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NA R IM D IV I S I ON ) .
V O L. II .
BU R M A U N D E R BR I T I S H
RU L E
AN D B E F O R E
BY J O H N NISBET D (E C
.
LA TE C O N S E R VA T O R O F F OR E S T S , BU R M A
AU T H O R OF
B RI TI S H FO R E S T T RE E S
"
STU D I E S I N F O RE S T R Y
" OU R
FO RE S T S AN D WOO D
L AN D V E T C
V OL II
W E ST M I N S T E R
ARC HIBAL D C O N ST AB LE {9 C O LT D
2 WH I T E HAL L G ARD E N S
1 01
9
C ONTEN TS
P AG E
HAP T E R I
C
B R I TA I N A N D F R A N C E I N F U RT H E R I N D I A AN D
S O U TH W E S TE R N C H I N A
- I I
C HAP TER I I
R A I LW AY S I N B U R MA AN D
, T H E I R P R O P O S E D E XTE N
S I O N A C RO S S YU N N A N . 24
C HAP TE R I I I
B U R M A S F O R E S T W EA LT H A N D T H E
MA I N TE N A N C E
O F T H E T EA K T I M BER S U PP L Y 47
CH AP TE R I V
B U R M ESE B UD D H I S M . 89
C HAP TE R v
TH E B U D D H I S T P R I E S T H OO D AN D R ELI G I OUS OB
S E RV A N CE S I 23
C HAP TER V I
B U R M E S E BE L I E F S A N D SU PE R S T I T I O N S . 1 55
C HAP TER V I I
N AT IO N A L H AB I TS A N D CUST OMS I 8I
Vii
1 3 81 1 5 7
C O N T EN T S
P AG E
C HAP TE R V I I I
TR A I TS O F B U R M E S E C HA RA C TER 22 x
C HAP TE R I X
THE S O C I A L S YS TE M 233
C HAP TE R X
N A T I O N A L F E S T I VA L S A N D A M U S E M E N TS 25 7
C HAP T E R X I
SC I EN C E AN D AR T A MO N G TH E B U RME S E 2 80
C HAP TER XI I
L A N G U AGE AN D L I TERA TU R E 3 09
CHAP TER X I I I
WET H AN D AY A: ON E OF THE TE N G R E AT
B I RT H
ST O R I ES
32 I
C HAP T ER X I V
F O L KL O RE .
3 56
C HAP TE R X V
AR C H /E O L O GY 375
C HAP T E R X V I
THE H I LL TR I BE S .
4II
I N D EX .
44 3
v iii
Ch a p t e r I
B R I TA I N A N D F R AN C E I N FU RT H E R I N D I A AN D
S O U T H W EST ERN C H I NA
-
the Burma railway system across the mou ntains and val
leys o f Yunnan to some objective o n the Yangtse rive r .
( I 8 2 6 ) second
, and third ( I 88 5 ) Bu rmese wars ,
1 88 5 .
, , ,
A nnamese possessions pe r mitted as will be shortly ,
a m om/z
E ve ry on e o f these assu r ances has been deli
.
r eg ime nt .
to be S iamese .
5
B U R M A U N D E R B R I TI S H R U LE
This eastern portion o f S iam is o f considera ble v a lu e
from the fact that it i ncludes K hora t w hence a rail ,
in cre a tin g pretexts the F rench frontier may be
,
D o you n ot t i h nk h
t a t ou r p l l
o i ti c a ac ti on h l b v
s ou d a o e all be
mn
d eter i e d by
the i tere st of n
ra c e ?F n h h n
N o w, w a t d oes t i s i tere st
co mm n a d ? e er a W h n G m ny k p
too osse ssi o n i Ch
o f K ao E n gl n
ow an d a d
of We i -hai we i , i t wa s a s ed ,
-
k h b
An d w a t a ou t u s m n
Ar e we to re ai
h mp
wi t e ty a d s h n p pl f g h
B ut eo e or ot t a t on the Ch n f n i
i ese ro t er we
were in p osse ssi o n
o f an e ti re e n m p I n Ch
ir e , g n
d o in a, a r e i o twi c e the
F
si z e o f ra c e W/zo wou l d d a r e say t/za t Ilzz: E mp i r e a s now i f:
n .
'
de n i ti ve oun a a n a ?
B u t d oes n ot si
mpl g
e n h
ood se se say t a t i ts
p osse ssi o s ou d n ee h l k p
us ro f m
a n y te mp n
tati o nq
to c o h h
u ests w i c
l b n h h
wou d a d d to our u rd e s, w i c ar e al read so ea y h vy P
8
M I N I S T E R I A L U TT E RA N C E S
I k n ow the a g m n ts by wh i c h th i s m d n s fo t i to i al e p n
r u e a e s r err r x a
a e s ti d
r a b u t j u t s in A f i c th ey p u t fo ward the t h eo y f the
s e : ,
s a r a r r o
d th y t a i n g on of i n u n ce o th a t the p ti ti on of
'
E t l
n er a n , e are r c z es e ,
s ar
o n p pe a r .
F n h v e to l im ? E vi d e n tly i t i o I n d o Ch in e E mp i e wh i h
, ,
ra ce a c a s ur -
es r c
b o d e in g u p on T on q i n nd i n l d i g Y u nn an Kw n g i
r r d u ,
a c u n , a s ,
an
Kw n g t n ga U n fo tu n tely th i on e i n ot i n t t W e g d to
u . r a s z s ac . e ar ur e
u s, a s for a d, Y u nnE n gl n
a n i s the m i S h n
ost d re c t r ou te to war d s z e c ua .
l h h h p vn h l m n p n E ngl n
I t i s sett e d , t ere for e, t at t i s ro i c e s ou d r e a i o e to a d
a s to u s . ng
A s for Kwa si , i t i s the p g n Ch n
oor est r e i o in It n
i a wa ts .
b n
r esou rc e s, b u t a ou d s i n p i ra tes S h uc g n h h mi gh
i s the re i o w i c t .
n
c o sti tu te o ur z o e n I h nk
d o n ot t i n j fy
i t i s of a atur e to usti
. the
f v h mp i n
e er i s i at e c e of c er ta inn p p ews a ers .
T he i m p n h ng
or ta t t i y p n
for the se c uri t of ou r ossessi o s i s t at no h
h l
on e s ou d b e a bl l f n
e to sett e on our ro ti e rs Ch n g h
i a ha s a re ed to t i s, .
an d o u r r o n
l e co si sts i n watc i h ng h h n g g m n
t at t i s e a e k p
e t be h
e t a n d t at
n p
o ur i te r e sts b e r es e c te d Th h l n n v ng
i s s ou d b e our c o cer , d e o ti . o ur
se lv es, a t the sa m me ti e , to the p i n
r o te c t o n m n
o f the ec o o i c i terests
esta bli h
s e d on o t e rh p n o i ts of the Ch n Emp i ese Th
i re n ese i terests ar e .
n ot s i l gh t, a n d I a m h ppy
a n f
to see ou r m a u ac tur ers a n d m h n erc a ts
b g innin g to l ook o the se ; fo e on om i in te est b o d wi ll
e a cr ss as r c c r s a r a
b om e m o nd m e the b i s of p li ti l cti on
ec re a or as o ca a .
The Ch mb e wi ll l e n n o d ou b t wi th pl ea su e th t i n the
a r ar ,
r ,
a
e xpl oi t ti n of Ch i n e e te i t
a o y we h v e not l gged b eh i n d oth e n ti on
s rr or a a r a s.
m o e th n h l f o f wh i h
r n d e on st ucti on We h v e l o
a a c are u r c r . a a s
ob t in e d fo F e n h m n o F e n h
a r omp ni e
r c g e t n u mb e of on e
e r r c c a s a r a r c c s
s i on of l e d p t ol e u m m e
s a y g e n ti f ous l e d a d sulp h u m i n e
,
e r rc ur ar er a n r s.
F e n c h m en n d th e e Fren h
, , ,
B u t i t i s to b e d i ed th t th es es r a e r a s c
to p o t by su h sh o t
r min gs T he m j o i ty of th e e e n te p i ses a e
c r co . a r s r r r
d e v e l op ed i n eg i on th e th n th re wh i c h i f the p ol i c y of
s o n e ofr a os zo s
t th i s
r a ,
I c r c z . s no
n ow n d to i n d u c e u
,
a o n the on t y to k ee p Ch i n o p e n to the f e e
s, c ra r ,
a r
c on i t o f the i n tell i g e n c e
c nd p i tal of the wh l e wo l d ? a ca o r
1
B y th
d ec arati o of J a uar ,
e l n n y 1 896 , S
h u n i s l i k ewi se one o f
z ec a
p vn
the t wo ro i c es i n w i c i t was a h h g reed th at al l p ri v i l eg es and ad v n a
g
ta es sec ured e i t er by
a d or h E n gl n Fr n c e sh oul d be re n d ered c omm on
a
t o ot b hP
o wers .
9
B U R M A U N D E R B R ITI S H R U L E
The main objection to this enunciation o f policy o f
course is that whenever F r ance can s he deliberately
shu t s the door a gainst free trade and protects F rench
interests by heavy imposts o n goods O f other nations .
10
B R ITI S H C O N S U LA R P O S T S
cheapes t method of fru strating unfriendly i ntentions is ob
v i ou s l y to be beforeh a nd i n enterprise The atta inmen t .
S alween river . The F rench are mea nwh ile sho w ing
g reater activity than ou rselves French Consuls left T o n .
1 1
B U R M A U N D E R B R ITI S H R U LE
T h e trade routes lead ing westw a rds from the province
are mule and cattle tracks literally footp a ths o f the most,
1
The Fren c h G ov e nm e n t h av e sa n c ti on ed a g uaran tee of four a n d
r
a h a l f p er e n t for se v e n ty ve y ea s o n a su m o f
c .
-
r f an c s r
r eq i e d for the e x te n si on
u r o f the T o n q ui n l i n e f o m r
u n d er the l aw o f D ece mb er 1 8 98 ( se e p ag e
,
12
T RA D E R O U T E S T O Y U N N A N
a t from to u pw a rds o f and some
assert t ha t i t is q u ite as larg e n o w as eve r it was .
The F rench mai ntain that i n the latter rou t e they have
sol id advan tages They are certainly nearer to t h e
.
, ,
r u ar
y , 1 8 99 should , t end t o equal ize t he natural possi
b i li ti e s between H ongkong and H anoi I n any case .
,
le g itimate form o f economic a ctivity o n behalf o f all
n a tions to make no use o f the present complicati o ns to
,
i n K iao Cho w But the oppor t unity was not then taken
.
of C h in aB t i t i t b fe
. u d t h t i f he m e ly l ook
s o e n
ar e d d el y a ,
s re s o an a s
I 4
RA I L W A Y C O N S T R U CT I O N
to t k
a c ti on
e a l l so t of c o mpli ti on wi ll
,
a i e ; a d the si tu ti o n
r s ca s ar s n a
i the Y n g tse v ll ey in pi t of ou m
n a a u
,
fo the p
s e v ti on f r eas res r r eser a o
ord wi ll b e
e r, i n ed by the d i tu b n e wh i h will
ru i e in v y s r a c s c ar s e er
p ovi n ce nl e a
r u a ti o n o f h osti l i ti
ss c ess i s m d q u i c k ly es a e .
part o f Yu nnan .
u nanimously adopted the B ill fo r a loan of
francs 5 , fo r the construction o f other railways
g uaranteed by the Governmen t o f I ndo C hin a T he -
.
B U R M A , T O N ! U IN
S O U T H E R N C HIN A .
S ca le O f M IIC S
0 5 0 IO O 200 3 00 4 00
TH E
F REN C H I N Y U N NA N
o f inuence i n the Yan g tse ( T a ki a n g o r g re a t river )
.
, ,
1
Wh i l e th ese p g es e b ei n g p assed fo p ress the foll owi n g th e
a ar r ra r
V OL . 11 . 1
7 c
B U R M A U N D E R B R ITI S H R U LE
The only counterpoise to this ceaseless F rench activity ,
M ay
C A N TON , M ay 3 , vi a R a goo , M ay 2 2 n n The o i ti c a
. p l
a c ti l t vi y
d i s p a edly by the F n
re c h i n th s re o i gi n
has d ou t ess h e ed to bl lp
b ng
ri h o e to the Ch i ese auth ori ti es the d a g ers wi th wh c h the
m n n i
r ec k ess
l p l y
o ic o f the ol d r e g i m b n f g
e ha s ee rau h t U d e r th
. n e
e erg e ti c i
n mp l u se o f M H . in
ar d o u F n the re c h C o su , wh
n l l n o has ea r t
F n p l
,
a l l the a pp v m
ro ed eth od s o f re c h lp p n m
o i ti ca S m
ro a g a d i s i n ia ,
the F n
re c h a re u nq n ly m k n g n
u e sti o a b a i str e u ou s e ffor ts to asse rt s p e c a
i l
l im
c a s to i u e c e i n a n d arou d C a to
n n n n n l n . F n
N o ess th a si x re c h
C a to , an d the usua i d uc e e ts a re e
n n l n m n b in g O ffere d to Ch i e se u
n j nk
n
o w e rs to y the tr i c o ou rl F n b n ill
.A re c h a k w sh ort o p e a ra c h
ly n b n
v m f
h ere, an d ari ou s oth er sc h e es are on oot to ace re c h e ter p ri se
pl F n n
en evi a en ce
The c o mm l in
er c i a F n
tere st s o f ra c e i n C a to , wh c h
n n i
m nly n O m ll S
.
S ll l
ti e ss c a n t h e y xpl in
e a n
the ee d wh i c h ra c e h nlya s s ud d e d is
v
c o er ed for ay l in n p n n bl m S n Am y
g a n i d e e d e t c a e fro ai g o to n o , wh e c e
l g p F n
T e e ra h C o a has a cc ord ed to re c h p osessi ons, th i s sc h e e
mp ny m
has o g ee a d oca ted
l n b n v by F n
the re c h c o o
l ni l p y a ar t , b u t i t wa s, o r
c ou rse, p oo h p ooh e d i n
-
Bii r t sh c i rc e s wi th o ur c usto
l m y Op m m ar ti i s ,
n l b
u ti a out th r e e we ek s ago n m
e ws c a m Am y
e fro F n
o th a t a p re c h sh i
ha d e ter ed a n d a d ed a c a e th ere
n l n bl It m p
was a s art i ece o f wor
. k
c arr i e d ou t i n a b n lku si e ss i e fash i o
-
n wi th the u t ost sec re c , r e d e r
m y n
i n g te egr a h c o
l p mm n n b
u i ca ti o n F n
e t wee E n
r a c e a nd her F ar as ter
p i n n p n n
ossess o s i d e e d e t o f c a bl n B es u d er ri ti s h c o tro
n l .
M D m
. ou er, the o e r or- e e ra of n d o Ch i a, has un d e rta e a
k n
-
j n y E p
ou r e to uro e wi t h the a owe d o
v bj e c t o f u rg i g u o
n p n F n the re c h
G v nm n
o er e t the c o m l n l y nn in g n k n g
p eti o of the rai wa c o ec t T o g i wi th
th os e p vnro i c e s, b ut th e r e i s so m n
e reaso b l v to e i e e th a t a
p j ro e c t,
l y n ng
w h e reof we are a read wi t essi p limin y p b n m
the re ar ste s, i s e i g ature d
n p F n
for i c ud i g wi th i the s h ere of re c h e a si o the wh o e ro i c e
n l n xp n n l p vn
o f Kwa g - tu g wi th C a to
n n n n l f S m nx y
i tse o .e a nly g in
i e t i s ce rta i be
nin g to b e fe t, n ot o
l nly by the Ch ese a uth ori ti es, b u t a so i n re sp o n
in l
s ibl l H n n
e c i rc e s i n o g k o g, a s the rosp eri t of our co o i s d i sso u
p y l ny in l bly
b n
ou d u
p wi ft h r ee d mo o f t ra d e i n C a to
n n an d the we a th
l y vn p ro i c e
o f wh i c h i t i s th p l F n p
e c a i ta . re c h ni m
rote c ti o kills has m ed t he i p or
ta t trad e wi th
n S in p F n p
g a ore for e r c arri ed on wi th the re c h osses
m ly
i n
s o s, b ut Sn p
i g a or e has a mpl e r e sou rc es i n i ts o wn E nter /a n d .
H n k n
o g -
o g , o n the c o tr ar , i s wh o
n y lly d e p e d e t u o the
n n p n m in n n a te a c e
o f the o e p n d oor on the m nl n ai a dF n r e c h a c ti
vi y
. n n t i n C a to , th er e
l f lly
fore, d eser es a t east to b e c are u wa tc h ed
v
.
1 8
RA I L W A Y S I N S I A M
energ etically supported by the French Government is ,
g ress o f S iam the special correspondent o f the Ti mes
, ,
ri hc t v ll y s i n the wo l d
es a e I h av e t ve ll e d wi d ely i n A i a nd 1
r . ra s , a
c on i ds th t th er u n t y u p th M e n m v ll e y f om B
a e co r g k Ok t h ou gh
e a a r an r
Ch i n g m i t the n th w t f n ti e of Si m i s the i h e t I h av e e v er
e a o or -
es ro r a r c s
se en E v y e wi ll g w p d d y R i e i s the t p l e exp o t f m
. er acr ro a . c s a r ro
S i m ; i t i wi th i c th t the n try p h e B i ti sh g od N w
a s r e a c ou urc as s r o s . o
I 9
B U R M A U ND E R B R I T I S H R U LE
B gkOk
an If ai l w y we e b u i l t to Ch i en g m i
. a r a rth ous n d of sq u e a ,
a s ar
be th own u n d e u l ti v ati n
r r c o .
s i ng l e ha rg e
c The tra nsi t dues thu s a rra n g ed were
.
escr ip ti on w h
This single p a ymen t
of an
y d a ts o ev er .
20
T H E L I KI N EXA C TI O N S
j a mieson when
,
Consul a t S z u m a o r epo r ted i n 1 8 98 ,
tha t
I t i d i f u l t to u n d e st n d on wh t g ou n d s suc h san gu i n e h op es
s c r a a r
o f Y u nn n
a futu re p osp eri ty e b s d wh en i t i s se en wh t li ttl e
s r ar a e ,
a
su pp o t h
r as b e n gi v e n to suc h i ll uso y i d e s by omp eten t o b e ve s
e r a c s r r
21
B U R M A U N D E R B R ITI S H R U LE
c nv e s n t wi th ac tual f c ts
o r a I m q ui te p e p ed to d m i t th t the
a . a r ar a a
wo k i n g the sam e a e so fo m i d bl e th t th ey
r r e e t i n to d t
r ll
a a ar c r a e er a
who wi sh fo om e e tu n on th ei
r s ou tl y f o m i nv esti n g
r r pi t l i r a r ca a n
the p o v i n c e
r A pa t f om m i n e l s the p ov i n ce p o es few oth
. r r ra r ssess er
e ou ce
r s r n d the in h bi t n ts a e
s, a n en te p i in g nd l y t d g ee
a a r u r r s a az o a e r .
e n ou gh o tton wh
c e wi th to m k e the fe w a ti c l es of c l oth i n g n
er a y
a r ec ess r
i n th i s e q u bl e c l i m ate th ey
a e on t e n t ar c .
