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O AVAULBILITY NOrICr
0 RESEARCH REPORT
SOCT 11093
PRINCETON UNIVERSITY
PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY
ilk
(ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DOLPHINS,
Final Repwt. To
The Bureau of Yards and Docks
Department of the Navy
4? Washington, D.C.
by
1 Werner E. Schmid, Associate Professor
of Civil Engineering
David G. Elms, Assistant in Research
9u 4Crioti and Robert C. Peace,
Graduate Assii ht - In Research.
Project No. Contract No.
C-3 NBy-37595
April 1, 1963
SUMMARY
By Werner E. Schmid, April 1, 1963
Pages 1 through 22
SUMMARY
by
Werner E. Schmid
Associate Professor of Civil Engineering
April 1963
pile in tension.
Finally, the results of the Thesis and Paper are eval-
uated and synthesized in this summary which, besides under-
General Considerations
P P
Pmax
/1/
I0
A' B'
Fig. 1 Fig. 2
Types of Dolphins
any other), the pile group becomes exceedingly stiff and the
energy absorption capacity very low. This is supported by
the empirical observation that the wrapping of the top of
these dolphins soon gets loose with a corresponding loss in
overall strength but, Lip to a certain point, with consider-
able increase in energy absorption capacity. Of course, if
8
twice the axial load and three times the shear of the piles
with the next highest loads (Nos. 2 & 4). Note that all
these piles are in the plane of the load and all other piles
almost in the plane of the load are working, while the others
lever.
11
, .. P. I - Moment Diagram
.. -
.~D
O
0
Fig. 3
Cantilever Pile Dolphin
The yield load for such a dolphin Py, i.e. the load at
given by:
P -f *S
y y L
2
*SL
X mf
y 3EI
and the energy stored will be:
2
W I Py. x fy
2 3Ed
12
Table I
Yield Load and Energy Absorption Capacity
of Single Tube Steel Dolphins
Dolphin f S P f2 2L Energy
Dimensions y
n(ksi) fY/L 3)
(in3 ) (tons) l0
f L-6 Absorp-
3E tion W
in. tons
18 1 xl/2"
pipe 33 .0688 117 4.0 1080 674 18.7
2411x5/8"
pipe 33 .0688 295 10.2 1080 1700 35.4
36 1'xl/2"
pipe 33 .0688 463 16.0 1080 2670 37.1
18 : xl/2"1
high tens.st. 50 .1040 117 6.0 2500 1560 43.3
-24"x5/8"
high tens.st. 47 .0980 295 14.4 2200 3460 72.2
36"g'xl/2"
high tens.st. 47 .0980 463 22.7 2200 5420 75.5
30:'xl"
high tens.st. 47 .0980 638 31.3 2200 7500 125.0
36"xI"
high tens.st. 47 .0980 926 45.3
48"#xlk 1/211 2200 10850 151.0
high tens.st. 43 .0895 2500 122.5 1850 24700 257.0
For the sake of simplicity, the table was computed for uni-
form sections and constant yield stress all along the length
L which was assumed to be 40 feet. The influence of the
variation of the length L is shown in Table II.
13
Table II
Influence of Length on Load and Energy Capacity
of Steel Dolphins
Pile Diesos 18P "'xl/2" Py "txl/2"1
36 W
361"'x1"
36PW"#x1/2" (HTSt) Py W
W
Dim s ("t)
(5 () ("t) ) 1"t) Y)("t)
PPult 1
2 x 2.25 x 15=16.7 tons
Wult =
4 x 2.25 x 152 - 126 t ft. = 1520 inch tons
ELEVATION
Li
' LE
SLEMoment and torque
resisiting connection
PLAN
Fig. 4
Elbow Dolphin
AAfj pMQdX
_E_-
Evaluation of the integral for both members AB and BC yields:
A PL3
3EI
16
PII (Fig. 4). In this case the member BC is not only sub-
bending of BC: 4l
3EI
twisting of BC: A3 =L x
3 4 EI
12 3EI
because the pile has to get its support from the lateral soil
reaction along its length and jetting would seriously decrease
its effectiveness. However, with the development of modern
that the near future will bring bigger and more powerful
vibrators. And, as mentioned earlier, section CD need not
J0
Fig.
Cushion Dolphin
top part of the dolphin while the frame is anchored into the
dolphin.
Pavry (p. 173). This dolphin would have an ideal load de-
on the shaft and the bottom anchors that must come from the
pontoon being tossed around by the waves of an ever restless
sea. The experience with the floating fenders on the Texas
little sense.
There are many factors that must be considered when a
designer chooses a dolphin. Besides the basic criteria of
able to expect that one type of dolphin (say the timber pile
cluster dolphin) would best serve for all needs in every in-
stance.
To explore all possible dolphin types, discuss their
analysis and design, review their performance and suggest
some modifications in their design and construction has been
by
Bruno M. Carioti
David G. Elms
Robert C. Peace
Authors' Signatures:
Advisor's Signature: ,
Submitted
20 May 1961
PREFACE
authority.
in recordee ;,perience.
ful suggestions.
and suggestions.
-iii-
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface--------------------- i
Acknowledgments ------------------- iii
-iv-
TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)
-V-
CHAPTER I
DOLPHINS IN GENERAL
A. Applications of Dolphins
five categories:
---
-2-
B. Problems
design.
dolphin
W displacement of vessel in tons
sorbed through:
-5-
E W V2 where 79 1
2g + d2
r2
tudinal axis.
area about the fore and aft central axis of a typical ship
then becomE
I1 16 d
L2
If the ship approach is such as to strike the dolphin at
I 4
Z?Tz it
,.o-
*V!
.7-
:': 1~
11:r1
I TT
41 j4
It) :1 4____t
0 4 '1
it ii
-8-
(3) Wind
(4) Current
(5) Waves
2E
Pn(max) z
be determined by
Pt /J_ Pn
and dolphin
Pt =/ Pn(max ) .
vary with the state of the tide, and therefore the point of
-12-
collisions.
over the range of test velocities, 75, 100, and 125 knots.
1::
XT -7- -
77S7 tT7=
xt'~mKIi
1~4
w~OC 0d
- 0)n
H >jc 0 0 0
4c H' R\ H- 0-
Cw 0 0
bo - C C 0 cn H Cd N) CY
r. 0 4 0 cm) 04 Co
0 QE-
4-' 4
0p
H0 L-- co
C DO
Q) Cd Q) Cr C'i LA
r i>-I() 0 0 0 \10 OH H
bo .4 Ln L
0- 0101
Cd H t- 0
- CY) -. H 4-)
bo 4) c'N 0 0 4-
V. L - 0 bo
aC)E H Co 0 z 0 0 0 S
E o Lr' 0 *H0 0 0 0
CdO04-3 C') n nf' NC r+-
z qCd Co" t- co 100
0d0
Q)2 0 4 902
tk4'2) 0) 0 0 hO
r. kD C
%:O u O' 0--A-
l 0 ur 0
<4H 0 t Hd(1
0 :)- ()H )
E-4i.~ HOI
4.) \,0 0 0 4-3
HCd H- C') H- )
co W)0to H HA Co J H4
40 Co) -- 0 E20 oC
(1) 0 Co) zt n 4-;. Cd
-)0 H C"4
) C') bo 18 E- 02
CO rT, r. 0 0 0 Cd ca ;_
4-H n~ 0 1. 2 4- Q)
S0 C\J L--
Cd H- cn H- q.1
4 (1
102 0 o
) -P
$4 0 0 0 a)0) ( 3)1Z
)
*H (D0 0 0 0 4-: r-
HP
) H -H 0 D C
bho i - EA Cd
r. CJ C') C')
C') 0 ,O
4bo 4 40)
0;40H H- H 0 E 0
*H 0$ -3 0 \, Ln : rrI4
Oc 00 (Y)t'. --T'10 2
C h4o bO bo bo C4 0
0 z . Op 4
-Hq SL r T 4H *-4i H H H
Q) ;4 () S (1) 4 (1 ; 0 C:
Cl. 0 TA0 Yi0 .HA0 zV
0 40 P40 P40
(49), (50), (51), (52), (87) and (89). A review and analy-
sis of the theory and tests presented in those references
is beyond the scope of this thesis.
design parameters.
