4 A student investigated the reaction between potassium manganate(VII) and a metallic salt solution.

Two experiments were carried out.

Experiment 1 thiosulphate to the flask was continued until the solution turned colourless. Use the
burette diagram to record the final volume in the table and complete the column in the table of
results on page 6.
 3
(a) About 1 cm of aqueous
the volumes in the table and complete the table.

15 28

16 29

17 30

initial reading final reading

 3
(d) About 1 cm of aqueous sodium hydroxide was added to a little of the solution in the flask and the
observation noted.

observation red-brown precipitate

Table of results
3
Burette readings / cm
 Experiment 1 Experiment 2

final reading

initial reading

difference

[4]

(e) (i) In which Experiment was the greatest volume of potassium manganate(VII)
solution used?

[1]

(ii) Compare the volumes of potassium manganate(VII) solution used in Experiments

1 and 2.

[2]

(iii) Suggest an explanation for the difference in the volumes.

[2]

(f) Predict the volume of potassium manganate(VII) solution which would be needed to
3
react completely with 50 cm of solution B.

[2]

(g) Explain one change that could be made to the experimental method to obtain more accurate
results.
(
change i
)
explanation [2] e
x
p
(h) What conclusion can you draw about the salt solution from e
r
 iment 1(a),

[1]

(ii) experiment 2(d)?

7 Crystals of sodium sulphate-10-water, Na2SO4.10H2O, are prepared by titration.

burette filled with

sulphuric acid

conical flask

25.0 cm3 of sodium hydroxide(aq)

concentration 2.24 mol / dm3
(a) 25.0 cm 3 of aqueous sodium hydroxide is pipetted into a conical flask.
A few drops of an indicator are added. Using a burette, dilute sulphuric acid is slowly
added until the indicator just changes colour. The volume of acid needed to neutralise
the alkali is noted.
Suggest how you would continue the experiment to obtain pure, dry crystals of sodium
sulphate-10-water.

[4]
(b) Using 25.0 cm 3 of aqueous sodium hydroxide, 2.24 mol / dm 3, 3.86 g of crystals were
obtained. Calculate the percentage yield.
2NaOH + H2SO4 Na2SO4
+ 2H2O Na2SO4 + 10H2O

Na2SO4.10H2O

Number of moles of NaOH used =

Maximum number of moles of Na2SO4.10H2O that could be

formed = Mass of one mole of Na2SO4.10H2O = 322 g

Maximum yield of sodium sulphate-10-water = g

Percentage yield =

[4
]
[
T
ot
al
:
8]
7 Tina investigates how the pH value changes as an acid
is neutralised by an alkali.
Look at the apparatus she uses.

burette
alkali

datalogger
acid p
H

p
r
o
b
e
sodi
m
hyd
xide
was
add
d to
a
little
of
the
salt
solu
on
and
obs
on n

obse
n
gre
pre
te
form

(b)
A
bur
te
was
fille
with
pota
sium
man
gan
te(V
I)
solu
on
up t
the
0.0
3
cm
mar
.
By u
a
mea
g
cyli
25 c
solution A of the salt was placed into a conical flask. The flask was shaken to mix the
contents.
The potassium manganate(VII) solution was added to the flask, and shaken to mix
thoroughly. Addition of potassium manganate(VII) solution was continued until there
was a pale pink colour in the contents of the flask.

Use the burette diagram to record the volume in the table and complete the column.
 2
5

2
6

2
7

f
i
n
a
l

r
e
a
d
i
n
g

Experiment 2

(c) Experiment 1(b) was repeated using a different

solution B of the salt, instead of solution
A. Use the burette diagrams to record
Sodium hydroxide solution is added slowly into the beaker of dilute sulfuric acid. The pH

probe is connected to a datalogger.

Look at the display from the datalogger.

14

12

10

pH

0
0 10 20 30 40 50
3
volume of alkali added in cm
(a) (i) What is the pH value when 15.0 cm3 of sodium hydroxide has been added?

................................................................... [1] (ii)

What volume of alkali is needed to exactly neutralise the sulfuric acid?

............................................................ cm3 [1]

(b) Tina does another experiment.

This time she uses

25.0 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid in the beaker

sodium hydroxide solution of concentration 0.100 mol / dm3 in the burette.

The hydrochloric acid is exactly neutralised by 20.0 cm3 of this sodium hydroxide solution. Look at

the balanced symbol equation for the reaction.

NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O

Calculate

the number of moles of sodium hydroxide in 20.0 cm3 of a 0.100 mol /dm3 solution

the number of moles of hydrochloric acid that reacted with this amount of sodium
hydroxide

the concentration, in mol / dm3, of the hydrochloric acid.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

concentration of hydrochloric acid = ........................ mol / dm3 [3]

[Total: 5]
4 A student investigated the reaction between sodium thiosulphate and potassium iodate.

Two experiments were carried out.

Experiment 1
3
A burette was filled up to the 0.0 cm mark with sodium thiosulphate solution. By using a
3
measuring cylinder, 20 cm of solution A of potassium iodate was placed into a conical
flask. Dilute sulphuric acid and potassium iodide were also added to the flask. The flask
was shaken to mix the contents and produce a red solution of iodine.

The sodium thiosulphate solution was added to the flask. When the contents of the flask
3
were yellow, 1 cm of starch solution was added to the flask. Addition of sodium
 38

39

40

Experiment 2

Experiment 1 was repeated using a different solution of potassium iodate, solution B. Use
the burette diagrams to record the volumes and complete the table on page 6.

