Comit Diretor do CERPCH

Director Committee
CEMIG / FAPEPE / IEE-USP / FURNAS /
IME / ELETROBRAS / ANEEL / MME

Comit Editorial
Editorial Committee
Presidente - President
Geraldo Lcio Tiago Filho - CERPCH/UNIFEI

03
Editores Associados - Associated Publishers
Adair Matins - UNCOMA - Argentina
Alexander Gajic - University of Serbia Editorial
Alexandre Kepler Soares - UFMT Editorial
ngelo Rezek - ISEE/UNIFEI
Antnio Brasil Jr. - UnB

Entrevista 04
Artur de Souza Moret - UNIR
Augusto Nelson Carvalho Viana - IRN/UNIFEI
Bernhard Pelikan - Bodenkultur Wien - ustria
Carlos Barreira Martines - UFMG Interview
Clio Bermann - IEE/USP Aneel reestrutura procedimentos
Edmar Luiz Fagundes de Almeira - UFRJ para acelerar processo para PCHs
Fernando Monteiro Figueiredo - UnB Aneel restructures procedures to
Frederico Mauad - USP
Helder Queiroz Pinto Jr. - UFRJ accelerate processing for SHPs

Regulao 06
Jaime Espinoza - USM - Chile
Jos Carlos Csar Amorim - IME
Marcelo Marques - IPH/UFRGS
Marcos Aurlio V. de Freitas - COPPE/UFRJ Regulation
Maria Ins Nogueira Alvarenga - IRN/UNIFEI
O Retorno das PCHs ao Mercado Regulado de Energia
Orlando Anbal Audisio - UNCOMA - Argentina
Eltrica e a Microgerao como paliativo crise energtica
Osvaldo Livio Soliano Pereira - UNIFACS
Regina Mambeli Barros - IRN/UNIFEI The return of SHPs in the Regulates Energy Market and
Zulcy de Souza - LHPCH/UNIFEI Micro-generation as a buffer for the energy crisis

Curtas
News
08
TECHNICAL COMMITTEE
Seminrio sobre recursos naturais realizado
Prof. Franois AVELLAN, EPFL cole Polytechnique Fdrale de Lausanne, pelo Instituto de Recursos Naturais da Unifei
Switzerland, francois.avellan@epfl.ch, Chair; Seminar on Natural Resources is held
Prof. Eduardo EGUSQUIZA, UPC Barcelona, Spain, egusquiza@mf.upc.es, Vice-Chair;
by the UNIFEIs Natural Resources Institute
Dr. Richard K. FISHER, VOITH Hydro Inc., USA, richard.fisher@voith.com, Past-Chair;
Mr. Fidel ARZOLA, EDELCA, Venezuela, farzola@edelca.com.ve;
Dr. Michel COUSTON, ALSTOM Hydro, France, michel.couston@power.alstom.com;
Dr. Niklas DAHLBCK, VATENFALL, Sweden, niklas.dahlback@vattenfall.se; Agenda 10
Mr. Normand DESY, ANDRITZ Hydro Ltd., Canada, normand.desy@andritz.com; Schedule
Prof. Chisachi KATO, University of Tokyo, Japan, ckato@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp;
Prof. Jun Matsui, Yokohama National University, jmat@ynu.ac.jp;
Dr. Andrei LIPEJ, TURBOINSTITUT, Slovenija, andrej.lipej@turboinstitut.si; Ficha catalogrfica elaborada pela Biblioteca Mau
Prof. Torbjrn NIELSEN, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway, Bibliotecria Margareth Ribeiro- CRB_6/1700
torbjorn.nielsen@ntnu.no;
Mr. Quing-Hua SHI, Dong Feng Electrical Machinery, P.R. China, qhshi@dfem.com.cn; R454
Prof. Romeo SUSAN-RESIGA, Politehnica University Timisoara, Romania, re-
siga@mh.mec.utt.ro;
Revista Hidro & Hydro PCH Notcias & Ship News, UNIFEI/CERPCH,
Prof. Geraldo TIAGO F, Universidade Federal de Itajub, Brazil, tiago@unifei.edu.br.
v.1, 1998 -- Itajub: CERPCH/IARH, 1998 v. 65, n. 2, abr./jun. 2015.
Expediente
Editorial Trimestral.
Editor chefe: Geraldo Lcio Tiago Filho.
Editor Geraldo Lcio Tiago Filho
Jornalista Responsvel: Adriana Barbosa MTb_MG 05984
Coord. Redao Camila Rocha Galhardo
Jornalista Resp. Adriana Barbosa MTb-MG 05984 ISSN 2359-6147 / ISSN 1676-0220
Redao Adriana Barbosa
Camila Rocha Galhardo 1. Energia renovvel. 2. PCH. 3. Energia elica e solar. 4. Usinas hi_
Projeto Grfico Net Design
Diagramao e Arte Lidiane Silva dreltricas. I. Universidade Federal de Itajub. II. Centro Nacional de Re_
Traduo Joana Sawaya de Almeida ferncia em Pequenas Centrais Hidreltricas. III. Ttulo.
Impresso Editora Acta Ltda

Hidro&Hydro - PCH Notcias & SHP News

uma publicao trimestral do CERPCH
The Hidro&Hydro - PCH Notcias & SHP News
is a three-month period publication made by CERPCH
Tiragem/Edition: 6.700 exemplares/issues
contato comercial: pchnoticias@cerpch.org.br / site: www.cerpch.org.br
Universidade Federal de Itajub

ISSN 2359614-7
Av. BPS, 1303 - Bairro Pinheirinho
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e-mail: pchcomunicacao@cerpch.org.br
pchnoticias@cerpch.org.br
Fax/Tel: +55 (35)3629 1443 9 772359 614009 00065

2
HIDRO&HYDRO | ISSN 2359-6147 TECHNICALEDITORIAL
Prezado Leitor,
Nos ltimos tempos o investimento do governo no setor eltrico tem
ficado aqum das expectativas no mercado, porm algumas aes tm sido
feitas para modernizar tanto o setor de transmisso, gerao e distribuio.
Com esse cenrio nada animador, a Agncia Nacional de Energia
Eltrica ANEEL est passando por uma reformulao interna, na qual se
espera uma maior agilidade na a provao de projetos ligados a pequenas
centrais hidreltricas PCH, mudanas essas que sinalizam uma esperana
para os investidores e fabricantes.
Dentro dessas perspectivas essa edio da Hidro&Hydro traz uma
entrevista com o diretor da ANEEL, o engenheiro Reive Barros do Santo,
que pontua as principais diretrizes que a agncia est reformulando para
melhor atender o setor.
Outro ponto abordado nessa edio o retorno das PCHs ao mercado
regulador de energia eltrica e a microgerao como uma esperana
momentnea para minimizar a crise energtica brasileira.
Nessa matria, os pesquisadores do Centro fazem uma anlise dessa ao
e afirmam que o crescimento da gerao distribuda salutar para o pas, uma
vez que promove a entrada rpida de energia no sistema eltrico, possibilita
a diminuio do uso de termoeltricas movidas a diesel, gera empregos,
tecnologia e renda em regies mais distantes dos grandes centros urbanos.
Por fim, dentro dessas incertezas que cercam o setor essa publicao
busca sempre trazer aos leitores os questionamentos e novidades para
lhes proporcionar uma opo de leitura.
Boa Leitura!
Geraldo Lcio Tiago Filho
HIDRO&HYDRO: PCH NOTCIAS & SHP NEWS, 56 (1), JAN,MAR/2013, DA PG. 10-14
ARTICLES
Letter from the Editor,
Lately, governmental investments in the electric sector have fallen
short of expectations in the market; however, some actions have been
made to modernize the transmission, generation and distribution sectors.
With this less than appealing scenario, the National Energy Agency
ANEEL is going through internal overhaul, where more agility is expected
in project trials connected to small hydropower plants SHPs, changes
that signal hope for investors and manufacturers.
Within these perspectives, this edition of Hidro&Hydro brings you
an interview with ANEEL Director, Engineer, Reive Barros do Santo, who
points out the main directives that the agency is reformulating to better
serve the sector.
Another issue addressed in this edition is the return of the SHP market
energy regulator and the micro-generation with the momentary hope for
minimizing the Brazilian energy crisis.
In this article, center researchers make an analysis of this action and
affirm that the growth of distributed energy is beneficial to the country
since it promotes quick input of energy into the electric system, allowing
the decrease of the use of thermoelectric plants powered by diesel,
creating jobs, technology and income to regions distant from large urban
cities.
Finally, among these uncertainties that surround the sector, this
publication seeks to always bring our readers our concerns and new
developments in order to provide you with a reading option.
Enjoy reading!
Geraldo Lcio Tiago Filho
Apoio:
IAHR DIVISION I: HYDRAULICS
TECHNICAL COMMITTEE:
HYDRAULIC MACHINERY AND SYSTEMS
3
 Entrevista HIDRO&HYDRO, 65, (2), ABR,MAI,JUN/2015

ANEEL REESTRUTURA PROCEDIMENTOS

PARA ACELERAR PROCESSO PARA PCHs

por Adriana Barbosa

notrio que a situao das pequenas centrais hidreltricas

PCHs tem sido questionada junto ANEEL j h algum tempo.

Arquivo CERPCH
Desta maneira, desde que assumiu a diretoria da Aneel, o
engenheiro Reive Barros dos Santos vem se empenhando em
agilizar as etapas dos procedimentos pela agncia. Em entrevista
concedida a revista Hidro&Hydro, o diretor da ANEEL falou sobre
as aes implementadas para tornar o processo mais dinmico.
Logo no inicio do ano foi realizado, pela Aneel, um
seminrio com intuito de reunir representantes da Academia,
empreendedores, consultores, governo, Empresa de Pesquisa
Energtica (EPE) e ANEEL. O seminrio resultou em contribuies
que foram divididas em quatro macro questes: Preo teto, onde
a maioria dos agentes reivindicavam que o preo no era atraente;
Licenciamento Ambiental, devido a normatizao ser distinta
em cada estado da federao; Processo de anlise dos projetos
realizados pela ANEEL e Financiamento.
Com base nesses questionamentos a Agncia juntamente com
o Ministrio de Minas Energia -MME e EPE estabeleceu um plano
de ao para equalizar os problemas e criar uma metodologia para
calcular o preo teto para os leiles, assim o preo foi melhorado
com baixo impacto na tarifa. O aumento do preo teto para PCHs
de R$164,00 para R$ 210,00 deu uma nova dinmica ao setor.
Outro ponto foi de questo interna, onde a ANEEL entrou em Reive Barros dos Santos engenheiro eletricista
um processo de reestruturao, reduzindo trs superintendncias graduado pela Escola Politcnica de Pernambuco em
com objetivo de trabalhar por processo. Ao trabalhar por 1974. Especialista em administrao estratgica,
processos, no caso especfico de PCHs, podemos simplificar o atuou em grandes empresas do setor eltrico nas
processo e com ele agilizar os procedimentos para anlise dos reas de distribuio e transmisso de energia
projetos. Assim, conseguimos reduzir substancialmente os prazos eltrica. Tambm professor e ministra as disciplinas
e lanamos uma chamada de audincia pblica 057, que tem Distribuio e Transmisso de Energia Eltrica na
como objetivo simplificar todos os procedimentos. O que significa Escola Politcnica de Pernambuco, da Universidade de
que, se antes a anlise do projeto bsico era de responsabilidade Pernambuco (UPE), desde 1977.
da ANEEL, hoje isso passa a ser de responsabilidade do projetista,
do empreendedor. Reive Barros dos Santos is an electrical
A ANEEL vai analisar somente o sumrio executivo com as engineer who graduated from the Polytechnic School
informaes do projeto e verificar se est coerente com o estudo of Pernambuco in 1974. An expert in Strategic
de inventrio que j foi aprovado anteriormente pela prpria Management, he served in large power companies in
agncia. Com isso, os projetos que estavam na Agncia sero the areas of distribution and transmission of electricity.
aprovados com maior agilidade. He is also a professor and teaches disciplines on
Em relao questo ambiental, a ideia que por meio de Distribution and Transmission of Electrical Energy at
um P&D que ser lanado pela ANEEL, se tenha um termo de the Polytechnic School of Pernambuco, at the University
referncia nico e simplificado, que ser compactuado com esses of Pernambuco (UPE) since 1977.
Estados que possuem potenciais, para que a Agncia tenha uma
previsibilidade onde o empreendedor saiba o nvel de exigncia.
Nossa expectativa que tenhamos uma maior agilidade na adicionais de transmisso. Estamos trabalhando junto ao MME
aprovao do licenciamento ambiental, uma vez que as regies uma proposta para reviso do decreto que define o valor de
que tem um maior potencial de PCHs so as regies, centro-oeste, referencia (VR), porque da forma que est redigido atualmente o
sudeste e sul, salienta Reive. VR depende fundamentalmente dos ltimos leiles estruturantes
J a questo do financiamento, a ANEEL est avaliando todas o que levaria a valores muito baixos que no estimularia, afirma
as etapas do processo para verificar em cada etapa o que se pode Reive.
fazer para melhorar e assim caracterizar que PCH uma fonte A ideia que a Aneel possa, por meio de audincia publica,
que pode ser implementada em trs anos. A expectativa ampliar definir uma metodologia de clculo que leve a PCH a um valor
substancialmente a oferta de energia de uma fonte to importante compatvel e atrativo de mercado, estabelecendo que cada
como a PCH. distribuidora possa contratar 10% do seu mercado com gerao
distribuda: PCH, Biomassa, Solar, etc. Desta forma, o preo teto
Gerao distribuda no patamar que est, mais a possibilidade da contratao da
gerao distribuda, eu no tenho dvida nenhuma que teremos
A PCH tem uma caracterstica importante: primeiro como
uma perspectiva muito grande de aumentar, consideravelmente, a
gerao distribuda, segundo com uma fonte renovvel de baixo
fonte de PCH na matriz energtica brasileira, acredita Reive.
impacto ambiental e est prxima da carga, no gerando custos