F. Design Aids
Q)
E~
4- 0
Cd C
0~ 0
0 z -)
;4 0
0 a)024-
;4 - C
4.)
Q)
0~I 0
-
0 4- 4.) M
W Y- 0) -4r4 00-
C
0 - co H 0
P OT-
HdU)ir
4~~~~W ,:-A dt !nji i
it' I r ,I. -
n BF4 ~ 2 . :Tj' i TT I t
id 4 t 4, 4i 4 i 24.t..:U
h{ N~
1
01~hN~rIV$
Ar.V. 2
iqT
.4
- 1 i4Ti1
t - -- - ;-!T , Y .4'.t-
14.7
L~~~t-24OF Vjn >~ 4f-t A.*
it. V - .j : ; ~ - IiT * 'I
J4 t4F
4j' -I -
I '1 _ -
R- if :, i T
iI 14T U, 1
IT t
V Iif : -
Er0
it 1i ;1:I l 4r
H~~~1 i ~ 4 j4'
+ -41',-
l
-7 t t_
T. 144 __ r I -~7
j- 4t 4 - 7
44I- i TJ 4 I - t - i--
fu
T-t~
4- ~'4 1 IL t t . 4 -,f-~ -
4A11
j
41~ T~~~r ~ ~ ,~<
-hlll-t
N:~4- 44~ t~-
fu J
tttr 4j
-ij-
4~Ar
l$ 4jt M-~
f''f-f4 1
K r
D--
-I+ ~ -#
~ u
-T ITI~T:4J1 IL
TL-4 _
117Y.K1~2K4
i 4 ,,.Lid
7 TT
.. ~t i-
r~~T~1Vrir7 7'-'
4 v _ , 11
t1,r T __ 4
414-
A l, 1 : 1:. 11 ;6-, .,. 1 t. - 1
4, .
k_
7~
:41' 71 77
-- I-I i ---
1 4
L 4
TT~ IA-
T- 1'- 1 L7 *'
4 J- 77 4N ,
4.TF, '44~4i W
IIT
4--r t4 -- s -. -
. t- ,
4.~~~~ ~ -4 IIL4
-74..
-- ~~~~~~~
.4,--
-, ' L,- 4 ' , -
om 1 ~ .. , 4A
- - ! - -
44 . .. . . .
U= 2
2 P *
U =I Se' AL
2 E
P L3
3 EI
bending is
U=1 iSe 2 ] AL
strain energy is
1 A
AlE
U = iS22
12E
t v2 _A
2 2
U= L Mx2
0 2EI
If the beam has a constant cross-section, the
moment of inertia is constant and
U 2 EI 6 EI
in section.
Fir'
MIZE
C!1* 't
T.~
Q64
-29-
Low Alloy,
High
Strength
Steel 50,000 70,000 30 x 106 4.6 1,200
Spring 6
Steel 140,000 220,000 30 x 10 36.3 490
Yellow 6
Pine 9,000 141,700 1.99 x 10 2.2 11
Oak 8,200 15,200 1.78 x 106 2.1 11
Greenheart 11,700 21,700 3.01 x 106 2.5 15
Rubber* 300 - 150 300 -
characteristic.
terminate.
static loading.
uc k
-IC
No1 eY(
V 7 7bVWW b9oj 147YIAIG77j/ Qi CC&j~f 9 AFIOA1 JO f0
-35-
recognized:
depth is an advantage.
is a disadvantage.
WORK AS.5oqdfP 6Y DoLp~,is iNBIPIC
4~ PiLE Dotepv
C~jjr- CAs'rrmteo
ppA
3E! 3ffr
U P4
pL I".
12.41 Er EE
Al A
af 4,/6-
V-~L/' NOM~
aL
-37-
Also, for any given length of pile and any Sa, the
allowable working stress for the pile, the following impor-
0I)
156/ 126/f3
160
_ _ _
#iri T'as.
Mee _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _
/25
'4
Air
kr4.
'FV~~-i Nf.Us~atw*-;&a
-40-
for the steel and wood members, and ultimate strengths have
been used for the reinforced and prestressed concrete mem-
inch-tons
per ton
14" ' Greenheart Pile 42.4
16" ' Greenheart Pile 42.2
18" x 1/2" H.T.S. Tube 24.2
36" # x 1" H.T.S. Tube 20.5
24 WF 100 Column Section 15.0
36" o x 1/2" Steel Pipe 10.4
36" g x 4" Prestressed Con-
crete Cyl. Pile w/12
Cables 2.66
24" x 24" R.C. Pile
w/8-11" Bars o.16
-41-
144
- 9~9wJW
-43-
Structural Members
dolphins.
4*aadsP
Pile 'eu_ _ _
in e.'d,
pied&.e to L6 575 3.8 58 2 Z~V 167
overtim,kly
I
Je ,n 33 33 4-/7 /17 5,0 f (3)
(1 Correj~pokwjs wig~ rYield 5tress yro,- )q5T-r /97- Sfrsrctwrd Cdor.o . rel
()Coresp,*s wtA Prz.rt ,"i
Li if Gree.i~ewri
(3. Corres p.es wiA ,el t/ ess f., 4srM1-,42,v2- //e}/4 -tre,, 9 M, low 411vc
5&~ee/ for f~icKtes~ ,ic,cl.
Fiy.&Ire 1.13
COAP1180VOF )POLP/IiM. I PLE,.5 /1iNcE CoNNEvcT/ON jr 7r'
ioafd, P
Iz V~e~s L65-,O
fired A 4i er
____________jtc.r e'.Pc G&&e4earf G*e.,/9ed 11-F-5- Tebe . r5. x6c rs.. rq6c
Work
46.s rhAed - iii /to /z 323' 677
- * 4,
/Ck
fASF'rce
m, each 0
Pj/e doe to 0 00
4'4
'rjn 33 431-77
would fail under the static load unless the number of piles
were doubled. This however would entail a much greater
work absorption capacity, i.e. resilience, than is needed
(and which might be considered a disadvantage in certain
respects). On the other hand, construction on four
-47-
sign should only be used where the soil can take a lateral
load without yielding more than a specified amount even
-48-
-49-
elastic range.
R r)
m Whl W 4 w
1
s + 2
hammer ) = 1.0.
A safe bearing load of 0.5 R is recommended by Mr.
VALUES OF EFFICIENCY
Ratio w/WI Driven by double-acting Driven by single-acting
wt. of hammer hammer
Pile Steel Sheet iTimber Timber or Timber or
wt. of Piles or Piles IR.C. Piles L R.C. Piles
Ram R.C. Piles Iwith with
_ I helmet used cap
fw Kp
b Breadth of pile
h Height of pile above surface
x Distance below surface
L41t ~n( F
/M3
GEOMETY OF FI .00E
LOD00SRIUTO
49f
* \ GF
-I'G-2-
'1
a
0
I-
hi
~1
lb
iii
a
9-
z'LI
I
0
I
0
z
a
S z
CJ
C.~) 0
pm
I, a
_______________ a
a
-s
9-
-57-
W Ep + Es
I" t0 2 t 0 31
'pIb A.-
L. 2 6
fw
f b O0 +
t04
P(h 4 to) - fw F
4
L6 2~4
-0
2 .xm3)U
Pf( 2bxm
P ~ fx
wm(3b, + xm) (3)
and Mma x - fwXm2 [3xm2 8 b)xm
(4h + + 12 hbi (4)
24.
-58-
03 (to t 4b)
m = 4 xm2 (xm + 3 b) (5)
d
1 P(h
L + to)
3
3 fwt 4
360 [5 b . h (3h 4
21
12b)t o + 2.5 t 0 2
(6)
Suppose we want to design a pile to withstand a
given lateral load P. Equation (3) gives xm if a value of
b is assumed. Putting xm into equation (4) gives the maxi-
mum moment in the pile and hence the required section for
the Job, and putting it into equation (5) gives the required
depth of embedment (remember that t = 1.2 to). Then putting
to and P into (6), the deflection of the pile top is ob-
tained.
