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TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE

FACULTY OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT


ACADEMIC YEAR 2017/2018

ATGB3052 Site Surveying

Practical No. ( 3 ) Title:


DRAINAGE LEVEL AND GRADIENT CALCULATION

Staff In-Charged : Mrs. Nur Fadzlina Aini Mohmad Lehan


Date of Experiment : 5 July 2017
Date of Submission : 12 July 2017
Programme (Group No.) : DQS21 (01)

Total
No. Student Name (Student ID No.)
Marks

1 Alan Tong Kian Yao (16WVD04293)

2 Alvin Choong Hon Wai (16WVD00271)

3 Andrew Cheong Han Liang (16WVD01944)

4 Chan Hao Yun (16WVD02952)

Assessed by:

_______________________

(Staff in-charged & Date)


Table of Content

No. Title Page No.

1. Objectives

2. Introduction

3. Equipment

4. Procedure

5. Results

5.1 Rise and Fall Table

5.1.1 Gradient Calculation

5.2 Gradient Table

5.3 HPC Table

6. Conclusion

7. Precautions

8. References
1.0 OBJECTIVES

The purpose of this practical is to measure the drainage level and calculate the
gradient of drainage level.

2.0 INTRODUCTION

A typical construction project, disregarding the type of building being constructed, a


simple and basic drainage system is usually required to prevent flooding or
containments from entering the storm water catchment area. Hence preliminary
planning is an important step in designing a storm water drainage system, the system
design must be in compliance with the states or territory regulatory requirements.

An important factor when planning for storm water drainage is identifying the
rise and fall of the allotment that you are preparing for, therefore allowing the person
responsible to calculate the heights or depths of drains and excavations to enable the
flow of storm water to the legal drainage outlets.

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3.0 EQUIPMENT

Figure 3.1 Staff Figure 3.2 Tripod

Figure 3.1 Automated Figure 3.4 Bubble


level

Figure 3.5
Measuring tape

2
4.0 PROCEDURE

1. First of all, started to set up the tripod and put the automated level on it and
make sure the degree on horizontal circle setting ring is 0.
2. While setting up the automated level, the other group member can waiting at
SCL (TBM), SIL and DIL by holding the staff with a bubble to make sure it is
levelled and for them to read the data. Extend the ruler if necessary.
3. Before read the data, make sure the bubble that equip on the automated level is
in the middle of the circle to ensure the whole setup is levelled and to get the
most accurate data.
4. If the bubble is not in the middle of the circle, adjust the tripod or the levelling
screw on automated level to move the bubble to the center.
5. Adjust the aiming gun on the automated level to achieve a line with the staff.
6. Capture the data of SCL and SIL that show in the diaphragm.
7. If the reading is blur, adjust the slow motion screw to help the reading look
sharper then write down the data.
8. After SCL and SIL, leave the measuring tape on the ground and capture the DIL
by moving it 3m after capture each DIL reading.
5.0 RESULTS
5.1 RISE AND FALL TABLE
BS (m) IS (m) FS (m) RISE FALL RL (m) REMARKS
(m) (m)

1.520 65.000 SCL 1 (TBM)