Mr . L i t ton ,
Consul a t Chungkin g l ikewise reported ,
e x c e p t p e h ap s o ne c ro p of I n d i a n com a y e a
,
r r.
pp 89
B ut i f the B
h Gove nm en t has all owed the p rov i si on s of the
ri ti s r
t th i s pl ac e in
o 8 85 the i mp ort trad e i n fore i g n g ood s ha s a lm o t
1 s
22
Y U N NA N T RAD E S T A TI S T I C S
e n ti ly h i fted f o m th W t i ve ou t vi a P e T in g ( i e th B i ti sh
re s r e es r r r e os -
. . e r
r o ut ) t e the To n gk in g
o o t by w y of the R d i v e d M ngt u r u e a e r r an e z
( th F n h o t ) Th i e v l ti on g t in d d i f the on e v ti ve
e re c r u e . s r o u ,
re a ee c s r a
h b i t f the Ch in
a s o e m e mb ed i n ti ely d e to th e n g y
e se ar re er s e r u e er
o f th F e n h in vi g
,
e r u ly n fo in g n th Ch i n e G v nme n t th e i
c oro s e rc o e es o er r
r i gh t to t n i t p e t
ra v g d f om M n g t u t Y nn n E u
s a ss s o co er oo s r e z o u a .
Ag i n n the m bje t M
a ,
o B ell d N v i ll e the m mb
sa e su f c ,
e ssrs . an e , e ers o
th M i i n w i t Th e e i s l i ttl h n of y i n
e ss o ,
r e : of t de r e c a ce an c r e a se ra
( i n to Y nn n ) by th o v l n d o t f o m B h m ( i the B u m e e
u a e er a r u e r a o . e. r s
f on ti o te ) f g o d mi n g th i w y e ubj ted t
r er r u , or l s
o s co s a ar s ec o no es
th n sev n d i ff e n t d ti
a e wh by th M en g t u u t t n i t
er u e s, ere a s e z ro e ra s
p asses a r e ec og n i d d t he 7 % p e
r n t p i d t the I mp e i l
ze , an r ce . a o r a
M i ti m Cu tom s x em p t the g d f m ny fu th e t x ti n I f
ar e s e s oo s ro a r r a a o
the F n h h v
.
re b en bl t e n f
c au p n the Ch i n e e G v e nm n t
e e a e o o rc e o s o r e
th i s spre t o f T e ty i g h t
ec ho w i i t th t we wh h ol d
r a m i x ty r s, s a ,
o so e s
fu p
o r n t of Ch i n tot l fo i g n t d h v
er c e . e n ti ly f i l d P
a s
a re ra e, a e so re a e
r e ac h ed a to ta l v al ul g t m unt e of a b ou t b ei n g the ar es a o
sin the pl
ce e w op e n ed t f i g n t ad e nd the y i d e i b d
ac as o o re r a e ar s sc r e
a s a pop on fo m e h n t i
r s s p i te o f f e q e n t
e r ou s d ven i
e r rc a s, n r u an e n
i ng w e k
c r eas f j nk i t he R e d i v e
r c The i mp o t
s O m o n te d i n
u s n r r. r s a u
v l ue t b ou t
a o f wh i h n i n e ty ev e n p e
a n t m e by o c -
s r ce . ca
w y of H n g k on g th e m in i n g th e p
a o n t e p n ti g T n q in
,
e r a re er c e . r r ese n o u
t dera Th e p t
. ep e nt d e g h ly x o f wh i h
or s i g h ty
r r se e r ou , c e
th e p e
re n t w n t to H n g k n g t h m in d b in g the h e f
r ce . e o o , e re a er e s ar o
T n q u in
o .
at M e ngts e a n d Yunnan S e n .
23
Ch ap t e r I I
RA I LW A Y S I N B U R M A AN D T H E I R P R O P O S E D
,
E XT ENS I O N A C R O SS Y U NNAN
M a y 1 8 7 7 the I r r a wa d dy V a ll ey S ta te R a i l way ru ns
, , ,
the earthwork .
Throu g hou t most of its length this rail way follows the
m ilitary road constructed at the close o f the second
Burmese war ( 1 8 5 2 5 3 ) to connect R angoon with the
-
cattle .
A fter the comple t ion of this rst short line the survey ,
25
B U R M A U N D E R B R I TI S H R U LE
able d uring the ood season lasting from j une to
stu ffs can be pou red into the af icted districts A t the .
c a pital ) s tation a fe w miles sou th o f M and a lay w a s
, ,
s e c ts are good
p .
28
T H E U P P E R I R RA W A D D Y
Ma l i k ha and the M a i k ha u nite to form the I rr a waddy
, .
over ei g hty feet high and pen t up till they pou r over a
na r row open in g only fty to sixty yards wide c a lled
, ,
the P a s ha w gate render navigation ei t he r u p or down
,
29
B U R M A U N D E R B R I TI S H R U LE
existin g lines and projects o n S eptember 1 1 896 T his , .
.
,
3O
TH E M A N D A LA YK U N L ON RA I L W A Y
The c a pital outlay o n the Bu rma rail ways system
including open l ines lines i n construction and su rveys in
, ,
1 89 5
. The estimated dis tance from M yohau ng j u nction
to the Ku nlOn ferry is 2 2 4 miles a nd the sanctioned ,
31
B U R M A U N D E R B R ITI S H R U LE
to the seaport o f Bassein is n o w i n active pro g ress .
cattle H ence g iven the rail way there would prob a bly
.
, ,
miles dis tant from the ra ilway line at Thazi into consider ,
But even the S han S tates are not everywhere cap a ble
of being opened ou t to an unlimited ex t en t I n Th ib a w .
,
Bu rma line with the A ssam railway for w h ich the pre
,
B ut as it ascended to
, feet and required a t unnel
fee t lon g a t the top of the pass the p r oject was no t
,
V OL . 11. D
33
B U R M A U N D E R B R ITI S H R U L E
E ven u nde r the most favourable circu mstances i t can
no t no w be a n ticipated tha t the r ailway will reach Ku n l On
d O l e ns ( F om T q i
r a rt I di 898 pp 3 7
on u n p ut M ei n
o n a, 1 , . 2, s
stru ti o n o f
c lin e wi ll equi re to ov e c om e n atu al ob stacl es of un u u l
a r r r s a
d i i c ul ty
.
34
E FF E C T O F R A I L W A Y S
focus and dis tributing cen tr e for any comme r ce capable
o f development L ate r on fu rthe r knowledge would be
.
,
35
B U R M A U N D E R B R ITI S H R U LE
Bhamo becoming extingu ished I t i s most probable .
g o o
1
W h en I v i i ted the G Okteik g o g e i n M y nd J un 898 th e e
s r , a a e, 1 ,
r
,
r r r s, a
l i ttl e m on u m en t ab out sev en o ei gh t feet h i gh I t w s Ch i n ese i n
r . a
36
G OK T E I K G O R G E
TH E
This tr ade r oute has within comparatively r ecent t imes
been completely dominated by the Chinese That such .
mese kingdom .
D ecembe r 1 90 0,
This obstacle bein g surmounted
.
,
poli t ical un r est throu g hout China it has been very wisely ,
fo m
r a nd a pp en e and b o e i n i p tio n s i n Ch i n ese and B urm e
ara c ,
r sc r es .
of T b a u n g
a ,1 33 (i e
2 b out M h. . a d i n g the i g n f th
a rc ,
ur re o e
o f Y atte i n nd T u n g d e i k so as to m k e i t p
a a ,bl e for men d l ad e n a as sa an
sp i r i t ) a nd o f men I t i s to b e h op ed t h at th i s q uai n t ec o d ha
s . t r r s no
b e n d estroyed by the b ri d ge wo k
e r .
37
B U R M A U N D E R B R I TI S H R U LE
L a shio and p r efe rably the forme r should deni t ely
form the terminus o f the railway line B eyond that the . ,
work .
38
T RA N S F R O N T I E R T RA D E
S ta t es and thence proceeds down a fa irly good r oad
,
imports therefrom .
west and south east t o meet the new rail way line at
-
1
V id p
e fo the F e n h g u
. 1 2 r n tee of the L aokai Y u n n l i n e
r c a ra o
n a .
42
P R O S P E C T S I N Y U N NA N
opinions held gene r ally i n o fcial and comme rcial circles ,
c i ou s metals P
43
B U R M A U N D E R B R I TI S H R U LE
stretches of rich l a nds lying u nclea red and u ncul t ivated
throu g hou t the plains and valleys o f Burma i tself ? A gain ,
44
D E V E L O P M EN T O F B U R M A
much talked of I venture to repea t that u nless it can be
,
s hown th a t railwa
y constru ction extendin g far beyond
t he S alween will be less u nduly expensive than has
hithert o been su rmised and can offer th e prospect o f
better returns than have generally been anticipated by
those most competen t to form an O pinion o n the subject ,
por t o f the rice crop that commu nic a tions are not yet so
weal thy syndica t e made suitable ove r tu res this p roj ec t for
,
C u rzon o f K edleston .
C h ap t e r I I I
B U R MA S
F O RES T W E A LTH AN D T HE M A I N T ENAN C E
O F T HE TE A K T I M B E R S U PP LY
47
B U R M A U N D E R B R I TI S H R U LE
ence and annoy a nce within the frontiers o f that province ;
bu t the annexation of the far d istant and poorly p Op u
l a ted tract o f Tenasserim wa s mainly occasioned by the
fact that though much o f the timber came from the
,
1
,
1 8 8 6 all the vast fore st wealth i t contains was taken
,
v e l op
. The timber had therefore to be sen t to C a lcutta
for s a le where the prices real ized we r e so bad as to
,
the issue o f leases for t wenty y ears and the con t rol of ,
V OL . II .
49 E
B U R M A U N D E R B R I TI S H R U LE
only beginnin g to shine in the mids t of t his darkness
w hen D r M a c C le l la nd r esigned i n 1 8 5 5
. I n his su c , .
50
W O R K I N G P LA N OF I 85 6
sprinkled throu g hout a ma t rix consisting o f abou t a hun
dred and fty d ifferent genera and species o f t rees which ,
tion o f teak .
gi r dled or killed by rin g ing The fo rests were grouped .
5 1
B U R M A U N D E R B R I TI S H R U LE
overshado wed g roups of young teak s hould be gi r dled
i n preference to others .
52
W O R KI N G P LA N O F 1 86 0
Ye t the reten t ion o f this most excellent custom met with
a sto r m o f opposition from the E u ropean merchants who ,
53
B U R M A U N D E R B R I TI S H R U LE
me r chan t s o n t welve yea r leases w it h perm ission to girdle
-
.
54
F O RE S T A CT A N D R U LE S 1 86 5 ,
1 86 8 t o 1 87 3 .
55
B U R M A U N D E R B R I TI S H R U LE
By t h e time t h is new working plan lapsed i n 1 8 7 3
ex t ensive illicit g irdlings by lessees ha d been discovered
i n t he forests o n both sides of the S ittan g river and the ,
56
R ESE R V E D T R EE S
A s r egards the r ese rved t rees the principle adopted
w a s that Government was entitled to payment o f a low
rate o f royalty o n all such timbe r ext rac t ed fo r purposes
of trade T wo cl a ss es o f licenses were the r efore intro
.
d u ce d ,
t rade pe r mits and free pe r mits w h ich could
,
been made mos tly with u ns a t isfac t ory results in the Ten
, ,
58
S T A T E R E SE R V E D F O R E S T S
seven t y fee t or mo r e being often obtained within abou t
sixteen to t wenty years .
o f I ndia
( 1 88 5 U nder t he r ules o f 1 8 6 5 any d ivi
s i o na l fo r est o fce r could reserve areas u t o 1 0 0 acres
p
in ex t ent T his was merely in t e n ded and was su f cien t
.
, ,
late r o n
Up to 1 898 the r e we r e over s q ua r e miles
of fo r ests
( 49
8 o f which are burdened w ith T a u ngy a
61
B U R M A U N D E R B R I T I S H R U LE
privileges ) either r eserved o r in process of settlemen t
as S ta t e forests to be permanently m a intained for the
benet o f futu re generations w hen the increase of p O p u
lation by natu ral augmentation and immi g ration and ,
by clearance .
62
FO R EST F I RES
u nchecked an nually traversed t housands of square miles
,
their way along the grou nd consu m ing entirely the carpet,
p l e te l
y to ashes lo g s left lying o n t he ground windfall ,
stems and the l ike A ll ove r the cou ntry except i n the
, .
,
had lain for some t ime o n the g rou nd they would con
sume t hem so completely t h a t only a long line o f white
an d grey ashes would mark their places Growing t rees .
63
B U R M A U N D E R B R I TI S H R U LE
wealth . O ve r vast tracts o f count ry formerly covered
by pine i n the S han S tates a n d o n the Chin hills next to
nothin g in the sh a pe o f woodlands is n ow to be found
w hile in other g reat tracts of less elevated hills su ch as ,
the moist reg ion o f L owe r Bu rma the annual forest res
,
64
P R O T E C TI O N F R O M F I R E
has oft en been mainta ined in suppor t of thes e assertions
t ha t t eak seedlin g s a r e mo r e nume rous i n the fo r ests
annually ove rr un by re t han i n t hose portions o f t he
r es e rves w h ich a r e specially pro t ec t ed ; bu t i n the vas t
majori t y of cases these seedling like plants are me r ely -
young shoo ts S prin g ing up yea r after yea r from the root
only to be killed by t he res i n M arc h and A pril T hus .
ope rations and selected por t ions o f rese r ved fores t s were
,
of r e p ro t ec t ion consisted in being r s t i n the eld ,
V OL . 11 . 65 F
B U R M A U N D E R B R ITI S H RU LE
plantations were cleared and the d bris ca refully bu r ned
i n the cen t re but all alon g the oute r edge o f t he p ro t ected
,
take place .
67
B U R M A U N D E R B R I TI S H R U LE
villages and hamle t s si tua t ed in t he vicini t y o f t he t rac t
in ques t ion ; while a period o f not less t han th r ee mont h s
is allowed du r in g which t he villa g e rs may make w r i tt en
o r ve r bal objection to reserva t ion When this g iven .
sus taining cul t iva t ion s h oul d h appen t o have been included
wi th in a fo r est r ese r ve and t he inc r ease o f popula t ion
,
cul t iva t ion excep t among t he t rue h ill men should break
( )
gr ou nd chiey o n t he plains leaving t he cul t ivable p or
,
ing labou r for cul t u ral ope rations for r e protec t ion and , ,
follows
4 . B e twee n y nd the 5 th d ay of J un e n o
the 1 sth d ay of J a uar n a 1
p erson sh ll wi th i n two m l
a , b oun d y of ese v e l ea v e ny
i es of the ar a r r , a
n am ely
( ) H e h all at l e st on e week b e fo e k i n d l i n g suc h e h av e
a s a r r
he p op oses to k i n d l e uc h e
r s r
( c) H e h all h v e k i n d l ed u h e t a ti m e wh e n no h i gh wi n d
s a s c r a
i s bl owi n g i n the d i e c ti on of the reserve r .
An y p e son who i n c o n t v en ti on f th i
r ul e l ea v es n y e b u nin g
ra o s r a r r
i n su h m ann er a to e n d an g e a e se v ed fo e t i s p u n i s h abl e u n d er
c s r r r r s
s e cti on 6 of the A t wi th i mp ri onm e n t fo a te m wh i c h m y
2 c s r r a
ex te n d to i m on th s or wi th ne wh i c h m y ex t n d to R s 5
s x a e . 00
70
P R O T E C TI O N F R O M F I R E
F i r e p r o t ec t ion is essen t ial to t he good manag emen t o f
t he forests and i t can only be successfully effected as
, ,
, ,
71
B U R M A U N D E R B R I TI S H R U LE
r ep roduc t ion The fo r es t s a re left to na t u re and t he
.
,
o f t he Fo r es t D epa rt ment .
73
B U R M A U N D E R B R ITI S H R U LE
abou t 1 00 t o 1 2 0 years respectively in the mois t a nd the
dry fores t s while t he timber itself will be o f bette r
,
The working plan usu a lly con nes itself onl y t o pro
o sal s wit h reg ard t o the girdling o f t eak because the
p ,
for t eak recommenda t ions ( some t imes gene ral some t imes
, ,
approved and appl ied to the working circle for the nex t
thirty years o r so .
75
B U R M A U N D E R B R I T I S H R U LE
p r eviously d escribed ( vol i page .i t was men t ioned
.
76
T YP E S O F B U R M E SE F O R ES T S
t hese a r e loft ie r s pecies F i cus, B u r ser a S emeca rp us
of , ,
i t s t h r iving .
o r ironwood Xy l i a dol a h
( r z or m i s
f ) sh a o r cutch
( A ca ci a ,
(
o u t which the as yet
) nancially mos t valuable kinds o f
timbe r trees occu r singly or i n kno ts and patches as
family g roups among abou t a hund r ed and fty othe r
kinds o f trees such as species of E ug en i a B om hax
, , ,
79
B U R M A U N D E R B R I TI S H R U LE
Hence assistance o f some so rt wa s needed t o enable
even the p r incipal o ne among these mino r r ms t o
main tain i tself agains t the supremely advanta geou s posi
tion acquired by the C orporation .
o ne rupees (1 1 8s
.
) pe r ton o r more than twice wha t
,
f r
dividend o 1 899 1 900 was 3 0 pe r cen t B ut t hey .
V OL . II . 81 c;
B U R M A U N D E R B R ITI S H R U LE
royalty sufcien t suppl ies O f timber to p rovide a fai r
,
o ne h
-
al f l eav i ng them to O btai n at the Gove r nmen t a u c t ion
,
sales the rem a inde r necessary for the mainten a nce and
the exp a nsion o f their business Govern ment i s thus a lso
.
82
T H E T EA K F O R E S T S
only a well o rg an ized system of mana g ement throughou t
t he principal t eak fores t s in L ower B urma but w e have ,
Uppe r Burma and the S han S tates which cer tainly e q ual ,
83
B U R M A U N D E R B R ITI S H R U LE
ing have to take place at intervals fo r several years mo r e ;
and such weeding and cleanin g ope ra t ions are hardly ( or
perhaps no t ye t ) comple t ed w h en o ne nds one s self face
to face with the necessity for t h inning .
84
T H E T EA K F O R E S T S
and to wha t ex t en t tr ees i n t e rfe r ing with t he g row t h o f
,
( )
1 Tr u e hea r twood tr ees, whic h die o n being gi r dled ;
( )
2 S ap wood tr ees whose vege t a t ive processes do not
,
85
B U R M A U N D ER B R ITI S H R U LE
u nt rained ofcers lose all sense o f proportion between
the cost of girdl ing a l a rge t ree on the one hand and the
prospective benet to be gained o n t he other hand i n
affording special pro t ec t ion to a very small seedling o r
a badly grown pole .
u nder due con t rol as a des t ruc t ive agen t for destroyi ng
the germinative powe r of t h e bamboo seed imp r ovement ,
Proposals rega r ding the above impor tant mat t ers have
already been submitted fo r the consideration of Gove r n
ment Wha t eve r the l ine o f action may be that is decided
.
Governmen t .