On the basis of the pile tests of Flemherde in 1951
B.
elastic range.
A method has been developed by Palmer and Thomson
4 n
EI d -)
k y (1)
length
x = the depth of any point below grade
the pile
n a a positive parameter
-62 -
+ 2 Ym-1 - Ym-2)
Pressure/Unit Width
m/) Y.I El 1 (Ym+2 - 4Ymil * 6 Ym
S 4Ym-l + Ym-2)
ary conditions. These are that the shear and the bending
moment at the bottom of the pile are zero, and that for a
free-head pile, at the top the shear is the specified later-
and Bishop and by Palmer and Brown (Ref. 36). Other rele-
vant references are (23), (37) and (54).
3EI
It can be seen from the table that almost all values lie
between the generally accepted rule-of-thumb values of 5
ft. in firm soils and 10 ft. in poor soils. But although
these values of depth of fixity are suitable for use with
timber piles, it is thought that for stiffer piles the
point of fixity should be further down in the soil.
So= e , o. o o 0 0 o- o 05
0 H jOJ C-" H
0
4)
f4-4O24 0 O' Ui
rO 0 "o) f) - Cu I H4 H
r40
vr4 E-4 H
cCCa) 0 0
4)
4-)-
0 Cd-
c) t- fnt- c) n- o 4- I'D
_-44
r OD (y) m' H- \10 Ln~ nf' C:_
4.) NC., 00 C
"0
L \ O t- 0>-"0~
C.-.
O00
04-) 0
q,4O0
a (' (MJ LC\ 4 $
(1 Z 0 j -
HOi0~ Y) 0. W4 0 H- F=
cd 0) H 4-)
010 E-4
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _M_ 0 0 Cd
0
Hd r. C
Cd 4d
H C)
-H .40 E--4H
Ho Cf)
-~ cdE -4E- 0
0 0 ro 0t (d1)) 4.) r-i H
~
Ct) 02H 02.1-4 c-.H0 r~ H O-
024 0--H0 c
E-4 0
0
CO W cd 4. 4.C.C) H 4
./ H H Udz
r40T
F-40, 0)S- 0 - - 0 "C+
0) 0) (D - -~ > r' C) - r- 4.)E-
Z Z"o
z n (n oe10 1CQJcto.ca V)
rd
4)30
rl HA 4- H H H 4- 4 '. H
HX O mO , zt0 'D ON~ m~ 44 H
0
Cr~ 0 S 0 5 Cd
-)4.) C' H 01 H4 01 H H
Qcd. 0
H riI - H
0o
H-
a a(Y)a oo
-H
TABLE 2.2
LATERAL LOAD TESTS ON STEEL AND CONCRETE PILES
Loads to Produce a Given Deflection
Tp IApprox.Load i
No.1 Type Size Length Soil to give a Source;!
I' Deflection
ft. of:
'4Staper Gravel i
iUio
1 ; Di
4 IUnion 7J8 35 Brown Clay 9 13D
IMonotube Loam with
i Grave
,5 !Union 7J8 38 Brown c 21 D
8 BrwnlaYil15 2
IMonotube
Mn bGravel ,Loam with
oI
O ;Steel I12H53 40 1 Brown Clay 5 i 7.2 D
I Loam with
Gravel
7 iRaymond
IStd. -
.Brown 14 2' SoftClay 9 ll .5 E
on Silty
Sand
8 Raymond - 22 2' Soft 7 10: E
Std. I Brown Clay
on Silty
1 Sand
-67-
TABLE 2.3
LATERAL LOAD TESTS OF PILE GROUPS
! !
S'Load/File Approx. i
No. Type Size ;Lengthl Soil to give a 'Source
i ' 1 Deflection.
ft. I of: _
lit" I t___ __ __ _
_ _ __"-___
Silty Sand _____
-68-
-69-
411 t(IM~ ~
ea
Mlr P. r
norsim ESSTI
-72-
EA =p2L3
24EI
2
8(sa)2
2 IL 2.665 (sa)2 1L
3 d E d E
r 9
_EA =4P A P
4.2 42
which reduces to
2
EA L3 p
- 12EI
expressed finally as
EA = 4(sa) 2 IL 1.333 (sa) 2 1L
3d 2 E
nections.
rotate along with the bracing. The tops of the piles will
follows:
1
mt IMT
15 mt r
4 L2
mttQ 1
The total energy absorbed by the dolphin is
EA a 4 LA +4- C
2i
-t
[2 }4 -C
where
pL 3 5 mtL
P , V L = 5 - (assuming that Poisson's
1 TL 3
ratio is ), and A T
-76-
Q T mt EA
phin.
SR '( 2 43(s)2 *
assumptions:
for steel.
Hence Q 5 mtLo o 4 EI @
4mL or mt L
nC TL 3
3 EI
4 El
mt 5 Lo
MT E 1 3EQ v 2
5L0 0
Therefore
I Lo 2
mt L W V 2 MT
Lo e 2I + 3.75 Z1I r2
Mf 3 EI 9 r2 3 EI @ r
T Lo3 r L0 3
3 El 9 r
T L=3
and
mt 4 Ei o
5 Lo
Therefore,
T .13.75 r . m
L 2 mt
-82-
V
YO ( Y)
ofF) ore--qr.c,..
-85-
The two "end dolphins" were designed to hold the bow and
stern mooring lines after the berthing of a ship and to
provide some additional resistance along the line of dol-
phins.
by one main dolphin was the same. In case (i) the dolphin
glancing blow.
used for each main dolphin and three piles were used for
-lroP PLATFORMN
MWO
4. +L1?.0
LowEg PLATroAAM
NOAoA- EL. 48.o'
I.W+20
SEcTI-o Ai A -A NT#' CK
ELEV. -7f.0'ONRrEPIC
~Ait~ DOLPHiN
platform.
diameter piles.
Cohesion, C = 0
Factor to allow for wall friction in
Rankine's value of coefficient of passive
earth resistance, m = 1.33
Mr 736,o000 ft-lb.
Xo (mPp
-2 H
-Pa) (see Ref. 2)
- at -
mr .-
mi
KeI
-91-
from which,
Xo = 11.2 ft.
From equation
__X2 12 H h _X_2_H
- mp - Pa (p " Pa )j Pp Pa 0
(see Ref. 2)
the necessary penetration is
X - 36.93'
tions.
ET = 0.5 MT 9
Assuming force F acting on dolphin with
eccentricity -- MT 48 F in-T.
Then,
EA = 0.5 2
0.5 -v 23.4 ft-T - 282 in-T
2g
say 300 in-T.
-93-
F - 300 .59.9 T
0.o838
8.0 ft.:
impact is:
F w 12.22 = 13.9 T
0.88
which results in a maximum stress of 36,200 psi in the most
critical condition.
welding.
the piles were painted with a coal tar paint applied in two
was installe
the field work for all four dolphins, including pile prepar-
the structures.
"When the Captain of the vessel was ques-
were as follows:
(i) Pressure creosoted timber piles. It was
ditions.
placed on shore.
'N.'
7 '
00'
OIL ss rL-- A
0 4 TO "A* X 0
'of
-100-
landing stage.
of berthing vessels.
-102-
For the small dolphins the point of maximum moment and total
pile penetration were found to be 10' and 31' respectively.
-103-
dynamic loads. The fact that the results of the Blum method
tions amount to 2'-4" for the large dolphins and 3' for the
lated deflections.
- addition, compavative deep sounding tests
that the hollow pile acted more or less like a closed one
economy.
Designs incorporating hardwood piles, sheet
economical solution.