3.086 1.566 63.434 SIL 1

2.990 0.096 63.530 DIL CH0

2.968 0.022 63.552 IS CH3

2.970 0.002 63.550 IS CH6

2.946 0.024 63.574 IS CH9

2.900 0.046 63.620 IS CH12

2.883 0.017 63.637 IS CH15

2.874 0.009 63.646 IS CH18

2.838 0.036 63.682 IS CH21

2.828 0.010 63.692 IS CH24

2.817 0.011 63.703 IS CH27

3
2.801 0.016 63.719 IS CH30

2.785 0.016 63.735 IS CH33

2.763 0.022 63.757 IS CH36

2.754 0.009 63.766 IS CH39

2.591 2.728 0.026 63.762 FS CH42 / BS


CH45

2.569 0.022 63.814 IS CH48

2.550 0.019 63.833 IS CH51

2.544 0.006 63.839 IS CH54

2.531 0.013 63.852 IS CH57

2.510 0.021 63.873 IS CH60

2.528 0.018 63.855 IS CH63

2.505 0.023 63.878 IS CH66

2.498 0.007 63.885 IS CH69

2.570 2.484 0.014 63.899 FS CH72 /


BS CH75

2.548 0.022 63.921 IS CH78

2.546 0.002 63.923 DIL CH81

2.481 0.065 63.988 SIL 2

1.517 0.964 64.952 SCL 2

6.681 6.729 1.538 1.586 TOTAL

Arithmetic Check for Rise and Fall Table

Sum of BS Sum of FS = 6.681 6.729 = -0.048m

Sum of Rise Sum of Fall = 1.538 1.586 = -0.048m

Last RL First RL = 64.952 65.000 = -0.048m

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5.1.1GRADIENT CALCULATION


Gradient =

2.990 2.946 0.044 44 1


(a) 0m 9m = 90 = 9 = 9000 = 204.55

ANSWER = 1 in 204.55

2.946 2.874 0.072 72 1


(b) 9m 18m = 18 9 = 9 = 9000 = 125

ANSWER = 1 in 125

2.874 2.817 0.057 57 1


(c) 18m 27m = 27 18 = 9 = 9000 = 157.89

ANSWER = 1 in 157.89

2.817 2.763 0.051 51 1


(d) 27m 36m = 36 27 = 9 = 9000 = 176.47

ANSWER = 1 in 176.47

2.763 2.591 0.172 172 1


(e) 36m 45m = 45 36 = 9 = 9000 = 52.33

ANSWER = 1 in 52.33

2.591 2.544 0.047 47 1


(f) 45m 54m = 54 45 = 9 = 9000 = 191.49

ANSWER = 1 in 191.49

5
2.544 2.528 0.016 16 1
(g) 54m 63m = 63 54 = 9 = 9000 = 562.5

ANSWER = 1 in 562.5

2.528 2.484 0.044 44 1


(h) 63m 72m = 72 63 = 9 = 9000 = 204.55

ANSWER = 1 in 204.55

2.484 2.546 0.062 62 1


(i) 72m 81m = 81 72 = - 9 = - 9000 = - 145.16

ANSWER = 1 in -145.16

5.2 GRADIENT TABLE

Upper Medium Lower Distance Degree Gradient Remarks


Stadia Stadia Stadia (m) ()
(m) (m) (m)

SCL 1
1.806 1.520 1.440 36.60 0
(TBM)

3.164 3.086 2.995 16.90 1 SIL 1

3.069 2.990 2.910 15.90 1 DIL CH0

3.032 2.968 2.903 12.90 357 IS CH3


1 in
204.55
3.024 2.970 2.916 10.80 349 IS CH6

IS CH9
2.988 2.946 2.905 8.30 336

1 in 125
2.933 2.900 2.867 3.30 316 IS CH12

6
2.914 2.883 2.859 6.30 297 IS CH15

IS CH18
2.909 2.874 2.839 7.00 267

2.874 2.838 2.800 7.40 244 IS CH21


1 in
157.89 IS CH24
2.863 2.828 2.793 7.00 221

IS CH27
2.851 2.817 2.783 6.80 196

2.840 2.801 2.761 7.90 175 IS CH30


1 in
176.74 IS CH33
2.834 2.785 2.736 9.80 161

IS CH36
2.822 2.763 2.702 12.00 151

2.828 2.754 2.680 14.80 144 IS CH39


1 in 52.33
2.815 2.728 2.142 67.30 140 FS CH42

BS CH45
2.659 2.591 2.521 13.80 0

2.628 2.569 2.510 11.80 353 IS CH48


1 in
191.49 IS CH51
2.595 2.550 2.505 9.00 342

IS CH54
2.586 2.544 2.505 8.10 325

2.564 2.531 2.499 6.50 304 IS CH57


1 in 562.5
2.545 2.510 2.475 7.00 279 IS CH60

IS CH63
2.571 2.528 2.485 8.60 260
1 in
2.559 2.505 2.452 10.70 249 204.55 IS CH66

