CANADIAN SPIES MONTGOMERY U-BOATS

IN THE FAR EAST VERSUS ROMMEL IN THE GULF

BOERWAR
MAY/JUNE 2017

THE
P LU S
CANADAS FIRST FOREIGN WAR D-DAY IMMORT
IN PHOATLIZED
OS
PAGE 40

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 Advertisement

Gulf
of Mexico

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C Well-armed members
of the Royal Canadian
Regiment, Canadas
first contingent in the
South African War.
Canadas fighting spirit
was first tested overseas from
October 1899 to May 1902,
when more than 7,000 soldiers and support
personnel were sent to fight in South Africas
Second Boer War.
See page 20.

CWM/19820205-003

Pg01_Spread.indd 1 2017-03-30 10:09 AM

 Features
20 CANADAS FIRST FOREIGN WAR
The South African War was the first test
of Canadas fighting spirit overseas
By Mark Zuehlke
32 
A QUIET VICTORY IN THE GULF
How Canada shut down the U-boat
assault in the Gulf of St. Lawrence
By Marc Milner
Pg02-03_Contents-MJ17.indd 2
40 THE MAGNIFICENT ELEVEN
A self-invented war photographers
11 surviving photos immortalize D-Day
By Stephen J. Thorne
46 HUSH-HUSH HEROES (PART 2)
Canadas Second World War agents in Asia
By Sharon Adams
2017-03-30 10:09 AM
 COLUMNS
12 MILITARY HEALTH MATTERS
Halting the blood loss
By Sharon Adams

14 FRONT LINES
THIS PHOTO Suspended vice-admirals surprising views
Squadrons in Lord Strathconas Horse and Foot By Stephen J. Thorne
were made up of troops recruited in their own
districts. No. 3 Troop, photographed in March 1900, 18 EYE ON DEFENCE
was comprised mainly of men from Moosomin, Sask. Hard spending decisions needed
By David J. Bercuson
ON THE COVER
For these well-armed fighterslike all 30 FACE TO FACE
Boer-republic males aged 16 to 60service Was it right for Canada to send troops
in commando groups was mandatory. to the South African War?
By J.L. Granatstein and Tim Cook
Canada Patent and Copyright Office/LAC/PA-028894;
Public domain 88 CANADA AND THE COLD WAR
Struggling to stay shipshape
By J.L. Granatstein

90 HUMOUR HUNT
Discovering Bartholomew Bandy
By Terry Fallis

92 HEROES AND VILLAINS

Montgomery and Rommel
By Mark Zuehlke

94 ARTIFACTS
GNATs versus CATs
By Sharon Adams

96 O CANADA
John McCraes baptism of fire
By Don Gillmor

DEPARTMENTS
4 EDITORIAL
7 LETTERS
10 ON THIS DATE
53 IN THE NEWS
64 SNAPSHOTS
86 UNIT REUNIONS
87 LOST TRAILS
87 REQUESTS
87 MARKETPLACE
87 CLASSIFIED

legionmagazine.com > MAY/JUNE 2017 3

Pg02-03_Contents-MJ17.indd 3 2017-03-30 10:10 AM

 EDITORIAL
The arbitrary
age of 65
I
ll and injured veterans are still
waiting for clarity from the federal
government on how it intends to pro-
vide them with lifelong financial security.
The federal budget tabled on March 22
included some new spending for veter-
ans and their families, but it left a big
onelifetime paymentsunresolved.
The budget promised $624 million
in new funds over five years, including
expanded benefits for education and
career transition and increased financial
support for caregivers. And it repeated
the governments commitment to offer
qualifying veterans the option of disability
award payments for life, but deferred to later
this year the details on how this would work.
Prior to 2006, a lifetime monthly
pension was available to ill and injured
veterans. Then the
Canadian Forces
Members and Veterans
THE LEGION IS Re-establishment and
Compensation Act,
ADVOCATING TO also known as the
CONTINUE THE New Veterans Charter
EARNINGS LOSS (NVC), replaced that
BENEFIT FOR LIFE. lifetime pension
with a disability
award that provides
Canadian Armed
Forces members or veterans with a lump-
sum tax-free payment for long-term injury
or illness resulting from military service.
The NVC also introduced other new
financial and disability benefits, health
and rehabilitation services, and education
and job-placement assistance. The
legislation was designed to be a living
charter, open to periodic refinements
as shortcomings became apparent.
And there were shortcomings.
Disgruntled veterans, supported by
The Royal Canadian Legion and other
4 MAY/JUNE 2017 > legionmagazine.com
Pg04_Editorial.indd 4
veterans advocacy groups, have lobbied
for improvements since the NVC came
into force. By 2011, the government could
no longer ignore their pleas. It passed Bill
C-55, which enacted the charters first
significant refinements. Others followed.
In a review of the NVC in 2014, the all-
party Standing Committee on Veterans
Affairs recommended that eligibility
for lifelong benefits be clarified, and
that the earnings loss benefit (ELB) for
veterans in rehabilitation be increased.
The Legion itself has long advocated for
lifelong financial security for the most
seriously ill and injured veterans, which
it says is the group that suffers most
from the charters shortcomings.
The ELB is a case in point. It is a taxable
monthly payment provided to qualifying
veterans taking part in rehab services.
The ELB tops up their total income to at
least 90 per cent of their gross pre-release
military salary (this had been 75 per cent
before October 2016). It is paid until their
rehabilitation plan has been completed, or to
age 65. The Legion is advocating to increase
the ELB to 100 per cent of pre-release
income and to continue this benefit for life.
Which makes complete sense.
Its true that, like most Canadians,
seriously ill and injured veterans will start
to receive Canada Pension Plan payments
starting at (or around) age 65. And most
do have a CAF pension (indexed to length
of service, which is often pretty short
for young soldiers who become severely
wounded, injured or ill as a result of their
duty). But these are people whose medical
condition has rendered them unable to
work for long periods, which has a drastic
impact on their ability to lead a financially
secure life. They have missed out onthey
have lostuntold earning opportunities.
This is but one more of the many sacrifices
they have made in service to the country.
Injured and ill veterans deserve a better
deal. The government has a sacred obligation
to care for those who signed up despite the
risk of injury or death. And that care should
not be cut back at the arbitrary age of 65. L
2017-03-30 10:27 AM
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6 MAY/JUNE 2017 > legionmagazine.com

Pg06_Masthead-MJ17.indd 6 2017-03-30 10:32 AM

 LETTERS
Comments
can be sent to:
Letters,
Legion Magazine,
86 Aird Place,
Kanata, ON

Eager to enlist
K2L 0A1
or e-mailed to:
magazine@

I
legion.ca

found Tim Cooks article The

Battle for the Ridge (March/April)
very interesting, especially when
I turned the page to see the same when he was actually born on Aug. 20,
cap badge that is in a photo I have 1871. I have heard that men tried to say
of my great-grandfather, Private Alexander they were older than they were to enlist
Green. He was in the 107th Overseas but I cannot imagine a man well into
Battalion, Canadian his 40s lying about his age to sign up.
Expeditionary Force. Green never did see action on the front
He signed up in as he dislocated his right shoulder in
Winnipeg on England when he fell eight feet from a
March 18, 1916. wagonload of logs. We are very proud that
He lied about at his age he tried to make a difference
his age, saying in the war effort. Later in the war, his
he was born on son served with the Fort Garry Horse.
Aug. 20, 1882, DALE BAKER, BALMORAL, MAN.

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CWM/19920166-1734 legionmagazine.com > MAY/JUNE 2017 7

Pg07-09_Letters.indd 7 2017-03-31 1:25 PM

 LETTERS

Have artifact Troubled

from infamous
Zeppelin
We were excited to see
the story of Wulstan
Tempest and Zeppelin L31
in the Artifacts column
(January/February). The
Canadian Forces Museum
of Aerospace Defence has
an exhibit about the air
defence of Britain during
the First World War, and we actu-
ally have a flask that belonged to
L31s Heinrich Mathy. We display
it as a highlight of a Canadian
accomplishment and the risks
taken by Zeppelin crew members.
Thank you for your great articles.
BETHANY AITCHISON, CURATORIAL
ASSISTANT, CANADIAN FORCES
MUSEUM OF AEROSPACE DEFENCE,
NORTH BAY, ONT.
Advertisement
by article
I just finished reading
Veterans and suicide
in the January/February
issue. I find the subject
very disturbing and diffi-
cult for me to understand.
When I came home after
the Second World War, I
never heard of suicide or
post-traumatic stress disorder.
Rescue story
Perhaps I was just too busy get- creates interest
ting a new start on life. This I I just want to say what an awesome
had to do on my own, other than job you did on the article about the
a $450 re-establishment cheque Pollux and Truxtun
that I received. No other help was (Cold comfort,
offered, nor did I expect any. January/February).
In spite of that I did OK. It is getting great
I tried to forget the war and reviews from here
all the bad things I saw as a and in the United
front-line soldier doing recon- States. Many are
naissance in France, Belgium, asking where
the Netherlands and Germany. to get copies. I
There are many studies going have watched
on as to why so many of todays your Military
veterans are having difficulty Moments video
adjusting to discharge. Could it (legionmagazine.
be partly because of poor recruit- com/coldcomfort)
ment practices? I dont believe twice myself.
everybody is fit to be a soldier, so if Thanks again.
that can be determined, it would go MARGARET ISAACS, CO-CHAIR, LITTLE
a long way to eliminate problems. LAWN MEMORIAL TRAIL OF HEROES
Certainly, it requires a good study. COMMITTEE, LAWN, N.L.
GEORGE ST. CYR, MILTON, ONT.

Correction
A photo on page 40 of the March/April issue should have
identified the woman operating a switchboard as a member
of the Canadian Womens Army Corps (CWAC). L

CHANGES TO MEMBER BENEFITS PACKAGE

Effective April 30, 2017, Technologies Canada, Canadian

Shaw Direct Satellite TV will no
longer be a partner in The Royal
Canadian Legion (RCL) Member
Benefits Package (MBP).
Any member who purchases
products from Shaw will no longer
receive The RCL MBP discount.
The other partners are Best
1-800-284-9159 Western International, IRIS Eyeware,
SimplyConnect, Starkey Hearing
Safe Step Walk-In Tubs, Revera
Inc., Arbor Memorial Services Inc.,
Medipac Travel Insurance, Carlson
Wagonlit Travel, Philips Lifeline
Canada and MBNA Canada Bank.
Look for their listing on page 6 of
this issue and for more information
and links to savings please check
them out at legionmagazine.com/
en/member-benefits-package/

8 MAY/JUNE 2017 > legionmagazine.com

Pg07-09_Letters.indd 8 2017-03-31 2:45 PM

 SOCIAL SIGNALS
Whats trending for Legion Magazine

@VetsOmbudsman @biggsjames007 @mfisheroverseas

Thank you @Legion_Magazine for
drawing attention to the findings.
Tweeted out: Report studies pain
and suffering/Veterans and Suicide
@SeamusORegan
Beautifully written and wonder-
fully laid out. Worth a gander!
Tweeted: Cold Comfort: Interactive
web experience: www.legion-
magazine.com/coldcomfort
@wadenanewsed
We are so fortunate to have
those who serve. #Canada150
Retweeted @Legion_Magazine
tweet: Thinking of all those who
served and continue to serve on
#CanadianFlagDay #Canada150
@Legion_Magazine Thank
you for posting my mothers
photo in the Mar/April issue.
@bchamp69
@Legion_Magazine @TerryFallis
Witty and self-deprecating start,
wouldnt expect anything less! Or is
that more? Either way, I like! Tweeted
out Humour Hunt: 57 is the new 40.
Fine piece in @Legion_Magazine
by my friend, Stephen Thorne,
who spent so long in Afghanistan
himself with the Canadian
Press. Tweeted out Portrait of
inspiration: Reclaiming his life
The Honourable
Mayann Francis, ONS
Military Moments: Canadas first
black battalion. It was an honour
to narrate the story of the
No. 2 Construction Battalion.
Thank you for the invitation
to take part in this historic
moment, such an important
part of Canadas history.

Follow Legion Magazine on social media to keep up-to-date with the latest

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Courtesy of Canadian Forces Museum of Aerospace Defence; DND/Legion Magazine archives legionmagazine.com > MAY/JUNE 2017 9

Pg07-09_Letters.indd 9 2017-04-04 1:56 PM

 ON THIS DATE May 2017

1 May 1945
Cape Breton Highlanders attack German
strongholds in Delfzijl, Netherlands.

2-3 May 1953

The Royal Canadian Regiment is
hammered in the Battle of Hill 187 in
Korea: 26 killed, 27 wounded,
seven taken prisoner.