(Ref. 64).
adopted.
are used for mooring of a large dry dock (suitable for ships
up to about 10,000 tons), and two are used for simultaneous
small dock on the other side. The docks are moored inde-
pendently of each other by means of attachments which slide
four PSpwl20 pile sections and are used for securing moor-
ing lines of ships berthed at the Jetties. They are
TABLE 3.1
i4#1.tok berl4 (ec P5
?er Y61P4im A - E,___ E -
aft .16
0s/o O.209 0.200 0.213- 0-2911
Type dfpale md 4
4
Ame Per pa b;I ______
d( lw ~ I0 . Tovi
Stdt;' l~ddl dt 16' 5"
+NAP ioZ. 0.1w. TO
f W~dter(
ia*
#iA'.) ft. #3 13 Sff 1g44d tTO. zio
AwlIc ef'.eferma( fr~c- idr Level)
tiev srs
to4~~ :7"efml of wavtc kcdot N.A. P i?t.
-A.Af ,ret 0 qtcwr,(4ti1
Of06'0frcrt
u'
eq0psff.A9 den-. 30I
I)OL~~~~P
//N . 2 5N 2 ATA
DEATH IR
0DIP~o (rf t0
*Moo#fjiMc Paor
C (TYPE MAW,$AI,4AP
I it
%aa LVi
IVA
Fa- got*
-lll-
%nC
Ut
LQ t4
U.-z
'I Q to
A% a; N .
a K.-
vi7
-113-
63).
In addition, berthing and mooring dolphins similarly
A
-114-
Larssen sections.
as follows:
5,AN
(A '04
os-J
-3,3
10)
2=r
L 2of '~I'u~3
-n16-
0.45.
As a result of soil investigations which showed
*
zigI
.
o:!4
Pe~a
2.5'"
A~~o
1150 so
.Sd.d
.iifops58
-120-
of the steel is 21 x 106 tons per sq. meter (30 x 166 psi).
= 1.0 tons per cu. m. (77 lbs. per cu. ft.) and an
mum Static Pull of 130 Tons (286 kips) is done by the Blum
for P is obtained:
4
-122-
tribution. Therefore,
Water.
according to:
- = 103 m-tons (743 ft-kips)
2 2
i.e. assuming no loss in kinetic energy.
The permissible collision speed of the 36,000-ton
vessel, without causing permanent deformation in the dolphin,
is therefore
V = 0.24 meters per sec. (0.79 ft/sec.)
which is adequate.
1. Introduction
i 1W
H
7-PILE DOLPHIN
MLW
19-PILE DOLPHIN
F:I G. 3.14
16-PILE SQUARE DOLPHIN
L1
0 0 c
FI.31
-127-
LOAD
I III$P AE
08 ~ TAILIkfi.
W F
CLa&
Proba~l
hi re~~ssur'
Aisrributiol at failure.
FIG 3.16
-129-
out by the Bureau of Yards and Docks at the New London Sub-
deformation.
damaged.
simple cantilever.
lations have been made. The tops of the piles are connected
15 ft. above water level, the water is 35 ft. deep and the
30'
~5
ria 3.17
Pile Data
L a 55 ft. I .049 ft. 2
D = 1 ft. 1- 1 ft.
- 1.73 x i05 kips/ft. 2 EI 8.45 .03 kips ft.
A = 0.785 ft.2 EA m 1.36 x Io5 kips
Flexibilities
5L 3 /3EI 6.550
12/2EI .178
I2E .178
~C1/E1 .oo65
_ _ _/_A .0004o6
1 .996669 .081546
2 .999627 .027263
3 .999627 - .027263
4 .996669 - .081546 TABLE 3"5
-132-
a pile can carry and the deflected shape of the pile when
two criteria that the angle changes and the vertical dis-
ends are fixed against rotation the area of the M/EI dia-
M + N = P t" ab (1)
the moment of the area of the M/EI diagram about either end
2 M2 4
a Nt2 - pl3 ab(b 4 1) (2)
M a P1 - ab 2 (3)
N a P- " a2 b
2 F a2 b 2 (4)
4L
Z Pdtb
I L
-134-
2 Pmax. a2 b2 - A I
y
Fmax (7)
max 2 a2 b2 y
T.
of a and b.
1 P2, 3 b 3 93
I -A1 2 a3 b3 t3
Umax 0 2 t a 2 b2 y] 6 El
:246"AE 1a b y2 8
(8)
-135-
= .00224 1 ft.kips
ab
0.77 kips
a2b2
and at the center of the pile this has the minimum value of
12.32 kips.
Another design limit is that the maximum lateral
load on the soil at the foot of the pile must not exceed a
certain value, Rmax, say. In this case, equation (5) above
gives
Pmax.Rmax
'max - b[l m - a)j
a(b
PmPx =- b [1 + a (b - a
a)1 kips
-136-
above assumption.
(iii) General three-dimensional solution
for a multi-pile bent.
has not been included in this Chapter but has instead been
the order of the forces in the different piles and the way
at the same level. See Figures 3.18 and 3.19 for notation
and quantities used.
It is shown that the simplifying assumption
used in method (i) has a large effect on the force distri-
zontal load.
N OTATION
P I
Di5PLACEM~ENT-5
-138-
Horizontal equilibrium:
n
j[Pr Cos o r + Rr sin X r= F
Vertical equilibrium:
n
Moments:
n
Lo { vI - F1I.
where [CI is a (3 x 3n) matrix of form
R1
M,
Pn
MnJ
- RrtlsRCOS*rtl + Mr~lsmsinr+l
,Ar Br V' - 0
P 0 $'m - p04
Al B1 P1
A2 B2 0
, \ i
A~j 3
0 A B
n n_-
1 Rn F
0
C1 C2 C3 C" n Mn 0--
or,
[LDI{V J FJ (la)
A, V1 B1 V2 - 0
V1 = Alj 1 B1 V 2
Where C12 = C2 - C 1 A - B1
1
-i B2
C' 3 = C3 - C'2 A2
Similarly,
C'n Vn - F'
Vn = [CIn]- 1 F'
Back substitution gives the complete pile load matrix V.
i I I I
COssl sino(1 0 cOsaQni sinon 1 0
v = Sf
-144-
EDs.E ]I {V I 1IF1
where E is a (3n x 3n) square matrix of form
+S -S -S -S -S
+S +S -S
+S
+S S
o o o i 0 0
0 0 0
S 0 f/2 0
0 0 0
Table 3.9.
-145-
outer piles are now much less than in the previous case and
The outer piles take about three times the axial loads of
-l 6-
the inner; but lateral loads and moments are equally dis-
tributed between the piles. The maximum axial load is 3.53
kips, and so assuming a limiting pull-out force of 80 kips,
8.06 ft.kips.
,5'43. Ii I. 143.
-004-1o
004.I 0410
o00410
00440
*00440
. 34o2. / / 0004-0*8 E_2
Shear between
piles: 5.42 7.23 5 .4 2
Horizontal deflection at top: 0.0270 ft/kiv
Energy per kip: 0.0135 ft.kip/kip
4-PILE DOLPHIN FIG. 3.21
Coincident Piles Rigidly Fixed at Top
Loads in f't. kip units
Ik+p
0"14004040
-00440
004*10 *004-144
S-43 1.112S-4.2
Shear between
piles: 5.42 7.23 5.42
Horizontal deflection at top: 0.0270 ft/kip
Energy per kip: 0.0135 ft~kip/kip
4-PILE DOLPHIN FIG. 3.22
Non-Coincident Piles Rigidly Fixed at Top
Loads in ft. kip units
*0940000490
Shear between
piles: 3.526 4.705 3.526
Horizontal deflection at the t -p:. 0.07118 ft/kip
Energy per kip: 0.0356 ft.kip/kip
4-PILE DOLPHIN FIG. 3.23
Piles Unconnected at Their Heads
-2.S *.&S'I
Is 25 -2-5 ,'2.