4
HIDRO&HYDRO | ISSN 2359-6147
It is notorious that the situation for small hydropower plants
SHPs has been questioned by ANEEL for some time now. Thus,
since taking the board of ANEEL, the engineer Reive Barros dos
Santos has been making efforts to expedite the procedure stages
of the agency. In an interview with Hidro&Hydro, the director of
ANEEL talked about the actions implemented to make the process
more dynamic.
At the beginning of the year, ANEEL held a seminar with the
purpose of reuniting academic representatives, entrepreneurs,
consultants, the government, the Energy Research Company
(EPE) and ANEEL. The seminar resulted in contributions that
were divided into four macro issues: Cap Pricing, where most of
the agents claimed the price was not attractive; Environmental
Licensing, since the standardization is distinct in each of the
federative states; the analysis of projects processed by ANEEL;
and Financing.
Based on these issues, the Agency along with the Ministry of
Mines and Energy MME and EPE established an action plan to
level out the problems and create a methodology for calculating
the cap prices at auctions, therefore improving the price with
low impact to the rate. The increase in cap price for SHPs from
R$164.00 to R$210.00 gave the sector new dynamic.
Another point was an internal question, where ANEEL began
a restructuring process, reducing three superintendencies with
the objective of working process by process. Working in this way,
especially with SHPs, can simplify the process and so, expedite
the project analysis procedures. In this way, it was possible to
substantially reduce deadlines. Public hearing 057 was called with
the objective of simplifying all of the procedures, meaning that
the responsibility of ANEEL to analyze the basic project is now the
responsibility of the designer and the entrepreneur.
ANEEL will analyze the executive summary with information on
the project and verify if it is consistent with the inventory study
previously approved by the agency itself. With this, the projects
that were at the Agency will be
approved more quickly.
INTERVIEW
ANEEL RESTRUCTURES PROCEDURES TO
ACCELERATE PROCESSING FOR SHPS
Translation: Joana Sawaya de Almeida
Regarding the environmental issues, the idea is that through
an R&D to be launched by ANEEL, there be a single reference term
to be condoned with those States that have potential for ANEEL
to have predictability where the entrepreneur knows the level of
requirements. Our expectation is that we have more agility in
approving environmental licensing, since the regions that have
more SHP potential are the Central-West, Southeast and Southern
regions, says Reive.
With regard to financing, ANEEL is evaluating all of the
processing stages to verify what can be done to improve each stage
and so, characterizing SHPs as a source that can be implemented
within three years. The expectation is to substantially amplify the
supply of energy from a source as important as SHPs.
Distributed Generation
SHPs have an important characteristic: first it is distributed
generation, and second is it is a renewable source with low
environmental impact, is close to the charge, and does not
generate additional transmission costs. We are working together
with MME on a proposal to review the decree that defines the
reference value (RV), because the way it is currently drafted, the
RV fundamentally depends on the last few structural auctions,
making the values very low, that is not stimulating, affirms Reive.
The idea is for ANEEL to be able to define, through public
audiences, a calculation methodology that brings SHPs to a
compatible and attractive market value, as well as by establishing
that each distributor can contract 10% of its market with
distributed generation: SHP, Biomass, Solar, etc. Thus, with the
cap price on the plateau that it is the more chance of contracting
distributed generation. I have no doubt that we will have a very
great perspective of considerably increasing the source of SHP in
the Brazilian energy matrix, believes Reive.
Internet
5
 Regulao HIDRO&HYDRO, 65, (2), ABR,MAI,JUN/2015

O RETORNO DAS PCHs AO MERCADO REGULADO DE ENERGIA

ELTRICA E A MICROGERAO COMO PALIATIVO CRISE ENERGTICA

por Geraldo Lcio Tiago Filho*, Laura Campello**, Michele Oliveira**, Priscila Duarte**, Roberto Meira**, Luciano da Silva***

No primeiro leilo exclusivo para fontes

LEILO DE FONTES ALTERNATIVAS ALTERNATIVE SOURCES AUCTION
alternativas ocorrido em 27 de abril, apenas
10% da potncia habilitada foi contratada. A Projetos habilitados Projetos contratados
gerao elica que tem dominado os ltimos Qualified Projects Contracted Projects Preo
Preo
leiles foi a fonte que mais declinou das Capacidade mdio
Fonte Capacidade inicial
propostas, dos 173 projetos habilitados apenas Source Instalada Instalada Initial Price
Average
Quant. Installed Quant. Price
3 foram contratados. O principal motivo para Installed (R$/MWh)
Quantity Capacity Quantity Capacity (R$/MWh)
esta queda na oferta destas fontes de energia
(MW) (MW)
se deve as mudanas nas regras do leilo, que
desta vez negociou apenas empreendimentos Elica 2017
172 3931 3 90 179 177.47
em reas onde h subestaes e linhas de Wind 2017
transmisso para escoar a produo. Esta Biomassa 2016
23 57 8 389 215 209.91
mudana foi necessria depois que trs usinas Biomass 2016
elicas no Nordeste contratadas nos leiles Biomassa 2017
6 266 0 0 215 -
anteriores, com capacidade de 622MW, est Biomass 2017
h um ano sem gerar energia porque no Total 200 4253 11 479 199.97
h como escoar a produo. Isso mostra a
existncia de falhas de planejamento e de outras medidas de incentivos como a criao de linhas de crditos
coordenao na gesto do sistema eltrico no pas. No adianta para financiamento de painis fotovoltaicos, de microturbinas
apenas criar incentivos para esta ou outra fonte de energia, mas elicas e hidrulicas e investimentos no desenvolvimento de
preciso tambm garantir que a energia gerada chegar ao tecnologias nacionais, se fazem necessrias para que a gerao
consumidor, por meio de investimentos nos sistemas de transmisso distribuda tome corpo e comece a representar uma parcela
e distribuio, que h anos tm sido postergados, ou por falta de significativa da matriz energtica do Brasil, como j acontece em
leiles de linhas de transmisso ou por ausncia de interessados em pases da Europa. E este crescimento da gerao distribuda muito
constru-las, dado s regras impostas aos investidores. interessante para o pas, pois alm de promover a entrada rpida de
J no Leilo de Energia Eltrica A-5, realizado no dia 30 de energia no sistema eltrico, possibilitando a diminuio do uso de
abril, dos 50 projetos habilitados, de diferentes fontes, tais como: termoeltricas movidas a diesel, tambm gera emprego, tecnologia
pequenas, mdias e grandes centrais Hidreltricas e termoeltricas e renda em regies mais distantes dos grandes centros urbanos.
a biomassa, a carvo e a gs natural, tal como mostrado na Tambm h que se levar em conta que somente a desonerao
tabela 2, que somavam 6.743 MW de potncia instalada, foram destas fontes de energia renovveis pode no ser suficiente para se
comercializados somente 1.973 MW, sendo contratados 14 consolid-las como fontes de gerao descentralizadas, visto que
projetos que iro garantir o fornecimento de energia eltrica no frente aos altos custos dos investimentos dificilmente a simples troca
pas a partir de 2020. As PCHs tiveram maior destaque, com oito de energia com a concessionria seja possvel amortiza-las. O ideal
projetos contratados dos 25 habilitados, representando um total que no se limitasse a potncia do sistema auto-microgerador
de 164 MW. Apesar do aumento do teto do preo do MWh para as pela demanda contratada, de modo a lhe permitir gerar excedentes
PCHs, o leilo no obteve o xito que se esperava para contratao e injet-los na rede. O ressarcimento do excedente de energia seria
desta fonte de energia cujo preo mdio foi de R$ 205,74 o MWh. feito por uma tarifa intermediria entre o valor da gerao e tarifa
Os investidores desta fonte alegam que a diminuio do percentual da distribuidora. Uma maneira seria utilizar a mdia ponderada
de financiamento concedido pelo BNDES para o setor e aumento entre valor da auto-microgerao com peso 2 e o valor da tarifa
da taxa Selic impactaram na oferta de energia deste segmento. cheia da concessionria com peso 3, por exemplo. Isso propiciaria
Observa-se que nestes dois ltimos leiles houve um esforo um retorno do capital em um perodo muito mais curto e a obteno
do governo em adequar os valores de energia s atuais condies de indicadores econmicos atraentes que incentivaria o pequeno e
de mercado. Isso foi sentido tanto na desvalorizao do real que mdio consumidor a investir neste tipo de gerao.
encareceu a importao dos componentes dos aerogeradores
como a adequao dos custos da energia gerada pelas pequenas
centrais hidreltricas. Entretanto os resultados dos leiles foram
bem aqum do esperado. E as dificuldades em se garantir o
suprimento energtico no pas, face a crise hdrica, continuam.
Nesse contexto de falta de estrutura para grandes empre-
endimentos, a microgerao distribuda pode ser a alternativa mais
eficiente em curto prazo. Recentemente o Conselho da Fazenda
(ConFaz) editou um Convenio (16/2015) que permite a iseno do
ICMS para o cidado que gerar sua prpria energia. Porm, apenas
3 estados, So Paulo, Pernambuco e Gois aderiram ao convnio,
Minas Gerais j havia realizado esta desonerao em 2012. Mas

* Professor Titular da UNIFEI e Secretrio Executivo do CERPCH;

** Pesquisadores do CERPCH e Mestrandos em Engenharia da Energia pela UNIFEI;
*** Mestre em Engenharia da Energia pela UNIFEI e Doutorando em Energia pela USP