88
Ch ap t e r IV
B U R M ES E B U D D H I S M
U D D H IS M is second only to B ra h minism i n
an t i q ui t y A l t hough i t now fo r ms th e rel i g ious
.
sp rang all the sys t ems o f reli g ion which have supplanted
the fetishism and sp i r i t worship of t he primitive tribes
t ha t they came i n con t ac t with and which h ave radia t ed
,
89
B U R M A U N D E R B R I T I S H R U LE
reli g ious systems that have sprung from the O ld A ryan
centre close r esemblances graduall y disappear while
, ,
i n time from the period o f prim itive bel ief The B rah .
the primitive teac h ings spread east wa rds sou t hwards and , ,
bu t notice that the reli g ious diffe rences have not been o f
gradual growth as in t h e processes o f evolution in t he
,
90
OR IGI N OF BU DD H I SM
I n that branch o f t he primitive reli g ion which came
down t o us th rou g h the J ewish r ace t he evidence of the ,
direction .
Buddhism takes its name from t he Pal i wo rd B u ddh ,
92
G AU D A M A ,
TH E BUDDHA
Buddhis t ic philosophy t eac h es t ha t t he new bein g is q u i t e
independen t of t he fo r me r and t ha t i t is an entirely new
,
Bu rmese laity u ndoub t edly hold tha t afte r death the soul
m ig ra t es and becomes embodied in ano t he r being whose ,
co rr ec tly o t he B u r mese lai t y is p ractically the main
f,
G au d a ma t h e , B uddha was a ma n l ike ou r selves
, .
93
B U R M A U N D E R B R ITI S H R U LE
is only na t u ral i n a religious philosophy of s o pessimistic
and cynical a cha racter I t merely forms an essentially
.
himself .
S udd a wd a na ( S u d d hod a na ) t he R aj ah o f Ka p p i la wu t ,
95
B U R M A U N D E R B R ITI S H R U LE
( K a p i l a va s t u
) si
,
t ua t ed amid the s u b H imalayan fores t s -
r obu sta
),
whil e his pu r e and piou s mothe r was on a
96
EA R L Y L I F E O F G A U D A M A
h a tred o f the B r ahmin o r pries tly caste S u dd a w d a na , ,
then app r oach ing when he was to receive the call to the
reli g iou s life to which he had been predestined a n d ,
which the tra ining o f his fa t her and the comforts o f his
princely home could neither prevent n o r obviate It .
was then that he received the four great signs
em e i h l e h ) a n ol d m a n a leper a corpse and a
( N a - -
, , ,
decrepi t old man with grey hair and bent form who was
, ,
slo w ly and painfully making his way along the road with
the aid o f a stick A stonished at such a s ight he asked
.
,
V OL . II .
97 H
B U R M A U N D E R B R ITI S H R U LE
when he met a miserable leper S itti n g o n t he roadside ,
p a t i o n hereafter R eturn
. in g to the palace he took o n e ,
las t fond look at his beloved wife and child ; and then ,
98
T H E T EN C A RD I NA L V I R T U E S
candidates When ages el a pse withou t the a ppe a rance
.
r el igi osa
) at G a ya i n
5 8 8 B C
. F o.r seven times seven
d ays he was plunged in the profou ndest meditation .
lent assembly (P a r a m a t Thi ng a ) who w ere afterwards ,
101
B U R M A U N D E R B R I TI S H R U LE
G a u d a m a the Buddha h a ving spent more than h alf o f ,
v o l i p a ge 1 1
. . A t the time o f his havin g attained the
perfect knowledge of a B uddha Gan dama meditated o n ,
su nk v e y l o w by th
r e i n u e n ce o f the ve g ea t p assi on s ; th ey c ann o t r
th t l w b e i n g s wi ll n ot b e bl e to u n d er tan d m e a nd f o m my p eac h
a a , a s ,
r r
1 02
TH E S E R M O N O N TH E M O U N T
B ud d h a th u e m i n d alm ost d i sin l i n ed to un d e t k e the g e t d uty of
s r a e c r a r a
p a h i n g the l a w The g e t B h m O b e v i n g wh t w t k i n g pl e
re c . r a ra a, s r a as a ac
i n B d d h s oul c i ed out
A l s l l m n k i n d e d oome d to b e l o t
u a s ,
r ,
a a a ar s .
H e who d e v e to be wo sh i pp ed by l l b ei n g n ow fe l no d i p o i
ser s r a s e s s s
ti o n to nn ou n c e the l aw to th e m H e i n sta n tly l eft hi s eat nd h v
a . s ,
a a
i g
n p i ed to the p e enc e of P y a ( i e G nd m ) his l oak ove hi
re a r r s a . . a a a , c r s
s h o l d e s wi th the x t emi ty h n gi n g b ck wa d he b e n t hi s kn ee li ft d
u r e r a a r , , e
u p hi s j in e d h n d oto the fo h ead b e fo e the ag e
a nd sai d to hi m
s re r s ,
a
c on d e s e n d to p e c h th
c m ost ex ell en t law ; the n umb e of th se
r a e c r o
b u i ed u n d e the wei gh t o f lth nd p i on i s omp tiv ely sm all ;
r r a ass s c ara
who wi ll easi ly co m e to i t . a a a
p f c ti on f A eyas th ose p e fe ti on s e the g tes of N e i k b an
er e o r :
1
r c ar a .
Th s he e n t e ted B ud d h
u The B h m a had b een i n the tim e of
r a a . ra ,
u nd e the n m e of T h b ak
r an d w s t
a n sf rre d to the t se t of a a, a ra e rs a
B h ma fo the d u ti on f the wo l d
ra r ra o r .
th e b od e
re a f me N t an d B a h m i s l i k e
s o b n i n g am e B ut
n, a , r a a ur .
b i th of d e th of ol d ge nd of nx i ety A g i n the
r , a , i a bu n
a , a a . a , ear s r
i g m e the sou n d s the p e ep ti o n f the so n d th
n a n ti on p o
, rc o u s, e se sa s r
d u e d by th oun d a
c al l b u n i n g am e wh i h i s fed by the e of
e s s, re a r , c r
c on c u p i s n e an ge i g n o an c e b i th ol d age d eath anx i ety te s
ce c ,
r, r , r , , , , ar ,
a re a ll a b u n i n g m e the pl e
r e n d p ai n esul ti n g t h e e f o m
a : e asu r a r r r ar
1
A n A rey i s one who has b ec om e i n d ep e n d e n t o f the c o mm on l a ws
a
e n d o f the p e s en t l i fe r .
1 03
B U R M A U N D E R B R ITI S H R U LE
b ut a b urn i n g m e fed by con p i n c e n g i g n o n c b i th old
a ,
cu sce ,
a er, ra e, r ,
a g d eath d i sq i e tud e te s af i ti n a nd
e, ,
u ow A g in the taste
,
ar , c o ,
so rr s. a ,
is ab u n i n g m th bj e ts t st d th p e ce pti on f th o e obj e t
r a e : e o c a e ,
e r o s c s,
the se n s ti o n s p d u ed by th e m
a e al l b nin g m e k ep t u p by the
ro c ,
ar a ur a ,
e o f con u p i ce n ce n g e i g n o n c b i th ol d ge d e th
r c s ,
nxi ety
a r, ra e, r ,
a ,
a , a ,
te sar i i ti on
,
a d so w cAg i n the en e of feel i n g th obj cts
, an rro . a ,
s s , e e
a e a b
r n i n g am e the pl e s e nd p i n e ul ti n g th e e f om
ur b ut a ur a a r s r r are
a b u n i n g m foste d by c on c p i en c e n g i g n o n e b i th ol d
r a e, re u sc ,
a er, ra c ,
r ,
ti o n p d uc d i n i t the pl
s ro su e a nd p i n
e u se d by the h rt e lo ea r a ca ea ar a s
a b u n i ng me
r k e pt up by the e of on c p i e n c n g i g n n e
a , r c u sc e, a e r, o ra c ,
b i th old g d e th d i q i t d te s f i ti on d so ow B el ov ed
r , a e, a s u e u e, ar a c an rr .
I h v e p e ch ed nd ee
, ,
th ro u gh i t a e full of wi sd o m and d e e v e to b e c ll d my d i i pl e
, r s r a e sc s.
d e l i v e ed t on ce f o m the m i se i es of n oth e b i th
r a r H avin g p ti ed r a r r . rac s
h ave reac h ed f b ey on d th em H v i n g th s p ok en B u d d h e m i n ed
ar .
a u s ,
a r a
tr a mm e l of p s i on s sn d d i sen gag e d f o m
a s l l a ffe ti on to m te i l
, a r a c s a r a
d e th a T he R a ha nd
. may fe e l b od ily p in b u t k n o ws n o m e n ta l a a ,
a e su bj ec t to th
r e i n ue n c e o f the th re e e v i l p i n c i pl es e v i l d e sir e r ,
a n ge r and i gn oran c e
, .
1 04
G AU D A M A S
RELI GI OU S PH I LOSOPHY
sprin g
. H ence ignorance is the root o f all moral
disorders Truth being hidden from t he eyes of ordi n a ry
.
sort ( N e i hha n) .
Y o ng N t h e eu e the m a , t e x ce ll n t th i n g m n an d N 1 o ugh t
r ar os e s e 3 3
to tte n d to i n
a d to c p,
i t te th e m e lv e fo the t te of N i kb an
or er a ac a s s r s a e :
to h u n the c o mp ny o f th fool i h ; t
s a b e l w y wi th the wi e ; to e s o a a s s
p or h om g e to th os who a e d v i n g of i t to m i n i n pl c e
'
er a e r eser re a a a
o f fo m e g o od wo k ; ste d i ly to m i n tai n p fe t b e h v i
r r r s to b e
a a a er c a ou r
d el i g h t d t h e e an d see m o h i o d e to i n e e kn owl d g ; to
ar uc ,
n r r cr as e e
f I V i i ( ul e f r co n d u t of p i ts e sp ec i lly ) L t e v e y on e
o / n r s o c on r es a . e r s c
,
the w n t o f hi a f th e n d m oth
s s p ovi d e l l the n e e i e fo hi
a r a er r a c ssar s r s
t ti on ; b e tow lm s ; ob e v th p ep t of the l aw ; i t on e
a s a s r e e rec s a ss s s
rel ti v e
a nd f i en d s a p e fo m o ti n b u t su h s e ex emp t f om
r s r r n ac o s c a ar r
Si n b e ev d i li g e n t i er uc h v oi d i n g an d ab t i n f om i n tox i c tin g
n s a , s a r a
d i nk
r L e t n o o e b e em i
. i n the p a ti e of the l w f m e i ts
n r L et
ss r c c a o r .
ev e y on r be sp e t to
e l l m n be e v e h mbl e b e e a i ly
ar r e c a ti e d e r u s sa s
a nd on t n t ; g
c tefully
e kn owl e d g e f v ou li t n t th p h i n g of
ra ac a rs s e o e r e ac
th l w ie it p p
a n ti m e ; b p ti e n t ; d li gh t i
s ro er g ood onv e ti on e a e n c r sa
v i i t th li g i o f om ti m e t ti m ; onv e o el i g i ous s bj e ts ;
s e re us r o e c er s n r u c
o f th i wo l d b e li k e the R ah d
s r m wi th ou t d i q u i tud e f
,
le s an a, r , s e , e ar s ,
wi th p e fe t mp u e 0 y oun g N t wh oev ob e v e th e e
a r c co os r . a , er s r s s
sh ll enj oy the p ea e f A ey s
a c o r a .
relatin g to Christianity .
1 06
RE L I C S O F G E N I O LA T R Y
fo r men but also fo r t h e spiri t s (N a t) inhabitin g the
,
r ah
( B m a
) abiding i n the highe r celes t ial re g ions all ,
I ndia .
1 07
B U R M A U N D E R B R ITI S H R U LE
majority form in g the ru ral a nd ag ricul t ural population .
o la tr
y bu t the fact seems indisputable th a t the fo u n d a
o n e ft i e th o f
-
the total population who are almos t ,
1 08
F I R ST B U D D H I S T S Y N O D
A mong a people possessin g the characteristics o f t he
Bu r mese i t mi g ht no t have been matter o f su rprise if
, ,
G au d am a .I t w a s attended by 5 0 0 reli g ious of the
seven hu ndred o f the religious most celebra t ed for
accept proffe red alms of gold and s ilver ( the use of wh ich
was prohibited ) B ut those who wished t o relax the
.
( T h at
) fo r the l a ity the instructions ( Wi
, n z
) addressed
to the rel i g ious and the me taphysica l portion ( A hid
,
3 7
0 B C B u t as i t i s k n o wn t h t A sok a cel eb ted ed i ct p i ll
a
s ra
ar
ne F
. .
,
ar b dw
er oz a a ec t d b o t the m i ddl e of the th ir d c en tury B C
as er e a u . .
,
th i state m en t i s o bv i ously i n c o e t
s rr c .
1 10
I NTRO D U C T I O N O F B U D D H I S M
B uddhism over a much larger area than that to which
it had hi t herto been ex tended U ntil then it had been .
( Pegu a n d M a rtaban
) now the
,
headquarters o f a civil
1 1 1
B U R M A U N D E R B R I TI S H R U LE
have belon g ed to the Thibetan o r northern school whose ,
brin g ing with h im the fru its of his d iligence H ere these .
1
S t tly sp e k i n g h owe ve th e th i ty one B or b od e c on i st
i
r c a ,
r, se r -
on a s
s
I I2
F U T U RE P U N I S H M EN T
it may be said th a t eleven belong to desire ( K a m a ) s i x ,
of ( ) p
1 A e o r fou r sta tes o f p u ni sh m e n t ( Al a
gy e o r h e ll ,
A th u ra h e or
g ru e som e m on ster s,
P y eztta or
a b u l ou s a n i m al s,
'
f
a n d Ta r ei h sa n or
b rute r se v e n stag e s h c h d e si re a n d in
( )
2 K a m a o w i
f
passi on are el t ( i n c l ud i ng man , and the N a t i n h ab i ti n the si x l ower g
c e l esti a l r eg i on s) ; ( 3 ) R up a or si x tee n stag es o f vi si b i l i ty a n d m a teri
a l i ty , in c l ud i n g
the B r a hm a o r b ei n g s su p e r i or to m e n a n d to the N a t,
in n i bl e to h e t o ol d n d e n ti ly f e f o m p i n
se s a r c ad esi re re r a ss o or re ,
in h b i ti n g th i x te n hi gh el e ti l g i on ; d ( 4 ) A p
a e s e er c fo s a re s an ru a or ur
1
T e b t i n th i
O r -
O p p o tun i ty i ot l w y h owe v e an e y th i n g
o a s r s n a a s, r, as ,
V OL . 11 . 1 1 3 1
B U R M A U N D E R B R I TI S H R U LE
him to a sea t in the celestial abodes o f N a t and B r a hma ,
and thou g h they have only att a ined thei r exalted position
by t he exercise o f soul purifying rites may when the
-
,
R a ha n o r
r el igious the ten O bli gatory du ties ( D a tha
Thi l a ) forbid ( 1 ) the taking of l ife ; ( 2 ) t he takin g of
what is not offered t o them ; ( 3 ) sexual i ntercourse ; ( 4 )
the sayin g o f that w hich is not true ; ( 5 ) the use o f
intoxica t ing d r inks ; 6 ) the pa rtakin g o f solid food after
midday ; ( 7) attend a nce upon d a ncin g S ingin g musical , ,
a B h
u dd a, h
( 2 ) eari ng
the l a w, ( 3 ) b ec om i n g a p i est ( 4 ) b ec om i n g a
r ,
rI ghteous m a n, a n d b m n g h u m n b ei n g
.
( 5 ) ec o i a a .
1 1 4
T H E T H REE A P P EA RA N C ES
in J une o r J uly to the full moon i n S eptember or
October .
, , , ,
hh etha nd h n h
( or imper
A n ei ssa A
,
D o a n a tta , L t o a -
and the mise rable t ortu red sinner ascends a gain from
the dept h s of the earth to the abode o f man in order
t o ac q u ire the meri t t hat will t ranslate him to the cou ntry
o f the N a t . T h e same laws apply to women as to men .
1 1 5
B U R M A U N D E R B R I TI S H R U LE
of 5 4 3 B C 443 B C
. . and 2 4 4 B C even although the
, . .
, . .
,
1 1 6
H I G H C H U R C H A ND L O W C H U R C H
G a u d a m a s dea t h dissensions had al r eady occ u rred i n
( l i
. t
a hole o r and t he M a h ag a ndi or K a n ,
( l i
. t
a deed an , E ach sec t differs sl igh t ly
f rom the othe r bot h in doct r ine and i n d r ess The S ula .
1 1 7
B U R M A U N D E R B R ITI S H R U LE
free will but hold that everythin g is brought abou t by
,
1 18
A N I M I ST I C T R A C E S
spirit wo r ship i t is di fcult to es t imate correctly t he
,
var ious reli g ious precepts binding upon the l a ity and ,
121
B U R M A U N D E R B R IT I S H R U LE
but the gradual advance o f civil ization in Burma mus t i n
course of time sap t he political and social powe r of t he
monks and must thereby inevitably t end to lessen t he
,
1 22
Ch ap t e r V
T HE B UD D H I S T P R I ES T H O O D AN D
R EL I G I O U S
O B SERV AN C ES 1
1
St i tly p k in g th
r c s ea , ere ar e n e i t e r h p r i ests, nor monhs, n or mon a s
teri es i B m
n Th gh B m
ur a. ou ur e se B ud d h i sm i s an orga i z ed re i g i o
n l n
in h av i n g h b i sh op b i sh op s and h ead s
an arc ,
l ,
o f re i g i ou s h ou se s, ye t
th ere are n o p r i ests h a vin g the care of sou l s, n or a re th ere monks
b el ongi n g to any pri estly fra tern i ty The correct term for any m emb er .
a s l a xly a ppl i ed t o an
y ed i c e wh ere a ny o f th ese rel i g i ous re si d e
.
1 23
B U R M A U N D E R B R I T I S H R U LE
every priest sh a des his eyes i n order to prevent piou s
meditations being in t erfered with by beholdin g the face
o f a woman when h e walks abroad to collect alms o r for
1 24
T H E B U D D H I ST A R C H B I S H O P
accompanied by a large escort of priests and laymen ,
there rem a ined but l it tle power The Thd tha naha i ng .
b e u p i g h t n d h on est ; 3 ) n ot to b e op p e ss iv e ; ( 4 ) to b e p ati en t ; 5 )
r a r
1 25
B U R M A U N D E R B R I TI S H R U LE
have been a very natu ral desire to use thei r r eli g ious i n
u e n ce i n order to stir up the feel in gs o f the population
a gainst the Bri t ish who had deth r oned thei r monarch
,
ruler ( Ga i ng 0h) or great teache r ( S ay ada w S a daw )
, ,
who has j urisd iction over all the monas t eries t hroughout
the towns vill ag es and hamlets in his dist r ict H e settles
, , .
his monastery .
T he B ongy i or g reat g lory i s the head o f each
1 26
TH E RE L I G I O U S C O M M U NI TY
abbot o r supe r io r There a r e u pwards of twen ty ve
.
