Shahjalal University of Science and Technology

CEE- 405 A
Structure VI (Elements of Building Structures)
(2.0 credit)

Sourav Ray
Assistant Professor
Department Civil & Environmental Engineering
Shahjalal University of Science and Technology

sourav.ceesust@gmail.com

.
Syllabus

Reinforced concrete columns

Prestressed concrete
Reference Books:
1. A.H. Nilson, D. Darwin, C.W. Dolan (2014),Design of Concrete
Structures, 14th/15th Edition, McGraw-Hill Education.
2. G. Winter, L.C. Urquhart, C.E. ORourke and A.H. Nilson (1964),
Design of Concrete Structures, 7th Edition, McGraw-Hill Book
Company.
3. M. N. Hassoun and A. Al-Manaseer (2015), Structural Concrete:
Theory and Design, 6th Edition, Wiley, New York.
4. Park and Gamble (2000), Reinforced Concrete Slabs, 2nd Edition,
John Wiley and Sons, New York.
5. Park and Paulay (1975), Reinforced Concrete Structures, Wiley,
NY.
6. J.C.McCormack and J.K.Nelson (2008), Design of Reinforced
Concrete: ACI 318-05 Code, 7th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New
York.
 Column
Columns act as vertical supports to beams and slabs, and to transmit the
loads to the foundations.
Columns are primarily compression members (i.e. can carry load chiefly in
compression), although they may also have to resist bending moment
transmitted by beams.
 Column sections
Common column cross sections are: (a) square, (b) circular and (c)
rectangular section.
The greatest dimension should not exceed four times its smaller
dimension. (h4b).
For h>4b, the member should be regarded as a wall for design
purpose.
Classification of Columns
1. Classification on the Basis of Shape:
Square section.
Rectangular section.
Circular section.
L-section.
T-section.
Classification of Columns
2. Classification on the Basis of Reinforcement:
Tied Columns: These columns have the bars braced or tied at close
intervals by close loops called ties.

Composite Columns: These columns consists of a structural steel or

cast iron column encased in concrete reinforced with both longitudinal
and transverse reinforcements.
Classification of Columns
2. Classification on the Basis of Reinforcement:
Spiral Columns: These columns have the bars and the core
concrete wrapped with a closely spaced helix.
Pipe Columns or Concrete Filled Steel Tubes: These
columns are circular, rectangular or square hollow sections filled
with concrete without any additional reinforcement.
Classification of Columns
3. Classification on the Basis of Type of Loading:
Concentrically Loaded Columns: When the resultant of the load
coincides with the centroid of the cross section, the column is said to
be concentrically loaded column.

Fig. Concentrically Loaded

 Eccentrically Loaded Columns:
When the resultant of the load not coincide with the centroid of the
cross-section, the column is said to be eccentrically loaded column. There are
two types of eccentrically loaded columns;
i. Uni-axially eccentrically loaded columns. (Fig. a)
ii. Bi-axially eccentrically loaded columns. (Fig. b)
4. Classification on the Basis of Type of Length:

Short column: Short columns those whose ratio of the effective length to
the least lateral dimension is less than 12.
Long Column: Short columns those whose ratio of the effective length to the
least lateral dimension is greater than 12.
 Failure modes of columns

Columns may fail in one of three mechanisms:

Compression failure of the concrete or steel reinforcement;

Buckling
Combination of buckling and compression failure.
Compression failure is likely to occur with columns which are short and stocky.
Buckling is probable with columns which are long and slender.

Buckling
Compressionfailure
TYPES OF REINFORCEMENT IN COLUMNS:
Longitudinal Steel:
It is that steel which is present along the length of the column.
purposes of longitudinal reinforcement:
The main function of longitudinal reinforcement is to prevent creep and
shrinkage in concrete.
It provides resistance against lateral bending, cracking and reduction of
moment of inertia value.
It reduces the size of the column.
 Transverse Steel:
It provides confinement to the inner concrete or core concrete i.e. the concrete
which is present inside the longitudinal reinforcement.
Confinement provides ductility and it also increases the strength of the
concrete.
Transverse steel reduces the chances of buckling of longitudinal steel.
It holds the longitudinal steel in position during casting
Transverse steel provides resistance against shear.

Types of Transverse Reinforcement:

Ties or Transverse Ties: Lateral ties are used in the columns because of lesser
construction cost and ease of placement.

Spiral Reinforcement: Spiral columns are used where we need more ductility
i.e., in earthquake zones. Spirals are mostly provided in circular columns.
Spiral columns sustain maximum load at excessive deformation and
thus prevent the complete collapse of the structure before the total
redistribution of moments and stresses is complete. The disadvantage of spiral
reinforcement is that it is very difficult to place in the field, so, due to this
reason its use is practically limited.
Why spiral column sustains longer than the tied column?
Why spiral column sustains longer than the tied column?
Two different types of failure occur in concrete columns, depending on whether
ties or spirals are used as transverse reinforcement.

For a tied column, the concrete fails by crushing and shearing outward
and the longitudinal steel bars fail by buckling outward between ties. In this case
the column failure occurs suddenly, much like the failure of a concrete cylinder.

A spiral column undergoes a marked yielding, followed by considerable

deformation before complete failure. The concrete in the outer shell fails and
spells off. The concrete inside the spiral is confined and provides little strength
before the initiation of column failure .
A hoop tension develops in the spiral, and for a closely spaced spiral,
the steel may yield. A sudden failure is not expected.
Figure shows typical load deformation curves for tied and spiral columns.
Up to point a, bouth column shell spalls off. After the factored load is reached, a
tied column fails suddenly (curve b), whereas a spiral column deforms appreciably
before failure (curve c).
Why spiral column sustains longer than the tied column?
Preliminary sizing of column
The approximate relation between axial load and gross area for tying column is,

PU
Or, Ag ,trial
0.55( f c' f y g )

Minimum overall dimensions (initial approximation):

For columns supporting heavily loaded floors- minimum overall dimensions of

one-fifteenth the average span of the panel

Roof columns- one-eighteenth the average span of the panel.

Thank you