8 28

9 29

10 30

initial final

Table of results
3
Burette readings / cm

Experiment 1 Experiment 2

final reading

initial reading 0.0 8.1

difference

[4]
(a) Suggest why the starch was used.

[1]

(b) (i) In which experiment was the greatest volume of sodium thiosulphate solution
used?

[1]

(ii) Compare the volumes of sodium thiosulphate solution used in Experiments 1 and
2.

[1]

(iii) Suggest an explanation for the difference in the volumes.

[2]

(c) Predict the volume of sodium thiosulphate solution which would be needed to react
3
completely with 10 cm of solution B.

[2]

(d) Explain one change that could be made to the experimental method to obtain more
accurate results, without changing the apparatus.

change

explanation [2]

[Total: 13]
8 This question is about acid-base titrations.

Judy wants to find out the volume of dilute nitric acid needed to neutralise 25.0 cm3 of an alkali. The

alkali used is potassium hydroxide solution.

Look at the apparatus she uses.

burette

dilute nitric acid

25.0 cm3 potassium hydroxide solution and

two drops of litmus indicator

She adds dilute nitric acid slowly until the litmus changes colour.

(a) What is the colour of litmus in alkali and in acid?

colour in alkali ...........................................................................................................................

colour in acid .........................................................................................................................[1]

(b) She
repeats the experiment two more times.

Look at Judys results table.

titration
1 2 3
number
final burette reading
29.7 27.0 34.8
in cm3
initial burette reading
8.5 6.9 14.9
in cm3
volume of acid used (titre)
20.1 19.9
in cm3 ..................................

(i) Calculate the titre for titration number 1.

Write your answer in the results table. [1]

(ii) Judy decides to only use the second and third titration results.

Explain why.
 .......................................................................................................................................[1]

(iii) Calculate the average titre for titration numbers 2 and 3.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

average titre = .............................................. cm3 [1]

[Total: 4]
5 This question is about acid-base titrations.

Judy wants to find out the volume of dilute nitric acid needed to neutralise 25.0 cm3 of an alkali. The

alkali used is potassium hydroxide solution.

Look at the apparatus she uses.

burette

dilute nitric acid

25.0 cm3 potassium hydroxide solution and

two drops of litmus indicator

She adds dilute nitric acid slowly until the litmus suddenly changes colour. She

repeats the experiment two more times.

Look at Judys results table.

titration
1 2 3
number
final burette reading
29.7 27.0 34.8
in cm3
initial burette reading
8.5 6.9 14.9
in cm3
volume of acid used (titre)
21.2 20.1 19.9
in cm3

(a) It is important that the colour of the indicator changes suddenly.

Suggest why Judy cannot use universal indicator instead of litmus.

...............................................................................................................................................[1]
 (b) Judy decides to only use the second and third titration results.

Explain why.

...............................................................................................................................................[1]
8 This question is about acid-base titrations.

Judy wants to find out the volume of dilute nitric acid needed to neutralise 25.0 cm3 of an alkali. The

alkali used is potassium hydroxide solution.

Look at the apparatus she uses.

burette

dilute nitric acid

25.0 cm3 potassium hydroxide solution and

two drops of litmus indicator

She adds dilute nitric acid slowly until the litmus changes colour.

(a) What is the colour of litmus in alkali and in acid?

colour in alkali ........................................................................................................................... colour

in acid .........................................................................................................................[1]
(b) She
repeats the experiment two more times.

Look at Judys results table.

titration
1 2 3
number
final burette reading
29.7 27.0 34.8
in cm3
initial burette reading
8.5 6.9 14.9
in cm3
volume of acid used (titre)
20.1 19.9
in cm3 ..................................

(i) Calculate the titre for titration number 1.

Write your answer in the results table. [1]

 (ii) Judy decides to only use the second and third titration results.

Explain why.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(iii) Calculate the average titre for titration numbers 2 and 3.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

average titre = .............................................. cm3 [1]

[Total: 4]

5 This question is about acid-base titrations.

Judy wants to find out the volume of dilute nitric acid needed to neutralise 25.0 cm3 of an alkali. The

alkali used is potassium hydroxide solution.

Look at the apparatus she uses.

burette

dilute nitric acid

25.0 cm3 potassium hydroxide solution and

two drops of litmus indicator

She adds dilute nitric acid slowly until the litmus suddenly changes colour. She

repeats the experiment two more times.

Look at Judys results table.

titration
1 2 3
number
final burette reading
29.7 27.0 34.8
in cm3
initial burette reading
8.5 6.9 14.9
in cm3
volume of acid used (titre)
21.2 20.1 19.9
in cm3
 (a) It is important that the colour of the indicator changes suddenly.

Suggest why Judy cannot use universal indicator instead of litmus.

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) Judy decides to only use the second and third titration results.

Explain why.

...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) Look at the balanced symbol equation for the reaction between potassium hydroxide and nitric
acid.

KOH + HNO3 KNO3 + H2O

(i) The concentration of the potassium hydroxide solution is 0.100 mol / dm3.

Calculate the number of moles in 25.0 cm3 of the potassium hydroxide solution.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

number of moles of potassium hydroxide = .................................. [1]

(ii) Use your answer to (i) to work out the number of moles of nitric acid that will react with the
potassium hydroxide.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

number of moles of nitric acid = .................................. [1]

(iii) Calculate the concentration, in mol / dm3, of the dilute nitric acid.

Use the

average titre of titrations 2 and 3

answer to part (ii).

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

concentration of nitric acid = .................................. mol / dm3 [2]

[Total: 6]