7
2.563 2.498 2.432 13.10 240 IS CH69

FS CH72
2.565 2.484 2.404 16.10 235

2.599 2.570 2.542 5.70 0 BS CH75


1 in
-145.16 IS CH78
2.578 2.548 2.517 6.10 332

DIL
2.578 2.546 2.515 6.30 330 CH81

2.512 2.481 2.449 6.30 326 SIL 2

1.550 1.517 1.484 6.60 322 SCL 2

5.3 HPC TABLE

BS (m) IS (m) FS (m) HPC (m) RL (m) REMARKS

1.520 66.520 65.000 SCL 1 (TBM)

3.086 63.434 SIL 1

2.990 63.530 DIL CH0

2.968 63.552 IS CH3

2.970 63.550 IS CH6

2.946 63.574 IS CH9

2.900 63.620 IS CH12

2.883 63.637 IS CH15

2.874 63.646 IS CH18

2.838 63.682 IS CH21

2.828 63.692 IS CH24

2.817 63.703 IS CH27

2.801 63.719 IS CH30

8
2.785 63.735 IS CH33

2.763 63.757 IS CH36

2.754 63.766 IS CH39

2.591 2.728 66.353 63.762 FS CH42 / BS


CH45

2.569 63.814 IS CH48

2.550 63.833 IS CH51

2.544 63.839 IS CH54

2.531 63.852 IS CH57

2.510 63.873 IS CH60

2.528 63.855 IS CH63

2.505 63.878 IS CH66

2.498 63.885 IS CH69

2.570 2.484 66.469 63.899 FS CH72 / BS


CH75

2.548 63.921 IS CH78

2.546 63.923 DIL CH81

2.481 63.988 SIL 2

1.517 64.952 SCL 2

6.681 71.013 6.729 1914.871 TOTAL

Arithmetic Check for HPC Table


1) Sum of BS Sum of FS = Last RL First RL

6.681-6.729 = 64.952-65.000
-0.048m = -0.048m

2) (Sum of each HPC x No. of IS and FS) (Sum of IS + Sum of FS) = Sum of RLs
except first

(66.520x16) + (66.353x9) + (66.469x4) (71.013 +6.729) = 1849.871m


1849.871m = 1849.871m

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6.0 CONCLUSION

With the same equipment as levelling for land, the procedure for levelling and
surveying regarding drainage system are somewhat similar. With the guidance of the
primary reference at water-level recording stations is a set of stable bench-marks,
installed in locations where their level should not change, which is set up by the
government. After proceeding with the same procedures as the land surveying, the
calculations comes into hand with calculating the falls and gradient of the drainage
system. With that being said, all above ground and below ground horizontal drainage
pipes should be laid to an adequate gradient. Gradients from 1 in 40 to 1 in 110 will
normally give adequate flow velocities. Whereas a gradient of 1 in 80 is suitable for
commencing calculations for pipe schemes.

7.0 PRECAUTIONS

When mounting the automated level to the tripod, tighten the centring screw
securely. Failure to tighten the screw properly could result in the automated
level falling off the tripod causing injury.
When taking staff reading support the staff so that it is perpendicular, checking
the circular bubble scope on the staff. If the staff is tilting, height and distance
measurements will be incorrect.
When taking readings, parallax error occurs when the image of the staff doesnt
fall exactly on the plane of the diaphragm or when the focal point is not found
in the plane of the diaphragm. Can be prevented by using two different group
members to move their eyes to different parts of the eyepiece when viewing the
staff held by another group member.
8.0 REFERENCES

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