1358 1.3t o.t
3.1
0 0 o d
o 0+0 o o
+*oo~o9 +S-k2
+-ooo~ +-004 ' 19
F ~
OJ34
MAU 1 : (o
-4*23-- 0 W**rJ~fj& -- -o a
4a ___ -1
4__ 0 +1
1:)4 '
TABLE 3.7
D A4ND V MAT RICES FOR HINGED
D-MATRIX METHOD (a
V-M*ATRIX (TRANSPO5rD)
- )O In .. I I-I
IF
TABLE 3.7
D AND V MATRICES FOR HINGED-HEAD JDOLPHIN
METHOD (a)
-.0000010488 0 0 0 0
*ooo4.&Ss"i 0 0 0 01
rD)
C4I.I3 I4ti~V~ 1s j- 0 ~o
lw
TA
E)- AND V-
MET
D-MATRIX
0 0 0 0 0 004
-5.5
0 0 0 0 0 0000OS73 -400O
0 0 0 0 0 0+-7
00 0 00
_50 0486& *1 0I
-o~S 00 0 0
+1 *'OZ713 -9"Wa +. I 0 0
EI-I0031_~ E11
292301 't00037 I3-5158 -2P~
p. -,
TABL
LE *D]
FOR SPRUNGR
-6-547,64 ooo--
00.09-177934 0
1+652919 +-oooo33171 4177q*07
o 0 0 0 0 0 #45475~s -- Como
0 0 0 +,
4178 0
fg54
-cvs6 .94 0 +-027163 -.999IL7 0 a42 -'O73 9994
oiS-177934. 0 0 0 0 0
-. 00650 0 0
+
SOM 7794 -654-7S(a *@Wo4eoI -*779310 0 0 0
+1 +00271~ g'9+L 1 0 +5
4
PIL
__ __ _ _ MP R M
5~~
*o7 ~ )t#i..z -d
92. -2.52L
, 1106 -292.. -21. 1110 - 3"15 -. '-63 .1719
.. 2 .7 0
To -2..240 12.63 -. 1Ofe -2- 2.4.0 "12.70 -2.996 -2"247
il.f9 -. 0472 -I *2
"1l500 -2.'447 -I. T54- .4o 0,
.7Z -1.2.3
-;i L I
Ito I
5L 4
Ij 1-1
ft~~~II L
F4 f
-~~~1 -4 viA r
I I [
-WTK /4-.
-
i
4_ .1
.i ..j
... 4
.. 4 J J4 -
________
-1 -Ti2*~~-TT .
-17t- -r- J
b-i-L 7~7*j~J~
~
rJj'7
;- rL4T-iii lTJK +
oiO
V'j
.17vT
~~i-7 -
J_ -1L
_
_,ou r
_
_ I
T .'T
-I I
G. .2 1YAIOIrGLI
Leg
IT!I
It ' ' I
I- 'l or4 i+ A_ 14
IIT
-T- .L
tT
Tt I
-F T~~T2
-LA4
I Lf4
G.;-*-r,32~4., v
CA -r--4 O-
-
_ It__
T
-e F
- L
li
-71-
~i. '~ j7~rV K idi
040
'U00
-1Oo
-pq~ ~ - - - -
WNW
50
#01 -. -0
FIG-326 f jf-,'Kq"
.77
Id,
______
464
4-I
-4--
1_H _ _ _
00
7;A EIBLT f~Kp
-161-
dolphin.
4 7r 2 EI
crit - 2
3
P 20.19 2EI 20.19 x558.46
2 x 10 59.2 kips
552
-162-
6. Conclusion
jL
4'
,jt
~4
* A 4'w'~v
*~1'
~' MLW
4
..
4
A
.4
4
* ..
ScREW
.
Fi~u~. 3.a9
p~.
,eel'S
43
,b M? I, -
-167-
bearing capacity.
timber piles
sensitive to remoulding.
(4) It is not always easy to position the pile
this formula.
The following method for the bearing and pull-out
own weight) is
+ Po + Qs
=
where
Qb= 9 CbiB2
moulding, then
Qs Cs T b (D - B)
CS = C'"
clay. Also,
-171-
Po ( wh * D) b2
'4
Tb B 2 4 C rb(D - B)
+ ( h + D) L b2 (1)
' '4
Some test results have shown that this formula gives bear-
be taken as
conditions.
1. Description
$f
?mrTTF-----------h
tj T 4 4j 4'
~1~H 4 I~TT
-A4 T
I - I tf : .4
I
H4 tI 1tI
4% i 1rf
D 4- P.- -- t1-i * - 1:
- 4 MR_
44 :14T
4U-
t 1 4 4 ~ - M4t
~
__ __-4
+- J t 4-4
-~ jF2~~~+ ,- -
-ftIt K"~i-~~
~ 1-T 4 P' ~I4 V H-H
-176-
with the ship is made over the entire length of one of the
2. Applications
to a few inches.
3. Past Performance
4. Design
and the water depth, load and energy absorption vs. deflec-
of rotation.
Table 3.11.
TABLE 3.11
Symbols Used Jn Ring Pontoon Dolphin Analysis
3.14.
:Ix, R- ~ !ttKjV..} .i~ ti j- -
A ~JT~KVI
r~~-i i~4I ~fYif~ _
o I~~
1 tt ~ 44 ~ 1+
I412
T -
+H'
j+r')-i~ ~ r14-
I- J1 I
4,
Jq +I
A I
r i 1
11' 73
11VI
-A
L~K f<, .A
i- '' t...17rj
IEi 1
4 1
'-
4-: 11
44.
-11~~~- t- 11~ It
4T 14 i1~
,- . 1't
jI I'4- r-i
-'
11+ Ti-! 21
,~ i-- ~t -, ~ ~4*i.I:A
i WI.1T I 4L4I4
2- ' ~ -~. ' ___
____
__
4 -4
; -- - 7 777' ---- 77
4f 1 1 Li
*jhfK
O~~~~~4~1 HA
lti itt~~t
11T I~4'' +41
1 f' L71l
-f44
.. ,Ji.LIt. ti. -.
-.-
42- j . - .2T.iL,2T r
Ii .. .i ,- - :
"T 1.: t
4.1, 4~ y4
:1 7: -
4
-7:7-~ t
-185-
TABLE 3.12
Buoyant Forces and Moments for Pontoon - Condition I
-186-
TABLE 3.13
Buoyant Forces and Moments for Pontoon - Condition II
0 - .CUCj 0(,) IJ rH C-&'L
.t - 0 P~-) X Y0 N r-i(y rnLi\C--
r-Ht--H
O H H- H- r4 Hir
0)000000C 0000000
D -f oo a%~ kO~D
0 k10 Gt-l 0 H H
* . * * * a . . a * 0
V4- 0 OC -I 0 Ot-CX3 0 no0V-Co 'l0 0
H H
C) 0N 0
OCJON r-H 0 LCX 0 N --hDco 0
< yO:tn0o -CY ) 1 t-O- 0 H CIA ( -P
Z* 0 * . 0~ . . . . * . * . :
20 0000000 O)OC)H0r- - -H 0
H + 4+
+ + . . .4.
zt"oco 0 C) 40 000000on -
C~ Dr loO CijUf\ -T Hr.O Hl- -H (Y)
01\
(H COl)) H LC-X U,\0J f 0
OnCTxH t-i 0
,iZ 0 0OHl ri -i -4C\J HHHCJ\J\ 4-)
8H H-
P, Q ---f -A )CO0j In -- )
Nk004CQ -) LFc) -t
ac--
CXI&xC-) [I-CJ0\Mi
0"koC1,) H
cT
~Z0
H-
cz
0
rY,0 CY'PA0 H
HHi
0 (\ o0C
"4H
'
JfCO
H-iH H
m
8 *14 1 1 1 1 I 4.) 1 11 1 11 1 E4 0
n o 0000000) sz 00000oo0
'N< r . .* 0 . . . ..
to4f 0 COOCCOOCC
(Y) Y)() nc O () ncOCOncOCCn
CY
H +4*+ .