-
The acolytes be a r names ( S hi n lord o r mas t er
,
M a u nggy i o r K oy i u
elder bro t her ) indica t ive of the
,
aged more t han two for each village and t own W ithin .
and partly from the fac t of M a ndalay bein g the cen tre
of B uddhistic lea r ning throughou t Burm a B ut where a s .
o f a monastery o r Ta h i scholars d isciples sen t at
)
y , ,
K
( gy o a un )
g only goes up the length o f the sacred
nu mbers ni ne times nine I n addressing any ord inary
.
l a y man the priest uses the term .
great d isciple
( T a hy i d )
a w ; but if the latter has fou nded a monastery
K
( y g) aun , o r built a pagoda
( y )
P a d o r performed some ,
,
.
,
1 28
LA Y B RE T H RE N A N D N U N S
an d speaks of h imself as you r lo r dship s d isciple
a h i da w
( y
P a a T y ) .
coa rse whi t e cot ton or pale buff and are usually middle ,
( p
U a z i n
) and, perhaps seve r al lads se r ving t empo r arily
as acoly t es ( S hi n o r Koy i n ) leav i ng o u t of consideration
-
,
of course t he disciples ( Ta h
,
y )
i o r small boys u nder
going ins tr uc t ion and discipline who are often th e most ,
V OL . 11 . 1 29 x
B U R M A U N D E R B R ITI S H R U LE
any member o f that religious body S hould the villa g e r s .
o f the orde r sees that the ten precepts o r rel igiou s du ties
,
o f a m onk ( Thed i n T hi l a)
, are not transgressed or
( W i ni
) for the A ssembly and instructions,
( A hi a a mma
)
excommunication e t c T he P a ti ma u h is to the R a ha n
, .
1 30
T H E F O U R C A RD I NA L S I N S
The sins of commission or omission which are detailed
in it number no less than 2 2 7 many o f which are O f the ,
once the culprit is deposed from religious duties and
,
1 31
B U R M A U N D E R B R I T I S H R U LE
The second sec t ion Thi ng a di z ei h) o f the P a ti ma u h
comprises the othe r t hirteen maj o r sins w h ich l ike all t he , ,
sion and penance Of these thir t een maj o r sins the rst
.
( y )
Z a at t o hear por t ions o f the law r ead o n each holy
, , .
ing the ensuing night tha t po r tions o f the sacred wri t ings
and pious formulae were to be r epea t ed and t he penitent ,
1
The a m nn
er i n w i c co h h nf
essi o n
i s now mad e has t u s een h b
d esc ri ed b by
the a te l B h p
i s o B i gand e t ( L ife of Ga ndama , 1 880 , vol .
ii . p 2 84
.
)
Th
i s e traord i ar x n y p b
r ac ti c e i s o served now, one wou d sa , l y p r o
p n n pp h
f or ma The e i te t a roac es his su eri or,
. p kn l nb f
ee s d ow e ore h i m,
an d , a i h v ng h n f h
hi s a d s rai sed to hi s ore ead, sa s y
n bl p
V e era e su eri or,
I nf h n h g ly
d o c o ess ere al l the si s t at I may b e u i t o f, and b eg ard o p n
for the sa e m
n p n l n m
H e e ters u o no d etai ed e u erati o of hi s tres
. n
p a sses, n or d oes h e s ec i p fy ny h n g p n g h n
a t i r es ec ti t ei r ature an d th e
m n
c i rc u sta c es atte d i t e n ng h m p m n
The su e ri or re ai s sati s e d
. by ll n g te i
hi m : We , ta e care est you rea the re u ati o s of ou r ro essi o
ll k l b k g l n y p f n
h n f
t e c e orward e d ea our to o ser e t en v b v h m h l y He m
wi t de it
d i s i sses .
h
hi m wi t out ic t in in g
an y p n n
e a ce on hi m Th n i n
us a n i sti tu t o , so
.
ll l
we cal c u ated to put a restrai t and a c ec U o n h k p nh m np u a n
assi o s, so
h h lly p b by the Wi n i
s a d ow of w at i s ac tua rescri e d .
1 33
B U R M A U N D E R B R ITI S H R U LE
n o t obtain i n the B uddhist Thi n a A bbot monk pro
g .
, ,
the shame dis g race a nd pen a lties that would other w ise
, ,
1
One d oe s n lly com e ac o s c ses i n wh i c h p i e t own p o
occa si o a r s a r s s r
p e ty b ut th y e v e y
r ,
i n d e ed
e Th ey e a d i ti n t i n f i n g em en t
ar r rare . ar s c r
of the el i g i u s l aw nd
r vi ol ti on of the vow of p ov e ty 1 h v e now
o a a a r . a ,
rev en ue d e m n d a .
1 34
TH E W AYFA R I N G M O N K
F or t he sake o f humil ity it i s prescribed t ha t t he
monk shall shave o ff all the hai r wi t h wh ich nature has
adorned o r pro t ected his body ; hence complete tonsure i s
applied to every member of the A ssembly as also t o all ,
tho n h
) is enj oined n all members of the A ssembly :
a
-
o
a ttai n t he Buddhahood .
1
Th ese are ( I ) seei n g l i k e a N a t 2 ) h eari n g l i k e a N a t 3 ) c reati v e
, ,
1 36
RE ! U I S IT E S O F A M O N K
lute poverty was o n e o f t he conditions imposed by the
founde r o f B uddhism upo n all hi s disciples who desired
to en t e r t he A ssembl y H ence immediately p r evious to
.
,
sites include the three garments fo r m ing the pries tly robe
Thi ng a n S i wa r a n ) the girdle wo r n round the loins
, ,
h h ahei h P a ttwa
( R ) t he r ou nd mendicant s bowl ( )
a an , T ,
f ol i a
), and ough t s t rictly as
,
prescribed t o be made only ,
a robe Tho ugh often en t irely dis r ega rded this p re scri p
.
,
a pious layman being rent into squa res and then stitched
,
I 37
B U R M A U N D E R B R I TI S H R U LE
the form o f the mathematical a bbrevi a tion fo r there
fore to i ndicate the three precious g ems
B uddha the L a w a n d the A ssembly E very priestly
, ,
.
o u r month o f October
( ) The cloth pre
Ta aa u ng m on .
present tear the cloth into squares make the three gar
, ,
( M a tho t
-
hi n an
g ) woven entirely w ithi n the period o f t he
by any pries t who does no t eat a toothstick regularly
, ,
I S9
B U R M A U N D E R B R ITI S H R U LE
three feet when h anding the dole o f food When offe r .
1 40
L I F E I N A M O NA S T E R Y
alms o f r ice t hus gloried are however in the vas t , ,
maj o r i t y of cases not th e olla podrida borne back
from t he morning r ou nd These are usually g iven to .
food to be partaken o f is placed i n a d u t y bowl
( W u th wet
)
, which is brought forward by an acoly t e to
whe r e t he monks a r e seated T he latter are forbidden .
a nd butter .
b etel nut of the A r eca pal m and a leaf o f the betel vine
- -
( C h a vi ca hetl e
) avou r ed with
, a t iny bi t o f t obacco
gy i i . ,
formula ,
,
,
- -
,
1 42
TH E RE L I G I O U S LI FE
lea ding his though t s to the contempl a tion o f transitori
ness misery unsubsta ntiality : t he three unrealities o f
, ,
Buddhists or no t .
1
The rosa ry ( S ei hp a di : beads for coun t i ng ) used
1
S h oul d th e e el d s of m edi tati on n ot s f ce he may l e d his
s u ,
a
t h ough t i n t su h sp e i l
s o h nn el a the v g e te t si n s b i n g in g
c c a c a s s e r a s r
i mm ed i at t ib u ti on k i ll i n g a f th
e re r kill i n g m oth e k ill i n g a e r, a r, a
R h nd
a a b out to b om e a B ud d h i i n g a bl i t on B ud d h
a a ec , ra s s er a
h l f k n m k n g h i m n the A se mbly ;
( w o es i e c t b e t a nn o
e ) n d i a c i,
a a a s s s
the ve g e t d ee d e n u n i ti o n su e n d e in g on e h i l d en
r a of s r c a rr r s c r ,
p op e ty li fe wi fe an d on e o wn v l i ti o n ; the th e w ys of p u tti n g
r r , , ,
s o r e a
aw y si n m om e n t i ly te mp or a i ly
a ar nd e n ti ely ; an d m an y o th
,
r , a r ers
.
1 43
B U R M A U N D E R B R IT I S H R U LE
vene rable B uddha and d wells feelingly o n t he g rea t
merit ob tained by almsgiving
S ometimes it is true .
, ,
would be violated .
y o . P on
gy i
s olely i n o r de r t o save himself in t he next state o f
fu t u r e des t iny .
, ,
( Z ay at fr om S a a t a place o f eating nea r monaste r ies
, y , ,
V OL . II . 1 45 L
B U R M A U N D E R B R I T I S H R U LE
edice built by thei r father o r mother it w ou l d i mply ,
1 46
I N F L U EN C E O F M O N K S
I t is considered a S ign of extreme rudeness if any Bu r
man passes a rel igious without stoopin g i n a n attitude
mony i s as a b ov e b
d escri e d .
1 48
T H E A C O L YT E
for pe r mission to become a proba t ioner for the pries t hood .
m onastery .
often sent from his late worldly home for his speci a l use .
1 49
B U R M A U N D E R B R I T I S H R U LE
attention to the readin g o f the sacred books and to the ,
and valuable .
15o
EXC O M M U N I C A T I ON
A nother ceremony thou g h o ne of rare occurre n ce
, ,
ve R a ha n being necessary .
ce e d i n
g is ex t ended t o a whole section o f a village it is
t he mos t powerful protes t that the priesthood can make
agains t conduct t o which they obj ect .
, ,
moon of the conclusion of religious duties ( Tha d i ngy u t
,
duties o f L ent .
1 5 2
RE L I G I O N A ND NA TI O NA L C H A R A C T E R
u ninter r up t edly without severing his connexion with the
A ssembly and min g ling again with the laity E ven a .
give them ample opportuni t ies for studying the law and
r epeating it to the pious laymen who migh t ock there
for instruc t ion.
I 53
B U R M A U N D E R B R I TI S H R U LE
The acqu isition o f w ealth is not no w one o f the greatest
o f personal dangers as i t was in the good ol d palmy
,
far the purest an d the noblest o f all the creeds that have
eve r been es tablished except that which inculcates t he
beau t y o f sympathy and of charity i n addition to exho rt
ing its p rofessors to lead a life of pu rity simplicity and , ,
15 4
C h ap t e r VI
B U R MESE B E L I E F S AN D S U P E RST I T I O NS
I K E every other nation which has not advanced fa r
up the plane of civilization and progress the ,
vi z
.
,
the continu ous al t erna t ion of ood and ebb the ,
.
, , , ,
( A w g )
a fourfold
, i n n umber are c a used by the cur r ents
,
many othe r dan g ers with which the B urman s pil g rim a g e
the su n and the moon ruling the day and the night) , ,
T he N a t ( from t he S anskrit N a tto meaning lo r d o r ,
15 6
T H E LA N D O F S P I R IT S
human beings (L u ) ; bu t in common usag e L u means
I S7
B U R M A U N D E R B R ITI S H R U LE
ing fou r d ivisions the a ges at t ained a re respecti vely
1 44 5 76
, ,
and millions of t he years o f men .
usu a l to refer to them as m a s t er o r great lord
shi n A shi n
( A
,
gy )
i But apparently
.
as a body the spirits , ,
F eari n g g h y trusted
the ti er, t e the N a t,
B ut soon fou n d th i s a lly m uc h worse t h an th at .
15 8
T U T E LA R Y S P I R I T S
whic h are also often thus politely mentioned in L ower
B urma .
( S h i n
gy )
i I
. n inland sheries a portion o f the lake or
1
A som ewh at si m i l ar te m S di i s u ed to d en ote any em ony
r , a , s c er
1 60
EV I L S P I R I T S
twenty v e ye a rs of British rule the belief amon g the
-
,
have borne witness that after a child had lost its mother
, ,
k ind ( Thay e) hau nts bu rial g rou nds forests and lonely , ,
a r e i n an interestin g condition .
1 62
B ELI EF I N CHA RM S
a r ei h g
( ) for holdin charmed owers charmed
P o a n d ,
, ,
charms may time after time fail to work ye t his bel ief ,
the ch a rm ?
I f you were to speak irreverently or dis
p a ra i n l
g g y concerning a ny charm in the presence o f a
o r fo r m .
spirit of death Aga in when some denite but concealed
.
,
1 64
TH E P O W E R OF CH ARM S
by mali g nant i nuences e a ch more o r less powerful i n
its o wn degree the efcacy o f charms is affected by
,
u su n h
( L a un
g) be the l ucky possessor o f a particular
kind of precious stone ( Z a wd a ) he ca n by inserting it , ,
Pal i is simply a deed o r action ; a n d the meaning
1 67
B U R M A U N D E R B R I TI S H R U LE
( K a nh a u ng the
) is therefore to be subj ect t o the inuence
o f a g ood action ; w hereas to have bad luck ( K a nso the )
is to eat the fruit o f a bad action L u ck has c o ns e .
term eating a chance g ift is very commonly used
idea that the destinies o f the man and the woman are s o
bou nd up together that they are l iterally consorts
.
1 68
A U S P I C E S A N D O M EN S
pregnant with fate ; for o n e may be born to be a
ruler o r born to be a thief O n matters of this sort
, .
fully kept .
lay city .
house ; but the Burmese look upon its bite as fa tal and
only t o be cured by putting e a rth o i l o n the tongue or by -
vill a g ers
. I t is deemed a lucky thin g to possess a
bullock h a vi n g the left horn bent do w n while the right ,
( B w e
) in the h a ir o f animals are held t o g ive u n m i s t a k
M a thwda n ta thet M y l v wi ll l t f y
o e as or a e .
auspicious or else bad and ominous ; but when o n e
,
appe a rance tells o n e that su ch a sand p a g oda ( The -
special mea su res are taken to expel the evil spirits from
the town l imits or the v illa g e preci ncts by an operation
called drivin g into the jungle
Ta wtu h) This c o n .
I 7S
B U R M A U N D E R B R I T I S H R U LE
When atta cked by cholera the Burman resi g ns h imself
,
,
.
ments .
1 74
F U R T H E R S U P E R ST I T I O N S
illogical circu mstance althou g h they should know tha t
,
and survey o fcers have tents for their camp work but
no t infrequently these o fcers prefer to lodge as the ,
ei h d
( py ) the psyche that i nh a bits the body as a
L ,
1 76
FA B U L O U S A N I M A L S
fore more than spirits ( N a t) bein g possessed O f some ,
v i a t 1c u m .
cause of nightm a re .
( P a nd u
) is in colour like a faded leaf and is purely ,
( K e t ha raz a
) is a lso c a rnivorous The mouth and the .
tip of the tail o f t he latter are red and from its head ,
Chi n the , sho w in g a bold front to the enemy is an ,
( E r a wu n
) upon w hich the chief of the evil spirits
( M an N at
) is a ccustomed to ride A nothe r is
. the
stron g est and most excellent o f elephants ( S a ddd n S i n ) ,
S a dd d n , thereby implying that the sl i g htly albino
elephant maintained by his Maj esty was a true S uddeth .
( ei n n a r i
) being as nearly as possible a harpy .
su n
. O ne mode o f assertin g u ndyin g affection between
lovers is to swear to be fa ithful a n d fond so long as the
ba r e is to be seen in the moon .
1 78
B U R M E SE O A T H S
protection against the attack of any ki nd o f monster .
pardon of his parents who wish him g ood luck by ,
blocks or be ca u g ht by thorns a response w hich is ,
-
warding o ff of evil from his kin g dom there was a reg ular ,
statement ? TO clinch some arg ument impulsively
a not u ncommon expression is I f w hat I s a y be n o t ,
li g htning if I am not tellin g the truth I f you hea r a .
I 79
B U R M A U ND E R B R I TI S H R U LE
thoug h he has no particular prej u dice in favou r of truth ,
test of veraci t y is that implied i n the q uery Will y o u ,
1 80
C h ap t e r VI I
NAT I O NA L HA B I TS AN D CU S T O MS
N the B urmese language the term fo r a human bein g
( )
L u comprises not only all men women and , ,
eve n during the family meal she sees that the men have
been attended to before she disposes herself to be g in
eating . But to call a woman the weaker vessel
E ven ofci a lly the w ife w ill act fo r her husband d uring
his absence in case of emerg ency Thus in 1 88 5 when .
, ,
slipper o f the exacti ng wife T o be food for the s a n
.
1 82
RE P R O A C H E S A M O N G W O M E N
I t must have su rprised this worthy expou nder o f the l aw
to nd th a t the J udicial Commissioner had come a cross
the case and had w ritten a memorandu m on it in which ,
little bet t er fo r the o n e egg woman ( U ta l on m a ) is
,
- -
1 83
B U R M A U N D E R B R I TI S H RU LE
posed to h ave gone off i n company w ith that o f the dead
mo t her U nless this be ch a rmed back the babe must
. ,
very n ame fo r a mid w ife she who pulls the womb ,
( W u n sw e o r more politely
) , she w ho presses with the
,
hand is g ruesomely sug g estive o f heroic and
dra stic methods o f treatment On the birth of the child .
( K nh
) durin g which the i nfant a n d the h a nds o f
i on ta t
lactation a decoction o f
, bitter curry ( H en ha ) is
s t ren g th.
, ,
ha ve a si n l e
g g yra ha i r th ou h l i vi n
g g to,1 00
y f
ea r s o ag e .
bu ried ? The c a ul o f a n infant is supposed to brin g
good luck i n the w a y of obtain ing for its possessor t he
fa vou r o f those s e t in authority over him .
( S )
u nd a y ; Ta n i n l d o r L a the moon
( Monday )
, I n
g a o r
( Friday ) ; S a n e o r S aturn
( S aturd ay ;
) a nd R a h u the ,
1 86
TH E H O R O S C O PE
w eek R a hu is attached as a second planet to W e d n e s
,
R a hu I
refs
7
4
:4 e
7
s
ue
e
M i dd y t M ni gh t
a
ne s
o
a
id
y :
.
F n d ay . S nd y
u a
Ry a tha ha de
Ta m
'
( J u pi ter) ( M oon )
Th u r sd a y . M nd y
o a .
( M erc ury )
1"
W d ne d y
e s
M i d n i gh t t M i d d y
o
a
a .
1
T 335?Y
S W .
over one s des t iny whilst the others and more especially
, ,
i n the ( Brahminic a l ) V ed a ( B ed i n S ay a) having a s c e r
t a i n e d the a g e o f his client a n d the name o f the day
u pon w hich he w a s born d ivides the former by ei g ht ,
.
1 87
B U R M A U N D E R B R I T I S H R U LE
o f movement of the hands o f a w atch and the plane t ,
born .
the last day o f the lunar month those born w hilst the ,
sk
y is overcast with heavy rain clouds and those born ,
1 88
T H E N A M I N G O F C H I LD RE N
amon g w estern n a tions for the Gy othi n N a n thi n hm i ,
a re as follows
F or S nd y
u a a
( c h i e f v owel ) F or Wed n d y y es a : ,
r, l, w l( i q ui d s
)
M nd y
o a : h, h, g , g
,
ng
( gut Th d ay p p urs ,
,
h, h, m
l( b i
a
tu ra l s ) a ls
)
T u esd y a : s, s
, z, z
,
ny
( p l a a F ri d a y : th, h ( si bil an ts)
ta l s)
n l s) F or S a t urd a y t, t
,
d, d
n
( d e ta
Thus boys might respec t ively be called Maun g A n ,
s p o n d s to M iss N eedle Ma Gyi to M iss B ig M a
,
,
L ife . But o f cou rse these are no more curious than
, ,
S l a u g hter .
