same spectrum, all uplink signals
must be received with exactly the desired level
Any user received at higher power will cause all other users to
increase their power level.
This is also the reason for difference in range of emitted power
available for mobiles in GSM and UMTS:
GSM: 5 to 33dBm
UMTS: -50 to 24dBm (Class 3)
LTE: -40 to 23dBm (Class 3)
In UMTS, care has been to be taken to avoid mobiles with low path
loss creating too much interference in the Node B, reducing its
capacity
In indoor cell, mobiles emitting at -50dBm can create problems in
the cell if it is located very close to antennas and the cell has few
antennas (small DAS losses).

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 15

Uplink System Limitation in UMTS

Minimum Coupling Loss
Defines the minimum uplink loss between UE and Node B.
3GPP states 70 dB as lowest acceptable value on minimum
coupling loss for a macro cell.
GSM benefits from the same value

How do we arrive at MCL=70dB?

Node B sensitivity can be approximated by
E W
Psr (dBm) = (Pn + NFB ) + b 10 log + I margin
N 0 RAB Rb
For speech RAB and a load of 50%,
Psr = 103 + 5 25 + 3 = 120 dBm
Minimum Coupling Loss
MCLUL = Pt _ UE _ min Psr = 50 ( 120 ) = 70 dB
Active and Hybrid DAS Design 16

8
 Minimum Coupling Loss (MCL)
Minimum uplink coupling loss will dictate maximum usable antenna
EIRP, and thereby cell radius!
Typically, for indoor systems, too much attention is put on the far
performance and too little on the near situation.
If the minimum coupling loss is too low, the BTS will be affected by
very strong input signals (bad quality) and in 3G terminate calls
trough the admission control!

3GPP Specs:
UE Rx input power level: max -25 dBm
Node B Rx input power level: max -73 dBm

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 17

Minimum Coupling Loss (MCL)

Minimum coupling loss depends mainly on antenna type and
distance to the antenna.
Path loss can be estimated by the Free Space Loss (FSL)
4d
PL(dB) = 20 log

Below are a few examples of FSL at 2100 MHz
Distance between Path Loss between
Antenna and UE Antenna to UE (approx.)
0.3 m 29 dB
1m 39 dB
2m 45 dB
3m 49 dB
10 m 59 dB
30 m 69 dB

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 18

9
 Minimum Coupling Loss (MCL) at 2100 MHz

UE
DAS
Path Loss
DAS Loss 1m
Node B
30 dB 40 dB

Assume 1 meter minimum distance between antenna and UE

we will get 40 dB of worst case coupling loss.
To provide 70 dB of total minimum path loss, we need another
30 dB of DAS losses between antenna and Node B input.
On downlink,
Antenna total EIRP = 43 30 = 13 dBm for 3G
EIRP for pilot level (10% CPICH allocation) = 3 dBm
Total EIRP of 13 dBm and 40 dB downlink path loss means
13-40 = -27 dBm maximum input power to UE
3GPP states < -25, so downlink is also OK

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 19

Minimum Coupling Loss (MCL)

UE
DAS
Path Loss
DAS Loss 1m
Node B
30 dB 40 dB

Of course, this low EIRP of 3 dBm will have an impact on maximum

cell radius and number of antennas needed to achieve the minimum
RSCP or Ec/Io requirement.
But it will provide a very robust system that performs well and
handles the near far dynamics of indoor environments!

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 20

10
Review of Available Coverage
Solutions

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 21

Number of Antennas, Passive, Active,

or Hybrid DAS?

RU

MU

BTS

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 22

11
 Coverage Solutions and Capacity
Capacity
BTS + DAS BTS + Fiber Repeater / Booster + DAS
E.g., Office Building, Shopping Mall E.g., Airport, Megamall

RF Repeater, Pico Repeater + DAS RF Repeater, Booster + DAS

E.g., Small Restaurant and Building E.g., Supermarket, Residential Building

Coverage

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 23

Passive Solution

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 24

12
 Passive Solution BTS / Repeater Driven

Base Station

Donor Radiating
Antenna
Repeater Radiating Cable in Office
Cable Ceiling

Donor BTS
Feeder
Cables in
Riser

Antennas for
Car Park
Coverage

Base
Stations
Combiner
Coaxial to DAS (POI)