3 May 1917
Lieut. Robert Combe
captures 80 prisoners near
Acheville, France, and is
posthumously awarded the
Victoria Cross.

4 May 1945
HMCS Uganda sails to
join the campaign
to shell Japanese
airfields in Okinawa.

5 May 1950
Eight dikes fail in Winnipeg; 100,000
evacuate the Red River valley.

6 May 1814
The British capture Fort Oswego,
New York.

9 May 2014 11 May 2012

A National Day of Honour
marks the end of Canadas
military mission
in Afghanistan.
The last of 17 new RCAF Super Hercules
aircraft arrives at 8 Wing/CFB Trenton.
12 May 1885
The Battle of Batoche ends and, with it,
the Northwest Rebellion.

10 May 1940 13 May 1943

HMCS Drumheller helps destroy a U-boat
Winston Churchill in the North Atlantic.
7 May 1945
Germany unconditionally becomes British
prime minister as the 14 May 1814
surrenders to the Allies in Europe. American raiders destroy
blitzkrieg sweeps
into France. Port Dover, Ont.
8 May 1944
U.S. General Dwight 15 May 1917
Eisenhower decides
on the date Prime Minister Sir Robert Borden returns
for D-Day. from an imperial war conference in England.

10 MAY/JUNE 2017 > legionmagazine.com Courtesy of Franklyn Roy; Sharif Tarabay; DND; LAC; Legion Magazine archives

Pg10-11_OnThisDate-MJ2017.indd 10 2017-03-31 10:54 AM

 16 May 1943
Dams in Germanys industrial
Ruhr basin are destroyed by the
bouncing bombs of No. 617
Squadron RAF, known as the
Dambusters, at a cost of
53 lives, 13 of them Canadian.
17 May 1900
The Royal Canadian Field
Artillery helps in relieving
Mafeking, South Africa, from an
eight-month Boer War siege.
18 May 1966
Terrorist Paul-Joseph Chartier is killed in
the Parliament Buildings by a bomb he
intended to throw into the House
of Commons.
19 May 1918
Canadian nurse Katherine Maud
MacDonald is killed during German
bombings of taples, France.
20 May 1948
Canadian WWII flying ace George Buzz
Beurling dies in Rome when his plane
explodes, possibly from sabotage.
21 May 1941
German battleship Bismarck is spotted
in Norwegian waters; the British find and
sink her within a week.
22 May 1942
Canadian merchant ship Frank B. Baird
is sunk by U-158 near Bermuda.
23 May 1944
Canadians break through the Hitler Line
in the Liri Valley in Italy.
24 May 1963
Sikorsky CH-124 Sea King helicopters
begin Royal Canadian Navy service.
Pg10-11_OnThisDate-MJ2017.indd 11
May
31 May 1915
Fresh from the trenches at Festubert,
France, the Canadians are assigned to
the Givenchy sector.
25 May 1952
The Royal Canadian Regiment arrives on
Koje-Do Island, South Korea, to take up
guard duty over 3,200 fractious North
Korean PoWs.
26 May 1944
Canadians join British and American
forces concentrated on Englands south
coast for the D-Day invasion.
27 May 1918
The German Army launches its
fourth major offensive of the year
against the French at the
Chemin des Dames. JUNE On This Date Events
28 May 1916 Visit legionmagazine.com.
The Canadian government is The items will appear June 1.
advised to abandon the Ross Heres a taste of what to expect.
rifle, which jams in combat. 10 June 1947
Dairy is
29 May 1982 removed
The National War Memorial in from the
Ottawa is rededicated to include ration list
dates of the Second World War in Canada.
and Korean War.
30 May 1951
The Royal Canadian Regiment
is ordered to advance on the
village of Chail-li and
Hill 467 in Korea.
legionmagazine.com > MAY/JUNE 2017 11
2017-03-30 10:34 AM
 MILITARY HEALTH MATTERS By Sharon Adams
Halting
the blood
loss
C
ombat soldiers who
have suffered battlefield
wounds have never had a
better chance of survival
than they have today.
Due to improvements in battlefield
medicine and evacuation, 92 per cent
of U.S. soldiers wounded in Iraq
and Afghanistan made it home alive,
Advertisement compared to about 75 per cent in the
Vietnam War. Former Canadian
Armed Forces surgeon-general Hans
Jung said in 2010 that if wounded
troops could make it back to NATOs
Role 3 hospital at Kandahar Airfield
in Afghanistan, they have a
97 per cent chance of making it
all the way back to Canada alive.
Experience on 21st-century
battlefields quickly resulted in
advances that improved surviv-
ability, such as pressure dressings
made with substances that cause
blood to clot within seconds, a tour-
niquet that could be applied with
one hand, and ways to ensure the
supply of blood and blood products
for transfusion despite disrup-
tions of distance and climate.
A study by the U.S. Army
Institute of Surgical Research
found that nearly a quarter of the
4,596 U.S. combat-wound deaths
in Iraq and Afghanistan between
2001 and 2011 were, as the report
puts it, potentially survivable.
About 90 per cent of those
survivable deaths were due to
uncontrolled blood loss. Those
12 MAY/JUNE 2017 > legionmagazine.com
Pg12-13_Health.indd 12
findings started a quest to develop
more tools to deal with massive
blood loss from combat wounds.
Those tools need to work fast.
Most battlefield deaths occur within
10 minutes of injury. An adult can
die in minutes from massive blood
loss such as that which accompanies
wounds from improvised explosive
devices. Significant and sudden
blood loss can send the body into
shock; when blood volume drops
too low, the heart stops pumping
and organs shut down. Nerve cells
in the brain can survive only min-
utes without adequate blood flow.
About two thirds of blood-loss
deaths in the U.S. study were from
wounds to the trunk and underly-
ing organs, where pressure could
not be applied to stop bleeding. Two
new types of tourniquet address the
problem. Both can be applied in less
than a minute on the battlefield.
The Combat Ready Clamp can
be used on areas of the body that
standard tourniquets cant reach.
It roughly resembles the C clamp
found in household tool boxes and is
screwed tight in a similar wayvery
useful to stop bleeding from high
leg amputations and pelvic injuries.
The Abdominal Aortic Junction
Tourniquet is an inflatable wedge-
shaped bladder that squeezes
closed blood vessels, thus stopping
bleeding from wounds. Its large
surface area is useful for pelvic inju-
ries and severe wounds in places
where limbs attach to the torso.
The U.S. military has sup-
ported research into injectable
and spray-on gels and foams
that could plug wounds, stop
bleeding and induce clotting.
Researchers at Johns Hopkins
University in Baltimore, Maryland,
have developed a prototype device
to stop up wounds. About the size
of a highlighter pen, it contains
two chemicals that mix when
injected into a wound, creating
a foam that hardens and applies
pressure to stop bleeding while
soldiers are transported from
the battlefield to hospital care.
2017-03-30 10:48 AM

Research continues to ensure
it can produce enough foam to
fill large wounds and harden
quickly, and that the foam can
be easily removed for surgery.
> Join the conversation!
Sign up NOW for our
Military Health Matters e-report
at www.legionmagazine.com/MHM
and receive your FREE PDF COPY
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2017
Meanwhile, the XStat Rapid
Homeostasis System was battle-
tested a year ago, stopping severe
bleeding from a gunshot wound
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Called shear-thinning biomate-
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bleeding. It is made up of gelatin
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mimic the function of platelets, the
cells in human blood that promote
blood clotting. Research is progress-
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so it will be some time before its
available for battlefield medicine.
The U.S. military has also funded
research at the Australian Institute
of Health and Tropical Medicine
at James Cook University on a
drug touted as a pharmacological
tourniquet that reduces internal
blood loss by up to 60 per cent.
Administered intravenously, a
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Pg12-13_Health.indd 13 2017-03-30 10:48 AM

 FRONT LINES By Stephen J.Thorne

Suspended
vice-admirals
surprising views

T he man temporarily relieved

of his duties as vice-chief of
the defence staff in January
is an outspoken advocate of
his beloved navy whose first
words after his appointment
to the militarys second-high-
est post constituted a harsh critique of
the government that put him there.
Sources have told Legion Magazine
and other media that the move came in
the midst of an RCMP investigation into
the alleged leak of top-secret defence
Neither the chief of the defence staff,
General Jonathan Vance, nor Prime
Minister Justin Trudeau and his defence
minister, Harjit Sajjan, have provided
details, though Vances political masters
have said he made the right decision.
In a speech when he stepped down from
his post as commander of the navy last
June 23, before assuming the role as the mili-
tarys No. 2 in August, Vice-Admiral Mark
Norman delivered a harsh critique of the per-
petual indecision hobbling the highest levels
of Canadas government and bureaucracy.
informationthe nature of which and to He cited depletion of the navys size and
whom it was leaked remain a mystery. combat capabilities and the systems inability

14 MAY/JUNE 2017 > legionmagazine.com DND

Pg14-16_FrontLines.indd 14 2017-03-30 10:50 AM

 to address the issues during his three years
at its helm. Age and reliability issues had
forced the navy to retire its two supply ships
and two command destroyers while replace-
ments are still in the planning stages.
Its important to keep in mind that the
situation we had to manage was completely
avoidable, Norman said. It should act
as a powerful reminder of what happens
when we allow ourselves to continually
manage risk by putting off tough decisions
in the interest of short-term expediency.
Sajjan was in attendance at the change-
of-command ceremony as Norman
said the navy shrank on his watch.
Theres about a 20 per cent reduction
in the float capacity of the fleet, with acute
losses in war-fighting capabilities, in partic-
ular in area air defence and sustainment. As
well, weve seen alarming reductions in both
our establishment and effective strength.
Replacement ships are still years away. The
Conservative government of Stephen Harper
approved a plan to lease a converted cargo
ship and Trudeaus Liberals subsequently put
off military capital spending for five years.
Pg14-16_FrontLines.indd 15
Expecting cyber attacks Vice-Admiral Mark
in Latvia Norman talks with
While most of the 450 Canadian troops navy personnel
deploying to Latvia will be conducting in 2015.
traditional operations and exercises assert-
ing their presence and fostering good
relations in the Russian border republic,
a cadre of specialists will be engaged in
all-out warfarecyberwarfare, that is.
Overseas and in operations rooms
back in Canada, they will be combat-
ting Moscows efforts to win the hearts
and minds of Latvians, spread fake news
and foster growing dissent among the
republics Russian-speaking minority.
The allied counter-effortsincluding their
own cyber operations, an open-door media
policy and more traditional intelligence
functionswill be keys to the ultimate suc-
cess of the Canadian-led NATO mission.
Russian propaganda efforts in Latvia
are already underway, including efforts
to make it appear that Latvia doesnt
want NATO troops on its soil, said
General Jonathan Vance following an
appearance at the Conference of Defence
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 Associations symposium in February.
Planted stories will occur, Vance pre-
dicted. I think Russia will certainly see this
[mission] as something to interfere with, so
we will take all the precautions that we can.
I think its important that you hear this
from me: There will be a desire to skew
way out of proportion and potentially
provide falsehoods about whats actu-
ally happening in Latvia with Canadian
troops. We have to take on a strategic com-
munications role so that truth prevails.
The Canadians will be joined by at least
800 troops from Italy, Albania, Poland
and Slovenia by September to form one
of four NATO battle groups taking up
residence in Russian satellite states.
Those states include Lithuania, Estonia
and Poland and, along with Latvia, are
all NATO members. The 4,000 NATO
troops have been described as a mea-
sured response to 330,000 Russian troops
believed to be amassed west of Moscow.
Russian President Vladimir Putin justi-
fied the March 2014 annexation of Crimea
and support for secessionist rebels in
Ukraines east as protecting Russians who
found themselves living in a foreign country
after the Soviet Union broke up in 1991.
Latvia and Estonia have considerably
larger proportions of Russians and Russian-
speakers than Ukraine, where 24 per cent
of the population is Russian-speaking.
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16 MAY/JUNE 2017 > legionmagazine.com
Pg14-16_FrontLines.indd 16
Latvia, for example, is 38 per cent
Russian-speaking and Russians comprise
the vast majority of the republics 280,000
non-citizens. As foreigners, they cant vote
or work in senior government positions.
Russia has been cultivating their discon-
tent and touting its role as champion of the
downtrodden in Latvia and elsewhere among
the Baltic states. Moscow denies having
designs on the region and characterizes
the NATO deployments as provocations.
Lithuanias foreign minister described
Russias strategy as hybrid war designed
to destabilize the Baltic states through mili-
tary movements, disinformation campaigns
and cyber operations, including full-blown
cyber attacks on companies, information
websites and even military systems.
We expect Russia to respond to this
[deployment] as they have responded to any
sort of deliberate, determined stance, said
Vance. Theyve actively conducted strategic
communications against NATO exercises.
Were aware of it. Well try to be as sophis-
ticated as we can be. But, ultimately, what we
do and what our allies do as part of that battle
group in terms of its professionalism and
what it provides in terms of a deterrent effect
are the things that need to be measured. L
> Follow Front Lines weekly
at legionmagazine.com/frontlines.
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FOR OUR MAIL-OUTS!
2017-03-31 10:54 AM
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 EYE ON DEFENCE By David J. Bercuson

