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Chapter 13
Chemical Equilibrium
Chemical Equilibrium
Kinetics tells us how quickly a chemical reaction
takes place; equilibrium tells us how much there will
be when the reaction is done.
Most chemical reactions proceed until they reach a
state of chemical equilibrium, in which the
concentrations of the reactants and products no
longer change.
Many chemical reactions proceed in both a
forward and reverse direction.
When the rate in the forward direction equals the
rate in the reverse direction, the concentrations of
the products and any remaining reactants remains
constant.
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Chapter 13 Notes
The Equilibrium
State
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Equilibrium Concentrations
If we look at the concentrations of N2O4 and NO2 in
the following experiments, we see that after a period
of time the concentrations of both reactants and
products no longer change (at equilibrium):
N2O4(g, colorless) h 2NO2(g, brown)
Equilibrium Concentrations
There is still stuff happening at the molecular level;
but the change in one direction equals exactly the
change in the opposite direction we have a
dynamic equilibrium.
Figure 13.1 5
Reversible Reactions
This (apparent) cessation of chemical activity results
from the fact that all reactions are reversible.
As the reaction proceeds, the rate of the forward
reaction decreases, while that of the reverse reaction
increases, until the two are equal (Fig. 13.2).
The same equilibrium state could be reached by
starting with NO2 instead of N2O4.
To indicate an equilibrium reaction, we use two half-
h
arrows, one pointing in each direction:
Figure 13.2 7
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Chapter 13 Notes
PNO PO 2
Kp and Kc are related by the following equation:
ngas
K p = K c ( RT )
ngas = moles of gas product - moles of gas reactants
and R is the gas constant (0.0821 L atm K-1 mol-1).
When there is no change in the number of moles of
gas, ngas = 0, and Kp = Kc.
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Heterogeneous Equilibria
Homogeneous equilibrium all reactants and
products are in the same phase.
Heterogeneous equilibrium more than one phase
exists in a reaction mixture. (One or more of the
components is a liquid or solid.)
CaCO3(s) h CaO(s) + CO2(g); Kc = ?
A pure solid always has the same concentration at a
given temperature, and its volume does not change
much.
Since were only concerned with quantities that are
changing, we eliminate the terms for pure liquids
and solids from the reaction quotient:
Kc = [CO2] Kp = PCO2
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Chapter 13 Notes
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Chapter 13 Notes
Using the
Equilibrium
Constant
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Figure 13.4 16
Chapter 13 Notes
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Chapter 13 Notes
Figure 13.5 19
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Equilibrium
Calculations
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Chapter 13 Notes
Figure 13.5 25
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Chapter 13 Notes
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Chapter 13 Notes
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Chapter 13 Notes
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Chapter 13 Notes
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Chapter 13 Notes
Disturbing the
Equilibrium:
Le Chteliers
Principle
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Le Chteliers Principle
There are a number of parameters that can be
adjusted in order to maximize the yield of products in
a chemical reaction:
the concentration of the reactants or products.
the pressure and the volume.
the temperature.
The effect that changing any of these parameters has
on a reaction can be qualitatively predicted using a
principle first described by Henri-Louis Le Chtelier:
Le Chteliers Principle
Stress in this context means a change in
concentration, pressure, volume, or temperature that
disturbs the original equilibrium.
Reaction then occurs until a new state of
equilibrium is reached; the direction that the
reaction takes is one that reduces the stress.
The system, when disturbed, changes in a way
that reduces the disturbance, and attains a new
equilibrium.
Movie
(2nd half) 38
Chapter 13 Notes
Figure 13.8 39
Figure 13.12
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Figure 13.14 43
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Figure 13.7
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Chapter 13 Notes
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The End
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