1 89
B U R M A U N D E R B R I T I S H R U LE
o n the names being Pali and mostly taken from person
, ,
choice o f such rel igious name rests with the abbot i nto
whose mon a stery the probationer is admitted I f the .
, ,
known
I t i s not customary for children to be called by the
name the father be a rs o r ha s once borne The Bu rmese .
Le t vill g n a m es b e h n d
a e a ed d ow n ,
Ywa M i su n s n o t a f th e
. B ut a to r s a son .
these often bea r the name o f the vill a g e whence the colony
w a s planted ; but p a rents do not attempt to create family
names I n order to x the identity of any individu a l it
.
0
( ) h similar
, to that used in making gifts o f food etc to ,
.
,
1 90
C H A N G E O F NA M E
priests is sent rou nd to all friends a n d rel a tives with
,
1 91
B U R M A U N D E R B R I T I S H R U LE
As a matter o f fact one child practically appears to be
suckled so long as lactation continues o r u ntil d ispl a ced ,
1 92
E LE M EN T A R Y ED U C A TI O N
t he long period o f t he rainy season lasting from M ay t ill ,
y )i
can r evel i n all sor t s of games and indulge his rog u ish ,
r obe
.
black w r iting pad t hough black wooden boa rds ( Thi n oon )
,
'
fr om the sec o nd cu rved K t he rou nd S fr om t h e
, ,
rolled up S the po t bellied T from the elephant
,
-
fe t ter T the deep P from t he capped P and bo t h
,
,
o f these fr om the h ump backed B and so o n The
- .
,
V OL . II . 1 93 o
B U R M A U N D E R B R I TI S H R U LE
them for half an hou r very early eve ry morning and then ,
dry u ntil required for the nex t lesson T hey are blackened .
, ,
1 94
A C O L YT E TH E
n
noon and afternoon le sso s a gong made of a piece o f t
, ,
wood hollowed out and with a nar row lon g i t udinal slit
1
alon g the t op ye t the Babel of shrill youn g voices very
,
poverty and has in r enou ncing the pomps and vani t ies of
, ,
this world turned his back upon its snares and d elusions
, ,
l ife s account the sup r eme end and aim o f the cold
as a c a -
r ea d y .
I 95
B U R M A U N D E R B R I TI S H R U L E
the transmig ra t ions which must be made by h is soul .
the same time his religious baptism and his con rma t ion
i n t he t rue religion of the venerable Buddha .
to i mp r ove soon .
1 96
TATT O O I N G
schools and t h e a tt end a nce at them are rapidly i nc re as
ing R ecognizing t he inevitable march of events in this
.
boy has to endu re very much the same sort o f unenvi a ble
reputation as a softy that an E nglish schoolboy would
incu r if he shunned c r icket football and other games , , .
and to t o th r ust or pierce
1
The P n m I h av e fo gotten th ough I u ed to kn ow hi m
ongy i s
a e r ,
s .
Th om M ri s J enk i n
as or s the A si st n t C o mm i
s, i on e who a s a ss r
th u s u e fu lly mpl oy ed hi s l e i su e ti m e i n
s e l o n ely m l l town wh ere he
r a s a ,
I 97
B U R M A U N D ER B R I T I S H R U LE
from t he horoscope that the time is auspicious fo r the
,
i n to ope ra t e When complete the whole eld o f
.
,
, ,
1 98
TATT O O I N G
ta t too themselves completely from above the waist down
to belo w the ankles A ll the g reat mas t ers of the art o f
.
The artis t in ink begins ope r a t ions by rs t o f a ll
and schoolboys .
I 99
B U R M A U N D E R B R IT I S H R U LE
case t he ope ration was performed when he was fteen
yea rs o f age tha t i t was done o n three consecutive days
, ,
Chin hill tribes it was cus tomary to tattoo with nar row
lines the whole of the faces o f you ng girls s o as to
r ende r t hem less at tractive to raiders and to m ake them ,
200
EA R B O R I N G -
the rst great and real even t i n the life o f a g irl i s the
ceremony of ear boring (N a d w i n M i ng a l a) some t imes
-
,
are like very larg e sha rp pointed F rench nails and are -
,
20 1
B U R M A U N D E R B R I TI S H R U LE
the t ime the E nglish proverb time is money wo uld
an ol d na t ional ornament .
2 03
B U R M A U N D E R B R I TI S H R U LE
e a r th e r n jar o f water poised o n he r h ead and can , ,
2 04
F A C E E N A M E LL I N G
-
2 05
B U R M A U N D E R B R IT I S H R U LE
exactly as if he r ol ive skin h ad been coa rsely and badly
washed over wi t h t hin yellowish s t raw o r c r eam colou r ed -
ve r y extensive .
( S a d un
). F o r this purpose girls may ei t he r treasure up
utilize the long hai r shorn from t hei r brother s head when
t wo kinds of cheroo t o r rolled tobacco ( S el ei h) I f
.
o f th e P n h r
y a u g u o maize ( Z ea m ay )
s .
( P a w d) l ike a man s
silk t urban is h eld i n th e hand o r
2 08
TH E
B AZ A A R
g rea t es t of compl iments and sa y Y ou are ve ry beau
,
tiful and y ou walk like an elephant she will most l ikel y
, ,
bones smoo t hness of skin beau t iful hai r and you th ful
, , ,
inamora t a i n t he evening a t the t ime when youths ,
u b oh h a ch
g o cou rtin g ( L y l et e e i n
) which bein g inte r , ,
p re t e d means
,
f r om abou t eigh t t o ten o clock at ni g h t
.
I t t ermina t es wi t h t he r etu r n of t he young lads ( N a li n
by a n ) cor r espondin g t o about ten p m I t is only then .
V OL . II. 209 p
B U R M A U N D E R B R I TI S H R U LE
( y )
L ub a band t hemselves
u nde r t he leade r ship o f a
head bachelo r ( L u by og a u ng ) who exerts an authori t y
,
smiths ro w a dye r s row or a carpenters r o w
,
,
main road and lead ing to t he mino r tho rou g hfares where
those follo w ing o ne and t he same t rade or occupation
are to be found congrega t ed t oge t he r .
in g S o am I ; I ll go t oo
, The r eupon t hey with d raw
.
q u i t e to t hemselves u nder four eyes as the Germans
, ,
for him all eyes and ears for his swee t heart he will
, ,
211
B U R M A U N D E R B R I TI S H R U LE
nec te d wi th him may al l be discussed sotto voce qui t e
, , ,
212
M AR R IAGE
those dealing wi t h t he life and l imbs of th e pe rson of a
man and t hi r dly those affec t ing o t her property F i rst
, , .
make r called the ove r come r of d i fculties ( A u ng the) o r
,
,
leg al res t rictions have long since been demol ished and ,
21 3
B U R M A U N D ER B R I TI S H R U LE
Thro ughou t Burma early ma r riage is the rule but ,
sa u n
g o r main ce r emony consis t ed in joining t oget h er t he
214
M A R R I A GE C U STO M S
hands pal m t o palm ( L etset or L etta t) at the moment
predicted as auspicious i n eating o u t of the same dish , ,
sion for seven days during which t ime they were cut off
,
M i ng a l a Ky eda u ng or demand for larg esse i s made
by t he L u by og a u ng on behalf o f t he bachelors o f the
215
B U R M A U N D E R B R I T I S H R U LE
local i t y I f no t freely and l ibe rally given t hey pel t the
.
also exe rts powerful sway ; for a wom a n withou t a half
ah
( )
zi l a t o r a man who is a lay recluse
T ( T a w tw et) ,
21 6
B U R I A L C U STO M S
the Bu r mese whose womenfolk are the grea t workers
,
and taskmas te rs .
or
unpleasan t ce r emony ( M a thci ) are like all t hei r
,
bein g always the omi nou s and accu rsed direction while ,
21 7
B U R M A U N D E R B R I TI S H R U LE
withou t in termission by a band ou tside on the road way ,
o f the death .
218
C R E M A T O R Y R IT E S
p r iests ente r o ne o f t he open r est houses -
always ,
much mo r e common than burial o r ea rth covering -
2 19
B U R M A U N D E R B R ITI S H R U LE
o ut
. When the ashes have cooled su f ciently t he ,
220
Ch a p te r VI I I
T RA I TS O F B U R M ESE C H ARA C TER
22 1
B U R M A U N D E R B R I TI S H R U LE
I ndia. The S iamese apply this same term t o the
Bu r mese .
when they r eally mean N o simply from disincl ination
,
222
LEA D I N G C H A R A C T ER I S TI C S
charges i n general tax t o t he utmost the discriminative
powers of the magistracy O ne o r two exceedin g ly .
i nterference are also observed for the Buddh ist is not his ,
223
B U R M A U N D E R B R ITI S H R U LE
a small local t wo foot gauge rail way ru nning from Tha ton
-
224
NA TI O NA L C H A R A C T E R I S TI C S
Thou g h n a tu rally lazy the B urman qu ite understands
,
working hard .
historical times .
a nc e s,
while o t hers touch o n peculiarities o f mind or
manne r S ome are complimentary and o t hers q ui t e
.
,
the reve rse Thu nder a nd lig ht ning was known for
.
p r omp t itude and decision while N ex t Time was the ,
Golden Face was killed i n the war bu t Po t belly ,
-
bitte r s .
be easily imposed on .
226
M O D E S TY A N D M O RA L I T Y
disposi t io n There is however a lack o f demons t rative
.
, ,
227
B U R M A U N D E R B R I TI S H R U LE
existence pas t present and future S i x senses are
, , .
o n fo r tu ne o r o n one s o w n indus tr y
.
,
( Y d aa N i m i
) and m any o f them are in the form o f
,
cloth is pu r e silk I n a fo r es t of soft woods the .
,
casto r oil plan t is kin g
-
The highe r t he maste r .
,
t he lower the se r van t D esire for has t e brin g s de .
2 28
B U R M ES E P R O V E R B S
la y Only something substantial can ca st a shadow
. .
R ou g h speech comes fr om r ough people D on t
.
break the branches of the tree that shelters y o u When .
Toungoo ( a dis t rict celeb rated for its areca palms ) .
Whe n t wo buffaloes want to g ht the grass can t ,
prevent them Breaking one leg o f a centipede won t
.
stop its prog ress I t isn t the cock crowing t h at
.
-
brings the dawn
O ne doesn t se e one s own want
.
o f beauty when l a u g hin g a t the u g liness o f anothe r .
When clearin g reeds don t let the r oots remain ,
.
I t is bad t o help a man o r t o salve a n o f c i al s boat ,
.
A spark from a rubbish heap ca n burn down a tower .
The worth of a fowl can be estima t ed from i t s bones ,
tha t of a man from his kith and kin Opposite .
natu res don t mate in the same house
H o t ashes
.
won t scare a man who comes fr om the lowest hell .
When her nei g hbours are good a girl can easily nd ,
a g ood husband Gold won t buy a good cha rac t er
. .
U nwise acqu isi t ion becomes theft When a m a d .
dog i t raises no d us t A dog s bark won t make an .
ant hill ru n away
-
E ven a small elephant is still as
.
big as a buffalo A lthough a he n may cackle all
.
i s worth a t h ousand pieces o f g old H a re l ipped .
-
people mustn t blo w t he re
The cattle come before .
the plou g h
E ven a ne river is spoiled by shoals
. .
O ne bird is as beau t iful as ano t he r N o o n e heeds .
a dog tha t is al ways b a rkin g
Unused i ron soon .
rus ts . When once the elephant s t usk p rotrudes it
withou t bein g in love and c a n draw one s b reath with ,
out actually giving a sniff B urning t he granary b e .
cause one d isl ikes a ra t I f you don t know the market .
229
B U R M A U N D ER B R I T I S H R U LE
don t hurry t he hill m e n A wasteful eater soon .
g r ows poor S nakes bite snak es
.
S ho w the king .
o f the crocodiles w hat to do in water One knows
.
bes t w h en one s o wn belly pains
L ike moonli g h t in .
t he hollow of a bamboo
I t can t be darker than a t .
t he crossbow S pirits c a n d o what men can t
.
the case if y o u do I l l g i ve y ou ha lf the money
, ,
H ere .
,
230
I NN AT E P O L I TE NE S S
in a nu t shell are very typical examples o f the nation a l
,
o f people .
232
Ch ap te r IX
T HE S O C I A L S Y S T E M
H E N the youn g H indu kno w n in early l ife a s
S e i d d a t ta the s o n o f S u dd a wd a na R ajah o f
, ,
Ka pp i la w u t and R uler of M ag ha d a ( N ip al o r B eh a r ) ,
t hereby fostered .
23 3
B U R M A U N D E R B R ITI S H R U LE
belongin g to o ne o f the cl a sses other than the slaves and
ou tcas t s could rise to the hi g hes t posi t ion in the land .
we r e included the four infamous classes ( S a nda l a l e so)
- -
,
a p a goda slave .
The nat ural veneration for r oyal blood was ext r eme ,
234
A LA U N G P A Y AS C AR EE R
may also mean the leader o f a band of hu ntsmen this ,
g i na r
y prophecies to be noised a broad th a t he w a s to free
his cou ntrymen from t he yoke o f the Pegu a ns M en .
235
B U R M A U N D E R B R I TI S H R U LE
he returned t o MOkso bo and busied himself with the
recru itment and disciplinin g o f troops .
236
T H E N O B I L ITY
I n the olden times this class is t raditionally supposed
to have contained nobles ( A m d t) but the tenure ,
personal d is t inction .
presses respect and U or u ncle implies the deference
,
of
p re x i n
g U to the name o f the person addressed I n .
237
B U R M A U ND E R B R I TI S H R U LE
speaking to an equ a l the w ord M i n is used for you
,
S hi n ,
mas t e r is the term o f compellation used by
,
pa r en t s .
or madam
.
,
M ay a or wife
but if referring to the wife of another , ,
,
she would be the
F rau B il rg e rm e i s te r i n When .
o f religious merit When monks converse amon g them
.
N g a t he equivalent of ou r
, I wri t very larg e is only , ,
, , ,
over . O the r wise i n addressi ng superiors humble and
, ,
royal self my mas t er which is alon g with the term
, , ,
hip ( Ti nba py i n t he pos t ure in which mos t im a g es
-
of hair on the crown of one s head ( Usu nshet) though
,
it is more commonly known a s S he/eo o r simpl y homage
,
order that the top knot and the crown o f the head should
-
( G a u n
g ba u n
g ) o f colou red silk was compulsory on all ,
2 40
P O L YG A M Y
se ttling a t S hwegu this so n was married to a l a dy fo r
merly belonging to the Cour t w ho held l a nd i n her o wn
,
e i n M a a who were
a nd the A th taken possession O f
y ,
V OL . 11 24 1 R
B U R M A U N D E R B R I TI S H R U LE
w a s retained under the Uppe r B urma V illage Re g ulation
( 1 88 7
) and subsequently the L ower Burma V illa g e A ct
was passed i n order t o re introduce s o far as possible -
, ,
1 . P erso n s g oi n g o ut a ter f te n o
c ocl k at n i gh t m u st ca rr y a l n te n
a r
wi t h th em
I n the sub u b s wh ere p alm l eav es and spl i t b amb oos are used fo r
.
2. r ,
eac h h ouse .
wi th the p ol i c e .
the su b u rb s .
i n any q uarter o f a su b u b r .
2 42
D E G E N E RA T E Y O U T H
There is a growi n g wan t o f respect a nd deference such
a s w a s fo r merl paid by youn g men t o their seniors ;
y
and t he old venera tion for the reli g ious precepts and
those devotin g t hemselves to a religious life is gradually
disappearing without a nything equally good taking its
place . The pious lial duty ( M i ba w u t) owed by
l o d ed ti k s o th e d n g u we p n h b e m e
a s c ,
r o r a o mm o n
e ro s a o s as co a c
p ti c e i n om e d i st i t
rac s d th e d wi th t h i t ti n t P we
r c s, a n ese ar u se ou es a o a
( th t i
ea r c al o th e e mbl
r o i e ) n d d i nk i n g
r assb ou ts T h O ffe n d
s a r . e e r s ar e
o fte n y un g m e n in g o d
o i um t n e o v e wh o m th i r p
o c rc nt s a c s, r e a re s a re
s ai d to b e u n bl e to e x e i e ny uth o i ty
a rc s a a r .
sists of a verand a h o r place for han g in g the cattle bells ,
K
( a l a u hswe) raised a bout t wo to three feet above the
,
o r mo r e sleeping apartmen t s h he Ah of
(
E i t an
) o ne ,
which is u sually desi g nated the gues t chambe r ( E the
K a n) behind which a pla t form often extends con t aining
,
left open with the cooking place free a t the corner ; and -
house fo r ms the place into wh ich all the dir t and refuse
from above is swept throu g h the ch inks in t h e ooring ,
holes ac t ually pie rced as spi t ting holes for use during -
be t el chewing .
2 44
E FF E C T S O F C I V I L I Z A TI O N
bamboo and pal m leaves are also used for this purpose .
the lower portion rem a ins O pen with the end t ouching
the g rou nd T hus at each step the leg with which a
.
headdress .
and padauk also offer a cool and shady restin g place for
,
-
2 47
B U R M A U N D E R B R IT I S H R U LE
a platfo r m o f boards erected o n a parape t o f brickwork
fo rming some t hin g l ike a local f or u m ; and this cus t om
extends right a cross t he hills from Upper Bu rma ,
small compou nd but t he r e is seldom any a tt emp t a t
,
garden ing .
2 48
T H E FU S I ON OF RACES
Thus in 1 8 7 2 t he propo r t ion of B urmese to the r es t of
,
the shape o f British adminis tra t ion and imp r oved com
m u n i ca ti o ns by railway r iver and sea are all of such a
, , ,
249
B U R M A U N D E R B R I TI S H R U LE
usually made to a dop t the dress l a nguage customs and
, , ,
ro h C hief Commissioner s on
( C
p dc vi ce ,
d ential Circular) and Physiolog ical N ecessity
T he .
smothered in ridicul e .
s i o na l l
y sees one or t w o w ho are fo r the
,
grea t er p art
im a g e of G o d .
Talaing Buddhis t s .
25 3
B U R M A U N D E R B R I T I S H R U LE
Governor o f S yriam was impaled i n 1 6 1 3 his colony
, ,
were made the cen t res o f miss ion work special success ,
this las t place S ubse q uently w ork has been under t aken
.
central portio n .
been large and well deser ved U nder the energ etic .
25 5
B U R M A U N D E R B R ITI S H R U LE
must exert a very marked a nd import a n t inuence on the
coming g enera t ions in B urm a .