Single-Operator Multi-Operator, Multi-System

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 25

Single Network, Single Cable System

Tx / Rx

2/F

Tx / Rx Tx / Rx
BTS
Duplexed J J
Signal

1/F

Legend:
POI Point of Interconnection
Coupler
Tx / Rx
Antenna
Basement J Jumper
1/2" Coaxial Cable
7/8" Coaxial Cable
Leaky Cable
Load

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 26

13
 Multi-Networks, Single Cable System

Tx / Rx

2/F

Tx / Rx
BTS Tx / Rx
BTS POI
BTS
BTS J J
Duplexed
Signal
1/F

Legend:
POI Point of Interconnection
Coupler
Tx / Rx
Antenna
Basement J Jumper
1/2" Coaxial Cable
7/8" Coaxial Cable
Leaky Cable
Load

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 27

Multi-Networks, Dual Cable System (MIMO)

Tx1/Rx1

Tx2/Rx2

2/F

Tx / Rx Tx1/Rx1
Tx
J J
BTS POI
BTS
BTS
BTS Rx
J J
Tx2/Rx2

1/F

Legend:
POI Point of Interconnection
Coupler
Tx Antenna
J Jumper
1/2" Coaxial Cable
Basement Rx 7/8" Coaxial Cable
Leaky Cable
Load

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 28

14
 Duplex POI Example
Compact, low intermodulation,
cellular combiners for cost
effective, multi-operator in-
building combining system.
This high power combiner is
designed to allow GSM900-A

2x GSM 900
3x GSM 1800 and GSM900-B

3x UMTS operators to share the

same system GSM1800-A
ANT-1

Each individual input provides GSM1800-B

MON-1

full duplex capability according

to customer frequency bands. GSM1800-C
ANT-2

MON-2

Provides >90dB isolation

UMTS-A
between 2G and 3G systems.
UMTS-B

UMTS-C

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 29

Why Use Passive System?

Pros
An all-passive coaxial cable system is highly linear
Capable of handling multiple downlink carriers with no measurable
IM products
IM3 of passive components typically in the range of -120 to
-150 dBc
High system reliability

Cons
Feeder cable size is typically limited to 7/8 or 1-1/4
Not suitable for buildings that require long feeder runs
Inherent insertion loss limits the size of installation to typically a 35
floor high rise building, or around 50,000 sq m

30 Active and Hybrid DAS Design 30

15
 Number of Antennas
For UMTS, number of antennas is determined by minimum
allowable DAS loss
Typically, around 30 dB DAS
loss to meet the 70 dB MCL DAS UE

requirement at 2100 MHz DAS Loss

Path Loss
Node B 1m
Example - Assumptions
43 dBm Node B, single carrier
35 Storey Building
Area / Floor = 1,500 sq m
PL(d ) = PL(d 0 ) + 10n log(d d 0 )
Total Floor Area = 52,500 sq m
CPICH DAS ANT Path d Path LNF Body Rx Coverage Feeder Max No. Max
Power Loss EIRP Loss (m) Loss Marg Loss Level / ANT Loss of Ant Coverage
(dBm) (dB) (dBm) Exp (dB) (dB) (dB) (dBm) (m2) (dB) Area (m2)

33 30 3 4.0 11 80.9 7.0 3.0 -84.9 314 10.7 214 67,275

33 25 8 4.0 15 86.2 7.0 3.0 -85.2 584 10.7 68 39,751
33 20 13 4.0 20 91.2 7.0 3.0 -85.2 1,039 10.7 21 21,824
33 15 18 4.0 26 95.8 7.0 3.0 -84.8 1,756 10.7 7 12,294

31 Active and Hybrid DAS Design 31

Number of Antennas
What are the problems associated with high EIRP?
Requires more BTS sectors to meet coverage area
Not meeting the MCL requirements in UMTS
Higher standard deviation for signal fluctuations, more LNF margin
is needed to achieve a certain confidence level
Larger coverage radius means higher path loss exponent
Difficulty in controlling spillage and soft handover zones
Difficulty in supporting high data rates (antennas may not be
placed in the optimum position)

32 Active and Hybrid DAS Design 32

16
 Repeaters in UMTS
In UMTS, coverage is capacity, i.e., low path losses permit an
increase in number of simultaneous users
So, contrarily to what happens in GSM, a UMTS repeater brings
capacity to the network

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 33

Repeater Drive
Typically, lower DL output power than Node B.
Higher UL gain gives better UL sensitivity, but increases noise rise
at Node B
Lower UL sensitivity as compared to BTS
Coverage range of repeater may be limited by uplink
Need to perform uplink budget analysis to verify if desired data
rates or distances can be supported.