Hard spending
decisions needed
L ee Berthiaume, writing for the
Canadian Press last fall, referred
to internal Defence Department
documents in a story about the need to
spend billions, beginning soon, to upgrade
Canadas submarines. He referred to those
submarinesUpholder to the British who
built them and Victoria-class to the Royal
Canadian Navy which acquired them. Suffice
to say that a nation with the largest coastline
in the world, depending heavily on seagoing
commerce, with daily challenges, from fishing
documents, obtained through the Access boats lost at sea to human smuggling, and a
to Information Act, in estimating the cost prolonged Russian buildup of its Arctic mili-
of upgrading the submarines at $1.5 to tary forces, needs an adequate submarine fleet.
$3 billion. In the hubbub surrounding the There were many defence experts who
lead up to the governments announcement to questioned why Canada purchased these sub-
obtain a small interim fleet of Super Hornets marines in the first place in the 1990s and no
and put off the final decision on a more sub- doubt there will be many more who will com-
stantial CF-18 replacement program, the plain about either putting billions of dollars
submarine story was virtually buried. more into the fleet orheaven forbidbuying
One way or another, the submarine saga an adequate, modern, under-ice capable fleet
will be disinterred shortly. The first subma- to replace the Victoria-class submarines.
rine Canada obtained, HMCS Victoria, is Modern weapons, especially large ones
scheduled to be retired in just five years. from armoured vehicles for the army to jets
Five years is a lifetime when it comes to major for the air force to the surface warships the
Canadian procurement projects. The other navy will need in the next decadedont
three submarines will follow soon after. come cheap. And neither do submarines.
Theres no point here in going over the long But a people who claim sovereignty over the
saga of Canada and its four Upholder-class second largest country in the world, with a
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to the peace, order and good
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called it the biggest Arctic
following designations only: CF, FF, V or D. military push since the fall
of the Soviet Union.

18 MAY/JUNE 2017 > legionmagazine.com

Pg18-19_EyeOnDefence.indd 18 2017-03-30 10:52 AM

 Should we expect Russian troops to ride current governmentto
Russian warships to our northern coast, educate Canadians that
backed by Russian air power? The chances the time we can keep WE MUST MAKE AN
are only slightly better than an invasion from a low profile regarding
Mars. But sovereignty, as we are currently our own defences and
EFFORT TO DETER
seeing with the proliferation of Chinese hope to offset the shoddy ACTION AGAINST
advanced weaponry on the islands they state of those defences by US, OR WE WILL
have built from sandbars and protrud- sending expeditionary SLOWLY SEE BITS
ing rocks in the South China Sea, can be a forces abroad is over. AND PIECES OF OUR
fuzzy concept. A small Russian push here, Hard spending deci-
a slightly larger one there, and suddenly we sions need to be made,
HOME AND NATIVE
will be sailing into what we consider our own not only about the F-35 LAND LOST TO US.
waters at our peril. Can we expect the United but about our navy,
States to pull our chestnuts out of the fire including the supply
for us? Possibly, but with Donald Trump in ships and submarines.
the White House, nothing is certain except We dont need a large air force or a large
the very large invoice he will hand us. navy. But we do need them to be adequate
We do not have the military forces to defend to deter any challenges to our sovereignty.
every square centimetre of our sovereign The debt is increasing by the month and
claims on our east and west coasts, or in the the deficit is rising. In the early 1990s, the
Arctic. But as a self-respecting nation, we Liberal government of the day met similar
must make an effort to deter action against financial challenges by virtually choking
us, or we will slowly see bits and pieces the life out of the military. With the new
of our home and native land lost to us. U.S. president demanding that Americas
What, then, is the answer? It will take allies pay their fair share for the common
government leadershipespecially from the defence, that tactic wont work this time. L

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legionmagazine.com > MAY/JUNE 2017 19

Pg18-19_EyeOnDefence.indd 19 2017-03-30 10:53 AM

 CANADAS
FIRST
FOREIGN WAR
BY M A R K ZU E HL K E

WHILE IT WAS A POLITICAL BATTLE

AT HOME, THE WAR IN SOUTH AFRICA
WOULD PROVE TO BE THE FIRST TEST OF
CANADAS FIGHTING SPIRIT OVERSEAS

20 MAY/JUNE 2017 > legionmagazine.com

Pg20-29_BoerWar.indd 20 2017-03-30 10:54 AM

 Boer soldiers,
including this
commando group,
were adept at
guerilla warfare
something the
British had difficulty
countering.

The ill-fated
Jameson Raid of
1895, led by British
colonial politician
Leander Starr
Jameson, was
one of many
antagonizing events
that led to the
Second Boer War,
from 1899 to 1902.

ON FEB. 11, 1900, the 1,039-strong

Canadian contingent recently
deployed to South Africa joined
a powerful British column at
Graspan, on the Cape Colonys
eastern boundary with the Boer
Orange Free State. The following day, under
a blazing sun with temperatures peaking at
46C, the 2nd (Special Service) Battalion,
Royal Canadian Regiment (RCR) marched
through thick, choking red dust across the
veldt for about 20 kilometres to Ramdama
Dutch homestead reduced to a burned-out
ruin by British advance scouts. Here, 30,000
soldiers, 7,000 non-com-
batants, 14,000 horses,
and 22,000 mules and
oxen hauling 600 wagons
and several artillery
batteries staggered to an
exhausted halt. Between
Ramdam and the objec-
tive of Bloemfontein lay
200 kilometres of parched
and rugged countryside.
Retreating south
from where it had been
besieging Mafekingthe northernmost
Cape Colony townand now threatened
by the advancing British was a Boer force
of about 5,000 commandos, accompanied
by several dozen women and children,
more than 400 wagons and several thou-
sand horses. Boer commander General
Piet Cronj hoped to slip past the British
and establish a blocking force to protect
Bloemfontein until he could be reinforced.
Although the Boer retreat was stealthy,
nothing could prevent the rising dust
clouds. On Feb. 16, Cronjs Boers were
detected by British scouts and skirmishing
broke out. Several kilometres east of the
Paardeberg (Horse Mountain) Driftthe
Boer term for a fordacross the Modder
River, Cronj still believed escape was pos-
sible. Expecting to easily cross the river the
next morning, then gain the road leading to
Bloemfontein to continue an orderly with-
drawal, Cronj encamped his weary force.
It was a fateful decision, one that spelled
disaster for the Boers, enabled the British to
win their first decisive victory in South Africa,
and provided Canadian troops with their
first major engagement in an overseas war.

Public domain; Alamy/E1GG2T legionmagazine.com > MAY/JUNE 2017 21

Pg20-29_BoerWar.indd 21 2017-03-30 10:54 AM

 MANY CANADIANS JOINED THE
CORNWALLS, BUT THE ATTACK
WAS MET BY A WITHERING
FUSILLADE AND COLLAPSED.

THE ROOTS of this war traced back to discovery quickly led to the British annex-
1835. Rejecting British attempts to extend ing Transvaal in 1871. By December 1880,
their authority over the Dutch colonists efforts to get the annexation reversed had
and considering themselves increasingly failed and the Boers resorted to armed
politically marginalized, about 15,000 resistance. At Majuba Hill on Feb. 27, 1881,
Voortrekkers crossed the Orange River to they dealt a large contingent of British
leave Cape Colony and establish indepen- regulars a stunning defeat that led to the
dent republics. Transvaal and the Orange Pretoria Convention a few months later.
Free State were recognized respectfully and Although the convention did not reinstate
reluctantly by Great Britain in the 1852 Sand full independence, it did grant the Boers sig-
Canadas first
River and 1854 Bloemfontein conventions. nificant control over their affairs and land.
contingent in
Both republics constituted attempts to In 1886, Anglo-Boer relations were again
the Boer War, the
Royal Canadian
continue the agrarian life that the Dutch col- shredded by the discovery in Transvaal of
Regiment boarded onists had maintained since their forebears the largest gold reserves on Earth. Seeking
HMS Sardinian in had settled in South Africa in the 17th cen- to limit the threat from the influx of gold
Quebec City on tury, which they saw seekers to the national iden-
Oct. 30, 1899. as being threatened tity of Gods people, as
after the British seized Transvaals President Paul
Key players in the the Cape settlement Kruger called the Boers, he
conflict included in 1795. In 1814, the enacted legislation restrict-
South African British takeover of the ing the franchise to men
General Piet Cronj Cape from the Dutch who had been resident at
(right) and (opposite, was formalized by the least 14 years. This effec-
from top) Paul Congress of Vienna. tively limited it to Boers. To
Kruger, Transvaal The Voortrekker protect Transvaals railroad
president from 1883 movement was a repu- link to Johannesburg
to 1900; British diation of spreading from being undercut by
Major-General E.T.H. British influence. Most encroaching Cape railways,
Hutton, who leaked Boers were deeply he also imposed what
plans for a Canadian religious, adhering to the British considered
force; and Governor a strict Calvinism that exploitive tariffs.
General Lord Minto,
was intolerant of other On the opposing side
who pressured
faiths. After almost stood Cape Colony Prime
Prime Minister
200 years of warfare with African tribes, Minister Cecil Rhodes, who sought to not
Laurier to act.
they were tough and uniquely adept at only expand his personal gold interests but
guerilla fighting that relied on riding skills, also to unite all of South Africa under the
deadly marksmanship and superb tactical British crown. In 1895, with full knowl-
use of ground. Every adult male belonged edge of British colonial secretary Joseph
to a commando military formation. Chamberlain, he attempted a coup that
The Boers hoped their flight would free failed miserably. Rhodes was forced to
them of British influence and encroachment resign, but the new Cape Colony governor
on their new lands, but the 1867 diamond and high commissioner, Sir Alfred Milner,

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 continued to demand that the enfranchise-
ment qualification be lowered to five years.
During negotiations in May 1899 at
Bloemfontein, Kruger offered a seven-year
compromise that Milner rejected. While
hurriedly preparing for war, Britain set
about drafting an ultimatum that Kruger
pre-empted with one of his own issued on
Oct. 9, 1899; he demanded the withdrawal of
all British troops from the border. Two days
later, the Boers launched a spoiling attack
against British troops mustering on the border
of Natal and the Second Boer War began.
SUPPORT FOR CRUSHING this Boer upris-
ing was strong throughout the British Empire.
The Boers were demonized as roughshod peas-
ants oppressing English-speaking settlers and
prospectors. Such oppression, claimed an edi-
torial in the Vancouver Province, by a horde
of ignorant Dutch farmers was an insult to the
empire. The Boers were viewed with contempt
and a quick, decisive victory was expected.
After all, how could a bunch of Dutch farmers
stand against the worlds mightiest power?
This was the height of New Imperialism, with
European powers vying to expand their grip
across the globe, and Britain led the pack. The
rewards were captive markets, resource wealth
and blocking the growth of rival nations.
Africa was at the centre of this struggle, with
France, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Germany
and Britain all competing for colonies.
Pg20-29_BoerWar.indd 23
In Canada, Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier
wanted nothing to do with war or the jingoistic
imperialism driving it. In power for three
years, Laurier believed an imperial war could
fracture the delicate union between English
and French Canada. But pro-war sentiment
was at a fever pitch. In 1897, the dominion
had lavishly celebrated Queen Victorias
Diamond Jubilee and most English Canadians
considered themselves duty-bound to help
the mother country. With action being
demanded everywhere outside Quebec,
Lauriers cabinet was divided. But the
intense pressure continued, aided by
Canadas General Officer Commanding,
the British Major-General E.T.H. Hutton,
Governor General Lord Minto, and the
British Colonial Office. At the Colonial
Office request, Hutton drafted plans to
raise a 1,200-strong Canadian force and
leaked its details to newspapers across
the country. Many powerful militia offi-
cers were also apprised of the plan even
as Laurier was kept in the dark. By the
time he learned of it, the press and public
calls for action could not be denied. A last
gasp argument that the Militia Act pro-
hibited Canadian troops serving overseas
foundered on the Oct. 11 news of wars out-
break. Conceding defeat, Laurier authorized
$600,000 to raise, equip and transport a
contingent to South Africa. Thereafter, Britain
would be responsible for its maintenance costs.
legionmagazine.com > MAY/JUNE 2017 23
2017-03-30 10:55 AM