6
HIDRO&HYDRO | ISSN 2359-6147 REGULATION

THE RETURN OF SHPs IN THE REGULATES ENERGY MARKET AND

MICRO-GENERATION AS A BUFFER FOR THE ENERGY CRISIS

Translation: Joana Sawaya de Almeida

In the first exclusive auction for alternative energy sources
on April 27th, only 27% of the qualified power was contracted.
The generation of wind energy, which has dominated the last few
auctions, is the one that has had the most decline in proposals.
In 173 qualified projects, only three were contracted. The main
reason for this decline in supply of this source is due to the
changes in auction rules, where only negotiated ventures in areas
with substations and transmission lines to transmit the production
are allowed. This change was necessary after three wind energy
plants in the Northeast, contracted in previous auctions, with a
capacity of 622MW, have not generated energy in over a year
because there is no way to transmit the energy. This shows there
are failures in planning and coordinating in the country's electric
system management. Its not enough to create incentives for this
or that source. It is necessary to also guarantee that the generated
energy reach the consumer through investments in transmission
and distribution. This has been procrastinated for years, due to
lack of auctions for transmission lines or the lack of interest in
constructing them, given the rules imposed by investors.
However, in the A-5 Energy Auction held on April 30th, of the
50 qualified projects from different sources, there was only 1,973
MW of installed capacity. The different sources were small, moderate
and large hydropower and thermoelectric plants to biomass, coal and
natural gas, as shown in Table 2. These sources added up to 6,743
MW of installed capacity with 14 contracted projects guaranteeing
the supply of electric power to the country starting in 2020. SHPs
stood out with 8 project contracts of the 25 qualified, representing a
total of 164 MW. In spite of the rise in the cap price of MWh for SHPs,
the auction was not as successful as expected for the contraction
of this source, whose average price was R$205.74 per MWh. The
investors for this source claim that the supply of energy from this
sector was impacted by the decline in the financing percentage
granted by BNDES for the sector, along with the raise the Selic tax.
It is observed that in these last two auctions, there was an
effort made by the government to adequate the prices of energy
to the current market conditions. This was felt in the devaluation
of the Brazilian Real, which made the importation of aero-generator
components more expensive, such as with the adjustments of energy
costs generated by small hydropower plants. However, the auction
results fell short of the expected. The difficulties in guaranteeing the
energy supply in the country while facing a water crisis continue.
Within this context of lack of structure for large ventures, the
distributed micro-generation can be a more efficient short-term
alternative. Recently, the Treasury Counsel (ConFaz) edited an
Agreement (16/2015) which allows for ICMS exemption for the
citizen who generates their own energy. However, only three states
accepted the agreement: So Paulo, Pernambuco and Gois. Minas
Gerais had already had this tax exemption in 2012. Nevertheless,
other incentive measures, such as the creation of credit lines for
financing photovoltaic panels, wind and water micro-turbines, and
investments in national technological development, have made it
necessary for the distributed generation to gain strength and begin
to represent a significant parcel in the Brazilian energy matrix, as
it already does in other countries in Europe. This growth in the
distributed generation is also very appealing to Brazil, considering
that not only does it promote quick power input in the electric
system, it also allows for the reduction of the use of thermoelectric
plants powered by diesel. This also creates jobs, technology and
income to regions distant from large urban centers.
One must also consider that the tax exemption alone for these
renewable energy sources may not be enough to consolidate itself
like decentralized sources, when facing high costs for investment;
the simple exchange of energy with the local dealer is difficult to
amortize. Ideally, there would be no limit to the power of the micro
generation system for the contracted demand in way such as to
permit the excess generation and inject it into the network. The
reimbursement of the excess energy would be done for a moderate
tariff from the distributor. One way to do this would be to use the
weighted average between the auto-microgeneration value with
Weight 2 and the value of the full tariff from the dealer with Weight
3, for example. This allows a capital return in a much shorter period
and obtainment of attractive economic indicators, creating incentives
for small and medium consumers to invest in this type of generation.
Its worth a try, but we'd have to pay and see!
* PHD Professor of UNIFEI and Executive Secretary of CERPCH;
** CERPCH Researchers and Masters Students in Energy Engineering at UNIFEI;
*** Master in Energy Engineering at UNIFEI and Doctorate Student in Energy at USP

LEILO A-5 Auction A-5

Projetos habilitados Projetos contratados

Qualified Projects Contracted Projects Preo
Preo
Capacidade Capacidade mdio
Fonte inicial
Instalada Instalada Average
Source Quant. Quant. Initial Price
Installed Installed Price
Quantity Quantity (R$/MWh)
Capacity Capacity (R$/MWh)
(MW) (MW)

PCHs SHPs 25 425.05 8 164.33 210.00 205.74

UHE < 50 MW UHE < 50 MW 2 81 1 32 210.00 209.50
UHE UHE 1 150 1 32 155.00 154.99
Termeltricas a Biomassa
13 538.40 3 111.4 281.00 274.17
Thermoelectric to Biomass
Termeltricas a Carvo
2 1200 0 0 281.00 -
Thermoelectric to Coal
Termeltricas a Gs Natural
7 4348.54 1 1515.64 281.00 279.00
Thermoelectric to Natural Gas
Total/Mdia Total/Average 50 6743 14 1973.37 259.19

7
 Curtas/News HIDRO&HYDRO, 65, (2), ABR,MAI,JUN/2015

SEMINRIO SOBRE RECURSOS NATURAIS REALIZADO

PELO INSTITUTO DE RECURSOS NATURAIS DA UNIFEI
SEMINAR ON NATURAL RESOURCES IS HELD
BY THE UNIFEI'S NATURAL RESOURCES INSTITUTE

por Adriana Barbosa Translation: Joana Sawaya de Almeida

Em comemorao a semana mundial do Meio Ambiente a Uni-
versidade Federal de Itajub (UNIFEI) por meio do Instituto de Re-
cursos Naturais (IRN) realizou entre os dias 9 e 11 de junho o segun-
do Seminrio de Recursos Naturais, Sustentabilidade e Tecnologias
Ambientais, evento que concentrou as atividades realizadas pelos
cursos de Engenharias: Civil, Hdrica, Ambiental; Bioprocessos,
Qumica; Cincias Biolgicas e Cincias Atmosfricas por meio de
um evento unificado que reuniu os eventos j consolidados no meio
Acadmico. Durante o Seminrio o pblico pode participar da d-
cima edio do Seminrio de Meio Ambiente e Energias Renovveis
(SEMEAR); dcima oitava edio do Seminrio de Gesto e Usos
da gua (SEGUS); terceiro Seminrio de Biologia (SEMBIO); quin-
to Seminrio de Cincias Atmosfricas (SCIAT); segunda Semana
de Bioprocessos (SEBIEN); oitavo Seminrio de Sustentabilidade
(SEMSU); quinto Seminrio de Tecnologias e Edificaes Susten-
tveis (SETES) e segundo seminrio de Qumica (SEMEQ).
O Seminrio reuniu um pblico em torno de 200 pessoas que
puderam assistir a divulgao tcnico-cientfica dos trabalhos
desenvolvidos, sobretudo pelos estudantes e professores da rea
Ambiental, hdrica e atmosfrica.
Durante a Cerimonia de abertura o secretrio municipal de
Meio Ambiente, Ricardo Augusto Corra Ferreira, afirmou que a
realizao do evento uma ao muito importante, pois integra ao
trabalho que a Secretaria Municipal de Meio Ambiente desenvolve
em relao conscientizao da populao no sentido de preservar of the population in terms of preserving renewable natural
os recursos naturais renovveis. Ele apontou ainda que o pas tem
passado por uma crise hdrica na regio centro-sul e um dos maiores
fatores desta crise o desmatamento desenfreado. Prosseguiu
salientando que o objetivo da Semana foi de conscientizar ainda
mais a populao como um todo, para fazer com que cada um
preserve os recursos naturais renovveis indispensveis vida da
populao e que esto sendo to degradados.
O evento contou com palestras, curso de Legislao Ambiental,
alm das visitas tcnicas ao Horto Florestal e ao Parque Estadual de
Nova Baden, em Lambari MG.
In commemoration of the Global Environment Week at
the Federal University of Itajub (UNIFEI), the Institute for
Natural Resources (IRN) held the second Natural Resources,
Sustainability and Environmental Technologies Seminar June
9th-11th. The event concentrated the activities held by the
following engineering courses: Civil, Hydro, Environmental,
Bioprocesses, Chemistry, Biological Sciences and Atmospheric
Sciences. The event unified other events that were previously
held in the Academic field. During the Seminar, the public
participated in the Environmental Seminar's (SEMEAR)
10th edition; the 18th edition of the Renewable Energy and
Management Seminar (SEGUS); the third edition of the Biology
Seminar (SEMBIO); the Atmospheric Sciences Seminar's
(SCIAT) third edition; the second Bioprocesses Week (SEBIEN);
the 8th Sustainability Seminar (SETES); and the second
Chemistry Seminar (SEMEQ).
The seminar reunited approximately 200 people who were able
to watch the techno-scientific promotion of work developed by
especially students and professors in Environmental, Hydropower
and Atmospheric areas.
At the opening ceremony, the Town Environmental Secretary,
Ricardo Augusto Corra Ferreira affirmed that the event is a
very important action since it integrates the work the Town
Environmental Secretary develops in relation to the awareness
resources. He pointed out that the country is still going through
a water crisis in the South-Central region, and one of the greatest
factors of this crisis is unbridled deforestation. He continued on
to stress the objective of the Seminar was to make the population
as a whole more aware in order for each and every person to
preserve renewable natural resources, so vital to the life of the
population, and yet is being so degraded.
The event included lectures and an Environmental Law
course, aside from technical visits to the Horto Florestal and the
State Park of Novo Baden, in Lambari - MG.

Arquivo CERPCH

8
9
 AGENDA/SCHEDULE NEWS HIDRO&HYDRO, 65, (2), ABR,MAI,JUN/2015

EVENTOS LIGADOS AO SETOR DE ENERGIA - 2015 OUTUBRO

AGOSTO Energy Expobusiness 2015

Data: 02 e 03 de outubro de 2015
IX Conferncia de Centrais Hidreltricas, Mercado e Meio Local: Natal-RN
Ambiente Site: http://energyexpobusiness.com/
Data: 11/08/15 a 12/08/15
Local: USP prdio da FEA 1 Auditrio da Congregao So Paulo - SP NOVEMBRO
Email: pchcomunicacao@cerpch.org.br
Site: http://centraishidreletricas.com/ CARTA DOS VENTOS: Frum Nacional Elico:
Data: 12/11/2015 a 13/11/2015
4 Seminrio de energias renovveis Local: Salvador - BA
Data: 19 e 20 de agosto de 2015 Site: http://viex-americas.com/carta-dos-ventos/
Local: Rio de Janeiro, RJ
Site: http://planejabrasil.wordpress.com/
ICEECE 2015: Conferncia Internacional sobre Energia, Meio
12 COBEE - Congresso Brasileiro de Eficincia Energtica Ambiente e Engenharia Qumica
Data: 25 e 26 de agosto de 2015 Data: 12/11/2015 a 13/11/2015
Local: Centro de Convenes Frei Caneca - So Paulo SP Local: Tokyo, Japo
Site: http://www.cobee.com.br Site: http://www.waset.org/conference/2015/11/kyoto/ICEECE/call-for-
papers
Fenasucro - 23 Feira Internacional de Tecnologia
Sucroenergtica DEZEMBRO
Data: 25 a 28 de agosto de 2015
Local: Sertozinho - So Paulo SP SOLARINVEST: Congresso de Polticas Pblicas e Incentivos
Site: http://www.fenasucro.com.br/ cadeia de gerao de energia solar
Data: 02/12/2015 a 03/12/2015
SETEMBRO Local: So Paulo - SP
Site: http://viex-americas.com/solarinvest/
Brazil Windpower 2015
1 a 3 de setembro de 2015
Rio de Janeiro RJ

Intersolar South America

Data: 01 a 03 de setembro de 2015
Local: Expo Center Norte - So Paulo SP
Site: http://www.intersolar.net.br/pt/intersolar-south-america.html

EU PVSEC
Data: 14 a 18 de setembro de 2015
Local: Hamburg - Deutschland
Site: http://www.photovoltaic-conference.com/

Anlise de viabilidade econmico-financeira

de empreendimentos de gerao
Data: 15 de setembro de 2015
Local: So Paulo - SP
Site: http://viex-americas.com/viabilidade-de-geracao/