Donor RF
Antenna Repeater

Coaxial to
NFb DAS

Gr , NFr
Donor BTS UEi
UEo

34 Active and Hybrid DAS Design 34

17
 Active Solution

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 35

Typical Building Types for Active Solution

1. Multi Story 2. Shopping 3. Campus
Skyscraper Center Environment

Fiber Optics
Remote Units
Active/Passive Distributed Antennas

Fiber Optics
Remote Units Ant
Ant
Rad Ant
Cable Ant
Active/Passive Distributed Antennas

Coax

Fiber Coax

40th
Floor

Fiber Optics
Remote Unit

Ant
Rad Ant
Passive Distributed Antennas

Cable
Coax
Coax

Coax
Fiber Attached High Rise Building

Ant Fiber Optics

Coax Master Unit Fiber Optics
BTS Remote Unit
Coax Rad
BTS
Cable Fiber Optics
Master Unit
Fiber Optics
Remote Unit

BTS Fiber Optics

Master Unit

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 36

18
 High Power Active Solution

Coaxial to
DAS

Single-mode fiber
Scalable
Remote Unit

Coaxial to
DAS

Scalable
Remote Unit
ATT Scalable Coaxial to
Master Unit DAS

Single-mode fiber
Base Station Coaxial Cable Coaxial to
DAS
Bank
Booster
Scalable
Remote Unit

Radiating Cables

Scalable
Remote Unit

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 37

Active Solution
Pros
Suitable to drive radiating cable and high rise solutions
More flexibility in meeting future capacity increase or new
technology introduction
Easy Installation on site

Existing Operator
/ carriers

Coaxial to
DAS
Coaxial to Hybrid
DAS New Operator Combiner
Scalable 2-way splitter / carriers
Remote Unit
Existing Future
Scalable
Remote Unit

38 Active and Hybrid DAS Design 38

19
 Active Solution

Single-mode fiber
Single-mode fiber Sector B
Sector A

Master Unit
Master Unit
Single-mode fiber

Master Unit

Single-mode fiber
Sector A

Existing Future Sectorization to

increase capacity

39 Active and Hybrid DAS Design 39

Active Solution
In some cases, due to excessive differences in link budget,
additional booster amplifier, or fiber optic repeater, may be inserted
in the DAS to boost the signal strength of the new technology
introduced.

Existing + DPX Bypass for DPX Existing +

New Existing Systems New
Technology Technology

Booster or Optical Repeater

For New Technology

40 Active and Hybrid DAS Design 40

20
 Active Solution
Cons
Active systems are designed in the same manner as passive
system, but requires more careful uplink analysis due to higher
system noise figure.
Power backoff must be applied for multi-carrier amplification
Use of expensive multi-carrier power amplifiers (MCPA) Remote
Units may be needed for UMTS to meet Adjacent and Alternate
Channel Interference Power Ratio

Normal PA MCPA

41 Active and Hybrid DAS Design 41

Hybrid Solution

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 42

21
 Hybrid BTS Solution

Coaxial to
DAS
Hybrid Solution

Single-mode fiber
Scalable
For High Capacity DAS Remote Unit

Coaxial to
DAS

Scalable
Remote Unit

Scalable
Master Unit
Coaxial to
DAS

P
O Coaxial Cable Coaxial to

Single-mode fiber
DAS
I
Booster
Coaxial to
DAS Scalable
Remote Unit
Base Station
Bank

Radiating Cables

Scalable
Remote Unit

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 43

Hybrid Repeater Solution

Coaxial to
DAS
Hybrid Solution
Single-mode fiber

Scalable
For Low Capacity DAS Remote Unit

Coaxial to
DAS

Scalable
Remote Unit
Donor Antennas
Scalable
Master Unit
Coaxial to
DAS

P
O Coaxial Cable Coaxial to
Single-mode fiber

DAS
I
Booster
Coaxial to
DAS Scalable
Donor BTS Remote Unit
RF Repeater
Bank

Radiating Cables

Scalable
Remote Unit

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 44

22
 Hybrid Application Example
Tunnel Coverage using Off-Air (OAR) and
Optical Repeaters

BTS

ANT HC
OAR

Master
Optical Fiber Unit

Remote
Unit Remote
Unit

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 45

Hybrid Solution
Pros
Has the same pros as active solution
High output power from BTS is not wasted, but fed into part of the
DAS.
Achieves some cost savings as compared to Active Solution