The force was to number 1,000 with each
recruit agreeing to a years service. There were
so many volunteers that a selection process
based on health, marksmanship and prior
military service was instituted. Despite the
wars unpopularity within French Canada,
F Companys soldiers were all francophones
from Quebec, New Brunswick and Ontario,
with half its non-commissioned officers and
officers also French-speaking. The battalion
was organized into eight 125-man regionally
based companies with one from Western
Canada, three from Ontario, and two each
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Pg20-29_BoerWar.indd 24
from Quebec and the Maritimes (including
the francophone conglomerate). Seventy
per cent of those selected were Canadian-
born and most others were from Britain.
Their commander was Lieutenant-Colonel
William Otter, who had distinguished
himself during the Northwest Rebellion.
The 2nd RCR was inducted into the
Permanent Force and sailed on Oct. 30,
1899, from Quebec City aboard the HMS
Sardinian. More than 50,000 people
crowded the docks to send them off.
BEFORE THE CONTINGENT lay an
11,000-kilometre, 30-day voyage. A converted
cattle ship, Sardinian was so small people were
immediately falling over each other at every
turn. With only enough bunks for half the
contingent, the rest slept in hammocks. Otter,
who knew his men were woefully untrained
for war and lacked any inherent cohesion, had
hoped to use the time at sea for some rudi-
mentary training. The cramped quarters, bad
weather and an outbreak of dysentery scotched
that idea. On Nov. 30, 1899, Sardinian docked
in Cape Town. News from the front was
gloomy. The Boers had seized the initiative
and were besieging Ladysmith in Natal and
Kimberley and Mafeking in Cape Colony.
Many of the Boers were armed with the
German Mauser 7-millimetre rifle, which
had a range of 1,800 metres, fired smoke-
less powder that hid the shooters position,
LAC/C-000171; Notman Studio of Halifax/LAC/PA-028434
2017-03-30 10:55 AM
 BLOODY SUNDAY MARKED THE WORST
FIGHTING CANADIANS SAW DURING
THE WAR IN SOUTH AFRICA21 RCR
MEN KILLED AND 60 WOUNDED.
and used a five-round clip. While the new
British Lee-Enfield had a 10-cartridge
magazine, each round had to be loaded
singly. The rapidity of Boer rifle fire, their
unexpected artillery and bold tactics utterly
perplexed the British high command.
On Dec. 16, London accepted an earlier
Canadian offer to provide a second contin-
gent, consisting of mounted infantry and
mounted field artillery. The first unit left
Canada as the 1st Canadian Mounted Rifles,
but in August 1900 would be re-designated
the Royal Canadian Dragoons (RCD). This
contingent was soon followed by the 2nd
Canadian Mounted Rifles (CMR), and the
Royal Canadian Field Artillery (RCFA). In all,
the second contingent numbered 1,289 men
750 mounted infantry and 539 artillerymen.
Even as these units readied to ship out
of Halifax, support for another Canadian
contingent appeared, in the form of Donald
Smith, The Lord Strathcona and Mount
Royal. This well-known and accomplished
benefactor, co-founder of the Canadian
Pacific Railway and Canadian High
Commissioner to the United Kingdom from
1896 to 1914, ponied up $500,000 to raise
another regiment of mounted riflemen. The
Strathconas Horse was comprised of three
squadrons raised in Manitoba with a strong
cadre of Mounties providing discipline to
the western cowboys who flocked to its
ranks (many bringing their own horses).
Its commander was the legendary NWMP
superintendent Sam Steele. On March 16,
1900, it embarked with 28 officers and
512 other ranks, 599 horses, 3 Maxim
machine guns, 500 rounds per rifle and
50,000 rounds for each Maxim. A more
munificent offer has seldom been made by
a subject to his country, one report noted.
The need for such munificence had been
painfully underscored just weeks earlier; the
Boers inflicted major defeats at Stormberg,
Magersfontein and Colenso between
Dec. 10 and 15 (dubbed Black Week). These
defeats were compounded by the disastrous
Jan. 23-24 Spion Kop battle, where 8,000
Pg20-29_BoerWar.indd 25
Boers cut apart a 20,000-strong British
force and forced its retreat. At a cost of only
67 dead and 267 wounded, the Boers killed
243 and wounded 1,250 British troops.
In Britain, Black Week caused consterna-
tion. The government decided that overwhelm-
ing force was required to defeat the Boers and
a massive military buildup began that would
eventually see 500,000 empire troops
deployed to defeat about 88,000 Boers.
THE RCR ARRIVED two weeks before
Black Week and were spared action. Instead,
they spent December engaged in training and
learning new fire-and-manoeuvre tactics to
overcome the Boer marksmen and machine
guns. The days of orderly lines battering each
other with volley fire were gone forever.
On Jan. 12, the RCR marched toward
Paardeberg, where General Piet Cronj would
make his fateful decision to camp east of
the Modder River. The morning of Feb. 17
found Cronjs Boers entrenched in a crook
in the river east of the drift, having had
British cavalry cut off his avenue of retreat.
Although the Boer line stretched about Samuel Steeles
eight kilometres, the heart of the position Strathconas Horse
was a wall of wagons on three sides and the contingent540
men and 599
river on the other. The women, children,
horsessailed to
horses and oxen were sheltered within. The
South Africa aboard
British Major-General Herbert Kitchener,
SS Monterey.
1st Earl Kitchener, had 15,000 troops to
confront approximately 5,000 Boers. A battalion of
Feb. 18 was a Sunday, and it became known mounted infantry
as Bloody Sunday. The battle began inauspi- and artillery, the
ciously when Kitchener decided to storm the Royal Canadian
Boer trenches with infantry attacking from Dragoons were part
the west, south and east under covering artil- of Canadas second
lery fire. In the jumbled landscape, cohesion contingent.
was quickly lost and the attack went in piece-
meal. Murderous Boer fire left 1,300 men
killed or wounded in exchange for about 300
Boer casualties. For the British, this marked
their highest single-day loss of the war.
Serving as part of Brigadier Horace
Smith-Dorriens 19th Brigade, the RCR had
rout-marched 37 kilometres to reach the
battlefield. Its ranks stood at 872 due to
legionmagazine.com > MAY/JUNE 2017 25
2017-03-30 10:55 AM
 losses to disease and exhaustion.
Kitchener ordered 19th Brigade to
cross the Modder River and occupy
a height of ground called Gun Hill,
northeast of the Boers. The river
was about 80 metres wide and by
mid-morning Royal Engineers had
strung a rope across. After wolfing
down coffee, a biscuit and a rum
ration, the Canadians went into
chest-deep water, and by 10:15,
all had gained the opposite shore.
Somehow they managed to float
across one machine gun on its car-
riage. Joining British troops on Gun
Hill, they directed machine-gun fire
at the Boers along the riverbank.
Now the RCR led a 19th Brigade
advance against the Boer line. About 1,650
Canadas first metres of open, coverless ground separated
contingent fought the Canadians from the Boer trenches.
its first battle (top) After 200 metres, intense fire drove the
at Paardeberg Drift men to ground. For the next hour, soldiers
on Feb. 18, 1900. advanced in small groups or alone in 20- to
30-metre dashes or by crawling. The left
Sir Horace Smith- flank got within about 800 metres of the
Dorrien (above) Boers, while the right flank closed to 400
commanded the metres before stopping dead in the face of
19th Brigade, gunfire. In the centre, the advance barely
which included progressed. The men lay for hours under a
the Canadians. burning sun, the slightest movement draw-
ing fire, until mid-afternoon when a brief,
drenching rainstorm added to their misery.
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Soon three Duke of Cornwalls Light
Infantry companies, commanded by
Lieutenant-Colonel William Aldworth,
arrived. Telling Otter he had been sent
to finish the business with a bayonet
charge if necessary, Aldworth ordered a
charge at 5:15 p.m. Many Canadians joined
the Cornwalls, but the attack was met by
a withering fusillade and collapsed.
With darkness, the survivors withdrew
to the drift, while the Boers slipped back to
their main encampment. Bloody Sunday
marked the worst fighting Canadians saw
during the war in South Africa21 RCR
men killed and 60 wounded. Three-quarters
of the casualties occurred during the
charge. For their part, the Cornwalls lost
56 men, almost all killed in the charge.
The failed frontal charges convinced the
British to resort to a siege, which lasted until
Feb. 26. Believing the Boers low on supplies
and morale, the Canadians were ordered to
conduct a night attack. Under a starlit sky at
2 a.m. on Feb. 27, with bayonets fixed, the RCR
crept silently forward in two lines separated
by 4.5 metres. Not a sign of life was detected in
the Boer trenches until the battalion was about
100 metres away. Suddenly the Canadians
were caught on open ground by murderous
fire. In seconds, six men were killed and
21 wounded. Throwing themselves to the
ground, the leading line steadily returned fire
while those in the second line dug in. After a
2017-03-30 10:55 AM
 15-minute gunfire exchange, a Boer shouted
for the force to retire. Four of the six companies
fell for the ruse and withdrew. Two companies
of men from Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and
Prince Edward Island werent duped and held
firm until dawn. At 5:15, a white flag appeared
over the Boer trenches. The two companies
kept firing until a Boer emissary emerged at
6 oclock and offered unconditional surrender.
About 4,000 Boers, including Cronj,
marched into captivity. The RCR had lost
13 dead and 21 wounded in the attack. But
the road to Bloemfontein was open.
AFTER THE PAARDEBERG DEFEAT,
the Boer command avoided set-piece battles
where British superiority in manpower and
firepower all but ensured defeat. Instead, they
formed roving commando units ranging from
a few men to several thousand. Drawing on
an extensive network of resupply depots and
sympathetic Boer inhabitants, the commandos
travelled light, hit hard and fast against static
British communication networks, and melted
away before the British could respond. This
guerrilla warfare frustrated British efforts to
capture and secure Afrikaner territory. It also
required thousands of men to protect vital
road and rail networks on which the British
depended for supplies and reinforcement.
As mounted troops, the second contin-
gent was ideally suited to counter the new
strategy. But it meant the unit seldom served
all together. This was particularly true for
the RCFA, where even individual artillery
batteries were broken up among various
British columns chasing Boer commandos.
Pg20-29_BoerWar.indd 27
First assigned to rebel chasing was the
RCD and the RCFAs D and E batteries. From
March 4 to April 14, sections of these two
units trekked alongside hundreds of British
soldiers over more than 1,100 kilometres
of harsh terrain, from Victoria West to
Upington, without engaging any Boers.
On April 10, the Strathconas landed at Cape
Town. En route, 27 per cent of its horses had Fording the Modder
died from disease, mostly pneumonia. Those River on Feb. 18,
that lived were in poor condition. The men 1900, the Royal
were scarcely better off, with 63 reporting sick Canadian Regiment
within the first two weeks of deployment. and the 1st Gordon
Highlanders arrived
MEANWHILE, on March 7, the RCR in time to join the
had joined the major British advance on battle that saw
Bloemfontein. On March 15, after a gruel- Britains highest
ling, sweltering march during which the men single-day loss of
averaged 25 kilometres a day, the column the war. Despite this,
entered the Orange Free State capital unop- when the offensive
posed. A typhoid epidemic broke out shortly ended on Feb. 27,
it was Britains first
thereafter, killing six men. On April 20,
decisive victory
when the regiment left Bloemfontein to clear
against the Boers.