84-))
-H 0
C +L-X)HZ rr,
VH 555 0 0 0 . * . 0 . 0 p
IQ im 0)MQ\ M-G\0 C) a)\D0 t--L- -- cO c 0
t 0 (1) H ~C
r- 4r- H XC\
N C\IJCQ r H JC4oJ CJ CJ0 C)
oo d
0H 0C:0 00
1-1 0H)C)C - )or)
1) 0 0H -
-188-
U 194
SF F-
s 2
2 97 ft.T
or 77 kips.
+ i4$''{+4 ~
+1 1 1v 1 1-
44 -
11
t~tA-11i4
-41,t*rj 4 4
41
M ij1 1
- -rh rd-4-
1 ~14 7
-
th -i
4->F A.
71 ;.+i1-: 4-flfj Ji 7F Fp - - I -j t
11 .- Fj K-
4r # 1:,
Wi rnT41 44,-
i It ,
1-1,
1F ~ !Th'~~r 7T4'1
'-I ~ 4Ti'
~ I- t Ir- 4ICd
- -, 11 Jfrt
T ; : F
41* .i I T 1+ ;# 74 t
T .1 1P 4
Tv i4_ -} -
TIt 4 4,r--I
Tr t f ...
0 - +
r7J-.il UZI
I r '
TP
0-
d: -
I 4cJ MT AM,-t4 4- 4M-
4Yr.4- - 4L {4L
.t~j' +4c-
It I .
2 4F, 4I
4tL 4
T--r
4 i~ ~~4 4-~ i
471 ,-t ~ 4
-191-
and L 0.30 D,
Fbl = 0
Previously calculated,
N = 88.4 kips.
74 1 I-- .1 -
VI4-- 'T 4 : L4
- 4I .
M 4
-4 I 11 - ' -
44
tF,.,tr- ,
4 W'" t-f
OM 4
-41 7'
11TITT:Ui
-
I 1 -1 r . :1i: 4j4 ~ t i
4.. iT r 4l~
4$ -4 4-p
ii4 14' -IT I -- 1
fu ~ ~~ 11 i
-193-
For stability,
2 Ff + Wp cos 19 P sin 190 + cos 190(Fbl Fb2
of an unusual approach.
concrete.
5. Construction Method
to vertical position.
shaft.
last as necessary.
1. Description
point of contact between bell and dome will then move from
the apex of the dome to a point nearer the side of the bell
oigre 3. 38
-199-
2. Application
tures.
3. Past Performance
4. Materials
5. Design
6. Construction
1. Description
2. Applications
3. Past Performances
construction.
4. Materials
5. Design
dams.
(c) Mooring cells are never drained and the
fill below water level is buoyed at the time of
of a temporary nature.
formula
6 Mr
- 0.03 c
the structure
>5 , specific weight of granular fill
- friction angle of fill in degrees
h - height of cofferdam
N%
II
'U4
Illl
-206-
written
2
Mr Mr0.03
= 6 dIh
0.785
average z hh
Ea = tan 2(
(45 'K2z '"3h , z 4h
+ .,. 3h ) +
h 3 -H
ance of the fill with the above, the total ultimate resist-
= 300
= 10#f3
* 60 -/f 3
h = 38'
z - 6 1
/X- 0.30
It is important to note that calculations should be
based upon the highest anticipated water level.
Because of the high point of load application,
sliding of a mooring cell on a rock bottom is never critical.
Because the majority of the fill is buoyed at all
times and hydrostatic pressures are minimal except when
there occurs a rapid drop in exterior water level over a
considerable vertical distance, bursting of mooring cells
due to failure of the sheet pile interlocks in tension is
remote. Maximum stress in the sheet pile interlocks under
1!_4
t I qft 'jl
':T 4-14
I WTI- v T;
.. . .. . . Ii . i -11 7-1, H 4
_r t t17
3
T A
1,14 A- 7 4-:
441
t 4-
FIT! + 14 1 HIT
T T V:: A
.........
....... ............ I
J L: J44 4:_ T 4
-T r AIV, ii . J r i
om 41 r
xn T T laii 14 t
11 ' I- - -1 IN 4q, '44ti AC.
L T 7
t-r -r Fit :T
A 11 V 4 t
7
TT :1
I: I
t
0
i - 1 -4-
-lli F LN T; T i:
I:tt Lf.
it) 7 U 4
c:HIE 'i 7M
H-P 7r It
4 1 Lj 'E1,11 1- '.. .1 7 1
V+ ;q 4Q.-
J4,1 -1,t:
4 4, 7 j-!
.4
tP
--rt :_ . : " 7 i 71 ..
. .....
--9: T. t
4t 74: 4
t
-1 : '1, t 4. V, 4:
+ '4
4- 4 ..
VT I '_ _
+H '4
ft 4 44:4- t
:t .t M#t t AM
ip 4 14--
Tr'
t
lt4j 'IM
-4
ti
:VF J,
IT t-14, T!,
311, 111"k 4 .i # - :T'
kA- TAII I- 111l._t j: H -- T
-,r f4lon
4 1 _;4
4 11 ;,a :"T+41i_ I:i
T
j4 _11-
4--
4L-
J,
j i-L I :. -,,, * 4, 4-
jt jil T"i 1 tt I- I
_r it 44t 11 i+
4
i t ill # I t
FT
4 1
'L iA.
rt :1 _: H- i,
4
4,
:% 4,
': V 1
t T, i
0
N
1.4 Ti t-"' i II
4 4 jj -4 4 j. L:
t
14
_Tf
i it
114A
4,1
14 I- 4 141] M l' i V Ti4c I -di4f
-210-
24
where T = interlock stress (#/in.)
p = Coulomb pressure at the base of the cell
( z ,'h)tan 2 (45 _ )(#/ft.2) calculated
at low water
d = diameter of cell (ft.)
6. Construction
That is, the work done is equal to some average force act-
ing through the distance A . This distance may be the
-212-
-213-
4.1.
In a less perfect docking the ship approaches at an
angle, hitting a dolphin first with the knuckle of the bow.
"LL
_______________________
CAE Mr
CAM i
(A4fte r .it a eS
cs Re f fi)
-216-
ft
/07b o . per 67 ~ , .~
GA~~pyi,,as
iE eer~
T48E Fr
Loy______________ if
-218-
would be uncertain.
1. Raykin Buffer
deflection.
The fendering for these dolphins was designed for
80,000
',60,ooo.
.20,000V.
(ci)CNIiA
A i'4rLN
CGOT
OFAotrir
P04AvS
9,fE-Ifr1;V&
lotCASE
IZ
'f,
,% , 69A FA
-222-
Lateral approach
velocity - 0.42 ft. per sec.
Total kinetic energy
of ship - 370 ft-tons
Reduction coefficient - 0.30
the energy absorption over the fender units was solved using
ripped off.
3. Steel Springs
on which are laid 4" precast slabs 9' long and 2' wide.
deep at the ends and 6' at the middle, and weighs 56 tons
in Figure 4.4.
peroet peck~
Jedy o*. I
-A Pr.4 .
m e.q
-226-
5. Retractable Fender
follows:
a c"0Cy/,toder o
,4kI- ad#p~we
(6). S/2'E dV P j
Prrccwj/7
Co3e
Co/ee f~ce
Atvero AAs#
Ceqcrefee or,&
4Al i0.
-228-
Velocity of approach
normal to dolphin - 0.588 ft. per sec.
up.
fLoq riNv& PoN Toom Po~. ",dN
SECTIONAL EL.FVATiON
SEC TIONAL PLAN
4,av fs P5;6.0raj
#feelal.
7. Berthing Beam
all the piles which are thereupon pushed back from their
forward deflection, through their position of zero deflec-
A. Steel Dolphins
zone from the high tide line to an elevation about two feet
spray;
action;
-235-
t 4 4- - 1L4 II
4j4 4-41 h j: 41 ,6
1,-R -H4 . F4
pI t . 1 IA :ir1
-iff 41-1 t- -4+I- 6
- -
v41:14.,11m 7-4.4,
,11 4.-
opll T 4
i ' f 4~
1
..