25 6
C hapte r X
NA T I O NA L F ES T I V A L S AN D A M U SE M EN T S
I T H t h eir buoyant careless happy g o lucky , ,
- -
,
V OL . II . 25 7 s
B U R M A U N D E R B R ITI S H R U LE
make merry A s a t ypical example o f a g reat B urmese
.
pag oda o n the sacred island is i n m a ny respects the ,
far and wide residing for the two o r three days o f the
,
rice w hich has been thrown aside and scaven g ing accord
in g t o thei r wont N ext day the removal o f the hu t s
.
25 8
T H E N E W Y EA R S F ES T I V A L
t he naming o f a child the boring o f a girl s ears the,
, ,
E uropeans as the Water Festival is the only o n e
,
25 9
B U R M A U N D E R B R I T I S H R U LE
of dis t urbance and unrest A t the precise moment
.
tion O f K a daw bet o r beg pardon seems distinctly to
,
,
2 60
T H E EN D O F LEN T
freed from the austerities and laymen from the stric t er
observance o f rel i g iou s duties prescribed durin g the
previous three months or fou r i n every third year
, .
he resided .
these g ift trees are hun g with very miscell a neou s articles
-
261
B U R M A U N D E R B R I TI S H R U LE
lookin g glasses and thick yellow annel coverle t s for
-
,
Buddh i n embryo .
S imult a neously w ith t h e re festival grea t offerings
,
o f food
( S u nd a w i
gy ) are often made at the monasteries
t o celebrate the conclusion o f L ent and the relaxation
o f the monastic austerities while a t the same time the
,
2 62
T H EA T R I C A L P E R F O R M A N C E S
crowds th r on g the mazes of the bamboo trellis l a byrinth -
.
o f v a rious sorts .
2 63
B U R M A U N D E R B R I T I S H R U LE
near the conuence o f the Chindwi n river with the
I rrawaddy Whenever a P we i s given any one who
.
so o n .
c a t e d i n t he name as Ye i n
g,
means to lean to be ,
i ncl ined . T here is no quick movemen t of the l imbs ,
o f a ccidents .
( H a
) , , p ,
T a on
2 65
B U R M A U N D E R B R I TI S H R U LE
o r praye r ags w h ich sway t o and fro w ith eve r y brea t h
,
o f air.
to nine feet bet ween them I n all the larger mon a steries
.
o f a hall in which the boys are taught and where visi t ors ,
have seven until the fa lse roofs making the sacred nine
a r e discovered .
any one even the head o f the monas t ery were to walk
, ,
the g re a t glo ry usu a lly takes place in Feb r uary or
,
M arch after the rice c rops have been reaped and sold ,
When the day xed for the cremation has arrived the ,
are n o w obscu re .
g i ft s .
o un or o ,
2 68
B OAT R A C I NG
to w n a n d bi g vill a g e ha d i ts o wn racin g c a noe ( L a u ng )
a n d i t s crew well tra ined to t h e use o f the short paddles
the g re a t canoes h a ve their names such as S an hawk , ,
,
A u ng ba n, t he ower of victory and s o forth by , ,
2 69
B U R M A U N D E R B R I TI S H R U LE
two grea t forms of sport in which money c h an g es hands
freely .
o f thei r friends .
, ,
he K a t l a i h he ; Ya u h a ba th H ike a
,
y a ; o i ,
man (lit man s .
Man o r tiger ? Ro w
,
paddle l ike men ; R aise t he paddle dip the paddle
, ,
.
27o
P O NY R A C I N G
and is xed so as to p r oj ect an equal dis tance on each
side from the cen tral point I n th e t ube rests a piece .
position o n t he bank .
o f the ower rod o f vic t ory the men formin g t he
,
races are all matches be t ween two ponies and are run ,
27 1
B U R M A U N D E R B R I T I S H R U LE
S eldom u nder a n y ci r cumstances tender mouthed when -
,
, .
S hans .
272
R A C I NG A ND G A M B LI NG
N e a r R angoon pony races take place earl y every
S u nday morning o n the P r ome road between the fourth
, ,
V OL . 11 . 273 T
B U R M A U N D E R B R I TI S H RU LE
breed o f clean l imbed sleek coated cattle sometimes fu r
-
,
-
mos t celebra ted are those w hich take place o n the plains
near the t own o f Tavoy The beasts a r e tra ined fo r the .
ba tha
274
B U R M E SE F O O TB A L L
fa ir fall shoulders touchin g the g rou nd the m a tch is
, ,
275
B U R M A U N D E R B R I TI S H R U LE
ten o r twelve o f these a re placed on ed g e in a strai g h t
l ine at ri g ht an g les to the line o f play while the player ,
Commander i n Chief -
The pieces o n e a ch side consist
-
.
o f eight N e or pa w ns two Ya tta o r chariots t wo
, ,
S i n or
eleph a nts two My i n o r ho r ses o ne S i t
,
,
or
o f cer and o n e M i ngy i o r m in ister of state
,
.
The ch a riot corresponds to o u r cas tle the horse
,
t o a kni gh t and the minister o f state t o the king
,
.
The eleph a nt ca n move only o ne square at a time ,
state was called the kin g an d the ofcer the
,
commander while the game itself differed in certain
,
reaching the opponent s base line only the ofcer can
been captured except the minister o f state which c a n ,
elephant are to a ccomplish the task for ty four ,
-
checkmatin g wi t h minister ofcer a nd one
, ,
follows
276
B U R M ES E C H ES S
N u m b er . N a me Of P i e ce . y
S mb o l . P os i ti on o n sq ua r es for
B l ac k . W hi te .
2 Ch a i otsr C 1 ,
8 5 7 , 64
2 El e p h an ts E 1 0, 1 9 4 6, 5 5
2 H or ses H 1 2, 1 8 4 7, 5 3
1 Min i ster of St ate M 1 1 54
1 Of ce r 0 20 45
8 P wn s
a P 21 2 8
37 44
A sor t backg ammon ( P a si t) o r cow r y game
of
K
( y w eha sa
) is
played w ith S ix co w ry shells i n pl a ce of
277
B U R M A U N D E R B R I TI S H R U LE
also played but more by Chinamen than B urmese
, Both .
,
K
ca n c r
y
ali K a,l aw or
D i D i, and u s e other , ,
requ ired more moral and physical cou rage than the
ave rage Burman possesses to have returned to one s
y o , .
d a coity with its h a rsh stern discipline its hard life in the
,
279
C h ap t e r X I
S CI ENC E A N D AR T AM O N G T HE B U R M ESE
F o ne w erefo r ced to del iver a terse cate g orical O pinion ,
their lan g u a g e i s the word P i ny a meanin g wisdom ,
,
do or acquainta nce with anythin g I n all eighteen
.
,
w omen age p r ema t urely and soon des t roy their repro
d ucti ve power have already been described ( pag e I 84 )
,
.
2 80
TW O C LA S SE S O F D O C T O R S
There are two classes of doctors fo r bodily a ilments ,
is by far the larg er class but the methods o f both are the
,
o f the mind
( S ei h o f the se a son o f the year
) , ( U d u
) a nd ,
H nei h e
( p ) is almost al w a y s a pplied a part from any ,
special prescriptions .
H ence there is no surg ery and the use o f surg ical i ns tru
,
n i ne t y S ix diseases ( S a n a wu dd i o r K osecha uh Yo wg a )
-
or mo r e o f them i n particular .
and diar r h oea whic h are accou ntable for abou t three
,
were enforced .
2 82
TH E M ED I C I N E M A N
work I ha d at last to request he would go to hospital and
,
,
that the excellent R an goon hospi t al was a verit a ble
hell upon t he earth where he w ould soon die of the
n inety S ix diseases
-
E ven the t hought o f g oing there
.
had such an effect upon the S ick man tha t he was soon
able to resume reg ul a r attendance a t o fce .
The pharmac op oeia o f the B ei n d a w S ay et o r medicine
man is va stly comprehensive stra n g e and wonderful as , ,
D i g gin g for cobras he replied ; and he then told ,
1
The v om i a t e ( K b ng S t y ch o n vomi ) i s v e y
n ux c r e a au : r n s ux ca r
comm on al l o v B u m in th fo sts up to
er r a f e e t e l e v t i on I f
e re a .
2 83
B U R M A U N D E R B R I T I S H R U LE
blo t c h y skin disease called Ti n dei h L ike other orientals
-
.
,
be buil t .
the witch the wise man recites inca ntations and asks
,
eta n o ,
2 84
A STR O L O GE R S
cab a l is t ic gures O nce alarmed the witch unable to
.
, ,
the spirit o f life itself havin g been d riven from its earthly
tenement A nd such cases are very common indeed in
.
V ed a o r fou r Brahminical books who can by a study ,
ominous days for en t erprises of all sorts for the reg ula ,
2 85
B U R M A U N D E R B R I T I S H R U LE
tion o f health the wardin g o ff and the cu re o f d iseases
, ,
(
c a te d p a ge Bu t it is not t oo much to s a
y t hat h a rdly
1
The foll owi n g
Thi ngy a nsa for the ear 1 884 y
85 m ay ser e a s an v
x mpl
e a f
e o f the sor t o f or e c a st i e gv n
y F y
ll
The ol d ear ( 1 2 4 5 ) wi e n d on f
r i d a , the rst da
y a ter the u f ll
m noo f h h mn
of Tag u, a t ou r n yf
ours, fty t ree-
i u tes, and twe t o ur sec o d s -
n
f n n
a ter oo .y ll mm n
The n ew e ar ( 1 2 4 6 ) wi gh h co e ce at ei t ours, t f y
mn lv n m n ng S n y
i u te s, a nd twe e s ec o d s on the h
or i of u d a , the t i rd d a y
n ng m n
o f the wa i ooh n o f Tag zi , w e ng
the Thagy a M i n , the Ki o f the
n y ll n i ng m b ll h l g
N a t c ou tr , wi d e sc e d r d i on a ta e u , o d in an ax e i n on e
h n p kl
a d an d a rea er s si c
h ll h n g
e i n the o t er, a nd wi c a e hi s resi d e c e n
2 86
C H R O N O L O GY
I ncludin g the r eligious epoch dating from G a u d a ma s
( L d y )
b i is excep t as re g a rds the commencement o f each
,
a .
t e es
r A ll k i n d s of wh i te su b stan c es wi ll b e ex c eed i n g ly d ear
. R ain .
a o ,
An d so on .
2 87
B U R M A U N D ER B R ITI S H R U LE
new year the se a son at which all reli g ious festivals take
,
N ay i o r time measu r er was a copper cup havin g a
K
a n eye a n d up w a rds but these te r ms were seldom used
( ) ,
m easured off a gon g was bea ten and at every third hou r ,
,
two beats twelve o clock three beats three o clock and
, ,
1
Ra hi i i s a so l an A thzi r a , a sort of T i ta n o fall e n spi
r r i t, the g ea test
r
o f a l l the N o t i n Sp
l n
i ri t a d . H e i s ai d to b e
s ml i es I n h e i gh t ,
an d to e a t the m n n
oo o ce i n e v ery si m on th s
x .
2 88
M EA S U R I N G T I M E A N D D I S TA N C E
olden days the timekeeper could be carried O ff and sold
,
hail , as fa r as the lowing o f a bullock can be hea r d a ,
qu id of betel ( ten minutes ) as far as a cheroo t las t s
,
narratives consisted o f ,
Ta ; but it is never used
colloqui a lly in this manner F o r smalle r measurements .
bu ildings were for the rst time roofed with corru gated
2 90
C R I TI ! U E O F B U R M ES E A R T
i r on M a ny of the stone edices were ornamented in
.
record ,
se d u l ou sly fo te ed Wo k m e n e p ov i d d wi th p h tog p h i c m od el s
s r . r ar r e o ra
o f g od wo k o e v i l e i mi t ti o n o f n o n B
r ,
s r m an wo k i s d i co g ed a -
ur r s ura ,
s h ool o f
c t Al l the b e t wo km e n n ow d e v ote th ei e n g i
ar . p in i s r r er es r c
th ei p od u c ti n s d u i g the y e
r r o ( 885 86) h v wi th few ex ep ti on
r n ar 1 -
a e, c s,
b n B u m e e i S h p e d e i g h c te i sti s nd d et i l s
ee r s n a , T he s n, c a ra r c , a a .
sc h m e fo the en ou g e m en t of a t i n d u t i es d v n e d n th e t p
e r c ra r s r a a c a o r s e
a n d fo m e d n i nf
r m al ompany Th ey h v e b tai n ed the e v i es of
a or c . a o s r c
a t two th y l e k who wi ll a t
ru s r c e e t y an d
r cco un ta n t an d wi ll
, c as s cr ar a
the I n d i n p p e
,
see t ad v e ti si n g i
o r to the p op e n eg i st ti on of a a rs, r r r ra
o der to th ei r e x c uti o n i n d u e o t ti on
r s, n d to th ei d
e p atch r a , a r es .
ar ti ts an d to k e p a k ee n l ook ou t th at th h n d i
s e ft f B m a e ot e a cra s o ur a r n
d e b sed i n t m an u f c tu es wh e e h u n d e d s of a ti l e
a o af e x tly i m i l a
r r r r c s o ac s r
d e i g n a e p od u e d i n a sl ov e nly and i n ti ti c m nn e
s r r c Th e e ha ar s a r. r s
d u i n g the y e
r T he wood c a v i n g i n ti tu te ha d on e w ll and h
ar . r s s e as
2 92
W O O D C ARV I N G
wood by natives of I ndia employed withi n the p alace pre
c i nc ts . S ome o f these were certainly deservin g o f being
sen t t o S outh K ensing ton as objec t s o f u niqu e i nterest .
with l ime over the rich gold g ilding t hat covered the
whole o f the ceiling and the walls Of this there is .
2 93
B U R M A U N D E R B R I TI S H R U LE
B uddhism u nless t h ey might be taken to rep r esent the
bur n ing ames O f lust and passion referred to i n Gau
d a m a s celebrated S ermon o n the M ount in which he rs t
enu nci a ted the mystery o f the law to his d isciples These .
o f n ish u n mistakably
, r epresent the b reas t n eck an d , ,
L e og ryp hs d emons
if no t exami ned too closely the work is very effec t ive and , ,
nish .
2 95
B U R M A U N D E R B R I T I S H R U LE
t ypical standard desi g ns o n silver cups ( P a /d ) consists
o f the twelve signs o f the zodi a c each embossed within ,
, ,
silver.
2 96
G O L D J E W E LLE R Y
recent artist in this b ranch was a leper who used t o live
in the t own of S hwe g yin and who d ied there a bou t ,
rings and the fr ont end of the ear cylinders are often
s e t with diamonds rubies spinels and sapphires I n
, , , .
2 97
B U R M A U N D E R B R I T I S H R U LE
the handsome w ork h a ve there remained any longer
i n existence The whole surface havi ng bee n g ild e d
.
,
red appears the y ellow throu g hout the desi g n : and last
o f all comes the g reen r el ieved by dots and lines of the
2 99
BU R M A U N D ER B R ITI S H R U LE
o f deep contempl a tion his left hand resting across his
,
a ttached to the umbrell a o r iron framework surmo u nt
W ith e a ch brea th o f a i r these g l e a e ts are borne -
agains t the sides of the be lls w hich thus tin k le day and
,
301
nigh t while the air is i n li g ht motion S ometimes t hese .
B y a hm a i ng d i his prisoner
,
the las t K ing of P e g u
, ,
3 02
B U R MESE M U SI C
r emoved by the British prize a g ents in A pril 1 8 2 5 for , ,
course developed into the leg end that the bell wa s ra ised
easily by the Bu rmese after all attempts o n the p a rt o f
,
the south east corner o f the same pl a t form was fou nded
-
,
near the northern gate of the mai n bazaar where all the ,
3 03
B U R M A U N D E R B R I T I S H R U LE
horn a nd the loud booming of the frame drums o n the s e -
wa i ng or circle o f gongs which are s t ruck with a stick , .
g o ,
n a ,
to be fou nd i n a band .
304
B U R M ES E M U S I C A L S C A L E
K ay a procl a i m the dominant t heme and variations o f the
tune ; and accompanied by the lou d harsh cl ash o f the
,
I nstruments .
tha n t wenty years ago amid the j ungles frin g in g the b a nks
o f the S ittan g river will ever linger in my m ind asso
,
V OL I I
. .
3 05 x
B U R M A U N D ER B R I TI S H R U LE
opera t ions for c a pturing two female b agga g e elephants
which had been lured away by the males o f a wild herd ,
few notes and the rst nasal vari a tion ha d been t r olled
forth when the lad seated paddlin g at the stern o f hi s
,
3 06
I C T O RI A L A R T
P
times break the still ness and silence o f the lonely recesse s
i n these O ften very depressing tropic a l j un g les .
fre q uently made into the eyes o f ponies and ca t tle when ,
counte r irritant
-
.
00 8
Ch ap t e r X I I
L AN G U AGE AN D L I T ER AT U RE
H E Bu rmese language with its half dozen local ,
-
3 09
B U R M A U N D E R B R I T I S H R U LE
a sin gle syllable For tunately however these t onal
.
, ,
A D
. . while the n ation a l lan g uag e seems to have come from
Ceylon a n d S outhern I ndia alo ng w ith the B uddhism
w hich became the n a tional reli g ion N early a l l the older .
from the Pali yet even t hese are usu a lly p r onou nced as
if each s y llable formed a separa te w ord The pu rely .
L an , to be startled w hile Ya npy i tthe to quarrel
, ,
,
i s made up o f Y o n
strife and P y i t to throw I n
, , ,
.
310
P A L I A N D B U R M ES E
Bu r mese it very fre q uently h a ppens th a t t wo mono
s y llabic words a r e re q u ired t o express an idea which
may be represen t ed and conveyed by o ne wo r d of
E n gl ish .
a moment Ya z a royal ,
, .
machine , and S et joined together The whol e .
31 1
B U R M A U N D E R B R I TI S H R U LE
each l et t er when no other vo wel is i ndicated o r w hen
t his i nherent vowel is n o t annulled by a tha t o r killin g
mark the guttural series is ha ha g a g a ng a ; while
, ,
, ,
, ,
, .
312
G E N D E R S A ND G E NE R I C A FF I X E S
verbal roots ca n be turned into nou ns a djectives o r , ,
cart bu t H l eta z i n
boat o n e long thing
, , ,
, ,
t hing fo r carryin g Again a cheroo t S eta l ei h
.
, , ,
t obacco one rolled thing is easily d istin g u ishable from
, ,
a pill S eta l on med icine o ne rou nd thing
,
, , .
is bu ried You th ( L u /i n pronou nced N a l i n ) is the
.
,
death w h ile a percu ssion cap ( N g ay em i ) is hell re
,
-
.
A mischie f maker ( Ka l a uhsa n ) is a bell clapper A
.
pensioned ofcial (A ny ei nsa ) ea t s r epose and o n e
,
rice pot To be an noyed by h earing u npleasant ne w s
.
is to feel i t bitter i n one s e a r while pleasan t news are
( h )
g ( g
T a n son a a i ng is he
who ives the warp in weavin
a
) so ng while , the chorus furnishes the woof and plies
the shuttles A lenien t magistrate wri t es with a soft
.
q uill pen while t he seve r e j ud g e uses a ha r d qu ill
,
.
;
and this is followed by t he u tt e r d arkness F rom
.
8 to 1 0 p m is
bachelors cou rt ing time ; abou t 9 p m
.