a Boer commando unit to the citys east, it
left four officers and 150 men in hospital.
On April 25, the Canadians advanced across
an open plain under protection of British
artillery fire to seize the village of Thaba Nchu
and two adjacent kopjes (small hills on flat
land). Drenching Boer rifle fire killed one man,
wounded two others, and stopped the line cold.
While trying to organize his men, Otter suf-
fered a bullet wound to the chin and neck that
took him out of action for a month. The Battle
of Israels Poortas it became knownraged
for three hours until the Boers withdrew.
There were no further Canadian casualties.
legionmagazine.com > MAY/JUNE 2017 27
2017-03-30 10:55 AM
 ON MAY 31, 1902, THE BOERS
ACCEPTED THE LOSS OF
THEIR INDEPENDENCE
IN A PEACE AGREEMENT
WITH BRITAIN.
The next day, another attack was mounted
against the Boers, who had reoccupied
the village to block the road to Pretoria.
A confused four-day battle culminated in
the Canadians and Gordon Highlanders
scaling the steep face of the table-topped
mountain of Thaba Nchu itself and clearing
the Boers from this vital stronghold. Despite
Throngs descended the ferocity of the Boer rifle and artillery
on Torontos King fire, the Canadians lost only one man.
Street to celebrate This victory opened the way to Pretoria.
the return of Just before the renewed advance, the illness-
Canadian troops reduced RCR received a welcome draft of 103
on June 5, 1901. volunteers. There was, however, no time to
train or integrate them into the unit. On May
10, the RCR reached the Zand River, where a
battle for the ford was underway. Four
Canadian companies tried to seize a rise on
the extreme right of the British line overlook-
ing the river, while the remaining companies
supported a brigade engaged on the left. As
soon as the companies reached the rise, they
came under heavy fire from about 800 Boers.
Due to the small hills confined space, only
one company could form a firing line, while a
second moved into reserve, and the other two
were returned to the main brigade to minimize
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Pg20-29_BoerWar.indd 28
exposure to enemy fire. Eventually an artillery
section came up and broke the stalemate, scat-
tering the Boers. Two Canadians were killed
and two wounded.
On May 26, Otter resumed command
and the RCR, now numbering only 443 men,
crossed the Vaal Riverthe first British
infantry battalion to enter Transvaal. Three
days later, they reached Klip River and dis-
covered Boers entrenched on Doornkop Hill.
At 1:45 p.m., the RCR and other 19th Brigade
battalions advanced, with the Canadians
and Gordon Highlanders leading. The facing
Boers set fire to the veldt and the clothes and
hair of some troopers were singed as they
skirted the flames. When the front line was
1,800 metres from the defensive line, inac-
curate Boer artillery fire started falling. As the
Canadians entered a fire-blackened stretch
fronting the hill, the Boers, entrenched 1,000
metres uphill, caught them in crossfire. The
Canadians took cover, but the Gordons pressed
on. Just before nightfall, they charged the Boer
position with bayonets. Twenty Gordons were
killed and 70 wounded, but they cleared the
hill, supported by the Canadians. Canadian
casualties were seven wounded and no dead.
On June 5, the remaining 437 RCR men
entered Pretoria to find it undefended. After
Pretoria, the RCR took up garrison duty at
various railroad stations until the regiments
tour ended. On Oct. 1, 11 months after arriving
in Cape Town, the RCR departed for Canada.
THE RCR WASNT the only Canadian regi-
ment to participate in the march to Pretoria.
In a separate column,
three CMR squadrons
and the RCD rode
in the 1st Mounted
Infantry Brigade.
Their 33-day march
took a different route
from that of the RCR
column. They fought
several sharp actions,
particularly at Coetzees
Drift on May 5, par-
ticipated in the Zand
River and Doornkop
battles, and entered
Pretoria on June 6.
Remarkably, during
these engagements
only two Canadians
were wounded.
2017-03-30 10:55 AM
 While the RCR and mounted infantry regi-
ments marched to Pretoria, RCFA batteries
joined in the relief of Mafeking. The British
plan was to advance on Mafeking from both
north and south. To the north, only one
British regiment existed, the 800-strong
Rhodesian Regiment, which was too weak
to challenge the Boers. Therefore C Battery
RCFA sailed as reinforcement, along with
the 5,000-strong Rhodesian Field Force,
to Beira in Portuguese East Africa. From
there, an arduous 1,600-kilometre journey,
partially by train and the rest at the march,
brought the column to Mafeking from the
north. On May 15, the Field Force married
with a column approaching from the south
at Jan Massibi and encountered the Boer
siege force at about noon on May 16.
The Canadian battery engaged in a three-
hour artillery duel with Boer gunners at Sanie
Station. The fire succeeded in clearing the
road and at 4 a.m. on May 17, forward ele-
ments entered Mafeking to a warm welcome
from the weary defenders. C Battery remained
in northwestern Transvaal until returning
to Cape Town on Nov. 20 for a Dec. 13 sailing
to Canada. During this time, it slogged from
one small engagement to another, chasing
elusive Boer commandos that occupied
towns and destroyed rail tracks with near
impunity. In other parts of South Africa and
the Afrikaner states, the same unrewarding
task fell to the other Canadian artillery units.
EVENTUALLY, both Canadian mounted
regiments moved to northeastern Transvaal
and were dragooned into Kitcheners
scorched-earth strategy, intended to deny
the commandos succour and support by
burning farms and imprisoning the civilian
Boer populace. On Nov. 6, a column com-
manded by Smith-Dorrien set out to break up
Boer commando units in the Carolina area.
The CMR, RCD and D Battery participated.
After a series of skirmishes that failed to
quell the Boers, Smith-Dorrien decided
at Leliefontein to withdraw and return to
Belfast. The rearguard fell to the RCD.
As the withdrawal began, two commando
units, numbering about 200 men, attacked
on Nov. 7. The RCD, supported by D Batterys
two guns, held off the Boers while conducting
an orderly withdrawal. As the Boers pressed
harder, it seemed likely the guns would be
captured. Only a hasty ambush sprung by
Lieutenant Richard Turner and 12 men
Public domain; Alamy/BGCY99
Pg20-29_BoerWar.indd 29
prevented Boer success. The entire
action cost the RCD three dead
and 11 wounded. Turner and two
other menLieutenant Hampden
Zane Churchill Cockburn and
Sergeant Edward James Gibson
Hollandwere awarded Victoria
Crosses. Leliefontein was the
second contingents last major
action. Most of its soldiers returned
to Halifax on Jan. 8, 1901.
The Strathconas were also
assigned to Kitcheners scorched-
earth policy as part of the Natal
Field Force. On Sept. 1, 1900, the
Strathconas marched with Buller
toward Lydenburg in pursuit of
a 2,000-strong commando unit.
A sporadic running battle ensued,
with the Boers withdrawing
and the Natal Field Force trying
to block the retreat. After a month, the
chase was abandoned and in mid-October, Boer rebel leader,
the Natal Field Force was broken up. The general and
Strathconas prepared to return to Canada. politician Christiaan
However, a sudden rekindling of Boer de Wet evaded
action under General Christiaan de Wet British capture
surprised the British, and Kitchener right to the end
redrafted the Strathconas on Oct. 24. Three of the war.
days later, Steele and his tired, increasingly
dispirited force returned to action. The
Strathconas marched and counter-marched
across the Orange Free State and Transvaal
districts. Although several battles were
fought, de Wet eluded capture and the
pursuit was abandoned on Jan. 9, 1901. By
months end, the Strathconas sailed home.
Twenty-three had died in South Africa.
THIS CONCLUDED the Canadian
military contribution to the Second Boer
War. In all, approximately 280 of the
7,368 Canadians who served in South
Africa died there. More died from disease
and injuries than combat wounds.
On May 31, 1902, the Boers accepted
the loss of their independence in a peace
agreement with Britain. For Canada, the
South African contingents established an
important precedent because most remained
distinct units commanded by Canadian
officers. But for many of the Canadians,
the war had been a bitter experience. Even
Otter described it as blood and sand and
everything that is disagreeable all for a bit
of riband [ribbon] and a piece of silver. L
legionmagazine.com > MAY/JUNE 2017 29
2017-03-30 10:55 AM
 FACE TO FACE
Was it right for Canada
to send troops to the
South African War?
J.L. Granatstein says
I n 1899, the press in English Canada
had a cause that filled the front
pages. Britain was preparing to fight
a war in South Africa against the Boer
republics of the Orange Free State and
the Transvaal, ostensibly to protect the
rights of uitlanders. These mainly British
migrant workers were men who had come
to the Transvaal to work the rich gold
mines and they were, the British claimed,
being denied their rights by the Dutch-
speaking Boers. In fact, it was the gold
that was up for grabs, and British imperial
and commercial interests were at stake.
CANADIAN NATIONAL
INTERESTS WERE IN NO
WAY THREATENED BY THE
TWO BOER REPUBLICS.
But why should this concern Canada?
Jingoism, extreme British imperial patriot-
ism, was wildly popular in the late 1890s
among English Canadians, and there was
strong public support for Canada to send
troops well before the war began in October
1899. The British general officer com-
manding the Dominion militia, General
Sir Edward Hutton, had already drawn
up a plan for a contingent and leaked it to
the press. London was in favour of having
Canada send troops. What else mattered?
Much did. First, Canadian national inter-
ests were in no way threatened by the two
Boer republics. Second, the Britain right or
wrong attitudes of English Canadians were
vehemently opposed by French Canadians
who saw in the Boers a small people,much
30 MAY/JUNE 2017 > legionmagazine.com
Pg30-31_FaceToFace.indd 30
NO
like themselves, being oppressed by pow-
erful British interests. They were not
wrong. And third, a British general was
improperly trying to orchestrate ministe-
rial and public opinionand succeeding.
The Liberal cabinet of Sir Wilfrid Laurier,
facing an election in 1900, was divided on
linguistic lines, with the prime minister
instinctively resisting the demand to send
troops abroad for Canadas first foreign war.
However, under extreme pressure from the
big city newspapers and facing a serious
rift in his cabinet, Laurier soon caved in to
the majoritys demands. Without consult-
ing Parliament, the government decided
that Canada would send a battalion of
infantry, quickly raised and equipped.
Lauriers protg, Henri Bourassa, the
31-year-old Liberal member for Labelle,
Que., broke with his leader on the war issue
and resigned his seat in protest. Canada
was acting like a colony, he cried. Sending
soldiers to fight in South Africa was not a
precedent, Laurier retorted. A precedent
is a precedent, Bourassa replied, correctly,
to acclaim in French Canada, calling Laurier
a vendu, a sell-out, for yielding to pressure.
Bourassa was promptly re-elected to
Parliament as an independent, and Quebec
nationalists had found their leader. He
would play a major role in Canadian politics
for decades, bedevilling Laurier and
Sir Robert Borden in the Great War to come.
To Bourassa and to those who thought
like him in Quebec and English Canada,
Canadas national interests, not Great
Britains, must come first. And the Canadian
nation ought not fight wars for others inter-
ests. Defend Canada, yes; put Canadian
interests first. Act as a nation, not a colony.
Good advice that Canadians have only
rarely heeded. L
2017-03-31 11:27 AM
 J.L. GRANATSTEIN, a former director and CEO of the Canadian War Museum,
has written dozens of books, including Who Killed Canadian Military History?
and Canadas Army: Waging War and Keeping the Peace.