Cons
Has the same cons as active solution
Uplink analysis is more complex, especially with Hybrid Repeater
Solution

46 Active and Hybrid DAS Design 46

23
 Future Proofing

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 47

Capacity Scalability
Capacity expansion usually
involves increase in number of
carriers.
Sometimes, it may be necessary
Coaxial to
to accommodate new operators. DAS
Scalable 2-way splitter
Remote Unit
With active equipment, the Existing
output power backoff is given by
Power Backoff
= 10 log( No. of carriers ) Existing Operator
/ carriers
Each doubling of carriers will
lead to a 3 dB reduction in
power per carrier Coaxial to
DAS
Hybrid
New Operator Combiner
/ carriers

Scalable Future
Remote Unit

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 48

24
 Introduction of New Technology
If the new technology can be
supported by existing DAS, then
additional RU can be added for
Existing
the new technology. Technology

Coaxial to
If link budget is insufficient, DAS
Scalable 2-way splitter
additional boosters or optical Remote Unit
Existing
repeaters can be added.

Existing
Technology

Bypass for
Existing + DPX Existing DPX Existing +
New Systems New
Technology Coaxial to
Technology DAS
Hybrid
Future Combiner
Technology

Scalable Future
Booster or Optical Repeater Remote Unit
For New Technology

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 49

Upgrade of Existing 2G Inbuilding

Existing 2G IBS Upgraded 2G/3G IBS

RU2

DPX

RU1
Single-mode fiber

DPX

MU

P
O
I
3G BTS

GSM BTS GSM BTS

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 50

25
 Comba DAS Solution

Quad Band High and Low Power System

Covers full band
Multi-Mode (GSM, WCDMA, LTE), Multi carrier High Power
Supports LTE MIMO (40W)
Supports upgrade to a new band (700MHz.)
Single optical fiber between MU
and RU (WDM integrated)
Low Power
(1W)

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 51

Integrated Wi-Fi + Cellular

Solutions

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 52

26
Integrated Indoor
Wi-Fi-Cellular Coverage Indoor
Antenna
Donor
Heterogeneous networks can Antenna
be used to offload capacity
from UMTS networks
Eg. Femtocell, WiFi
Wi-Fi can be injected into
the DAS systems using Coupler
Diplexer
diplexers for more efficient
Wi-Fi Access
signal transmission. Point
Indoor
Antenna
Wi-Fi boosters can be used to
Splitter
boost Wi-Fi signals to Off-Air
Repeater
overcome DAS losses, or to
achieve high signal strengths

Fiber Optic
Repeater
Base Station
POI

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 53

Key Design Considerations

Due to great differences in the link budget and capacity handling,
WiFi Access Points (AP) cannot be connected directly to the POI

Typical GSM, UMTS

OPR-1
4x and WiFi DAS
G900

OPR-1 AP5
4x MU DAS ANT
G1800
P . RU4
OPR-1 .
3x DAS ANT
WCDMA . IT Room AP4
O MU .
OPR-2 .
4x
G900 . AP2
I DAS ANT
OPR-2
4x RU1
G1800
DAS ANT
IT Room AP1
OPR-2
3x
WCDMA ANT
BTS Room AP3 WiFi
RJ-45 Booster
Ethernet
+ Power

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 54

27
 Repeaters in 3G

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 55

Thermal Noise
WCDMA radio network is limited by interference, as opposed to
GSM, which is limited mainly by spectrum availability.
Background noise level has a considerable effect on coverage and
capacity of a WCDMA radio network.
Thermal noise power Pn within a bandwidth of 3.84MHz is
Pn = 10 log kTB 108 dBm
If WCDMA Node B has a NFB of 3 dB (with TMA), then receiver
noise floor, Pnr, is -105 dBm.
For UE, NFUE is 7dB, and receiver noise floor, Pnr, is -101 dBm.
Interfering power introduced from noise or spurious emissions will
result in decreased sensitivity level (desensitization) in the Node B.

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 56

28
 UL Noise & Desensitization
Desensitization is the degradation of a receiver ability to decode
weak signals

Pnr

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 57

UL Noise & Desensitization

A repeater that uses the Node B as a donor is sending additional
noise to the Node B receiver.
The user that was at the limit of cell site uplink coverage will not
have the minimum uplink SNR anymore at the Node B receiver.