.
is when foo ts t eps are noiseless ; and aft e r t ha t is when
youths re t urn from cou rt ing D eath is me r ely depa r .
an unpleasan t ceremony
.
fou nded the city having the r e been cau g ht i n the branch
z z i a p r ocer a
o f a S i t t ree ( A l bi ) according to the legend ,
.
314
B U R M ES E ET YM O L O GY
river . Chau ngz a uk is the s t eep bank o f a stream and ,
nar row plain Toun g oo is Taungn g u the spu r o f the.
,
hill while S hwegyin is the g old siftin g t own Myohl a
,
.
the hu nter s cookin g p o t a n d H n g etthaik the bird s
nest .
Taungnyo is the brown hill Ky au k ta lOn the ,
one rock villag e and S inthe where the elephant died , .
C he e r og i a is
where the s t ag shed its antlers
, The .
t own o f Z a l On has some connexion w ith a lar g e bowl ;
while t he town of Bhamo is a corruption o f B a m aw the
,
vill a g e o f the ear t henw a re wa ter pot derived from two ,
S han words B a n
a villa g e and M a w a chat t y or
, , ,
,
,
earthen wa t e r pot I n addition t o i t s in t eres t ing a nd
.
3 5 1
B U R M A U N D E R B R I TI S H R U LE
a lly fou nd thei r way to Bu rma fr om C eylon and S ou t hern
I nd ia
. Comprised i n the B i dag a t thbn bon o r three -
bas k ets these scriptu res consis t ed o f th e three d ivisions
, ,
t o be fou nd i n the P a ti ma u h or su preme beatitude th e
,
birth s t ories
-
supposed to have been related by
,
317
B U R M A U N D E R B R ITI S H R U LE
substanti a l basis o f fa cts bu t the s e reduce themselves to
,
318
C LA S S I C W O R K S
rose t o the r ank o f a g rea t law givin g j udge or minister -
.
The st a ndard edition known a s th e L a ws o f M an ti
Princess T hud a m m asa ri thoug h brief and fragmentary
, ,
fr om I ndi a n sources .
319
B U R M A U N D E R B R I T I S H R U LE
M ost o f the l ines cont a in from four to seven syllables ,
I lie my b ed d wee p ;
on o ane o d f my l i fe C m b k 0L ac , r o ,
I f et nd I nn t sl ep
r , a ca A n d e nd t h i we i som e t i fe
o e ,
s ar s r ,
W h i l e wi th o th e g i l y u st y Th t t tu es b th h e t n d b i n
r r s o ra a or r o ar a ra ,
F i th l ess nd k l M aun g P
,
a a D i vi n g p oo M Ki n in n e
c e . r r a sa .
I we t wi th the te
s I v sh e d Fl ow th t s I an t e t i n
ars
e e ear c
r s ra
N k ed I l i e ol d S hi v i ng Wi th b u n i n g h ea t l l the d y
a ,
c , r r r a a
I l on g b ut fo th ee M u n g P e
,
Wi th g i e f my h ea t al l q ui v i ng
r r r . r ,
a .
I b eg b esee h a d impl o e ,
c ,
n r
C om e b ack to m e st ay n o m o e : r r .
P oo M a Ki n an feel t e t r c a r s .
3 20
Ch ap te r X I II
WETH AN D AYA : O N E O F TH E TE N G RE AT
1
BI R T H ST R ES-
O I
F T E R G au d a ma ttained omniscience h e j ourneyed
a
V OL . 11 .
32 1 Y
B U R M A U N D ER B R ITI S H R U LE
took t he sea t prepared fo r him A S he did s o a t hunder .
P A RT I P R I N C E WETH AN D AV A T H E P AV ALA U N G
.
,
.
l
while the youn g e r more modes tly asked tha t till such ,
3 22
P OT H AD I
blessed May a t he mother o f Ga n dam a B uddha The
, .
ask .
3 24
W ET H A N D A Y A
g o forth and see the city ; s o T ha i n s i ordered it to be
decked fo r a royal procession and accompanied he r in ,
dressed him while the t h ird fanned him and the fourth
, ,
ma t ter who bade them keep the child s gift N ine times
,
.
, ,
3 25
B U R M A U N D E R B R I T I S H R U LE
body w ere aske d I would cu t it o ff wit h a knife ; o r if I
,
, .
P A RT I I T H E D E GR E E
. OF B AN I S H M E N T .
( ee p ag
s e
n
THE
W H IT E E LE P H A N T
t ress he qu ieted them by sayi ng t ha t rain would soon
,
g r ea t shou t .
that when the next day d a wned they would assemble and
drive him forth from the land .
3 28
T H E G R EA T O F F E R I N G
from Kala i ng ka and was seated u nder the royal wh i t e
,
Princes were onl y sent the r e w hen they had broken the
law whereas he was innocent o f any crime nevertheless
,
d a y fo r t his pu rpose .
PA RT III .
T H E G R E AT O F F E R I NG .
330
O FF E R I N G T H E S E V E N H U ND R ED S
exhorted him no t to acqu iesce i n the dem a nds of the
populace by sanctioning Wtha nd a y a s banishment
.
w hich Mad i s
at t endants added their voices while ,
prog r ess towa rds sain t ship But Wtha n d aya said he
.
had no longer any aut h o r ity o ver any one s o Madi must ,
33 I
B U R M A U N D E R B R ITI S H R U LE
decide fo r herself abou t g oing with him o r s t aying behind .
his t wo g randchild ren migh t be left with him but was t old ,
wore .
wife a nd children .
dreds were seen pu rsuin g the Prince who halted his
, ,
ch a riot and waited for them T hey begged for the four .
332
J O U R N E Y I N T O EX I LE
i mmediately t ook the form of wild bulls submitted their ,
na z ai n
g A s they
. walked along t he road fruit t rees bent ,
, ,
fo r est t o collec t the roots and fru its for the evening meal .
P ART lV . A F TE R S E V E N Y E AR S OF E X I LE IN TH E
F O RE S T .
D On n i wi ta in Ka la i ng k a Though he ha d amassed .
had mean while spen t all the money S o the latte r gave .
335
B U R M A U N D E R B R I T I S H R U LE
g o to the riverside fo r w a ter Z u z ag a t ried to console ,
old man ran fo r his l ife ; but seein g nei t her pa t h nor help , .
336
TH E BRA H M I N S DECEIT
m i tte d long since whose in uence had n ow b r ought
,
could be fou nd .
, ,
me t w ith o n t he way .
dark ugly a r med man wea r ing a dyed r obe and h aving
, , ,
33 8
Z U Z AG A S
ARRIV AL
t er r o r and knowing there was no one at hand excep t the
Prince who could interpret he r d r eam s he hastened to ,
339
B U R M A U N D E R B R I T I S H R U LE
children B urstin g i nto j oyful son g the P a yala u ng
.
,
i n t he w h ole world .
t o the l ittle lake and bade Z ali come for th that his
father s gift of charity might be made complete and
a4 o
T H E C H I LD R E N S R A N S O M
O n he a rin g his fa t her s words Z ali lled with lial
an
y one wished t o redeem him whils t he was the B r ah
min s slave hi s price should no t be less t h a n one thousand
trees cried alou d and the wild beas ts of the forest roared
,
34 1
B U R M A U N D E R B R I T I S H R U LE
showering blows o n the u nfor t una t e and u n h appy
child ren U ndoin g their bonds they ran back to their
.
,
3 42
M AD I S APPREHENSI ONS
once fearing lest some mishap had befa llen he r child ren
, .
the full moon ) when the t hree great beasts o f the fores t
-
,
3 43
B U R M A U N D E R B R I T I S H R U LE
overcome wi t h grief I n vain she asked if t he children
.
silent S he then resu med her supplica t ions detaili ng all t hat
, ,
3 44
M AD I S G R I EF
When t he next d a y dawned i n sorro w she a gain sought
the P ayalau ng t ellin g him how s he had wandered to and
,
Placing his hand upon her breast thus touching her for ,
with the hope that life was not yet extinc t : so he made
has t e t o bring a pi t che r of water and t o b a the her face ,
the las t seven years this was bu t the second time any
stra nger had come to their a bode The prete n ded .
that his yesterday s g ift of his child r en and the g ift now
.
,
3 46
E I G H T W I S H E S G RA NT ED
their ma rried life her o n e des i r e had been t o please him
, ,
3 47
B U R M A U N D E R B R I T I S H RU LE
d uly fullled i n course o f ti m e T hen disappearin g .
,
P A R T V T H E RE C A LL F R O M E X I L E
. .
betimes and washed his head this being the day of the ,
3 48
T H E C H I LD RE N RA NS O M ED
passed alon g the road in front o f the O pen cou rt P e rc e i v .
3 49
B U R M A U N D E R B R I T I S H R U LE
servan ts was h th eir heads perfume their bodies and , ,
nu rtu red M adi w hose body and limbs were so thin waste d
, , ,
35 0
T H E R O Y A L P R O G R ES S
o n either side a n d ornamented with pla n t a i n s te m s a n d
more t han any army that had ever existed o n t his earth .
rst wish expresse d and gra nted was that they should
be recalled fr om exile ; and S he u t te r ed the hope that
this might be t he meaning of the gr eat t umult they now
s aw. O n hearin g t hese comfortin g words W tha nd aya
descended from the hill with Madi ; and they both s a t
peacefully a t t he doors o f t heir huts condent that no ,
we r e .
S5 I
B U R M A U N D E R B R I TI S H R U LE
too g rea t a surprise S o he proposed that he S hould
.
T hus he learned tha t t hough j u n gle roo ts and fru its had
provided but scanty food and thou g h l ife i n t he fores t ,
prosperity .
y i
s t ate ; while M adi thou g h also rejoicin g greatly a t this
, ,
35 4
A H A P PY I S S U E
N o soone r had the P a yala u ng retu r ned t o his former
abode than he bethough t himself o n the very evenin g ,
j ewels w h ile they lay knee deep t hrou g hou t the whol e of
,
-
as X
>= X
2< at as
disciple .
35 5
Ch ap te r X IV
F O L KL O R E
S m ight be expec ted among s o i n t ensely superstitious
and credulous a people there is a wealth of Folk
,
addi t ion t o i ts Tha ma i ng o r his t oric reco r d eve ry
, ,
i n Cumberland .
r iver abou t ei ght m iles below the exit of the l a tter from
the north end of the lake A s it makes its entry into
.
spread ove r the top o f the water i n the main S trea m and
o w up str ea m into the lake bearing on thei r s urface the
-
,
i n ancient time the kin g ruling the r e had a thi r d eye placed ,
S iam who was a t war with this kin g fou nd his plans
, ,
35 7
B U R M A U N D ER B R I TI S H R U LE
relating to K ing Thado N a ga na i ng o ne of the leg endary ,
festiva l annually hel d a t Tau ngby on a little to the north ,
T RE E S N A KE P R I N C E
THE -
.
o f spi r it land
-
kne w that S a ka r u was n o t ye t free from
,
w ild g tree
-
N ear where S a ka r u was thus temporarily
.
his wife who had two daughters called S hwe Kyin and
,
D w e Pyu .
u p into the tree saw some ripe fru it and also the snake
,
.
Oho s a id the woman j ust see how pleased t he
, ,
35 8
T H E T R EE S NA K E P R I N C E -
you.
e,
.
I t was nigh t w h en the snake r eached the washe r man s
hou se s o S a kar u en t ered t h e po t in whic h t he cleaned
,
35 9
BU R MA U ND ER B R I TI SH RU LE
w hen day dawned the cou ncil was n o t yet ended so ,
a gain.
told her mother and siste r that her husband was dead ,
3 60
T H E T R EE SN A K E P R I N C E -
her not to do t his as this would des t roy the two l ives ,
now within her and said she would give up her husband
,
when s he said Papa E agle to q uiet the boy it also
,
D we Pyu consented .
self n icely and went to him pretending she was her sister .
361
B U R M A U N D E R B R I TI S H R U LE
Bu t S a ka r u said D we Pyu y o u are not l ike what y o u
, ,
used to be : you a re so thin
A las ! d ea r husband .
,
beside i t .
fo r h elp .
,
and it is wron g to let my sister die l ike tha t S o S a karu .
, ,
3 62
'
TH E
T H R EE E Y ED K I N G -
l ike a man and would then speak to his wife and child
,
a snake s mood
.
follow h im .
,
-
T H R E E E YE D K I N G
TH E -
.
1
Legai n g i n the M i nb u d i st i t ti ll a f m ous pl e of p il g i m ag
,
r c s a ac r e.
3 63
B U R M A U N D E R B R I T I S H R U LE
days A t the end o f this time he retu rned walkin g
.
,
after his at tainmen t o f N eikban and after his reli g ion had
ou rished fo r 1 0 1 years the se a woul d d ry up the king ,
ou rish i n Burma .
3 64
T H E T H R EE E Y ED K I N G -
The sec r et o f the kin g s wisdom and power lay i n the
fac t of his havi ng three eyes Two o f t hese w ere in the .
, ,
ing him .
sight o f his middle eye W ith its loss all his super .
N ag a r i t d ragon coil ) he exci t ed the wrath o f the
,
3 65
B U R M A U N D E R B R I T I S H R U LE
d ragons ( N ag d ) by spi t tin g in t o the s e a so t hey d ra gged ,
THE Two B L I N D P R I N C E S .
he nominated a s lord o f the eastern house o r heir
,
dev i
O ne d a y news was brough t tha t a hu g e wild boa r ,
t o this day called VV e twi n ( lit boa r s entry a village
.
(
boar not bu t was killed a t W e ttO yu n
g ( boa r
A s the chase had las t ed long and brought him far from
home L ab a d u ha thou g ht t h a t if a s on had meanwhile
,
to remain near P r ome and lead the aus t ere religious life
o f a hermit i n the j u n g le .
3 66
T H E LE G EN D O F SA G A I N G
hermit took the infant to his lonely hu t H ere he fed it .
after sunse t .
the Q ueen hid them and saved their lives When they .
the river .
( g r
lit
. be in cure ) now stands the cu e for bl indness was ,
3 67
B U R M A U N D E R B R I T I S H R U LE
rs t wonder was to nd that the ea r th was su rrounded
by the sky and they exclaimed the sky above the
,
,
e arth below .
tw m s .
TH E D U LL B ov W H O B E C AM E A K I NG .
3 68
TH E D U LL BOY
t augh t him the follo wing three maxims and b a de him ,
Ke epgoin g on a nd you wi ll t a v el f r
,
r a .
was goin g o n .
snored loudly .
V OL . 1 1 .
3 69 B B
B U R M A U N D E R B R IT I S H R U LE
breathi ng re and made a bite a t where the plan t ain
,
H ow is tha t ? asked the other
Oh said the rst .
, ,
A th ou n d were g i v en
sa
F o i t to b e i v en r r ,
W h i l e full h u n d ed m o e a r r
A nd n ow the b on so d e ly l ov ed es ar
I n to r v e n bl ck l ock s e a -
a ar
having its ski n t a ken o ff and another h und red for havin g ,
n a in g the conquero r o f the dragon
,
T he Qu een .
as as as a
s as
370
T A U N G B Y ON N A TS
TH E
a place o f pilgrimage fo r ove r seven hundred years and
,
spirit festival is a strange pra ctical example of the
inte r weavi ng of B uddhism and o f animistic worship which
really forms a very noteworthy character i stic o f B urmese
B uddhism as has been elsewhere remarked ( vol i page
, . .
,
1 96 ; v ol ii pages 1 0 7
. .
, A nd this is the legend o f
,
TH E TWI N S P I R I TS ( N at
) OF TAU N GBY ON .
37 I
B U R M A U N D E R B R I TI S H R U LE
you nger escaped to P a gan a nd took service under K in g
A na wra ta z a w H ere hi s duty w a s to gather owers for
.
week s journey
C h a rmed w a t er and re .
372
T A U N G BY ON N A TS
TH E
Then the twin brothers S hwep y i n w ere sent Through .
were establ ished bet ween the two countries ; and o n his
r e t urn to Burm a K ing A n a wra ta z a w bu ilt the S u d a u ng
,
where stra ngling with a rope o f lea ther was t ried ( nea r
1 Th i s re li cn h i n d i n towe O pp i te t the b ell
wa s a lw ya s e s r e a r, os o
p i ti o n in M n d l y i ty ( F t D ff i n ) n th H l td w
.
si mil ar os a a a c or u er e ar e u a
o G r t C o n i l H ll
rea u c a .
373
B U R M A U N D E R B R I TI S H R U LE
whe r e the village of L dn da u ng o r rope hill now
palace for them and he pl a ced there as ca r e t aker o n e
, , ,
Chi na .
374
Ch ap t e r XV
A R C H ZE O L O GY
375
B U R M A U N D E R B R ITI S H R U L E
bein g l a id down close by S o entirely wa s a ll know
.
years o l d .
376
M O U L M E I N CA V E S
TH E
which u ndoub t edly exhibits I ndian C harac t eristics Prob .
monuments .
celebrated a nd the best known of these are t he Farm
( P har u m ) o r K ay u n caves on the Atara n river ( ten
( t w enty eight
- m iles ) and the Binj
, i caves on the D o m
dami rive r ( fty one m iles ) Their chief interest l ies
-
.
,
o t her pa rt s o f B u r ma .
ra i n
y cou n try of R a ma ny a a s the K alyani inscrip t ions
,
dating from the time when these hills formed part of the
eastern s hore at the estuary of the S ittang river .
378
A N T I O U IT I E S T H A T ON OF
Tha ton as capital o f the S u va rna B h umi or Ra ma nya
,
( R a m a na d e sa
) a s i t w a s ,subsequently called th a t the ,
race .
a n a e of
g abou t four hundred ye a rs and some terra ,
379
B U R M A U N D E R B R I T I S H R U LE
Rangoon is a rch aeolo g ically perhaps now the most
,
this Thei n .
3 8o
A NT I ! U I T I E S O F P E G U
A s the Buddhist reli g ion had originally no organized
ecclesiastic a l hierarchy it was ordained by G a u d a m a that ,
381
B U R M A U N D E R B R I T I S H R U LE
I n addition t o t his the g reat value of the Kalyan i
,
far more l ikely tha t the work of des tr uc t ion was ca r ried
out by British I ndian tr oops during th e second B u r mese
Wa r in 1 85 2 when th e r e was much s t ubborn ghting
,
Pali text .
or
l ittle g olden c a ve p a g oda bu ilt by V a ra d ha m m a raja
,
points .
t he city .
3 83
B U R M A U N D E R B R I T I S H R U LE
The Maha Y a z awi n o r g reat royal chronicle of ,
,
.
r u te d into the three bowls food alms
p Ti son ba for , ,
T he word Pa goda rende r ed i n Burmese by the t e r m ,
P ay d , lord master is supposed to be a corruption of
, ,
Paya) in M andalay .
gun the s t aff of Ka thaba and eigh t hairs from the head
, ,
of G au d a ma .
3 84
A N TI ! U ITI E S O F R A N G O O N
The r s t his t orically reliable stateme n ts concer n in g the
S hwe D a g On however are those relatin g to repairs and
, ,
1 Ev y p g
er a od a must b e sur ou ted m n by a Ti . The o nly ex cep ti on
k n own to me is re ferre d to on p a e 4 0 3 g .
V OL . 11 .