TIM COOK is a historian at the Canadian War Museum. He is the author of 10 books
about the military history of Canada; his latest is Vimy: The Battle and the Legend.

Tim Cook says YES

B ritains declaration of war

against two Boer republics in
South Africa on Oct. 11, 1899,
was driven by revenge for past defeats,
muckraking colonial administrators on the
ground stirring up trouble, and the discovery
of gold and diamonds. All of these reasons
and more were clothed in the call of a just
war to enforce the rule of law for British
workers in South Africa who had their civil
rights curtailed by the ultra-religious Boers.
The months leading up to Britains dec-
laration of war created a furor in Canada.
There were heady calls to support Queen and
country. Britains honour was threatened and
Canada, a young dominion, had to stand by
her side. British politicians and soldiers and
patriotic Canadians expected a rapid war, and
few could imagine the worlds superpower
having trouble dispatching the Boers in battle.
Canadian Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid
Laurier did not want to pay for a war,
even though he believed in the righteous-
ness of the empire. He also worried about
unity in the dominion. English Canada
was panting for a fight, but French Canada
was decidedly unimpressed. They saw re-
flected back to them in the Boer farmers
some of their own history stretching back
to the conquest of the Seven Years War.
Throughout September and early October,
the newspapers of the day, led by Hugh
Grahams Montreal Star, worked themselves
into a jingoistic lather, accusing Laurier of
slinking into the shadows when duty called.
Laurier was hemorrhaging support. After
Britain went to war, the prime minister came
to the conclusion in a desperate two-day
cabinet meeting on Oct. 12 and 13, 1899,
that his governments political survival
was at stake. He cajoled his split cabinet
to accept a voluntary contingent of 1,000
men paid for by the British. But it would
have a Canadian commander, Canadian
uniforms and the Maple Leaf badge.
With Canada deeply proud of its impe-
rial link to Britain, there was no way for
the Laurier government to refuse to allow a
voluntary contingent to fight, especially with
the Australian colonies sending their own
units. For Canada, it was more of a political
decision to go to war than a military one.
With hindsight, as the passions of empire
and war have faded and the reality of the
dirty tactics were revealed, one might ar-
gue that Canada should have stayed out of
BRITAINS HONOUR WAS
THREATENED AND CANADA,
A YOUNG DOMINION, HAD
TO STAND BY HER SIDE.
the conflict. But that denies the unyielding
demands of vocal Canadians of the day and
Canadas intertwined history with Britain.
Those who objected to the war in 1899 were
largely muted, save for a few political martyrs.
Laurier swept the 1900 federal election.
The decision to go to war in 1899 might
resonate today: the call of empire or alliances;
the demand to bring justice, right of law and
civilization to an oppressed people; the medias
tremendous pressure to force the governments
hand; a widely seen opportunity to play a role > To voice
in events bigger than Canada; and the chance your opinion
to serve for ideals that many Canadians be- on this question,
lieve in. These were some of the reasons why go to www.legion
Canada went to war in 1899. And they were magazine.com/
similar in 1914, 1939, 1950, 1990, 1999 and FaceToFace.
2001. Laurier made the right decision. L

Illustrations by Greg Stevenson/i2iart.com legionmagazine.com > MAY/JUNE 2017 31

Pg30-31_FaceToFace.indd 31 2017-03-30 11:02 AM

 A QUIET V

A depth charge explodes off the stern

of a Fairmile motor launch on patrol
in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. German
U-boats sank 20 ships in the gulf in
1942, prompting an outcry over
Canadas unpreparedness.

32 MAY/JUNE 2017 > legionmagazine.com

Pg32-39_St-Lawrence.indd 32 2017-03-30 12:02 PM

T VICTORY
IN THE GULF
HOW CANADA SHUT
DOWN THE U-BOAT
ASSAULT IN THE GULF
OF ST. LAWRENCE
IN 1942 By Marc Milner

W
hen Canada declared war on Germany
in September 1939, the most immediate
threat to the country was an attack on its
shipping. That fear was so palpable that
when periscopes were soon sighted in the
St. Lawrence River, no one was surprised. A
submarine diviner with a plumb-bob and a
chart of the river was consulted to locate the
U-boats. Then a mob of soldiers went down
the river on a fire tug and a lighthouse tender to
attack them. Apparently, the Germans got away.
When the U-boats came for real in 1942, they also
got clean away. But not before sinking more than
20 ships, forcing the government to close the river
to ocean shipping, and inflicting the most embar-
rassing defeat of the war on Canada. At least thats
the way the story has been told for the past 75 years.
Recent scholarship suggests quite a different tale.

Kenneth G. Fosbery/DND/LAC/PA-190572 legionmagazine.com > MAY/JUNE 2017 33

Pg32-39_St-Lawrence.indd 33 2017-03-30 12:02 PM


The context for the 1942 campaign
in the St. Lawrence was a global
war spiralling out of control, and a
gap in Allied special intelligence.
The Japanese seemed unstoppable
in the Pacific and Indian oceans,
U-boats were exacting a toll on
Allied shipping in the Atlantic,
and German armies were at the
gates of Cairo and driving into the
Caucasus. The Axis was in full cry
and Allied resources were scarce.
In February, the Germans changed
their U-boat
British officer cypher, and for nearly
a year the
Lt.-Gen. Allies were unable to read
Sir Julian
theircommanded
Byng tasking signals. As a result,
onlyCanadian
the air patrols were active over
Corps
the St.atLawrence
Vimy. on May 12 when
U-553 sank the steamers Nicoya
and Leto south of Anticosti Island.
The navy issued a terse statement
saying that the war in the Gulf of
St. Lawrence had begun and that
nothing more would be said. They
34 MAY/JUNE 2017 > legionmagazine.com
Pg32-39_St-Lawrence.indd 34
were wrong about the second point.
The sinking of Nicoya and Leto
shocked Canadians and ignited a
media frenzy and a firestorm in
Parliament about unpreparedness
and incompetence. Prime Minister
Mackenzie King and the English-
language media fed the fire in order
to admonish Quebecers about their
failure to support conscription
and their less-than-enthusiastic
support of Canadas war effort.
By the time U-132 arrived in the
St. Lawrence in July, convoys were
running between Quebec City and
Sydney, N.S. In the early hours
of July 6, Kapitnleutnant Ernst
Vogelsang torpedoed three ships
of convoy QS-15, then crash-dived
to escape the escort. At 60 metres,
U-132 slammed into the cold sea-
water that lay under the warmer
river water of the St. Lawrence.
The dive stalled just as HMCS
Drummondville bracketed the
U-boat with depth charges, inflicting
serious damage. When Vogelsang
flooded his forward torpedo tubes
to punch through the layer, the
U-boat turned into a stone, plung-
ing to 184 metres before Vogelsang
could stop it. If Drummondville
had destroyed U-132, 1942 might
have gone much differently.
Vogelsang retreated to the north-
ern gulf to effect repairs and to
report on traffic in the Strait of
Belle Isle; apparently, few
ships were using the strait and
operational conditions were
unfavourable. By July 19, U-132
was back in the river off Cap-de-
la-Madeleine, and sighted convoy
QS-19 through the periscope the
next day. None of the escortthe
corvette HMCS Weyburn, the
Bangor-class minesweeper HMCS
Chedabucto and three Fairmile
motor launchessaw the tiny
attack periscope. Vogelsang hit
the 4,367-ton freighter Frederika
Lensen, breaking the ships
back. The escort never found
him, although air coverage kept
U-132 submerged and prevented
further attacks. Weyburn towed
the Frederika Lensen to the bay
at Grande-Valle, Que., where it
was beached and declared a loss.
U-132 then turned for home.
DND/LAC/PA-200329; LAC/C-091587
2017-03-30 12:02 PM
 If Drummondville had destroyed U-132,
1942 might have gone much differently.
Survivors from USS Chatham,
torpedoed in the Strait of
Belle Isle on Aug. 27, 1942,
were rescued by HMCS Trail.
All but 14 of the 562 passengers
and crew were saved.
A 1943 poster promotes
war savings stamps to pay
for depth charges.
The quietin the gulf, if not in
Parliament and the presslasted
for about a month. Meanwhile,
based on Vogelsangs reports,
the Germans sent three U-boats
to the St. Lawrence. The first to
arrive, U-517 commanded by
Kapitnleutnant Paul Hartwig,
reached the Strait of Belle Isle
on Aug. 27. Its likely that U-165
under Korvettenkapitn Eberhard
Hoffmann arrived about the same
time, and U-513 a little later. It soon
became apparent that Vogelsangs
shipping intelligence was wrong.
When Hartwig submerged at
daylight on Aug. 27 to patrol the
northern entrance to the strait,
three small convoys converged on
him. The first was the fast group
of convoy SG-6 (U.S. Coast Guard
cutter Mojave and troop transport
Chatham with 562 passengers
and crew aboard) on its way to
Greenland. The main body of SG-6
(consisting of three merchant ves-
sels, plus the oiler USS Laramie and
an aging auxiliary ship, the USS
Harjurand, escorted by the USCG
cutters Algonquin and Mohawk)
was a few hours behind. Wedged
between the two sections of SG-6
was a small Canadian convoy,
NL-6 (two merchant ships escorted
by the corvette HMCS Trail) en
route to Goose Bay in Labrador.
A lone Douglas Digby medium
Pg32-39_St-Lawrence.indd 35
bomber from No. 10 Squadron
RCAF, patrolled over NL-6.
At 8:48 a.m. local time, Hartwig
hit Chatham with a single tor-
pedo, after which cold seawater
detonated her boilers. Hartwig
saw none of this. The act of firing
the torpedoes sent U-517 into an
uncontrolled descent, and it was
40 minutes before Hartwig sur-
faced. By then, Chatham was gone
(although virtually everyone got
off) and the U.S. Coast Guard ves-
sels were searching frantically for
the perpetrator. Meanwhile, Trail
prudently escorted her little convoy
into Forteau Bay on the Labrador
coast before joining the hunt.
Hartwig fearedneedlessly
that he would be discovered by the
escorts ASDICs, the British term
for the underwater sonar-detection
devices. ASDIC conditions were Laramie survived. Despite the pros-
bad, reported Lieutenant G.S. Hall, pect of imminent immolation, and
RCNR, the captain of Trail. Non- at times ankle deep in gasoline, the
sub contacts could be obtained all USN crew got her back to Sydney.
around the ship on the riptides The first contact the Allies had
and water temperature gradients, with Hartwig came on the night of
and it was obvious that the effec- Sept. 1, when he entered Forteau
tiveness of an A/S screen would Bay on the coast of Labrador on the
be greatly affected in this part of surface, and approached to within
the Strait. In fact, local currents 20 metres of the wharf. As Hartwig
were strong enough to push U-517 withdrew, Weyburn passed U-517
clear of the area by late afternoon, in the dark, close enough for the
with little use of her motors. deck watches to see one another.
Meanwhile, a major mix-up in The corvette spun around as
proper reporting of the incident U-517 crash dived, but Weyburns
allowed the slow section of SG-6 ASDIC never found the sub.
to steam straight into the clutches Weyburn got another chance
of U-165. At 9:30 p.m. local time, the next day while escorting the
Hoffmanns torpedoes struck the return passage of NL-6 off the
SS Alyn, laden with dynamite and north shore of the St. Lawrence.
high-test fuel, and the oiler Laramie, Hartwig had just fired torpedoes
filled with volatile aviation gas. Most as Weyburn turned to attack him
of Alyns crew (except the stalwart and opened fire. Hartwig was
Coast Guard gunners) abandoned again forced into a crash dive,
ship quickly. Hartwig sank the and again simply disappeared.
derelict hours later. Miraculously, Weyburn didnt get a sniff of him
legionmagazine.com > MAY/JUNE 2017 35
2017-03-30 12:02 PM
 U-517s bow
came out of
the water
and then the
sub settled
by the stern.
It was
reported
sunkagain.
on ASDIC, Tony German, a junior
officer on Weyburn, later recalled,
although wed seen him twice, large
as life. Hartwigs attack sent the
little 1,500-ton Canadian steamer
Donald Stewart to the bottom.
Constant air patrols eventually
encouraged both Hartwig and
Hoffmann to move south into the
choke point of trade along the Gasp
coast. (U-513 moved east along the
north coast of Newfoundland and
eventually attacked the anchorage
at Wabana in Newfoundlands
Conception Bay.)
The worst of the Battle of the
St. Lawrence was yet to come.
By the time Hartwig and
Hoffmann arrived off Gasp, the
navy and the government had
decided to close the gulf to oceanic
shipping. This had little to do with
lost ships. In fact, since May only six
ships had been sunk by U-boats in
the southern gulf and St. Lawrence
River. The primary reason was the
commitment of 17 corvettes to the
36 MAY/JUNE 2017 > legionmagazine.com
Pg32-39_St-Lawrence.indd 36
looming Allied assault on North
Africa, Operation Torch. Letting
corvettes go means routing freight
by the river will have to stop for this
season, Mackenzie King stated.
The British were also anxious
to shut down the 1,600-kilometre
convoy route to Canadas inland
ports. Allied shipping losses in
1942 were staggering, and carrying
capacity could be saved by rout-
ing Canadian trade by rail to East
Coast ports. The RCN also knew
that the complex hydrography of
the river and the gulf could not
be solved by the technology of the
era, while the canalizing effect of
the geography forced convoys into
predictable and easily intercepted
tracks. As things turned out, the
heaviest and most dramatic losses
in the St. Lawrence therefore
occurred after the decision was
made to close it to oceanic shipping.
In the meantime, the solution to
U-boats in the St. Lawrence was
airpower. By early September 1942,
the RCAF had reinforced its forces
in the St. Lawrence. Six Hudson
bombers were now operating from
Mont-Joli, Que., and a special
striking force of three Hudsons
were deployed to Chatham, N.B.
The latter were among the first
Canadian-based maritime patrol
aircraft to be painted all white and to
use a higher patrol altitudewhich
made them significantly harder
to see. This combination allowed
Pilot Officer R.S. Keetley to surprise
CWM/19730174-002_b; Thomas H. Beament/CWM/19710261-1049
Hoffmann on the surface south of
Anticosti Island on Sept. 9. Keetleys
patrol had been initiated after the
disappearance of the little auxiliary
escort vessel HMCS Raccoon (shat-
tered by torpedoes from U-165).
Hoffmann escaped, in part because
Canadian-based aircraft still lacked
depth-charge pistols suitable for
attacking a surfaced U-boat.
Then on Sept. 11, Hartwig also
announced his presence by sinking
an escort, HMCS Charlottetown,
in broad daylight just off the Gasp
coast. Then Hartwig and Hoffmann
launched a tag-team attack on
convoy SQ-36. By Sept. 14, Hartwig
was off Cap-des-Rosiers, Que.,
ready to intercept SQ-36, the largest
St. Lawrence convoy of the season
with 22 ships headed for Quebec.
It also had the largest escort yet:
the British destroyer HMS Salisbury
and the Canadian corvette HMCS
Arrowhead, both with modern
radar, as well as the Bangor-class
HMCS Vegreville and several
motor launches.
On the afternoon of Sept. 15,
Hartwig used the river current to
drift downsubmerged and silent,
with no telltale feather of spray
from his periscopeunseen and
unheard onto the convoy. Salisbury
passed within 150 metres of U-517
just minutes before Hartwig coolly
fired four torpedoes. Two ships were
struck and both soon sank. Searches
and counterattacks were fruitless.
The British captain of Salisbury
2017-03-30 12:02 PM
 Navigation handbooks used by German St. Lawrence Convoy by Thomas Beament, an official war
submarine crews included this map of the artist who served with the Royal Canadian Navy Volunteer
Gulf of St. Lawrence locating lighthouses, Reserve during the battle in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. A merchant
gun emplacements and airfields. ship, a motor launch and a minesweeper are shown.