Pnr
NUL

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 58

29
 UL Noise & Desensitization
To re-establish communication, user has to move closer to cell site.
Its uplink signal has to be received stronger to overcome noise
added by the in-building system.
Donor site desensitization caused by in-building system noise
contribution.

Pnr
NUL

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 59

Sensitivity Degradation Due to Interference

Sensitivity of Node B and UE will be degraded by noise rise (NRi)
due to interference
Noise rise due to interference caused by external source is given by
Noise with Aggressor (Pnr + Pint )
NRi [dB] = 10 log
Noise without Aggressor (Pnr )
P
= 10 log1 + int
Pnr
The total noise rise is equal to
P
NRt [dB] = 10 log(1 UL ) + 10 log1 + int
Pnr

Noise Rise due to Noise Rise due to

Loading Interference

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 60

30
 Uplink Noise Level

NUL PLUL
NFR
GR

Node B
Pn
Repeater

The uplink noise level (NUL), coming from the repeater to Node B
NUL = Pn + NFR + GR PLUL

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 61

Repeater UL Gain on Donor & Repeater

Coverage
NUL

NUL

II
dBm

UL noise of Repeater II dB
Receiver noise of Node B
UL noise of Repeater I UL gain of Repeater II

UL gain of Repeater I

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 62

31
 Repeater UL and DL Gain Setting
NUL
NUL = Pn + NFR + GR PLUL

Determine UL gain to ensure that repeater noise does not

desensitise Node B. Node B noise rise is given by
N
NRi = 10 log1 + UL
Pnr
Set repeater DL gain to same value as UL
If DL gain >> UL, it may lead to access problems for UE
Check DL CPICH power <10% of total repeater output power
Repeater coverage is UL limited
Use Friis equation to determine repeater UL sensitivity
Active and Hybrid DAS Design 63

Benefits of UMTS Repeaters

Downlink Capacity Enhancements
Smaller Node B DL transmit power through repeater
Reduces DL interference to neighbouring cells
Reduces the required DL power in these cells.
Higher DL capacity of donor cell
More DL power available for DL DCH
Better average DL code orthogonality due to smaller time
dispersion under repeaters dominance area.
Less interference towards neighbouring cells
Through appropriate service antenna with electrical tilting.

Avoidance of Pilot Pollution

Enhances RSCP level of UEs in repeater coverage area
leads to improvements in quality (Ec/I0) of connections
Increase of donor cell pilot dominance
Decreases overlapping between cells, which results in smaller
SHO rates around repeater area.
Active and Hybrid DAS Design 64

32
 Limitations of Repeater
Repeater capacity borrowed from the donor Node B
Repeaters inject noise to the donor Node B
May desensitize the Node B receiver
No Uplink diversity in repeater coverage areas
Degradation of Eb/I0 values and consequently lower capacity

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 65

Digital Repeaters
One of the key challenges in deploying RF repeater is to manage
the isolation between donor and service antennas
New generation of Wireless Repeaters utilize advance digital signal
processing technology
Antenna Feedback Cancellation (AFC) function can cancel
antenna feedback by up to 30dB
Automatic gain control algorithm further protects unit from
oscillation
Uplink Noise Control (UNC)
Reduced isolation requirements
permits use of high output
powers
Provides flexible and scalable
solution to expand the network
coverage as a Macro BTS
alternative

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 66

33
 Digital Repeaters
Less than three hours installation and five minute commissioning
Donor and service antennas are 30 cm apart.

Digital Repeater

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 67

RX-2123 Digital Repeater

RX2123 is a new generation of Wireless Repeaters
Uutilize the advance digital signal processing
technology
20W output power with MCPA (AAP technology)
Comparing with traditional Analogue Wireless Repeater, the
advantages are
Advanced performance enhancement functions
Antenna Feedback Cancellation (AFC)
Support more channels
WCDMA - Max 3 ch per FS module (vs 2 for analog)
More compact size
Lower power consumption as compare to same 20W repeater
Same form factors (e.g., IP65, remote control, dualband expansion,
OMT/OMC) as Comba market proven repeaters

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 68

34
 WCDMA Digital Pico Repeater
Low Power ~13dBm
Pre-installed service and donor antennas
Automatic Digital gain control and Antenna
Feedback Cancellation (AFC) feature that can
reduce the isolation requirement up to 30dB
Support up to 2 WCDMA channels in 20MHz
instantaneous bandwidth
With built-in wireless modem, supports remote alarm monitoring and
configuration based on the unified OMT / OMC platform (optional)
Compact Size (~2.5kg) / small footprint
Enable rapid installation for small area coverage (House, street
shops, caf, convenience stores etc..)