10
<Destaque>

Technical Articles Seccion

Comit Diretor do CERPCH EXACT ZERO DETERMINATION AND INTEGRATION

Director Committee TERMINATION FOR PRESSURE TIME METHOD............................................3

TECHNICAL ARTICLES

CEMIG / FAPEPE / IEE-USP / FURNAS / Petr Sevck
IME / ELETROBRAS / ANEEL / MME
PERFORMANCE AND NEAR WAKE ANALYSIS OF A HYDROKINETIC
Comit Editorial
Editorial Committee ROTOR FOR MULTISTAGE PURPOSES USING CFD..........................................6
G.A. Ibarra, G.L. Tiago, R.G. Ramirez
Presidente - President
Geraldo Lcio Tiago Filho - CERPCH/UNIFEI
Editores Associados - Associated Publishers DISCHARGE AND EFFICIENCY MEASUREMENTS IN BASSI
Adair Matins - UNCOMA - Argentina HYDRO POWER STATION IN INDIA ......................................................... 10
Alexander Gajic - University of Serbia B.K. Gandhi, A. Kumar, H.K. Verma
Alexandre Kepler Soares - UFMT
ngelo Rezek - ISEE/UNIFEI
Antnio Brasil Jr. - UnB DATA ACQUISITION AND DATA ANALYSIS TOOLS
Artur de Souza Moret - UNIR FOR HYDRAULIC TURBINES AND GENERATORS ON-SITE TESTS ................ 15
Augusto Nelson Carvalho Viana - IRN/UNIFEI Diego H. Kawasaka, Joo Gomes Pereira Jr., Paulo E. Noce
Bernhard Pelikan - Bodenkultur Wien - ustria
Carlos Barreira Martines - UFMG
Clio Bermann - IEE/USP
Edmar Luiz Fagundes de Almeira - UFRJ
Fernando Monteiro Figueiredo - UnB
Frederico Mauad - USP
Helder Queiroz Pinto Jr. - UFRJ
Jaime Espinoza - USM - Chile
Jos Carlos Csar Amorim - IME
Marcelo Marques - IPH/UFRGS
Marcos Aurlio V. de Freitas - COPPE/UFRJ
Maria Ins Nogueira Alvarenga - IRN/UNIFEI
Orlando Anbal Audisio - UNCOMA - Argentina
Osvaldo Livio Soliano Pereira - UNIFACS
Regina Mambeli Barros - IRN/UNIFEI
Zulcy de Souza - LHPCH/UNIFEI

ARTIGOS TCNICOS

IAHR DIVISION I: HYDRAULICS

TECHNICAL COMMITTEE:
HYDRAULIC MACHINERY AND SYSTEMS

Classificao Qualis/Capes

B5 ENGENHARIAS I; III e IV reas de: Recursos Hdricos ISSN 1676022-0

Biodiversidade Meio Ambiente

B4
Energias Renovveis
Interdisciplinar
e no Renovveis
A revista est indexada no DOI sob o prefixo 10.14268

ISSN 1676-0220 9 771676 022009 00065

 TECHNICAL ARTICLES
EXACT ZERO DETERMINATION AND INTEGRATION
TERMINATION FOR PRESSURE TIME METHOD

PCHNotcias&SHPNews
Publisher: Acta Editora/CERPCH EXACT ZERO DETERMINATION AND INTEGRATION
DOI:10.14268/pchn.2015.00020
ISSN: 1676-0220 TERMINATION FOR PRESSURE TIME METHOD
Subject Collection: Engineering
Subject: Engineering, measurement
1
Petr Sevck

ABSTRACT

This paper presents engineering approach to exact pressure difference zero determination and termination of integration which is
based on following physical facts:
The person performing the flow measurement usually knows, which flow rate can be expected after unit shut down. The discharge
cant grow or drop, if the valve in front of turbine is closed and tight, because in this case the flow rate is zero. Similar situation occurs
if small leakage through guide vanes or other closing apparatus remains after unit shut down. In this case the final leakage is almost
constant and it can change with pressure / head oscillation. The mean value of leakage Q0 has to be determined other way than
pressure time procedure. But the water mass oscillation in penstock after guide vane closing is presented as small flow oscillations
with constant mean value Q0.
Algorithm based on mentioned phenomenon evaluates the pressure difference part after guide vane or main intake valve closing.

KEYWORDS: turbine, valve, measurement.

1. INTRODUCTION 2.3 End of integration

Two types of experts perform usually the site tests, scientific
oriented research workers and practically oriented engineers.
Engineering approach to solving any problem is based on
knowledge of tested device and on feedback. I.e. the test result
plausibility is compared with the real possibility. Scheme of such
test evaluation procedure is presented in Fig. 1.
The mean value of final residual flow after closing of all closing
elements has to be set by integration termination to zero or to
residual flow determined by other method.
3. ASSESSMENT OF PARTICULAR EFFECTS
Calculation procedure used by author and his measuring
group is based on formulas presented in standards IEC 60041
and IEC 62006.

where
cpst = geometrical penstock factor
p = pressure difference on the penstock section used for
measurement during abrupt maneuver
= sum of pressure loss by friction and speed head difference
between both sections G1 and G2; (t) = kG * Q(t)2
Q0 = residual flow
Fig. 1: Scheme of evaluation procedure based on feedback.

2. MAIN FEEDBACK PHENOMENA

The person performing the flow measurement usually knows,

which flow rate can be expected after unit shut down. Following
phenomena have to be taken into consideration by evaluating of
flow waveform plausibility:

2.1 Trend of flow rate after valve closing

The flow rate after closing of tight valve (e.g. nozzles of

Pelton turbines, butterfly valves, spherical valves) is zero. The
calculated flow rate can oscillate symmetrically around zero, but
the trend of mean value has to be zero.
Fig. 2: Impact of poffset and integration termination on final flow waveform.

2.2 Trend of flow rate with residual flow

The residual flow is usually caused by leakage through guide
vanes of Francis or Kaplan turbine. Its mean value is usually
almost constant, but the influence of slow waves on the lake
surface or oscillation of pendulum lake surge tank can cause
the changes of residual flow.
Differential pressure p can be measured directly by
differential pressure transducer or by separately installed sensors
in cross sections G1 and G2 at the beginning and end of the
measuring section. In both the mentioned cases the differential
pressure p used for flow rate calculation is calculated according
to following formulas:

Hydro Power Group Leading Engineer, OSC, a.s., Brno, Czech Republic, e-mail: sevcikp@osc.cz
1

PCH NOTCIAS & SHP NEWS, 65, (2), ABR,JUN/2015, DA PG. 3-5 3
 ARTIGOS TCNICOS
p = p2G p1G poffset for separate sensors
p = pmeas poffset for differential pressure sensor
Value poffset performs the correction of differential sensors
position for separately installed sensors and also correction of
sensors zero offsets in both the cases. This value proves to be
principal variable for correct flow determination.
Fig. 3: Detail of flow waveform oscillation.
Schematic explanation of pressure offset poffset impact and
also integration termination on flow waveform is presented in Fig.
2. Detail of flow stabilization after guide vane and also spherical
valve closing is presented in Fig. 3. The auxiliary envelope curves
of oscillating flow rate signal are inserted into this graph. Such
curves have usually following equations:
where
Qe+ / Qe- = upper / bottom envelope curve
Q0 = residual flow
A = initial amplitude of flow rate signal oscillation (for t 0)
t = time
= damping time constant
No leakage through spherical valve after closing (Q0 = 0)
was in the case presented in Fig. 3. Sometimes is possible to
substitute the exponential function by a simpler curve. Important
is the symmetry of oscillation. Impact of wrong determined
poffset is presented in Fig. 4.
Fig. 4: Impact of wrong determined poffset.
4 PCH NOTCIAS & SHP NEWS, 65, (2), ABR,JUN/2015, DA PG. 3-5
EXACT ZERO DETERMINATION AND INTEGRATION
TERMINATION FOR PRESSURE TIME METHOD
Table1: Comparison of flow rate calculation with correct and
wrong poffset determination.
poffset
Q Q
Case deviation
% of dpmax m3/s %
Correct poffset 0.00 70.280 0.0
Wrong poffset -0.18 71.351 1.5
Evaluation of wrong determined poffset value is presented in
Tab. 1. Deviation corresponding with sensor accuracy class causes
approximately ten times higher flow rate error. That means it
is necessary to devote maximum effort to establish the poffset
value correctly. The error based on integration of small deviation
is proportional to the integration time.
On the other hand the end of integration determination is
easier comparing with poffset adjusting. It is also based on the
oscillation symmetry but the potential error is independent on
integration interval see Fig. 2.
4. DESCRIPTION OF THE CALCULATION PROCEDURE
As mentioned above the calculation procedure is based on
the equation from standards [7] and [8]. The procedure works
as several mutually nested iterative loops see Fig. 5. The
internal basic calculation loop works automatically, loop runs for
integration error minimizing (adjusting of poffset) and integration
end determination are started manually.
Fig. 5: Principal scheme of calculation procedure
5. COMPARISON WITH OTHER CALCULATION
PROCEDURES
Many measurements (over 100) were evaluated using above
described procedure. Statistic evaluation of deviation between
 TECHNICAL ARTICLES
EXACT ZERO DETERMINATION AND INTEGRATION
TERMINATION FOR PRESSURE TIME METHOD

guaranteed and measured turbine efficiency [1] was presented on
last IGHEM session in 2012 in Trondheim. Couple of comparative
tests of pressure time method with other physical methods
was carried out during last years see [2], [3]. Some of such
experiments were performed recently and the results can be
presented in the future.
Very interesting is comparison of flow rate evaluation
performed by 4 different procedures from identical record. Data
was provided through the kindness of Mr. Adam Adamkowski from
his test and it was evaluated according to differential procedures
see Tab. 2.
performed exactly according to IEC 60041 / 1991 code. Above
described engineering procedure provides almost identical
results as calculation procedure improvements prepared by well
known above mentioned authors. Here described procedure is
easy to perform and has regards to real behaviour of tested
equipment. High number of tests performed using this procedure
and experience with mutual comparison with other physical
methods and also with other experts for pressure time method
guarantee high plausibility of here presented algorithm.
7. REFERENCES

Sevcik Petr, 2012, Conference IGHEM 2012, Statistic

evaluation of deviation between guaranteed and measured
turbine efficiency
REEB Bertrand, CANDEL Ion, SEVCIK Petr, LAMPA Josef,
2013, Conference HYDRO 2013, Intercomparison of acoustic
scintillation and pressure-time methods in a typical mid-head
HPP
Sevcik Petr, 2009, Conference HYDRO 2009, Verification of
Gibson flow measurement
Adam Adamkowski, Waldemar Janicki, Konference IGHEM
Roorkee, India, Oct. 2010, Selected problems in calculation
procedures for the Gibson measurement method
Jrgen Ramdal, Pontus P. Jonsson, Ole Gunnar Dahlhaug,
Torbjrn K.Nielsen,Michel Cervantes, Conference IGHEM
2010, UNCERTAINTIES FOR PRESSURE TIME EFFICIENCY
Fig. 6: Flow waveform calculation based on data provided by Mr.
MEASUREMENTS
Adamkowski Jrgen Ramdal, Pontus P. Jonsson, Ole Gunnar Dahlhaug,
Torbjrn K.Nielsen,Michel Cervantes, Conference IGHEM
Table2: Comparison of different calculation procedures. 2010, THE PRESSURE - TIME MEASUREMENTS PROJECT AT
LTU AND NTNU
Author Calc. procedure Q [m3/s] Deviation
By Mr. Sevcik, OSC Q_GIB-SEV: 171.998 -
Standard IEC 41: Field acceptance tests to determine the
By Mr. Adamkowski,
hydraulic performance of hydraulic turbines, storage pumps
Q_GIB-ADAM: 171.868 0.08% and pump turbines, standard issued by CEI, 1991
IMP PAN
By Mr. Jonson, NTNU Q_GIB-MOC: 171.904 0.05% Standard IEC 62006, Hydraulic machines Acceptance tests
According to IEC of small hydroelectric installations, CEI, 2010
Q_GIB-IEC: 172.365 -0.21%
60041/1991
Acknowledgments
6. SUMMARY
The author would like to thank Mr. Adamkowski for providing
Nowadays it exists couple of advanced algorithms for pressure of recorded data and also for the results evaluated by other
time method which seems to be better than the procedure procedures.