later complained
about how poor the
sonar conditions
were in the river;
this was not news
to his Canadian
colleagues.
Hoffmann,
alerted by Hartwig
of SQ-36s prog-
ress, was ready
when the convoy reached Cap-Chat,
Que., in the early hours of Sept. 16.
He launched a daylight submerged
attack, although the ships in the
convoy saw his periscope and fired
on it as Hoffmann completed his
firing sequence. Two ships were
hit: the British SS Essex Lance was
salvaged, but the Greek merchant
ship Joannis sank in 10 minutes.
Undeterred by the escort, Hoffmann
hung on to hit the American mer-
chant ship Pan York, which was also
salvaged. With all his torpedoes
expended, Hoffmann headed home.
He never made it; U-165 was sunk
as it reached the Bay of Biscay.
Hartwig, however, wasnt done.
After a few days off Newfoundland
shifting torpedoes stored outside
his hull into his forward torpedo
room, he returned to the Gasp. By
midday on Sept. 21, he was track-
ing SQ-38 off Cap-des-Rosiers.
Hartwig thought he was safely
submerged, but the fickle water
conditions left a portion
of his conning tower exposed.
Hartwig later admitted trouble
maintaining a steady depth:
Those water layers! he recalled.
HMCS Georgian was about
to ram U-517 when it crashed
dived. Georgian then con-
ducted a deliberate depth charge
attack, and was turning to regain
contact when U-517 suddenly
breeched the surface, rolled onto
its side, and then submerged.
Acting Lieutenant-Commander
A.G. Stanley, RCNR, kept Georgian
at it for the rest of the day, until all
his depth charges were expended.
The staff in Halifax agreed with
Stanleys assessment: U-boat
sunk. But Hartwig got away
again. He moved north to clear
the area and repair damage,
then plunged again into the traf-
fic at the entrance to the river.
By the time Hartwig returned
in late September, the RCAF
had finally shifted whole squad-
rons from Nova Scotia to the St.
Lawrence, adding an additional 15
Hudsons and 20 Cansos to the area.
Most were radar-equipped and
provided air cover at night. From
now on, it was the U-boats who
were the hunted. In one 24-hour

DND/LAC/PA-001226 legionmagazine.com > MAY/JUNE 2017 37

Pg32-39_St-Lawrence.indd 37 2017-03-30 12:03 PM


Survivors of a
torpedoed merchant
ship arrive at St. Johns
aboard convoy escort
HMCS Arvida on
Sept. 15, 1942.
period on Sept. 25-26, Hudsons
caught Hartwig on the surface seven
timesincluding at nightand
attacked him three times. In the
first attack, three of the four depth
charges failed to release, while the
one that did shook U-517 badly;
had all four fallen that close, U-517
would have been sunk. After another
attack, U-517 resurfaced to find a
depth charge lodged in its deck; had
Hartwig gone deeper, his U-boat
would have been destroyed. His luck
held again several days later when a
Hudson flown by Flying Officer M.J.
Belanger, bracketed U-517 with four
depth charges. Belanger reported,
One large explosion occurred
38 MAY/JUNE 2017 > legionmagazine.com
Pg32-39_St-Lawrence.indd 38
around the hull. U-517s motion
stopped, her bow came out of the
water and then the sub settled by the
stern. It was reported sunkagain.
Hartwigs radio transmissions
soon indicated otherwise. He headed
home on Oct. 6, ending one of the
most remarkable U-boat cruises of
the Second World War. The navy
and the RCAF had nearly killed
him several times. But after mid-
September, the RCAF effectively
suppressed him. This was a portent.
It was always assumed that the
quiet fall that followed Hartwigs
departure was a combination
of the closure of the gulf and a
resulting lack of German interest.
But the gulf never closed and the
Germans kept coming. Historians
have long known that the formal
closure of the gulf to oceanic ship-
ping announced in September
meant little in reality: the SQ-QS
convoys ran until the end of the
shipping season. The gulf remained
a busy place in the fall of 1942.
In fact, recent research reveals
that the Germans were so convinced
of the importance and vulnerability
of the St. Lawrence that they ordered
another wave of U-boats into the
area in mid-September. The scale of
this final German assault was lost
in undecrypted signal traffic until
the new RCN official history, No
Higher Purpose, was published in
2002. A decade later, Roger Sarty
laid it out in even greater detail in
his book War in the St. Lawrence.
It is not a tale of great drama, but
rather of a quiet victory by intelli-
gence and operational staffs, routine
and targeted patrols, growing skill
on the part of the defenders and
new technologies. No one noticed
at the time but the Germans.
The first of the final wave to
arrive, U-69 commanded by
Oberleutnant Ulrich Graf, reached
Cabot Strait on the night of Sept.
29-30. U-69 carried the new Metox
radar warning system. It was effec-
tive at detecting radar waves of the
type then carried by most aircraft
and in common use by the RCN.
Metox was non-directional and
gave no sense of the distance to
the transmitting radar set; all it
did was alert submariners to the
presence of radar transmissions
so they could dive. Metox induced
paranoia in U-boat captains in the
Lt. Gerald M. Moses/DND/LAC/PA-136285
2017-03-30 12:03 PM

gulf in the fall of 1942; it seemed
the air was filled with radar waves.
U-69 achieved initial success in
the St. Lawrence River on Oct. 9,
when Metox alerted Graf to the
presence of convoy NL-9. Graf
stalked the convoy in the dark for
several hours amid the continuing
alarms from his Metox. The
Canadian radar operators must
be asleep! he commented. They
werent, of course. But the radar of
the corvettes HMCS Hepatica and
HMCS Arrowhead could not easily
detect so small a target as a sur-
faced sub, while Graf could use the
transitions to find their convoy. Graf
escaped detection and after several
hours fired two torpedoes from the
long range of 2,000 metres. One
sank the tiny steamer Carolus.
That was all U-69 accomplished
and Graf quickly confirmed what
Hartwig knew alreadythe Gulf of
St. Lawrence was now an unhealthy
place for U-boats. Air patrols were
guided by increasingly effective
naval intelligence derived from
high-frequency radio direction find-
ing. Harried by radar-equipped
aircraft and suffering compressor
problems, U-69 retreatedsub-
mergedto Cabot Strait. Like
Hartwig, Graf was driven out,
and he would not be the last.
As U-69 abandoned the gulf,
U-106 under Kapitnleutnant
Hermann Rasch crossed her path
heading west. The sub had entered
Cabot Strait on Oct. 10 and the next
day sank the 2,140-ton steamer
Waterton from the Corner Brook-
to-Sydney convoy BS-31 near
St. Paul Island, N.S. BS-31s escorts,
the armed yacht HMCS Vision
and a Canso bomber, delivered
frighteningly quick and accurate
depth charge attacks on U-106.
By the time U-106 reached the
St. Lawrence River, Raschs crew
was totally spooked by constant
Metox warnings and air patrols.
Pg32-39_St-Lawrence.indd 39
The gulf never closed and
the Germans kept coming.
Strong defenses since 16.10,
U-106s log noted, Search units
using ASDIC. Air surveillance
co-operating with surface search
forces and also operating every-
where without surface forces.
U-106 soon abandoned the gulf.
U-43 followed Rasch by a few
days into the entrance to the river
and encountered the same oppres-
sive patrolling. But Oberleutnant
zur See Hans-Joachim Schwantke
decided to stay on and see what
luck he might have. It was all bad.
U-43s failed attack on SQ-43
off Gasp on Oct. 21 resulted in
what Sarty described as one of
the most effective counterattacks
during the St. Lawrence battle.
Six depth charges from the
Bangor-class HMCS Gananoque
knocked out lights, blew the bat-
tery circuit breaker and activated
a torpedo in one of U-43s stern
tubes. Schwantke pushed his sub
down to 130 metres to avoid what he
thought was a co-ordinated attack.
When Gananoque failed to regain
contact after the initial attack, her
crew believed U-43 was just another
non-sub contact, a shoal of fish
or a rip tide. According to Sarty,
Ganaoques action nonetheless
reflected the improved readiness
on the part of escorts by late 1942,
and saved both SQ-43 and QS-40
(in the area the next day) from
attack. Schwantke fared no better
when he tried to attack LN-12 three
days later, and U-43, too, abandoned
the gulf at the end of the month.
Meanwhile, German Admiral
Karl Donitz ordered two more type
IX U-boats into the gulf in October.
U-183 and U-518 both arrived in
Cabot Strait on Oct. 18, where they
were to wait until the new moon
before venturing into the gulf. In
the end, U-183 simply refused to
chance it. Opining to headquar-
ters that traffic was completely
dead and air patrols oppressive,
U-183 moved south of Nova Scotia
instead. Only U-518 braved the
angst of near-continuous Metox
alerts to push deep into the gulf in
November, but it had a special mis-
sionto land a spy on the Gasp
coast. Once that was accomplished,
U-518 didnt linger. Instead it
headed for Conception Bay to
attack the iron ore ships at Wabana.
The departure of U-518 from the
gulf in mid-November ended the
final phase of the 1942 campaign,
and it was a clear Canadian vic-
tory. Six U-boats were ordered
into the gulf in October and
November, four made the effort.
They sank three ships, a dismal
reward for the effort. Sarty con-
cludes emphatically that Canadian
forces shut down the U-boat
assault in the St. Lawrence.
Historians have long known
that the loss rate of convoys in the
Canadian coastal zone in 1942
was negligibleonly 1.2 per cent.
Moreover, of the 100 SQ-QS con-
voys that plied the St. Lawrence
in 1942, only 12 were intercepted
by U-boats. However, because of
the gap in intelligence in 1942,
Canadian authorities had no notion
that a final wave of six U-boats
was ordered to the St. Lawrence in
the fall of 1942, nor that they were
either hounded out by Canadian
defences or simply declined to try
their luck. It seems that Canadians
won a quiet but decisive victory in
the St. Lawrence in late 1942. L
legionmagazine.com > MAY/JUNE 2017 39
2017-03-31 1:45 PM
 Preparing
for D-Day,
Capa bought
a Burberry
raincoat and
a silver flask.
I was the
most elegant
invader of
them all,
he wrote.

Robert Capa at Weymouth,

England, before delivering
his D-Day film to a courier for
transport to Lifes London office.