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 69

WCDMA Digital Pico Repeater

Application Scene
Underground shopping mall

Underground garage

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 70

35
 PICO Relay

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 71

Case Study Brazil World Cup

Stadiums

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 72

36
 2014 Brazil World Cup

z Total 83MU+150RU(Low and High Power)

z Braslias Stadium z Salvadors Stadium

z 72,800 people z 55,000 people

z Fortalezas Stadium z Recifes Stadium

73
z 64,000 people
Active and Hybrid DAS Design
z 46,000 people 73

StadiumOverview
There are 21 sectors for both coverage & capacity
18 sectors covering the spectator stand area
10 on the western side using the catwalk on the roof
8 sectors on the east side bleachers using the lighting arch
3 sectors covering the indoor area

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 74

37
 Comba DAS Solution for the World Cup
Multi Operator Solution including POI to combine and balance the
powers of the different technologies and frequencies.

2600 MHz

2100 MHz
The rack features 1 POI device by
frequency
1800 MHz

1 Rack per Sector

850 MHz
All BTS, POI, MU are located in one
central location
800 MHz

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 75

Comba DAS Solution for the World Cup

Master Unit
Rack

POI Rack

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 76

38
 SectorizationandAntennaLayout
The spectator stand is covered by low power optical repeaters and high gain, high
directivity outdoor panel antennas to support the high sectorization.
Sectors 1 to 10 cover the western side of the stadium
RU and Antenna mounted on roof catwalk
Each sector is served by 1 antenna except for sectors 4 to 6 which are covered by 2 antenna
Sectors 11 to 18 cover the east side of the stadium
Antenna mounted on lighting arch Sector 5 Sector 6
Each sector is served by 1 antenna Sector 4 Sector 7
Ant 1
Ant 2

Sector 3 Sector 8

Sector 2 Sector 9

Sector1 Sector 10

Sector 18 Sector 11

Sector 17 Sector 12

Sector 16 Sector 15 Sector 13

Sector 14
Active and Hybrid DAS Design 77

AntennaLayout&Configuration
Sector Ant Tilt
Ht
Sector 5 Sector 6
1 20m 40
Sector 4 Sector 7 2 20m 50
3 30m 55
Ant 1
4 Ant 1 40m 60
Ant 2 4 Ant 2 45m 88
5 Ant 1 40m 53
5 Ant 2 40m 88
Sector 3 Sector 8
6 Ant 1 40m 60
6 Ant 2 40m 88
Sector 2 Sector 9
7 Ant 1 40m 60
7 Ant 2 40m 88
Sector1 Sector 10 8 30m 68
9 20m 60
10 20m 55
11 28m 78
12 28m 78
Sector 18 Sector 11
13 28m 68
14 28m 65
Sector 17 Sector 12 15 28m 60
16 28m 58
Sector 16 Sector 13
Sector 15 Sector 14 17 28m 60
18 28m 65