PCH NOTCIAS & SHP NEWS, 65, (2), ABR,JUN/2015, DA PG. 3-5 5
 ARTIGOS TCNICOS
PERFORMANCE AND NEAR WAKE ANALYSIS OF A HYDROKINETIC
ROTOR FOR MULTISTAGE PURPOSES USING CFD

PCHNotcias&SHPNews
Publisher: Acta Editora/CERPCH
DOI:10.14268/pchn.2015.00021
PERFORMANCE AND NEAR WAKE ANALYSIS
ISSN: 1676-0220 OF A HYDROKINETIC ROTOR FOR MULTISTAGE
Subject Collection: Engineering
Subject: Engineering, measurement PURPOSES USING CFD
1
G.A. IBARRA, G.L. 2TIAGO, 3R.G. RAMIREZ

ABSTRACT

Tidal, wave and In-stream power are new applications of renewable energy, mainly developed in advanced countries and almost
unknown (or not considered) in developing countries due to high costs; the main barrier to explore and harness its potential. However,
some researchers are proposing low-cost systems, as the one presented in this work called Poraqu. This hydrokinetic system
includes several low-cost axial-flow rotors in a common shaft to harness more energy from the stream. Computational Fluid Dynamics
(CFD) is used to analyze its performance and near wake characteristics, in order to understand the behavior of the velocity recovery
downstream of the first rotor to define a suitable separation between consecutive rotors. Results for this high-solidity rotor are
in agreement with literature, besides, it was found that velocity recovers independently of the upstream velocity magnitude, i.e.
separation distance to the second rotor can be defined based on velocity recovery.

KEYWORDS: Hydrokinetic energy, low-cost turbines, efficiency gain.

1. INTRODUCTION the modeling of the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS)

equations using one turbulence model, to obtain the rotor
Currently, renewable energy sources are in different stages
performance and flow field in the near wake in order to analyze
of development, since many natural resources can be used in a
the conditions for a second rotor placement. Commercial
sustainable form in each country or region. Hydraulic energy is
software ANSYS was employed for model meshing (ICEM) and
represented normally by conventional hydroelectric power plants
Set up (FLUENT). The system under analysis, the performance
based on water head, available depending the hydrological and
parameters and CFD aspects are described as follows.
geographical conditions of some regions in the world. However,
hydraulic energy has also significant potential in water streams
2.1 The Poraqu hydrokinetic system
such as rivers, oceans and channels to extract energy. In the
same way, some countries have more access to this resource In theory, only 59.3% of the zero-head free-stream energy
and have more interest to produce large amounts of energy for could be harnessed by some type of turbine (Betz, 1926). Most
attend future demand, such as the United States, China, United of existing systems use only one rotor, conditioning design and
Kingdom (Jacobson, 2012) (OES, 2014). fabrication to a detailed and expensive process. The Poraqu
Research, development and market issues have been encou- hydrokinetic system was conceived to simplify this situation
raged with incentive policies in advanced countries, but high turnkey using rotors of simple geometry, placed in a common shaft. That
costs still remain in comparison to other renewables. Water streams, configuration (in-series) would allow producing more energy with
especially rivers, are spread worldwide and represent a real option to efficiency comparable to a more sophisticated one-rotor system.
support current electricity generation: this energy is a non-polluting This was found during previous experimental tests (Tiago et al,
option with few environmental impacts (Amaral et al, 2012). For de- 2010), conducted on a 0.4m-width water channel where results
veloping countries, this source is far to be harnessed in a large scale, showed an efficiency of 0.78 with 3 rotors. That efficiency exceeds
then it can be used to provide lower but important electricity for Betz limit due to the blockage area ratio of 43.1% in the tests,
population in regions without access to modern energy (GEA, 2012). i.e. it is known that under near-field conditions or wall effects, the
Technology development is carried out from all approaches performance increases (Stelzenmuller, 2013). The rotors used on
with advances in theoretical, numerical and experimental activities. tests were equal in geometry with four flat-blades and sharp corners.
Optimization and CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) tools are being No hub was used. Now, it is intended to study the system performance
used for rapid improvement of hydrokinetic, tidal and wave systems. on far-field conditions, beginning with one rotor (Fig. 1).
In general the pursuit of higher efficiencies is one of the goals, mainly
for large-scale applications (due to its high investments), because
low-cost nature influences efficiency for small-scale systems. The
latter is the case of South America, where some experiences deals
with the creation of small turbines for riverine applications, principally
in Brazil (Anyi & Kirke, 2010). Here, we examine one of those
hydrokinetic systems using CFD: a multistage turbine conceived
with low-cost axial-flow rotors. One-rotor performance and near
wake characteristics are analyzed to identify suitable conditions for a
second rotor placement to get and efficiency gain.

2. METHODOLOGY
Figure 1: Poraqu hydrokinetic system. (a) Experimental tests, (b) rotor
In this work, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) involves placement during tests and (c) Flat-bladed rotor.

1
Study Group in Renewable Energies, Federal University of Itajub, Itajub, Brazil, e-mail: german.ibarra@unifei.edu.br
2
CERPCH Executive Secretary, Federal University of Itajub, Itajub, Brazil, e-mail: tiago@unifei.edu.br
3
Virtual Hydrodynamics Lab., Federal University of Itajub, Itajub, Brazil, e-mail: ramirez@unifei.edu.br

6 PCH NOTCIAS & SHP NEWS, 65, (2), ABR,JUN/2015, DA PG. 6-9
 TECHNICAL ARTICLES
PERFORMANCE AND NEAR WAKE ANALYSIS OF A HYDROKINETIC
ROTOR FOR MULTISTAGE PURPOSES USING CFD
2.2 Performance parameters
Free-stream rotors, as used in wind and hydrokinetic energy,
have similar design philosophy and performance characteristics
(Sale et al, 2009). For those turbines, there are several non-
dimensional coefficients to describe rotor/blade performance.
Three of them, are the Tip Speed Ratio, the power coefficient and
the torque coefficient, respectively (Bahaj et al, 2007):
(1)
(2)
(3)
Solidity, defined as the ratio of total rotor blade area to the
area swept by the rotor blades, relates inversely with influencing
performance, torque and rotation speed. For low- rotors ( <1-
2), blade profile is large but makes the power coefficient to reduce
because of rotational wake originated by drag losses and high torque
(Fernandez, 1993). However, they can operate at constant CP for
a large range of with a high torque coefficient (Fig. 2). This is the
reason for which these rotors are preferred for direct applications
of shaft power (such as water pumps), and high- rotors for energy
generation because gearbox costs decreases (Vries, 1979).
Figure 2: Performance of free-stream turbines with different solidity. (a)
Power coefficient and (b).torque coefficient.
2.3 Wake behind a free-stream rotor
Free-stream turbines have some general wake characteristics
and can be divided in three regions as described by Lissaman (Hau,
2006) and shown in Fig. 3. The first is the core region, just behind
the rotor, where vortex structures are generated by the interaction
between flow and rotor blades. Wake spin is opposite to the rotor
torque to maintain the angular momentum, and the pressure begins
to equalize causing wake decrease and velocity reaches its lower
value between 1D and 2D. In the intermediate region, velocity rises
and rotor vortices disappear gradually but significant turbulence
remains after the boundary layer of the rotor wake.
In the far wake, the velocity profile turns into a Gaussian-
type distribution and velocity recovers determined by turbulence
intensity in the surrounding fluid. Besides of the rotational wake,
the vortex structure include: the bound lift-generating vortices at
the blades, the central vortex and the free-tip vortices.
Figure 3: Rotor wake. (a) Model representation and (b) vortex system.
2.4 CFD boundary conditions and modeling
Fluid domain is a cylindrical Far-field whose dimensions are
based on rotor diameters (D) to be: 3D of radius and 11D of total
length. The rotor has a 3D distance upstream and 8D downstream
for wake development. In this work, as in some others (Lee et al,
2012) (Javaherchi et al, 2013), this fluid domain is divided due
to the symmetry in geometry and boundary conditions. Thus,
the periodic boundary condition is set on the two dividing planes
(Fig. 4). These features are employed to reduce processing time
and computational resource.
Figure 4: Fluid domain and boundary conditions. (a) General view and (b)
rotor details.
Other boundary conditions on surfaces were defined as
follows: a uniform velocity profile at the inlet, zero gage pressure
at the outlet, an outer surface with translation speed (inlet
value), and no-slip condition at rotor surfaces. The rotation was
set on the rotor surfaces by means of the Single Reference Frame
approach, convergence to 1E-05 and the y+<120 (since SST -
model works with wall functions).
Turbulence model is the SST - adding a curvature correction
for streamlines, which allows capturing behavior of the free-
stream (- model), the viscous effects near walls (- model)
and a more realistic near wake (Smirnov & Menter, 2009). The
corresponding transporting equations in index notation for the
turbulence kinetic energy and the specific dissipation rate are,
respectively (Menter, 1994):
(4)
(5)
Initial values for these two turbulence variables are part of
the inlet condition, which include turbulence intensity and the
turbulence length scale based on rotor diameter (Minin & Minin,
2011):
(6)
(7)
2.3 Validation
Validation is to be made over Best efficiency point when
comparing experimental with CFD results. However, in tests
conditions the blockage area ratio of 43.1% is larger than
recommended (Ibarra & Palacios, 2013) and generates wall
effects over results. Therefore, these values must be equalized to
the same conditions in order to make the comparison possible.
PCH NOTCIAS & SHP NEWS, 65, (2), ABR,JUN/2015, DA PG. 6-9 7
 ARTIGOS TCNICOS
PERFORMANCE AND NEAR WAKE ANALYSIS OF A HYDROKINETIC
ROTOR FOR MULTISTAGE PURPOSES USING CFD

To overcome this situation, the experimental coefficient (CP,ch) is
transformed to its far-field equivalent (CP,f) using the following
equation (Bahaj et al, 2007):
(8)
during tests, i.e. the non-uniform velocity profile upstream rotor
due to the asymmetric converging section and rotor placement
from it. Similitude laws (Eq.11, Eq.12) were verified using CFD
results assuming constant efficiency in Table 1. The values for
lowest velocity were considered reference for the rest (Fig. 6).

Additionally, CFD results can be verified using similitude laws

for turbomachines considering constant efficiency data for the
following variables (Dixon, 1998):

(9)

(10)

With equal diameters, they are finally simplified to, Figure 6: Similitude laws verified for the rotor. (a) Linear relation in Eq.11
with R2=0.9935, and (b).quadratic relation in Eq.12 with R2=0.9987.

(11)
3.2 Rotor wake

Velocity contours at midplane in Fig. 7 show the wake

(12) development with a gradual velocity recovery, taking more than
8D as in other works in literature (Bahaj, 2011) (Tedds et al,
2014). This can be quantified at centerline (y/D = 0) in Fig. 8a
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION for each velocity. If these data is non-dimensionalized, it can be
noted that velocity recovers quantitatively 24.4% at 1D, 10.1%
3.1 Rotor performance at 2D, 31.4% at 3D, 48.9% at 4D, 57.9% at 5D, 64.5% at 6D,
67.8% at 7D and 70.2% at 8D (Fig. 8b).
Rotors with high-solidity, as in this case (85.87%), show
a relative low performance and higher torque coefficient as a
function of Tip speed ratio. CFD results present maximum values
of 0.222 ( = 1.230) and 0.335 ( = 0.291) for power and
torque coefficients, respectively (these values do not correspond
to maximum of regression curves). Besides, power coefficient
remains almost constant for several inflow velocities and rotation
speeds (Table 1) as mentioned in section 2.

Figure 7: Contours of velocity magnitude at midplane (Dashed line:

Centerline)

Figure 5: Rotor performance. Curves of (a) CP and (b) CQ .