3 85 C c
B U R M A U N D ER B R I T I S H R U LE
ex king of Pegu w ho had been kept in c a ptivity ever
-
,
valued at over
The upper terrace formin g t he platform o f the pag oda ,
3 86
A NT I ! U I TI ES O F T O U N G O O
well as the t wo large bells which have al r eady been
referred to ( pages 3 0 2 ,
ruption of Chu l a S edi o r small pagoda in c o ntra d i s
,
years ago .
vals o n each side of the ci t y wall but few tr aces are now ,
3 87
B U R M A U N D E R B R I TI S H R U LE
south o f Tou ngoo ; the G a u d apal i n t o t he nor t h wes t ; -
o f sandalwood at V a n ijaga m a i n S u na p a ra n ta n o w
the village o f L egain g in the M inbu d istrict A ccept .
,
,
3 88
A N TI ! U ITI E S O F P R O M E
for one hu nd red a nd one yea r s the follo wing ve great ,
hill a river called the S a mOnsa Myit would appear ; the
Pop a hill would a r ise fr om ou t of t he earth ; a nd the s e a
would recede fro m the land upon which Th a re K he tta ra
would late r on be buil t A nd as a re ward for its a c t o f
.
city o f T ha tOn i n Ra m a na d e sa .
3 89
B U R M A U N D E R B R I TI S H R U LE
I n t he eastern por t ion of the t own o f Prome stands
the chief pagoda S hwe sa nd aw Paya on a l o w hill
, ,
a t P a g an is curr ent to express any eno r mous numbe r .
3 90
A N T I ! U ITI ES O F P A G AN
character with the sole exception o f the palace o f
,
captivi t y by K i ng A n aw ra ta z a w in 1 0 5 7 A D This . .
palace and po r tions o f the B i d ag a t ta i k or libra ry
,
,
A na wra ta z aw s capital
.
3 9I
U N D E R B R I T I S H R U LE
BU R M A
The Pagan o f the hills as d is t ingu ished from the town ,
A n a w ra ta z a w K ya n s i ttha
, , an d N a ra b a d i s i s i thu .
3 92
A NT I ! U ITI E S O F P A G AN
received N orthern Buddhism from the G a nges whilst
Buddhism ou rished in N orthern I ndia .
f m
'
D t
B l t by
gggt
a ro
N m a e. ui
u
N gayOn P yat
a a5 A D K
'
n g A n a w a t a aw 10 0 . . i r z .
A n n daa
57 1 0
M n ha P al c
a u
s 57 a e 10 n ,1
Kyaukku O n h m i n 57 T h e H i n d u w h o c on 10 s
st c ted th e l t tw ru as o
e d i es c .
S hi n bi nthay ung P ya 6 a Ki n g An w t
a w 10 0 a ra a z a .
Ku i k P y Ki n g Kya i ttha
ze a 69
a . 10 ns .
T hi ts w d i P ya
a a 84 a ! u e en P w s w 10 a a .
S hwe i gOn P y
z 9 4 a K i n g K y n si t th a 10 a .
1
T h tpy i nnyu o
a T h tpi ny r a a
P ya a 3 4 K i n g A l O n i th u 1 1 s .
S ul am n i P ayat
'
a 83 1 1
Kyi d wm u P y a
a 87 a 1 1
G wd w P l i n P ya
a a a 88 Kin g N nd
a g y 1 I a au n n a .
1
B wd i P l i n P y a
a a 8 Ki n g Z yath i ng
a 1 21 e e a.
1
An in n d in g i n the cou tya d of th pag od g i v e s
sc ri b ed sto ne sta r r e a
ceased to e i g n i n 85 A D wh i l e N a b ad i si si thu ei g n e d f om
r 10 67. .
, ra r r 1 1
4 ( vi d P hay e H i st y f B m 8 83 A p p n d ix p g
to 1 20 e r s or o ur a, 1 ,
e ,
a e
3 93
B U R M A U N D E R B R I T I S H R U LE
The S hi nb i ntha ya u ng Pay a is also said t o have been
built in 1 0 3 9 A D by K in g M a n u ha o f T ha tOn I t seems
. . .
,
K ing A na wra ta z a w .
1
T he ym ol gy of B u m ese wo d
et o d n m es offe s a p e i l ously
r r s an a r r
a c a . a a a a e
b ui l t i n h on ou of the p o p e ti ve d v e n t b t 5 y e s h e n e of
r r s c a ,
a ou 2, 00 ar c ,
who i a t p ese n t p
s r i n g hi x i ten in the h p e of h e f
ass s e s ce s a a ar or
N g d m e n s a d g on o d e m i god
a a
ra nd Yo h e The B u m e
r -
,
a u a ar . r se
3 94
A N TI ! U ITI ES O F P A G AN
brickwork a dded probably t owards the close of the
,
pagoda buil t i n 1 1 8 7 A D by K in g N a ra ba d i s i s i thu fo r
, . .
3 95
B U R M A U N D E R B R I TI S H R U LE
are placed i n the proper order i n which they a re believed
to have appea r ed ( see pag e
I n the na rro w corridors w hich are left between the sol id
,
The Tha tpyi n ny u o r T hap i nya P a ya the omniscient ,
,
3 96
A N T I ! U ITI E S O F PA G AN
I n t his and i n the later bu ildin g s the delicate details
, ,
p a i ntin g s .
a r ched corridors .
Al On s i thu K in g of P ag an
, .
p l e te l
y ne g lected a n d a r e all in a more o r less ruinous
pagodas collectively .
1
The on e b ui l t p g d a kn own to m e in B u m i the f m ous
nly sto -
a o r a s a
m i n i tu e
a r b ui l t on a o ky i l n d t Thing d w b out i m i l es
on e r c s a a a a , a S x
3 99
B U R M A U N D ER B R I T I S H R U LE
I n nearly every o ne o f the wilder portions o f the
coun tr y t here are still often to be found cairns o f small
stones to w h ich each passer b y adds a pebble I n the -
.
400
P A G O D A S AN D T E M P LE S
( y )
L et i t each, upper st a ge of which is narrower than the
o n e immediately beneath it and the whole tapers o ff to
a pinnacle or point at a heigh t usually one a n d a half o r
t wo times the dia me t er of the base The pinnacle is sur .
Ti n bi ngw ) with his left h and O pen on his lap and the
r ight hand partially restin g o n his knee and pointin g
V OL . I I. 40 1 D D
B U R M A U N D E R B R I T I S H R U LE
downwa rds o r s tanding i n erect posture ( Ya tda w ) with
,
)
o r else recumbent N a u ng d a w as when restin g u nder the
( y
shade of the sacred F i cu s tree when abou t to att a in
N eikban .The images i n the sittin g posture far o u t
number those that are erect o r recumbent .
Y a d a na pu ra the ci t y of precious g ems
,
.
p agoda bu ilt i n 1 5 1 0 A D and also known a s t he
,
. .
,
4 02
P AC O D A S A T SA G A I N G
ancien t city stands the L a wk a T ha ra p y u da ting from -
,
there .
403
B U R M A U N D E R B R ITI S H R U LE
monumen t is the clumsiest and ugliest o f all the pagodas
i n Burma I t was however once so celebrated through
.
, ,
1 7 82 A D D eserted in favou r o f A va by K in g B a g y i d a w
. .
Ma h a S akyamu ni .
sh ri n e M y a tsa w N y e na u ng o r M a hamy a tm u n i P a y a
-
,
known a s the A rakan pago d a
I t contains the fa mous .
404
TH E ARAKAN PA G O DA M A N D A LA Y ,
away .
405
B U R M A U N D E R B R I T I S H R U LE
M a hamu n i image was largely continued by B od a w Pay a
( 1 78 1 and again during the r ei g n o f the M i n d On
city bu t also bears the classic a l name o f Ya da n a bon or
,
cluster o f gems Founded i n 1 8 5 7 o n a part of the
.
,
d isrepair and ruin and some were des t royed comple t ely
,
te r y
, bu ilt to the east of t he A tuma shi by K in g Thibaw
in 1 88 2 and Q ueen S up a ya l a t s S hwe Ky a u ng or
,
withou t its like ( wrongly called in E nglish the I n co m
his ne w c a pital .
407
B U R M A U N D ER B R I T I S H RU LE
ma rble sl a bs E ach is enshrined within a m inia t u re
.
p a goda ; and upon these slabs is engra ved the Pali t ext
o f the Bid a at o r Buddhist scrip t u res written in Burmese
g ,
A lon g the outside o f the in ner wall are sixty eight stones -
A b id a m m a B i d ag at ( A b hid ha m ma p i ta k a d y ) A lon g .
and 1 86 4 .
embankment o f the A u ngp i nl e or pen t up s e a an
1
S p g e 3 wh e e i 7 7 sh oul d ead bo t
ee a 0 2, r
n 1 1 r a u
4 08
TA G A U N G O R O L D P A G A N
ancien t tank with a s u p e r c i es o f about twenty square
miles to the sou t h west of M andalay where w a ter could
,
-
,
409
B U R M A U N D E R B R ITI S H R U L E
th a t ruled in Burma repaired them as the marble slabs
, ,
been built i n 1 3 87 A D . .
p a ra t i v e l
y l ittl e is kno w,n ho w ever about, this minor
branch o f B urmese arch aeolog y . N o detailed a r chae o
logical survey o f t he p r ovince has ye t been u ndertaken .
410
Ch ap t e r X V I
THE H I L L T RIBES
H E Pe g uans and the Bu rmese now much inter ,
m a i n r i vers
.
the I rrawaddy river and its g reat a f u e nts was fou nded ,
ciall
y i n goi ng do w n stream as to become rmly xed i n ,
mou ntains w ithi n w hich the still unknown sou rces of this
,
eas t and wandered north wards into the S han hills where
, ,
41 2
TH E VA R I O U S H I L L RA C E S
The whole of the trac t s u nder Peguan occupation were
those having a he a vy a n nu al ra i n fa ll v a ry i ng from about 1 0 0
to over 2 0 0 inches durin g the south west monsoon se a son -
.
S iam and Chin a the S i a mese being the only bra nch o f
, ,
413
B U R M A U N D E R B R IT I S H R U LE
harshness and oppression by the Bu rmese ; and in re
tali a tion they have a l ways been accustomed to raid do wn
upon the plains for the purpose o f st e al in g kidnapping , ,
a nd bu rn in g .
the Chind w in river the Chin s wept down from mou ntain
,
T he S han race or Ta i free men a s they call them
, ,
,
Ch ina and most likely the race w hich pressed the older
,
C hris t ian e ra The three pol itical divis ions in w h ich the
.
41 5
B U R M A U N D E R B R I TI S H R U LE
essenti a lly homogeneous with po werful political organi
,
which j oins the I rrawaddy not far from the ancient capital
o f Tag a ung a r a ce w h ich welcomed th em as their rulers
, .
Ta i L ong o r
g reat free men ; while t he o t he r two
,
bra nches call t h emselves Ta i N oi or li ttle fr ee men
, .
416
A N C I E NT S H A N P O W E R
D urin g the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries as the ,
1 6 0 4 with the de a th o f S a n H um H a
p the last M aw ,
k in g
.
,
A fter that d a te the record o f the S h a n S tates in
Burm a i s merg ed in B urmese history althou g h the S t a te ,
o f M ogau n g ,
comprising w ild malarious tracts between
the I rra w addy and the C hindwin maintained a sort o f ,
by the K achin h ill tribes w ho now people the hilly tra cts
between B urma proper and Chin a and who command all ,
418
T H E S H A N STA TE S
encouragement to a g riculture trade and commerce They
, , .
419
B U R M A U N D E R B R I T I S H R U LE
pine forest for pu rposes o f shiftin g temporary culti va t ion ,
and more especially the permit ting the res thus li g hted
to spre a d unchecked a s grea t co n a g ra t i o ns ha s de stroyed ,
42o
T H E S A L W EEN R I V E R
h a ng over the valleys i n the e a rly morning th a t some
idea can be formed o f the tracery o f the river beds a n d
the ramic a tion o f their tribu tary streams .
while the Myitn g e o r l ittle ri ver drainin g T heinn i a n d
,
,
, , ,
,
-
42 1
B U R M A U N D E R B R I TI S H R U LE
w ith stretches o f sandbanks l iable to chan g e both their
shape and their position ; and alto g ether the M eko n g is
still less suitable than the S al ween to form a hi g hway
fo r internal commun ic a tion trade a nd commerce even
, , ,
But .
,
S ga w P wo a n d t
, ,
a i o r B w e i s supposed to be the ,
The tribal divisions o f S ga w male and P wo , , ,
female are accou n t ed fo r by a le g end a ry qu a rrel
,
42 3
B U R M A U N D E R B R IT I S H R U LE
septs and their langua g e a part from t he mere dialectic
, ,
424
T H E K A R EN T R I B E S
a gain another s a crice is m a de to d isclose the auspices
for her body and a at g ong to hide her face from the
,
Tiger ,
Cricket e tc These are either retained later
, .
L ike all the wild h ill tribes throu g hou t the fores t s o f
B urma and throu g hout all I ndia i n fa ct they lead
, ,
B U R M A U N D E R B R I TI S H R U LE
dense g rowth of weeds o f all sorts from about three t o
ve feet i n height which could only be cleared wi t h grea t
,
t i on
.
42 6
KA R E N C U STO M S
w hat similar cus t om has been introduced here and there
amon g the B urmese in their Thwetha u h o r blood
drinking . A sm a ll quantity of blood bein g let from the
arms of two friends each tastes a little o f it a nd the t wo
, ,
the top for lettin g the head through a n d holes at the top
corners fo r lettin g the arms through The hem at the .
427
B U R M A U N D E R B R ITI S H R U LE
t he Kya tha u ng wa ( B a m bu sa p oly m orpha ) owered ,
The Karen w a s the bi gg est and stron g est but very lazy , .
was fair and ple a sant and the K a ren had an e a sy life :
,
428
T H E R ED K AR E N
fell do w n between the bamboos of the oor into the
pi g s pen under the house A s the K aren atta ched no
D u rin g the cold se a son when the mou n t ain air is damp ,
K aren .
429
B U R M A U N D E R B R I T I S H RU LE
tra ditions as t he less s a v age S g a w and P wo Kare n but
as yet Christianity has made l ittle o r no impression o n
t he clans inhabitin g the semi i ndependen t territory o f -
Karenni .
T hi b e to Burmese l a nguage
-
The chief o f these a re the .
feet.
straws .
43 0
C H I N C U ST O M S
There is no g reat variety o f dress a mon g the Chin ,
tribe .
43 1
B U R M A U N D E R B R I T I S H R U LE
The Chin are spi r it w orshippers who t rus t in omens ,
43 2
THE CH I N TRI BES
g ra ss Well raised from the g rou nd to accommoda t e
.
Ga k s
f r on ta l i s
) sla u ghtered a t feasts These latter .
V OL . 11 .
43 3 F F
B U R M A U N D E R B R I TI S H R U LE
stockade till leaving the vill a ge fo r g ood I was p ra c ti
cally a prisoner I n each h a mle t there seemed to be a
.
a pro t ection a g ainst both the raw fogs o f the cold se a son
I t was weary wo rk for progress was usu a lly only at the rate
,
the D a r h Con ti n en t with a re g iment of armed followers
an d cool ies a nd a pparently with villa g es every few m iles
,
.
43 4
TH E
K A C H I N T R I B ES
cooly loads F o r part of the time a l l that could be taken
-
.
,
it was only with the assis t ance o f their friends tha t the
men could cou nt t heir plots of Ta u ngy a on the different
hillsides in orde r t o x the number o f wives they had ;
and even wi t h the aid o f friends it was exceedin gly
d ifcult for them to tell t he number of their children .
2 8 N latitude a n d 9 5
. to 99 E lon g itude The K a hu
. .
K a chi n o r Kachin o f the rive r sources a r e t he ori g inal
,
,
43 5
B U R M A U ND E R B R I T I S H R U LE
feet fou r inches while th e women are abou t t hree o r fou r
,
There are many K a chi n t ribes the larg est being the ,
bamboo mat w a lls and thatch roof Usu a lly they are
-
, .
follows
43 6
KA C H I N C U ST O M S
F or Gu et mi ly a
F mi l a mi l y
s s.
r oo m
. .
ene ral
ent ra n e
G e x 1 t a nd
t fa m l
c .
er
s c . y, c
d an S r t
o f h N t e a t u
Lu m b ,
i pi i .
red with narrow white stripes bet ween while the frin g e ,
437
B U R M A U N D E R B R I T I S H R U LE
a n d often ornamented w ith a co a rse bristly velvet dyed
( L i n /ei n
) squared o ff at the end where it is three to four ,
N a wng L a Tu Ta n Ya w H ha e t c
, , , and fo r g irls
, , ,
.
,
K a w L u R oi H tu K a i K ha F r i etc preceded by
, , , ,
'
, , , .
,
43 8
KA C H I N C U STO M S
'
to ma r ry o n e o f the dau g hters o f an uncle o n the mother s
side Marriag e o f a cousin borne by his father s sister is
.
43 9
B U R M A U N D E R B R ITI S H R U L E
and when they a re o n a scale acknowled g ed by him t o be
adequate to the social sta tus o f the g irl the plan o f action ,
, .
44 0
K A C H I N C U ST O M S
not even speak to the bride S he is conducted to the .
C hief
. The S a wbwa ship is hereditary and descends to
-
,
the youn g est son The elder sons can stay o n i n the
.
44 1
B U R M A U N D E R B R I T I S H RU LE
soci a l position o f t he victim l f a mple satisfactio n b e .
n o t thus g iven a debt is formed w hich is sure to
, ,
442
I n d ex
A A hb h p B d d h i t i 7 3 9 8
rc is o ,
u s ,
.
,
h 5 53 . 12 2
A n t D p tm
,
cc o u s e ar e n t, I 2 60 A t B
r m ii 8 9 ur es e , . 2 0, 2 0
A i t i S t m N vi g ti n C m p ny
.
A l y t ii
,
co es , . 1 95 s a c ea a a o o a ,
A c ts , i . 1 3 9, 140 i .
425
Ad mi i t tiv d ivi i n i
n s ra e s o s, 222 m i
Assa , 4, 1 4, 1 7 , 20
l i gi
.
Afg h n w i 4 5 5 5 3
.
a ar , . 1 Asse mb ly of r e ii
o u s, 1 1 6, 1 2 8 .
Ag i l t 1 3 3 A
, ,
r cu u re , . 0 n l i
ssess m e t o f a n d , 2 8 5 , 2 90 .
Ag i l t l D p t m n t i 8
r cu u ra e ar e . 2 1 A t l g ii 87 5 9
s ro o er s , . 1 2 2 85
H ld in g i f i 3 3 6
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I N D EX
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I N D EX
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C C
V OL . II .
449
I NDEX
R e b ell io n of Mi n d on
s so n s ,
1 86 6 , S a y d a wgy i ,i 56 57 .
,
1
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1 301 1 321 1 441 27 5 32, 4 19
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a n d n a t io n a l c h a r ac ter ii 1 5 3
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45 0
I N D EX
S p i es r oy al i 1 6 1 Ten ass er i m i 35 20 ,
Terr a co tt a wo r k ii 3 7
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p i r i t h ous es i 96
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S te a t i te i 4 1 1 T a .
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