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 78

39
 SpectatorStandInstallation

RU
Antenna

Coaxial cable

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 79

SpectatorStandInstallation

Antenna

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 80

40
InstallationExamples

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 81

InstallationExamples

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 82

41
InstallationExamples

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 83

InstallationExamples

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 84

42
 SpectatorStand
GSM1800

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 85

SpectatorStandGSM1800 BestServer

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 86

43
 SpectatorStandGSM1800 RxLev

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 87

SpectatorStandGSM1800 Handoff

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 88

44
 SpectatorStand
UMTS2100

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 89

SpectatorStandUMTS2100 BestServer

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 90

45
SpectatorStandUMTS2100 RSCP

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 91

SpectatorStandUMTS2100 Ec/Io

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 92

46
 SpectatorStand
UMTS2100 SoftHandoff

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 93

SpectatorStand
HSPA+UMTS2100 ReceivedSignalStrength

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 94

47
 SpectatorStand
HSPA+UMTS2100 SNIR

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 95

SpectatorStand
HSPA+UMTS2100 MaxAchievableDataRate

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 96

48
 SpectatorStand
LTE2600

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 97

SpectatorStandLTE2600 BestServer

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 98

49
SpectatorStandLTE2600 RSRP

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 99

SpectatorStandLTE2600 SNIR

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 100

50
 SpectatorStandLTE2600 Handoff

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 101

SpectatorStand
LTE2600 MaximumAchievableDataRate

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 102

51
 SpectatorStand
LTE2600 MIMODataRateGain

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 103

2013 FIFA Confederations Cup Stadiums

Fortaleza, CE
Belo Horizonte, MG

Braslia, DF Salvador, BA

Recife, PE Active and Hybrid DAS Design Rio de Janeiro, RJ 104

52
 Local Support at the events

To certify that the system works in optimal

conditions, it was required to provide local
support for each confederation cup matches.
Activities include local monitoring of the
operation of the DAS, along with test calls
and data tests throughout the near galleries
for beginning, middle and end of each game.

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 105

Local Support at the events

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 106

53
 Summary

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 107

Summary
Requirements for a High Speed 3G/4G network
HOM and Small Cells (SINIR), Intercell Interference, MIMO
Uplink System Limitation in UMTS
A large number of solutions are available
Passive, Active, Hybrid
UMTS systems must be designed to meet the MCL requirements.
Will also work well for GSM and LTE
Future Proofing
Wi-Fi Solutions
Case Study Brazil World Cup Stadiums

108 Active and Hybrid DAS Design 108

54
 Active and Hybrid DAS Design 109

LTE Peak Data Rates

Downlink and uplink peak bit rates (Mbps)
Bandwidth, #RB / #Sub-Carriers
Modulation Bits / 1.4 MHz 3.0 MHz 5.0 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz
MIMO usage
and coding Sym 6 / 72 15 / 180 25 / 300 50 / 600 75 / 900 100 / 1200
QPSK 1/2 1 Single stream 0.9 2.2 3.6 7.2 10.8 14.4
D 16QAM 1/2 2 Single stream 1.7 4.3 7.2 14.4 21.6 28.8
O 16QAM 3/4 3 Single stream 2.6 6.5 10.8 21.6 32.4 43.2
W
N 64QAM 3/4 4.5 Single stream 3.9 9.7 16.2 32.4 48.6 64.8
L 64QAM 1/1 6 Single stream 5.2 13.0 21.6 43.2 64.8 86.4
I
64QAM 3/4 9 2x2 MIMO 7.8 19.4 32.4 64.8 97.2 129.6
N
K 64QAM 1/1 12 2X2 MIMO 10.4 25.9 43.2 86.4 129.6 172.8
64QAM 1/1 24 4X4 MIMO 20.7 51.8 86.4 172.8 259.2 345.6

QPSK 1/2 1 Single stream 0.9 2.2 3.6 7.2 10.8 14.4
U 16QAM 1/2 2 Single stream 1.7 4.3 7.2 14.4 21.6 28.8
P
L 16QAM 3/4 3 Single stream 2.6 6.5 10.8 21.6 32.4 43.2
I 16QAM 1/1 4 Single stream 3.5 8.6 14.4 28.8 43.2 57.6
N
64QAM 3/4 4.5 Single stream 3.9 9.7 16.2 32.4 48.6 64.8
K
64QAM 1/1 6 Single stream 5.2 13.0 21.6 43.2 64.8 86.4

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 110

55
 LTE MIMO Options
Transmit Diversity Spatial Multiplexing : SU-MIMO
Better SNR Increased UE Throughout

Beamforming Spatial Multiplexing : MU-MIMO

Better SNR Increased Cell Throughput

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 111

Low Power Active Solution

Active Antenna System
Main Hub (MHub)
Expansion Hub (EHub) RAU

Remote Antenna Unit (RAU)

RAU

RAU RAU
(CAT-5)
Expansion twisted pair RAU RAU
Hub

SMF / MMF RAU

Expansion (CAT-5)
Fiber Extender twisted pair RAU
Hub

ATT
RAU Fiber Extender drives
up to 10 km of fiber
Main
Base Station Hub RAU
Bank

RAU
(CAT-5) RAU
Expansion twisted pair RAU
Hub
Cat-5/6 ScTP:
RAU
100 m (no loss); up to 150 m

RAU
SMF / MMF
(CAT-5)
SMF: up to 6 km Expansion twisted pair RAU
MMF: up to 1.5 km Fiber Extender Hub

Active and Hybrid DAS Design 112

56