Table1: Conditions assuming constant efficiency (CP).

V [m/s] n [rpm] CP CP P [W]

Figure 8: Velocity recovery at centerline. (a) Dimensional and (b) non-
1,17 90,39 0,214 0,003 12.44 dimensional values.
1,50 114,64 0,217 - 25.81
From Figure 8b, it can be seen two main aspects: first, the
1,75 137,07 0,216 0,001 42.11
minimum velocity is between 1D and 2D as mentioned in theory
2,00 151,03 0,208 0,009 60.67 (section 2.3); second, velocity recovery is practically independent
of flow velocity upstream rotor. This means, second rotor can be
For results validation, values for maximum power coefficient placed at some distance depending on the percentage of velocity
in experimental and numerical results are compared. Using Eq.8, recovery. Differences for the higher velocity could be related to
the corresponding far-field equivalent for water channel test Reynolds number effects.
(0.340) is 0.168 (Tiago et al, 2010). The difference with numerical For other hand, the turbulence structures described in theory
value of 0.222 can be explained by the instabilities conditions are represented by the streamlines: the rotor wake, tip vortices

8 PCH NOTCIAS & SHP NEWS, 65, (2), ABR,JUN/2015, DA PG. 6-9
 TECHNICAL ARTICLES
PERFORMANCE AND NEAR WAKE ANALYSIS OF A HYDROKINETIC
ROTOR FOR MULTISTAGE PURPOSES USING CFD

and central vortex are represented using SST - and curvature
correction (Fig. 9). These vortex structures are influenced by
rotor solidity and the poor rotor/blade hydrodynamics, i.e. blades
with sharp corners and without a proper profile, as well as the
absence of a nacelle (nose/ogive).
Figure 9: Streamlines released from rotor showing main vortex structures
in the wake.
4. CONCLUSSIONS
This work presents some results from the CFD modeling of a
hydrokinetic turbine. The fluid domain was simplified, using just
one-quarter of the cylindrical Far-field. Performance, described
here with power and torque coefficient, is according with literature
based on the solidity (85.87% for this rotor), i.e. low- curves (0.291
< < 2.35) for CP (0.222 max.) and CQ (0.335 max.). However,
these values are generated by not suitable hydrodynamics: a rotor
without a blade profile and a complete nacelle/ogive.
Wake was also analyzed. Velocity contours show the field
recovery along downstream distance, which is gradual except for the
minimum velocity region between 1D and 2D as described in theory.
Non-dimensionalized results for velocity recovery at centerline
(shaft) present a behavior independent from upstream velocity:
this means that second rotor separation would not be changed with
that velocity, just with the velocity recovery to be harnessed. For
other hand, streamlines represent the main vortex structures in the
wake, derived from de use of the SST - turbulence model with
the curvature correction factor available in the software.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
States: Tech. Report EPRI (Palo Alto, USA: EPRI) (EPRI
Electric Power Research Institute)
Javaherchi T, Stelzenmuller N and Aliseda A 2013 Experimental
and Numerical Analysis of the Doe Reference Model 1
Horizontal Axis Hydrokinetic Turbine: Proc. of the 1stMarine
Energy Technology Symposium METS13 (Washington, D.C.,
EEUU, 10-11 April 2013).
Lee J H, Park S, Kim D H, Rhee S H and Kim M C 2012
Computational methods for performance analysis of horizontal
axis tidal stream turbines Appl.Energy 98 512-23
Menter F R 1994 Two-Equation Eddy-Viscosity Turbulence
Models for Engineering Applications AIAA Journal 32 1598-605
Minin I and Minin O 2011 Computational Fluid Dynamics
Technologies and applications (Croatia: InTech).
Ocean Energy Systems 2014 Worldwide Database for Ocean
energy: GIS mapping application http://www.ocean-energy-
systems.org/ocean_energy_in_the_world/gis_map/
Sale D, Jonkman J and Musial W 2009 Hydrodynamic optimization
method and design code for stall-regulated hydrokinetic turbine
rotors: ASME 28 Int. Conf. on Ocean, Offshore and Artic Eng.
(Honolulu, USA, 11 May 5 June 2009) (National Renewable
Energy Laboratory, NREL/CP-500-45021) pp 117.
Smirnov P E and Menter F R 2009 Sensitization of the SST Turbulence
Model to Rotation and Curvature by Applying the Spalart-Shur
Correction Term J. Turbomach T ASME 131(4) 040410
Tiago G L, Silva F G B, Barros R M, Silva F das G B 2010
Poraqu hydrokinetic turbine IOP Conf. Series Earth Environ.
Sci. 12 (2010) 012094.
Tedds S C, Owen I and Poole R J 2014 Near-wake characteristics
of a model horizontal axis tidal stream turbine Renew. Energy
63 222-35
Vries O de 1979 Fluid Dynamic Aspects of Wind Energy
Conversion (Amsterdm: Advisoroy Group for Aerospace
Research and Development AGARD)

5. REFERENCES The authors would like to thank Brazilian institution CAPES

for funding the main research, from which this works is part of.
Amaral S V, Castro-Santos T, Giza D, Haro A J, Hecker G,
McMahon B, Perkins N and Pioppi N 2012 Environmental NOMENCLATURE
Effects fo Hydrokinetic Turbines on Fish: Desktop and
Ar Rotor swept area m2
Laboratory Flume Studies: Tech. Report EPRI (Palo Alto, USA:
CP Power coefficient ---
EPRI) (EPRI Electric Power Research Institute)
CQ Torque coefficient ---
Anyi M and Kirke B 2010 Evaluation of small axial flow
C Constant ---
hydrokinetic turbines for remote communities Energy Sustain.
D Rotor diameter m
Dev. 14 110-6.
D Cross diffusion term Kg/m3s2
Bahaj A S 2011 Generating Electricity from the oceans Renew.
Gk , G Production terms of and Kg/m.s3 , Kg/m3s2
Sustain. Energy Rev. 15 3399-416
I Turbulence intensity %
Bahaj A S, Molland A F, Chaplin J R and Batten W M j 2006
P Shaft power W
Power and thrust measurements of marine current turbines
Q Rotor Flow rate m3/s
under various hydrodynamic flow conditions in a cavitation
R Rotor radius m
tunnel and a towing tank Renew. Energy 32 407-26
Sk , S Source terms of and Kg/m.s3 , Kg/m3s2
Betz A 1926 Windenergie und ihre Ausnutzung durch
T Shaft torque N.m
Windmuhlen (Gttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht).
Vo mean upstream velocity m/s
Dixon S L 1998 Fluid mechanics and thermodynamics of
turbomachinery (Sidney: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann) Vf Velocity in free-stream condition m/s

Fernandez P 1993 Energia Eolica (Santander, Espanha: Vch Velocity in water channel tests m/s

Servicio Publicaciones E.T.S.I. Industriales y T.) Yk , Y Dissipation terms of and Kg/m.s3 , Kg/m3s2

GEA 2012 Global Energy Assessment: Toward a Sustainable l Turbulence length scale m

Future (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, USA). , Effective diffusivity of and Kg/m.s , Kg/m2s

Hau E 2006 Wind Turbines: Fundamentals, Technologies, Tip Speed Ratio ---

Applications, Economics (Berlin: Springer) Turbulence kinetic energy m2/s2

Jacobson P 2012 Assesment and Mapping of the Riverine water density Kg/m3

Hydrokinetic Energy Resource in the Continental United Angular velocity, specific dissipation rate rad/s, 1/s

PCH NOTCIAS & SHP NEWS, 65, (2), ABR,JUN/2015, DA PG. 6-9 9
 ARTIGOS TCNICOS
DISCHARGE AND EFFICIENCY MEASUREMENTS
IN BASSI HYDRO POWER STATION IN INDIA

PCHNotcias&SHPNews
Publisher: Acta Editora/CERPCH
DOI:10.14268/pchn.2015.00022
DISCHARGE AND EFFICIENCY MEASUREMENTS
ISSN: 1676-0220 IN BASSI HYDRO POWER STATION IN INDIA
Subject Collection: Engineering
Subject: Engineering, measurement
1
B.K. GANDHI, G.L. 2A. KUMAR, 3H.K. VERMA

ABSTRACT

Bassi Hydro Power station with vertical-shaft Pelton-turbine generating units gets its water from the tail-race discharge of Shanan
Hydro Power Station in the state of Himachal Pradesh, India. The four generating units were commissioned during the period of
1970-1981. Reduced generation and excessive vibrations of machines let the station owner to consider its renovation. Possibility of
uprating the generating units was also explored. For arriving at a rational decision, the station owner requested the Indian Institute of
Technology Roorkee (IITR) to measure the available discharge in the power channel and to evaluate the efficiency of each generating
unit. These measurements were made by the authors from IITR. Subsequently, renovation and modernization were carried out by an
equipment manufacturer, India. The four units were also uprated from 15 MW to 16.5 MW each. After renovation, efficiency test was
repeated by the authors on one of the generating units. This paper presents the details of the methods and instruments used, along
with summary of results, of the measurements made before and after renovation works. Uncertainty of both, discharge measurement
in the open channel and unit efficiency measurement, are also assessed. As an outcome of renovation, uprating and modernization,
the power output of Bassi Hydro Power Station has increased from less than 60 MW to 66 MW. The efficiency of the generating units
has gone up by an average of 12.66%. The plant load factor has also improved accordingly.

KEYWORDS: Hydro power, generation, measurement

1. INTRODUCTION

Bassi Hydro Power Station (BHPS), consisting of four

generating units of 15 MW each, is located at Joginder Nagar
in Himachal Pradesh, a hilly State of India, and owned by State
government Himachal Pradesh State Electricity Board (HPSEB).
The source of water to the power station is the tail-race discharge
of Shanan Hydro Power Station owned by Punjab State Electricity
Board (PSEB). The discharge from Shanan Hydro Power Station,
which is around 20 m3/s, is conveyed through a water conductor
system and stores in a small balancing reservoir of about
2500 m3 capacity. The reservoir is used for balancing of the inflow
from Shanan Hydro Power Station tailrace and the outflow to
BHPS and also works as the forebay tank for the latter. The water
conductor system of BHPS, as shown in Figure 1, comprises a
cup-shaped (trapezoidal-section) open channel with a total
length of 228 m and bottom width of 4.0 m, tunnels (total length
3883 m and internal diameter 3.36 m) and circular pressed RCC
ducts (internal diameter 3.36 m). Figure 2: Two penstocks for Units-1 and 2 and Units-3 and 4

Figure 1: Schematic of Water Conductor System

The water from the reservoir is fed to the 4 turbines through

two penstocks of internal diameter of 1.72 m each; see Figure 2.
Each penstock bifurcates into two individual penstocks of internal
diameter of 1.226 m each to feed the two turbines each. These
4 individual penstocks at the point of their entry to the power
house are shown in Figure 3. Figure 3: Individual penstocks for the four Turbines

1
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee -247 667, India, e-mail: bkgmefme@iitr.ac.in
2
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee -247 667, India
3
Sharda University, Greater Noida, India