-141-1
* t M 4.~ HZ
-& -~~
4
1 ~~~
*-t71
:4~ t1 --
A'f V., * .1
T! -
-- j
4 -' -- T ~ -
t. 7* ~ ~ AM r j ~ , *
d:1
1 I-A/p- i
-237-
air;
In the splash zone and I.he zone above it, :Lt is considered
below the low tide level were anodic to that portion of the
same steel member in the tidal zone (Ref. 28). This differ-
on the steel below the low tide level and a partial pro-
Beach, North Carolina and the Panama Canal Zone (Ref. 19).
silt content.
2. Corrosion Protection
phins.
-240-
above and below water level. Munger (Ref. 48) has listed
film corrosion.
coating.
(Ref. 73).
(3) Chlorinated rubber mastic systems consisting
be effective.
pliance.
Steel piling coated with from 1" to 2" of gunite
about one inch from the pile surface by studs, and angle
shear connectors welded to the pile prevent slipping of the
-244-
applied from the top of the splash zone to about 2 feet be-
low mean low water. Concrete encasement is accomplished
ditions were about the same for the Ni-Cu-P steels as those
out.
allowed.
sand cement mortar over 2" x 2" welded wire mesh held at a
faces.
D. Maintenance
CONCLUSIONS
A. General
-252-
-253-
B. Tubular Dolphins
be attained.
2. Proper functioning of these dolphins depends on
be from 10 to 40%.
factory.
4.
-257-
dolphin.
poor soils.
F. Ring Dolphin
G. Bell Dolphin
material.
-259-
-261-
-262-
4
APPENDIX A
1. Torsion-Resisting Dolphins
ties. All of the dolphins had six piles, 18.5 meters long.
The embedment of the piles was 7.5 meters and the top of
the piles was 2 meters above the water level. The dolphins
-269-
-270-
The tests were also made for the purpose of finding out
lected since they will be small and will not reduce the
ing stresses.
-271-
TiLEA-/ Leeto~
I Y4 .
1V8Le A-Z
T r 0 0 0 0
770 34C -Z 3
water was 80 ft. and the total penetration was 77 ft. The
?A/cit*.f
- /0 7Y3o
/I/
-M#e- /t.
f'(-7 7-~A~~y / AX
Ala.
.1A11
-275-
stopped.
ing E.98.
barge but two did fail when hit by a 170-ton barge travel-
Note that Tables 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3 on page 65 ff. show
further tests of piles and pile groups.
APPENDIX B
Down Load, and not curve (2) for which there is no asymptote
number of applications.
-277-
-278-
the pile. The Bureau of Yards and Docks has developed such
an instrumented pile.
measurements.
(1) Load
(4) Soil
One P - n curve is needed for each soil type, and for
should be obtained.
LA /NO OF A P PLI CAT ONS
Load.
514AKE DOWN_
LOAD
cycle~s ri
-FIGI
APPENDIX C
worthwhile.
-280-
No tat ion -.r,-",;-eo
v~ntj..on
2'.IG C-1
x y
defl1ections u v w
lo ads L
moments L N
A pile has four types of7 load. Consider a pile along the
z-axis.
u/P 0 0 o 0 u/N
o v/Q 0 0 0 0
o 0 w/R w/L 0 0
f'=
o 0 Q/R /L 0 0
4
0 0 0 0 /M 0
/P 0 0 0 0 Y/N
F = T' f T
in mn nn 0 0 0
ly my ny 0 0 0
iz mz nz 0 0 0
T =
0 0 0 in mn nn
0 0 0 ly my ny
0 0 0 l z mz nz
i n = COS( mn = - sinO( nn = 0
x L .,M
P
Pr = PA(1)
Qr - 0 (2)
jRr o (3)
, (Lr * Rryr) = 0 (4)
<z (Mr - RrXr) (5)
system.
-285-
IVt
Ii)
xJ 4,
91 = 92 (7)
41 - 2 (8)
I Ur Pr
Vr ; Qr
Wr....-FrJ F Rr
rMr
I' r
or
K'iFr J
I- Srr..
P2 1
, oo-(y2-yl)
0 0(
1
Q2 1 , o+(2xl) %aI
I i I00 t~x2-
I R2 1 i(y 2 -yl) -(x 2 -xl) 0 -R
F2
.L ., .2 f 11 ."
F1=
4IL1
0
M2!i
or
El F2 SI
E2 F
Cl C2 -n - *-- -PIi--
where
4 1
[1 _
0 0 -Yr I
0 0 +Xr 1
Yr -Xr 0
Introduc t ion
The Ring Dolphin is a buoyant, energy-absorbing device
designed by Messrs. Posford, Pavry & Partners, which acts
as a buffer or fender against the approach of a ship at low
speed. It consists of a heavy base, a central shaft or
stalk, and a hexagonal buoyant ring or pontoon. The pontoon
is free to move up and down the stalk, according to the
state of tide, but when impact of a vessel against the pon-
toon occurs, binding of the pontoon-collar on the stalk
takes place. In this condition the dolphin offers resist-
ance to ho.-Lizontal forces transmitted by the vessel, due to
buoyancy reaction in the inclined position.
-288-
-289-
Description of Apparatus
Preliminary Experiments
Table 1
(V) With the centre of the dolphin offset half the beam
of the vessel from the line of motion, maximum angular deflec-
tion of the stalk for constant speed of approach occurs with
X values in the region 0 - 300. (XO = the angle measured in
a clockwise direction from a reference foot, pointing in the
direction of motion of the vessel). Minimum deflection of
the stalk, for constant speeds of approach, occurs with X
values in the region of 900.
-293-
c.s. 6 (6398)
NATIONAL PHYSICAL LABORATOfK'r
w
BC
ID
(9~
1-i
FIGURE 2
PERSPEX SCREEN
HOOW N
S-AACE O OPO
STEEL~~ I SPIN --
SIDE
ELVAIN
~ ~ 4 N EEATO
t1n- -
z
I w
o;l
i
-d z _ _ _ _
-J0
0w
0 0___
I1J
00
SN0I NI 3:):OA
FIGURE 4.
ANGLE OF DEFLECTION OF 5TALK FROM VERTICAL IT FORCE IN TONS
AT BEAN BOLLARD
I CONDITION A - FORCE
BASE TILTSON+
60 - AND BOTTOM
50 B-ASE SLIDES O
SAND BO1'TOM(nNs upl
BASE SLIDES ON,
z METAL BOTTOM
-0
30
ILI
0--_
I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 t0 II 12 13 14
DEFLECTION OF STALK IN DEGREES
FIGURE 5
40
'9 30
U"
,.
to"
0
z
0
tu
VALUE OF X s60
EXPERIMENT 4
SHIP SPEED O. 28 KNOTS
INITIAL TRACE
RETURN TRACE
FIGLI.-E 6
40
4..
VALUE OF X 60 b
EXPERIMENT 5
SMIP SPEED -O058 KNOTS
INITIAL TRACE 51
------- RETURN TRACE
FI GURE 7
Ila
90
70
F X
VALUE 60
50~
0
I
14-
12
! t
, I
I Iw I
0 6
LL
e8
7
_6_.. . ..
7 .
6-
2 Is
2 I--------X VALUE Oo
V IN NT
I--.. , 15"Q
* II
C 0 P Y
AMERCOAT CORPORATION
Manufacturers of Corrosion Resistant Products
4809 Firestone Boulevard
South Gate, California
Daytona Beach
Dimetcote No. 3 has withstood tidal immersion over a
five year period with no film destruction. In continuous
immersion the product shows scattered pitting after approxi-
mately two years test. When over coated with Amercoat No.
86 Primer and Amercoat No. 33 Vinyl Topcoat the entire systom
is unaffected for over three years of continuous immersion
and will undoubtedly withstand several more years of such
immersion.