10 PCH NOTCIAS & SHP NEWS, 65, (2), ABR,JUN/2015, DA PG. 10-14
 TECHNICAL ARTICLES
DISCHARGE AND EFFICIENCY MEASUREMENTS
IN BASSI HYDRO POWER STATION IN INDIA
The four generating units of BHPS, which use vertical-shaft
Pelton turbines, were commissioned between 1970 and 1981.
By the year 2007, these units were 26 to 37 years old and
were not able to generate rated power output; their efficiency
was low and had the problem of excessive vibrations. So the
option of renovating these machines was considered by the
station owner, HPSEB, who decided to evaluate the efficiency of
the generating units and to measure the conveying capacity of
water conductor system. Since the four generating units were
not identical and had worked for different lengths of time under
different conditions, it was considered necessary to test the
efficiency of each individual unit. Further, HPSEB also decided
to ascertain the actual value of discharge available from Shanan
Hydro Power Station with a view to examine the possibility of
enhancing the station capacity of BHPS. Accordingly, a request
was made in 2007 by HPSEB to Indian Institute of Technology
Roorkee (IITR) for the followings:
(a) To measure the discharge in the power channel (water
conductor system).
(b) To measure the efficiency of each of the four generating units
at rated load.
A visit to the BHPS was undertaken, and the methods and
locations of various measurements were mutually agreed to by
HPSEB and IITR. Measurements were carried out in the year
2007 by the experts (faculty) and technicians of IITR, which were
witnessed by the engineers of HPSEB. Based on the results of
these measurements and the poor health of the machines, the
owner decided to get the four generating units of 15 MW rating
each renovated and uprated to 16.5 MW each. The major scope
of supply and services under the renovation contract included
runners, nozzles and deflectors, bearings, shaft, main inlet valve,
governing system, new stator core and windings, pole coils, new
static excitation system, control and protection system (Hydro
News, 2012). Since all the units after renovation were almost
identical, it was decided in the year 2013 to test (past renovation
and uprating) only one unit to save resources.
This paper describes the measurements carried out by
the authors from IITR before and after the renovation of the
power station. The plans, techniques and results of these
measurements are presented. The benefits of the renovation,
uprating and modernization of the power plant are also briefly
discussed.
2. MEASUREMENT PLAN
In order to determine suitable locations for carrying out various
measurements, appropriate method of each measurement and
site preparation required for the measurements, an advance
visit was made in May 2007. The entire water conductor system
was meticulously inspected and thence a location on the open
channel portion of the power channel was identified for discharge
measurement. It was decided to use a battery of propeller current
meters (PCMs) fixed to a mounting frame (Gandhi and Verma,
2007). The mounting frame was later designed, fabricated and
installed.
The efficiency test of turbine-generator units by head-discharge
measurement method involves simultaneous measurement of
three major quantities, namely discharge through the turbine,
net water head availed by the turbine and electric power output
of the generator (IEC-60041, 1991). For the measurement of
discharge in the individual penstocks, it was mutually agreed to
use an ultrasonic transit-time flow-meter (UTTF) with clamp-on
type ultrasonic transducers for the following reasons:
PCH NOTCIAS & SHP NEWS, 65, (2), ABR,JUN/2015, DA PG. 10-14
(a) To avoid puncturing of the old penstocks to install intrusion-
type ultrasonic transducers.
(b) To save the time and cost of drilling holes and installing
intrusion-type transducers.
(c) Lower cost of clamp-on type UTTF as compared to intrusion-
type UTTF.
It was decided to fix a high-precision gauge-pressure
transmitter at the turbine intake for pressure head measurement
and connect a precision-class digital wattmeter at the generator
relay and metering panel in parallel to the existing digital multi
function meter for power measurement.
In July 2007, all arrangements for fixing instruments were
made under the supervision of IITR. Thereafter, discharge
measurement in the open channel and efficiency test on the four
old generating units at rated load were carried out.
After the completion of renovation and modernization work,
one of the renovated generating unit was tested by using the
earlier (2007) agreed procedure by IITR in March 2013. The
testing was witnessed by the engineers of the owner as well as
the equipment manufacturer.
3. DISCHARGE MEASUREMENT IN POWER CHANNEL
The open power channel alignment is straight from RD of 840
m to 870 m and the flow was reasonably free from disturbances
in this channel reach. Therefore, this was considered as the
best possible location for discharge measurement in the open
channel and a current-meter mounting frame was installed at
RD 855 m.
3.1 Simultaneous Measurement of Flow Velocities using
Current-Meters
Six propeller current meters were used for simultaneous
measurement of flow velocity in the measurement section. As
the channel is trapezoidal section, the current meters were
placed at equidistance from the centerline of the channel. Two
current meters were fixed to a fixed platform near the banks of
the channel, while another four current meters were fixed to a
movable frame as per dimensional drawing shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4: Mounting Frame for Current Meters
The movable portion of the frame was moved vertically to
measure the velocities at different water levels. It resulted in
measurement of velocity at 22 points in the measurement section
of the channel. The flow velocities were observed to vary in the
range of 1.6-2.8 m/s. It can be noted from the Figure 4 that
the two current meters at the center were moved to 6 different
depths and the other two were moved to only 4 depths because
of the trapezoidal cross section of the channel. A photo view of
the current-meter structure is shown in Figure 5.
11
 ARTIGOS TCNICOS
Figure 5: Current Meter Mounting Structure used at Power Channel for
Discharge Measurement
The readings (number of revolutions) of the current meters
were recorded simultaneously on a microcontroller-based data
logger. The data logger was fed with the calibration equation of
each current meter. At the end of each 120-second integration
period, the data logger computes average velocity of water during
that period at each point along a horizontal plane and stores the
same in its memory. Several records were taken at each depth
during the measurement process for the purpose of averaging
out any random error.
3.2 Result of Discharge Measurement
At the end of the velocity measurement process, the average-
velocity data was downloaded from the data logger to a computer.
Based on this data, the discharge was calculated by velocity-area
segmentation method (IEC 60041, 1991). The value of discharge
through the power channel was found to be 24.193 m3/s.
The discharge in the power channel was also measured
simultaneously by using ultrasonic/ acoustic instruments, namely
a Horizontal-beam and a Vertical-beam acoustic Doppler current
profiler (ADCP). The result of discharge measurement using
currentmeters as above was found in good agreement with that
of the ADCPs (Patnaik et al., 2011).
3.3 Assessment of Uncertainty of Discharge Measurement
Uncertainty of velocity measurement by a PCM = 1.0 %
Uncertainty of velocity-area segmentation method = 1.5 %
Uncertainty of cross-sectional area and geometry of channel
section = 1.5 %
Therefore, total uncertainty of discharge measurement is
4. PRE-RENOVATION EFFICIENCY TEST ON
GENERATING UNITS
The efficiency test was conducted before renovation on all the
generating units at the rated load of 15 MW. The methods and
instruments used for measuring the relevant quantities, namely,
discharge rate through the turbine, net water head availed by the
turbine and electrical power output of the generator, are briefly
described below.
12 PCH NOTCIAS & SHP NEWS, 65, (2), ABR,JUN/2015, DA PG. 10-14
DISCHARGE AND EFFICIENCY MEASUREMENTS
IN BASSI HYDRO POWER STATION IN INDIA
4.1 Discharge Measurement
For the reasons stated earlier, a portable ultrasonic transit-
time flow-meter (UTTF) with clamp-on transducers (GE-Sensing
System-PT878) was used in reflection mode. A pair of transducers
was fixed (clamped) on the individual penstock upstream of the
power house. Readings of the UTTF averaged over 60-second
periods by the instrument itself were taken every minute during
the 20-minute duration of the efficiency test. Average flow over
this 20-minute duration was used in calculating the unit efficiency
of the generating unit.
4.2 Pressure Head Measurement
A high-precision high-resolution gauge pressure transmitter
(SMAR LD-301, 0.075% basic accuracy, 0-5 MPa range) was
installed at the intake to the turbine for the pressure head
measurement. Readings were taken every minute during the
period of the efficiency test and their average value was used in
efficiency calculation.
4.3 Electrical Power Measurement
The electrical power output of the generating unit was
measured by connecting a precisionclass 3phase digital
wattmeter (Yokogawa WT-230) as shown in Figure 6. It was
connected in parallel to the digital multifunction meter installed
on the Generator Relay and Metering Panel, as shown in Figure
6. Power output was measured by using the digital wattmeter
in integration mode so that any fluctuations in the power about
the set-point of the governor are averaged out. The ratios of
the current transformer (CT) and voltage transformer (VT) of
the generator are 200A/1A and 11kV/110V, respectively. The
multiplying factor for the wattmeter reading is the product of
CT ratio and VT ratio, which comes out as 20,000 in this case.
Therefore, the average electrical power output of the generator
over the test duration, Pe, in watts is given by,
Figure 6: Precision digital Wattmeter connected for measurement of
electrical power output
4.4 Efficiency Calculation
The hydraulic power input to the turbine, Ph, in watts is
calculated from the equation
Ph= g HQ
where
= actual density of water in kg/m3 at actual temperature
and pressure
g = actual acceleration due to gravity in m/s2 at the project site
 TECHNICAL ARTICLES
DISCHARGE AND EFFICIENCY MEASUREMENTS
IN BASSI HYDRO POWER STATION IN INDIA

Q = discharge of water through the turbine is m3/s 5.2 Assessment of Uncertainty of Unit Efficiency
H = net head of water in m Measurement
5.2.1 Uncertainty of Discharge Measurement: Uncertainty
of average velocity measurement by UTTF

under the prevailing conditions = 2.0 %

hp = pressure head in m Uncertainty of cross-sectional area and geometry of pipe = 1.5 %
Z = mean elevation of gauge pressure transmitter above the
point of contact of all jets (centre line of the main inlet Therefore, total uncertainty of discharge measurement is
valve) at the Pelton wheel in m
V = average velocity of water flow at the inlet (measuring
section) in m/s (Discharge Q/ area of cross-section of
= 2.5 %
measuring section)
5.2.2 Uncertainty of Head Measurement:
Finally, the efficiency of the turbine-generator unit in
percentage is given by the following equation Uncertainty of gauge pressure transmitter = 0.075 % of 500 m
= 375 mm
Uncertainty of measurement of elevation
of pressure transmitter = 10 mm
Uncertainty of velocity head measurement = 10 mm

4.5 Results of Unit Efficiency Test Therefore, total uncertainty of net head measurement is
The measured values of major parameters and the calculated
values of efficiency of the four generating units before renovation
are summarized in Table 1.
= 0.110 %
Table1: Summary of measurement results for efficiency test on
generating units before renovation. 5.2.3 Uncertainty of Electrical Power Measurement:
Average Unit Uncertainty of wattmeter = 0.2 %
Generating Net head Power
discharge efficiency
Unit (m) output (kW) Uncertainty of CT = 0.2 %
(m3/s) (%)
Uncertainty of VT = 0.2 %
1 338.787 6.010 14431.8 72.41
2 341.007 6.044 15598.2 77.31
Therefore, total uncertainty of electrical power measurement is
3 339.238 6.112 14368.2 70.74
4 336.683 5.523 14568.0 79.98

5. POST-RENOVATION UNIT EFFICIENCY TEST = 0.346 %

After renovation, the efficiency test was carried out in March 5.2.4 Overall Uncertainty of Unit Efficiency Measurement:
2013 using the same methodology and instruments as used
Finally, the overall uncertainty of unit
earlier. But the test was conducted only on one of the four
generating units at 100%, 80% and 60% of the rated load, which
is 16.5 MW for the renovated machines.
efficiency measurement is = 2.526 %
5.1 Results of Efficiency Test
6. CONCLUDING REMARKS
The average values of discharge, pressure head and electrical
power output, measured as per earlier description, are used for The result of measurement of discharge in the open channel
calculating the unit efficiency at each load. Subsequently, the revealed that the water conductor system was able to carry more
efficiency of the turbine is also calculated by dividing the unit water (24.193 m3/s) than the tail-race discharge of Shanan Hydro
efficiency with the generator efficiency, which had been evaluated Power Station, viz. 20 m3/s.
earlier based on factory tests on the generator and is taken here During the efficiency test on the four generating units before
as a given data. The results are summarized in Table 2. renovation, attempt was made to conduct the test on each unit
at the same head and discharge. However the head varied from
Table2: Summary of measurement results for efficiency test on 336.6 to 339.0 m and discharge varied from 5.5 to 6.1m3/s for
one generating unit after renovation. different units. It is seen that unit efficiency of the four units
before renovation was in the range of 70-80%. The mini-
Load on unit
Quantity mum efficiency was observed as 70.74% for unit-3 and the
100% 80% 60%
maximum efficiency was observed as 79.98% for unit-4, which
Averaged discharge (m3/s) 5.634 4.504 3.380
was the youngest unit (commissioned in 1981).
Net head (m) 341.470 343.146 344.509
The results of post-renovation testing show that the unit
Electrical power output (kW) 16560.3 13302.9 9986.7
efficiency has substantially improved and is 87.77% at rated load.
Unit Efficiency (%) 87.77 87.76 87.46
Assuming that after renovation all the generating units have this
Generator efficiency as evaluated earlier (%) 98.43 98.28 97.96
efficiency value, the average gain in unit efficiency is 12.66%,
Turbine Efficiency (%) 89.17 89.30 89.28
with the minimum and maximum improvements being 7.79%