-294-
-295-
/s/ D. H. Gelfer
DHGelfer:ps
THE STRUCTURAL ACTION OF
Princet-; University
Princeton, New Jersey
ACRMowLGMMrr
a research project for the Bureau of Yards and Docks, for whose help
1. INTRODUCTION
and to absorb kinetic energy from a ship that strikes it. The former
requires high strength, whereas the latter calls for a structure that
* understood,
ly used dolphin is the timbar pile cluster dolphin of the type illus-
more than just a few piles. Earlier it would have been a formidable
from the structural analysis of such a dolphin; but with the advent
The manner in which the loads in the piles of Figure I are trans-
However, it Is safe to assume that below a certain depth "d" the piles
be fixed at the depth "d" below the mud line. This depth will of
course depend upon the soil conditions and is reasonably small in firm,
trary size using an IBM 650 computer. The analysis is in two parts.
not fully justified in practice and which leads to low values of load*
and energy capacity for a dolphin. This analysis gives the maximum
load a dolphin can sustain and the maximum energy it can absorb without
or multiple stool tube dolphins, etc. However, once the problem has
ing the input data; i.e. the water depth, soil conditions, pile
It is also hoped that the results for the examples computed and
2. THEORY
dolphins whose piles are allowed -some slippage where they join. This
results [Il.
C Equilibrium matrix X
!Horimontal
H t axes
Y
Z Modified flexibility
L
M
Moment about X-axis
" " Y-axis
y L Pile axes
whose n piles are rigidly connected at the top. The geometry of two
moment Na about the vertical axis, then six equilibrium equations may
be written.
E Pr = PA (1)
E Qr = 0 (2)
Er -o (3)
E(Lr + Rryr) - 0 (4)
then equations (2) (4) and (6) can be dropped because of symmetry.
Consider a horizontal plane at the top of the dolphin and any two
centers have coordinates (XIY1 ) and (X2 Y2 ) (Fig. 3). Then rotational
01 a 2 (7)
P1 " 92 (8)
*-t2 (9)
7
v2 = v 1 + '41(X - X 1) (11)
Ur 4 Pr '
vr Qr'
orw r = RF)
r (
r Lr
Pr Mr
.*r Nqr
or . . [Fr ..
sr , (13)
where [Fr ] is the flexibility matrix of the pile, which will be defined
-1 -
I -l
* -
8
, :. S.1
1.L0
0
Na
I Cn
I1 1 i0
Io
-[CrJ r - L ------------
0 0 -Yr I
0 0 Xr I
Yr -Xr 0
z1 F2 ;0 I I
E3 F 1 i 3 0 (16)
Cl C ----- C
procedure as follows:
rIEF 21 rSI'I = 0
S2 J
.e18 + F262 = 0
* . S - 1 I7 2 S2
where C = C2 -C 1 F2
Similarly, C - -l 1 F3
CUl SU - P
whence SU - C 1 P
''
* ,--,---"---- '"".: '"r
10
We now know the loads in the nth pile. The deflections of this pile
are given by
64 a FnSn
and the loads in all the other piles are determined by back substi-
Sr = - E; Fr+1 Sr+l
it (Fig. 4). We therefore have for such a pile the basic flexibility
matrix f:
u/P 0 0 0 u/M 0
0 v/Q 0 v/L 0 0
f 0 0 w/R 0 0 0
o O/Q 0 G/L 0 0
CP/P 0 0 0 P/ 0
u/P - L3/391
CP W - L /291
n/M - -L2/291
CP/M n L/ZI
#/N . L/J
w/R = VIlA
11
F= Tf T (17)
x mX nx 0 0 0
y my, n 0 0 0
T = "z mz n. 0 0 0
0 0 0 Lx mx nx
!0 0 0 - my ny
0 0 iz mz RZ
Ix = COO MX = - sin a nx = 0
Ex n1, 0
Ay ny 0
To Is nz 0
0 0
0 0 my
,0 0
12
FS = T a.fT
of a dolphin were rigidly connected to each other at the top and, for
the initial elastic analysis, that they were all built in at their
lower ends some distance "d" below the mud line. To allow for the
position of this point of fixity and for the fact that the head of the
dolphin must be some way above the surface of the water, the lengths
of the piles were taken to be 10 ft. greater than the water depth in
all cases.
depths of 20, 40 and 60 feet, the different cases considered being shown
patterns shown In Figure 5. which also shows the two orientations of the
dolphins. It was further assumed that all piles had a uniform diameter
given in Table 2.
13
j Orientation
Case No. of Pile
______Orientation___
Effective Length
Ft. I Water Depth I
Ft.I
1 7 1 30 20
2 7 2 30 20
3 19 1 30 20
4 19 2 30 20
5 19, 1 50 40
6 19 2 50 40
19 1 70 60
S 19 2 70 60
9 30 1 50 40
10 30 2 50 40
11 30 12 70 60
12 I 30 2 70 60
_ _ _ _ _ __, ,._ _ _ __
f Pile length I
.A'le. .(ft) 30 50 70
coefficients -___,_,_.,.
full-scale tests (2),[31 have shown that a pile cluster dolphin usually
fails when the most heavily stressed tension piles are pulled out of
the soil, after which the compression piles either break or are also
pulled out. The latter can only happen when the deflection of the
than the force required to push it further into the soil. If the
latter is called the bearing capacity of the pile, the pull-out value
asiumes that the load P on the tension pile increases linearly with
pile is subjected to a tension load greater than the pull-out value Py.
that by far the biggest load is carried by piles No. I and 5, the two
15
piles seemed much too great. For example, the horizontal components
of the two outer piles constitute about 45% of the total horizontal
present between the piles will allow the load to be distributed more
evenly between the piles, thus allowing the dolphin to carry a greater
load before any yielding of the piles takes place. Thus, its recover-
tion may be possible even before that load is reachbd. The results in
terms of unit pull-out value are given In Table 3 and Figures 8 and 9.
16
cse les Orientation Depth Max, force Max. deflex. max energy
ft Ikip/kip I ft/kp ft .kip/kIp
-~w . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ii
It was assumed that as soon as the first pile reached its pull-out
lateral and bending moment loads were thereafter neglected. The calcu-
it was further assumed that the pull-out value of a pile was equal to
plotted in Figures 10, ll, and 12. It can be seen that, compared with
(and will absorb 673 ft. kips while doing so). With such large deforma-
Table 4.
6. CONCLUSION
paratively small load will cause yielding of the tension piles, and
repeated loads will gradually cause the dolphin to fail. However. the
AA
d
-1-ASSUMED PLANE
OF FIXITY
k.u u
u~ I
Ih
XIYI
(.44I
/l R IE LXBLT
7 PILE DOLPHIN
ORIENTATION 2 0 0 -- 0
t 2.60'
0.86' ORIENTATION I o 0. - l
K3.0' -3.0'1
1.0
TOP BOTTOM
19 PILE DOLPHIN
2 Q o0 00 2.60'
2.60'
o o o o o o-L 2.60'
TOP BOTTOM
(in)
.746 1.47
-*- ORIENTATION I
.003 -- 0- ORIENTATION 2
I,
WIN
IC~-
.002 IL 30 PILE
w 00
0.0
z
0 19 PILE
Id
.0
19 PILE
0>- .001
-j PILE 17
w
0'0
0 20 40 60
WATER DEPTH (FT)
FI SURE 8
MAX. RECOVERABLE (ELASTIC) LOAD/ UNIT PULL-OUT VALUE
-0- ORIENTATION I
------ ORIENTATION 2
0.7-
0
-0.6
00
>0.5
00
C-)
0O.3
0
0.2
0.I
0 1
0 20 40 60
WATER DEPTH (FT)
F ISURE 9
30 PILE
460FF
19 PILE
3.0 -2O FT
2.5 FGIE~
.0
1.-
0.59 PILE
100
ft... 30 Pi le
w0
a.a
a
259Pl
-J
00
v*7 Pile
0 2'S 20 40 60
SWATER DEPTH (IFT)
FlomR 11
ULTIMATE ENERGY
ASRE
FOR UN IT PULL OU
-OTV ALUE // DEPTHJE
AE D PT
>6
0
05
30 PILE
w~0
0
44
20WTE
EPH(F)6
F GR
UNCLASSICFILED
UNCLASSIFIED