PCH NOTCIAS & SHP NEWS, 65, (2), ABR,JUN/2015, DA PG. 10-14 13
 ARTIGOS TCNICOS
(unit-4) and 17.03% (unit-3), respectively. The renovation has
resulted in generation of more than 66 MW from the 4 units (now
rated as 16.5 MW each) as compared to a power output of less
than 60 MW before renovation, because even with full availability
of discharge, some units could not generate the pre-renovation
rated output of 15 MW. The plant load factor, which had fallen
because of frequent maintenance, has now substantially
improved due to all-time availability of the machines and running
of the machines at full capacity due to modernization of controls.
7. REFERENCES
Gandhi, B.K. and Verma, H.K., 2007, Simultaneous Multi-
point Velocity Measurement using Propeller Current Meters
for Discharge Evaluation in Small Hydropower Stations, Proc.
Intl. Conference on Small Hydro, Kandy, Sri Lanka, 22-24
December 2007, pp. 215-223.
14 PCH NOTCIAS & SHP NEWS, 65, (2), ABR,JUN/2015, DA PG. 10-14
DISCHARGE AND EFFICIENCY MEASUREMENTS
IN BASSI HYDRO POWER STATION IN INDIA
Hydro News, 2012, Bassi: Success Story of Service and
Rehabilitation in India, Hydro News Magazine of Andritz
Hydro, No. 21, 04-2012, pp. 12-13.
IEC: 60041, 1991, Field Acceptance Tests to Determine the
Hydraulic Performance of and Pump Turbines, Third edition.
Patnaik, S.S., Verma, H.K. and Gandhi, B.K., 2011, New
technology for discharge measurement at small hydro
stations, Hydropower & Dams, vol. 5, p. 103-108.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors acknowledge the financial support provided
by Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Govt. of India for
field testing equipment at IIT Roorkee, HPSEB for sponsoring
testing before renovation and M/s Andriz Hydro for testing after
renovation. The support of Technical staff of AHEC is also duly
acknowledged.
 TECHNICAL ARTICLES
DATA ACQUISITION AND DATA ANALYSIS TOOLS FOR
HYDRAULIC TURBINES AND GENERATORS ON-SITE TESTS

PCHNotcias&SHPNews
Publisher: Acta Editora/CERPCH DATA ACQUISITION AND DATA ANALYSIS TOOLS FOR
DOI:10.14268/pchn.2015.00023
ISSN: 1676-0220 HYDRAULIC TURBINES AND GENERATORS ON-SITE TESTS
Subject Collection: Engineering
Subject: Engineering, measurement
1
Diego H. Kawasaka, 2Joo Gomes Pereira Jr., 3Paulo E. Noce

ABSTRACT

This paper presents some software used by the Alstoms Special Measurements Team to perform on site tests such as index tests,
vibration tests, Gibson discharge measurements and make possible to measure and process data real-time.
With this paper, Alstom intends to show its expertise and capability to deliver high quality tests to its clients while providing machine
diagnosis and performance measurements in hydro generation units.

KEYWORDS: Turbines, hydraulic, generators.

1. INTRODUCTION Before starting the tests, all sensors are calibrated in the
field using a standard sensor. For this step, a program was
The demand for on-site tests in Brazil has grown significantly
developed in order to make this process faster, to enable quick
motivated by the ANEEL Resolution 420 (ANEEL, Resoluo
analysis of error between the measured value and the value
420, 2010), recently revoked by ANEEL Resolution 583 (ANEEL,
indicated by the standard instrument and, finally, it prepares a
Resoluo 583, 2013), and a new market trend that aims for the
calibration report.
best usage of the Brazilian hydraulic resources.
The coefficients of the best trend line between physical and
Many field tests are carried out to prove that the units
engineering quantities are then incorporated in the system data
performance is in agreement with the guarantees provided by
acquisition. The Figure 1 shows an example during the calibration
a manufacturer. The turbines efficiency can be measured by
and the Figure 2 shows the calibration report.
relative discharge measurements, using the method of Winter-
Kennedy, or by absolute methods such as the thermodynamic or
the Gibson discharge measurement method. Those procedures
are described by the IEC60041 standard (IEC:60041, 1993).
Regarding the dynamic behavior, bearings vibration (ISO:10816-
5, 2001) and shaft displacement measurements (ISO:7919-5,
2005) are frequently required to follow ISO standards as well.
As the time passes and the technology evolves, the capability
to perform more complex tests with reduced time of stopped
machine is a market requirement. Looking for optimizing the test
procedures, Alstoms Special Measurements Team uses commercial
software for data logging and real-time analysis and also develops
software for specifics on-site tests and post-treatments.
This document intends to show these actual technologies,
allowing the delivery of high quality measurements reports with
a reduced amount of work time.

2. PROCEDURES AND RESULTS

2.1 Calibration

Fig. 1: Softwares screen during calibration. Fig. 2:Example of calibration report.

1
Alstom Hydro, Taubat, Brazil, e-mail: diego.kawasaka@power.alstom.com
2
Alstom Hydro, Taubat, Brazil, e-mail: joao.gomes@power.alstom.com
3
Alstom Hydro, Taubat, Brazil, e-mail: paulo.noce@power.alstom.com

PCH NOTCIAS & SHP NEWS, 65, (2), ABR,JUN/2015, DA PG. 15-18 15
 ARTIGOS TCNICOS
DATA ACQUISITION AND DATA ANALYSIS TOOLS FOR
HYDRAULIC TURBINES AND GENERATORS ON-SITE TESTS

2.2 Index test and verification of cam curves

The index test follows the procedure established by the

standard IEC60041 (IEC:60041, 1993).
The verification of the cam curves is performed by fixing
the blades position and varying the guide vanes. For each
position of blades and guide vanes, an acquisition is carried
out to determine the relative efficiency for this combination. In
the end, the best cam curve is determined for maximizing the
performance of the unit.
Previously, the signals were only acquired in pre-scale units
(volts, current, resistance...). As the procedure was slow and
little automated, practically all post-treatment and efficiency
calculations were made sometimes days after the end of the
tests. Thus, in some cases, acquisition problems were detected
only afterwards, sometimes even invalidating the test.
Nowadays, the signal acquired is already converted to
engineering units (Pascals, millimeters, megawatts, percent
of opening ) and it is possible to do post-treatments such
Fig. 4: Signal Express screen simulating the acquisition of a bearing
as differentiation, integration, filters and verification of RMS vibration and a shaft displacement signals.
amplitude real-time.
With the current procedure, the efficiency curve for a constant
blade position is generated in a few minutes. Its possible to
check the results and verify if the measurements contain some
inconsistency or saturated signal and, if anything wrong is
noticed, it can be quickly fixed by the measurements engineer
and the test is repeated.
The results obtained in a test to verify cam curves are
presented in the following figure:

Fig. 5: Two pairs of shaft displacement signals plotted as orbits.

2.4 Post-Treatment

Fig. 3: Efficiency measurements for determining the best cam curve

2.3 Bearing vibration and radial shaft displacement

Using a commercial software, it is possible, during the tests,

to instantly calculate bearings vibration and shaft displacement
according to the ISO 7919-5 (ISO:7919-5, 2005) and ISO 10816-
5 (ISO:10816-5, 2001) standards.
As an example, on Figure 4, the signal from one accelerometer
and one displacement sensor is presented. The signal from the
accelerometer is integrated and the RMS average of the resultant
signal is calculated, according to the ISO standard.
On the same figure, the original displacement signal is
presented along with its low-pass filtered signal. The peak-to-
peak displacement is then calculated.
Finally, on Figure 5, two pairs of shaft displacement signals
are plotted as orbits. The signals were band-pass filtered to the Fig. 6: Interface of post-treatment program while choosing the folders and
same frequency as the shaft rotation. files that contain the signals.

16 PCH NOTCIAS & SHP NEWS, 65, (2), ABR,JUN/2015, DA PG. 15-18
 TECHNICAL ARTICLES
DATA ACQUISITION AND DATA ANALYSIS TOOLS FOR
HYDRAULIC TURBINES AND GENERATORS ON-SITE TESTS

The Special Measurements Team has also developed software

for post-processing data. The software is easy to use and has a
friendly users interface, as presented in the Figure 6.
The user loads the acquisitions and chooses the signals that
he wishes to analyze. The program is able to perform arithmetic
or RMS means, signal filtering, plotting orbits, peak-to-peak
and Smax shaft displacement, calculate pressure pulsation,
make analysis of acceleration measurements, integrating
or differentiating signals, make noise analysis and calculate
frequency spectrums.
The software allows the user to perform the analyses for
various acquisitions containing various signals simultaneously
(see Figure 7) and the results are presented in a excel table. This
process results in a considerable gain of time and reduces the
possibility of error during calculations.

Fig. 7: Post-treatment program screen while choosing the signals and the
calculations to be carried out.

2.5 Gibson Fig. 9: Defining the low-pass filter (if necessary) and the parameters from
the IEC standard.

A program was created to perform the Gibson discharge

Fig. 8: Basic data input, original Gibson pressure signal and its frequency
spectrum.
method calculations. The idea is to create a very simple and user-
friendly interface in order to make the data interpretation easier.
On the figure 8, it is shown the first step while using this
program. One can see some initial data input, the original signal
of Gibson pressure and its frequency spectrum. After clicking on
the button Define Filter and IEC 60041 Parameters, the program
will show the user another screen where he can define if he will
use or not a low-pass filter and calculate the parameters B, M, N,
Hj and Hj+1 as defined on the IEC (Figure 9).
Going back to the main screen, one can choose the time
interval where the Gibson pressure signal is averaged in order to
define the A-A and the F-F lines (Figure 10).
Finally, one can define the integration time interval. The user
can either choose the integration end time on his own or by using
the IEC parameters defined previously. On the example on the
figure 11, the end time is defined by the IEC parameters.
The program will automatically calculate the GPM line and the
discharge.

PCH NOTCIAS & SHP NEWS, 65, (2), ABR,JUN/2015, DA PG. 15-18 17
 ARTIGOS TCNICOS
DATA ACQUISITION AND DATA ANALYSIS TOOLS FOR
HYDRAULIC TURBINES AND GENERATORS ON-SITE TESTS

used for the sensors calibration, Gibson discharge calculation,

general post-treatment, vibration and index test related
measurements.
As a result, Alstom shows its capacity and expertise to perform
complex on-site tests, delivering high quality results to its clients.

4. REFERENCES

ANEEL. (2010). Resoluo 420.

ANEEL. (2013). Resoluo 583.
IEC:60041. (1993). International Standard: Field acceptance
tests to determine the hydraulic performance of hydraulic
turbines, storage pumps and pump turbines.
ISO:10816-5. (2001). Mechanical vibration - Evaluation of
machine vibration by measurements on non-rotating parts.
ISO:7919-5. (2005). Evaluation of machine vibration by
measurements on rotating shafts.

Fig. 10: Defining A-A and F-F lines.

Fig. 11: Defining the integration interval. The calculated discharge is then
shown on the screen.

3. CONCLUSION

This paper intended to present the methodology adopted

nowadays by the Alstoms on-site measurements team to perform
data acquisition and post-treatment.
Alstom has developed new tools which reduced considerably
the time to analyze data and, at the same time, improved the
quality and confidence on the results.
This paper presented some examples of programs that are

18 PCH NOTCIAS & SHP NEWS, 65, (2), ABR,JUN/2015, DA PG. 15-18
TECHNICAL ARTICLES

PCH NOTCIAS & SHP NEWS, 65, (2), ABR,JUN/2015 19

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