David Scherman/International Center of Photography/Getty Images

Pg40-45_Capa-DDay.indd 40 2017-03-30 1:34 PM

 The
Magnificent11 By Stephen J. Thorne

A RENOWNED, SELF-INVENTED
WAR PHOTOGRAPHERS
11 SURVIVING PHOTOS IMMORTALIZE
THE CHAOS AND COURAGE OF D-DAY

They are among the most Through the same obscure

iconic images of the Second
World Warblurred, grainy and,
the best of them, as stirring and
in-the-moment as any battle-
field photographs ever taken.
There are only 11 picturesand
nine surviving negativesfrom
that early morning of Tuesday,
June 6, 1944, on Omaha Beach,
the bloodiest of the D-Day land-
ings, the one depicted in the movie
Saving Private Ryan. But two
of Hungarian photojournalist
Robert Capas images, taken for the
weekly Life magazine, stand out.
The most reproduced is that
of an American soldier wading
neck-deep through the surf, his
face resolute, the familiar GI
helmet strapped to his head, a pack
hanging from his back. German
hedgehog obstacles loom around
him. The water is icy grey.
The image detail is obscured by
motion, lack of focus, poor expo-
sure, fog, mist and smoke. The
negative, lost in time, is believed
to have borne the number 37, the
second-last image in the series.
The other picture is the first or
second, taken some 30 or 40 min-
utes previous from the ramp of a
Higgins boat, known in military
parlance as a landing craft, vehicle,
personnel, or LCVP. It shows heav-
ily laden troops, just disembarked,
wading toward a distant, murky
shore, weapons and gear in hand,
their collective fate in the balance.
atmospherics can be seen the
small, faint outlines of others who
went before them, along with the
hulks of disabled tanks. At least
one man is down in the water.
The other frames are wider
shots that, on first glance, lack
visual impact. But there is far
more going on in what became
known as The Magnificent
Eleven than meets the eye.
Indeed, the storyor, more
accurately, storiesbehind Capas
D-Day pictures, like his outsized
life, resonate and reverberate,
expand and contract, obscure
and illuminate to this day.
More than any others he snapped
over a colourful and accomplished
career, these few frames propelled
Capa to immortality. Following epic
adventures shooting Spains civil war
and other battlefronts, he became

legionmagazine.com > MAY/JUNE 2017 41

Pg40-45_Capa-DDay.indd 41 2017-03-31 1:46 PM

 Huston S. Riley moves
through the surf toward
Omaha Beach minutes
before he was wounded.

forever known as the greatest
combat photographer, famously
saying that if your pictures
arent good enough, youre not
close enough.
Since 1955, the Robert Capa Gold
Medal has been awarded annually by
the Overseas Press Club of America
for the best published photographic
reporting from abroad requiring
exceptional courage and enterprise.
He was born Endre (Andrei)
Friedmann, a Jew in Budapest,
a flamboyant, adventurous, wom-
anizing, card-player whose talent
for self-promotion was legend-
ary. The author John Hersey
wrote that the name Robert Capa
was the 1935 invention of a man
bent on success and his equally
ambitious lover, Gerda Taro.
Based in Paris at the time,
Friedmann and Taro decided
to form an association of three
people, Hersey wrote in a 1947
essay on Capas autobiography,
Slightly Out of Focus, which
itself was slightly fictionalized.
Gerda, who worked in a picture
agency, was to serve as secretary
and sales representative; Andrei
was to be a darkroom hired hand;
and these two were to be employed
by a rich, famous and talented
(and imaginary) American pho-
tographer named Robert Capa.
The three went to work, Hersey
wrote. Friedmann took the pic-
tures, Gerda sold them, and credit
was given to the non-existent Capa.
Money poured in. The asso-
ciation was happy, for Capa loved
Gerda, Gerda loved Andrei, Andrei
loved Capa, and Capa loved Capa.
The genesis of the name Capa
is, like most things Capa, uncer-
tain. Its been written that it was
drawn from the American film
director Frank Capra. Others said
it was derived from Friedmanns
childhood nickname, Cpa,
or Shark in Hungarian.
Whatever its origin, the ruse
was finally discovered by a French
magazine editor, who then hauled
off Capa and Taroa German whose
real name was Gerta Pohorylleto
cover the Spanish Civil War.
There, a decidedly partisan Capa
(he always took sides) made what
was probably his most famous, and
controversial, picturethe death of
a Spanish soldierand Taro, whod
become a photographer in her own
right, was crushed by a tank. A
heartbroken Capa went to China,
then returned to Spain, remaining
there until the civil war ended.
Back in Europe in 1939, the
Hungarian Friedmann discovered
that, with Hitler on the rise, hed
been born on the wrong side. The
French declared him an enemy
alien and seized his cameras.
He went to America and bought
new cameras, wrote Hersey.
America got into the war and took
the new cameras away from him.
But still he managed, by various
means, to be sent out as a war corre-
spondent with the American forces.
Friedmann formally changed his
name, and Robert Capa became
a living, breathing human being
whose life, and death, would ulti-
mately be bound to the myth hed
made. The helmet he wore through
the Italian Campaign was inscribed
Property of Robert Capa, great
war correspondent and lover.

42 MAY/JUNE 2017 > legionmagazine.com Robert Capa/International Center of Photography/Magnum Photos

Pg40-45_Capa-DDay.indd 42 2017-04-04 1:57 PM

 Preparing for D-Day, Capa
bought a Burberry raincoat and
a silver flask. I was the most
elegant invader of them all, he
wrote in Slightly Out of Focus,
the title of which was based on a
cutline in Lifes D-Day spread.
He packed two Contax II 35mm
rangefinder cameras with Carl Zeiss
high-speed lenses. He also car-
ried Rolleiflex and Speed Graphic
cameras, both using larger 120 film
capable of only 12 exposures per
roll. He had a telephoto lens, too.
He packed it all in oilskin bags.
Capa boarded the USS Samuel
Chase in Weymouth on Englands
southeast coast, where 5,000 ships
of every size and shape awaited
departure for the Normandy
beaches. Barrage balloons hov-
ered on cables overhead.
He was handed an envelope of
invasion francs, a package of con-
doms and a French phrasebook that
suggested he address Frenchmen
by saying: Bonjour, monsieur,
nous sommes les amis americains.
The same book advised him to
address local girls with the words:
Bonjour, mademoiselle, voulez-vous
faire une promenade avec moi?
The first one meant, Mister,
dont shoot me, Capa wrote, and impatiently at Lifes London office.
the other could mean anything.
A pool of only four press pho-
tographers was supposed to land
with the first wave of American
infantry on D-Day, Life picture
editor John G. Morris wrote in his
book, Get the Picture. Life, the pre-
eminent news-picture magazine
of its day, got two of the spots. Bob
Landry and Capa filled them.
Handed over to a conducting offi-
cer to take back to England, Landrys
film, along with several newsreels,
would somehow end up at the
bottom of the English Channel.
Late on Tuesday night Bert
Brandt of Acme Newspictures,
having scarcely gotten his feet wet,
Pg40-45_Capa-DDay.indd 43
I think there
were three
rolls that had
nothing. Thank
God we had one
roll that had
something.
returned to London with a first
picture, but not a terribly exciting
one, of a momentarily unopposed
landing on the French coast, shot
from the bow of his landing craft,
wrote Morris, who was waiting
at the ready. Capa paused at the
Landrys filmand his shoes ramp and shot a few images.
somehow got lost. A disaster. I had
been told that AP would have the
fourth first-wave spot, but not one
of their six photographers landed
that day. So, it was entirely up to
Capa to capture the action.
A storm had forced postponement
of the invasion by 24 hours. On June
6, the weather was still not ideal but
it ultimately proved to be the best
opportunity the Allies would have
for weeks. Thick clouds impeded
navigation. Allied bombs and para-
troopers alike landed way off their
targets. Rough seas induced seasick-
ness, capsized landing craft and
pushed others off course, including
Capas, which some say more likely
ended up on Fox Green sector of
Omaha Beach instead of Easy Red.
The coast of Normandy was still
miles away when the first unmistak-
able popping reached our listening
ears, Capa wrote. We ducked
down in the pukey water in the
bottom of the barge and ceased to
watch the approaching coastline.
He had used his medium-format
cameras to shoot the prepara-
tions and lead-up to the landings.
Now he took out his smaller,
more agile, Contax. The advent
of 35mm film was still revolu-
tionizing photojournalism, and
Capa was in the vanguard.
The flat bottom of our barge
hit the earth of France. The boat-
swain lowered thefront, and
there, between the grotesque
designs of steel obstacles sticking
out of the water, was a thin line
of land covered with smokeour
Europe, the Easy Red beach.
It would likely have been between
7:10 and 7:20 a.m., according
to historians calculations.
My beautiful France looked
sordid and uninviting, Capa
recalled, and a German machine
gun, spitting bullets around the
barge, fully spoiled my return.
His boatmates waded into the
frigid water, waist-deep, rifles
Unlike the machine-gun staccato
of modern-day digital cameras,
which can fire up to 14 frames a
second, the Contax required users
to manually advance the film and
cock the shutter. This was done
by turning a knob on the top of
the camera body, usually requir-
ing a thumb and forefinger. There
was no lever for quick advance.
Finally, his impatient boatswain
gave Capa a swift kick in the rear
and he was on his way. The beach
was still more than 100 yards ahead
of him and in the clearest of his
first images at least 18 American
soldiers, who had landed about
6:30 a.m., can already be seen
taking shelter at a steep incline of
sand nicknamed The Shingle.
legionmagazine.com > MAY/JUNE 2017 43
2017-03-30 1:34 PM
 His camera held high over his
head, Capa headed for the cover of
the nearest obstacle. He took more
pictures, then moved to the hulk of
an amphibious tank 50 yards ahead.
Here is where the fog of war kicks
in. A small group of soldiers can
be seen around a hedgehog. While
Capa wrote detailed captions for his
pre-invasion images, he wrote noth-
ing describing the landing itself.
In its D-Day spread featuring
Capas pictures the following week,
Life described the men as taking
cover until all their boats came in.
In fact, the men they spoke of
were combat engineers, their insig-
nias unmistakable on the fronts
of their helmets, and, contrary to
taking cover, they were exposing
themselves to machine-gun fire
as they ran Primacord detonating
cordvisible in the pictures
between cast-iron obstacles and
planted explosives to clear a route
into the beach before the incom-
ing tide submerged them.
(U.S. army veteran, consultant
and amateur historian Charles
Herrick made a convincing case for
the heroes of Combined Demolitions
Team 10 on the Nearby Caf website
in 2015, complete with compara-
tive photographs of the engineers
helmets and digital modelling show-
ing the orientation of the pictured
troops to known angles of fire.)
Soon after this, Capa shot his
famous image of the man now
believed to have been Huston
S. Riley. The tide was rising and
Riley, a veteran of invasions in
Sicily and North Africa, was
struggling through the surf.
The tide was way in by the time
I got in, Riley recalled in an oral his-
tory interview conducted by Larry
Cappetto on Omaha Beach in 2004.
I got in pretty close . . . and this
photographer and the sergeant from
E Company drug me up to the bank.
44 MAY/JUNE 2017 > legionmagazine.com
Pg40-45_Capa-DDay.indd 44
Heavily laden
troops, just
disembarked,
wade toward a
distant, murky
shore, weapons
and gear in
hand, their
collective fate
in the balance.
line was to send original prints and
Riley got up to run forward
and was hit twice by gunfire. His
D-Day assault ended right then
and there. So, too, did the photog-
raphers. Cameras in hand, he left,
heading back out to the boats.
The photographer could only
have been Capa and, judging by
portraits of the time, the soldier in
his picture was very likely Riley,
who was shipped off to England
and, miraculously, returned to the
fight but two weeks later. He would
be severely wounded in October
outside Aachen, sent stateside,
and discharged a year later.
With one camera jammed and
his hands too wet and cold to
reload, Capa waded away from the
fight, stepping back out among
the bodies rolling in the surf and
climbing aboard a boat that had
just dispatched medics. He was
frightened and, ultimately, angry
with himself for leaving the beach.
It was a new kind of fear shaking
my body from toe to hair, and twist-
ing my face, he wrote. I did not
think and I did not decide it. I just
stood up and ran toward the boat.
He ended up back in England,
where he dispatched his films by
couriera half-dozen rolls of 120
and four rolls of 35mm. Along with
cutline information for the 120 was
a scrawled note stating that all the
action was on the 35mm. Capa soon
boarded another ship and headed
back to France, and immortality.
Back in London, editor John
Morris was growing increasingly
anxious as deadline approached. It
was Wednesday evening. The film
had to be souped, edited, printed
and cleared by censors a mile away
in time to make a U.S.-bound flight.
Our only hope to meet the dead-
negatives, as many as possible, in a
pouch that would leave Grosvenor
Square by motorcycle courier at
precisely 9:00 a.m. London time
on Thursday, Morris recalled.
The courier would take it to
a twin-engine plane standing by
at an airdrome near London. At
Prestwick, Scotland, the base for
transatlantic flights, the pouch
would be transferred to a larger
plane. After one or two fuel stops, it
would arrive in Washington, D.C.,
and our pictures would be hand-
carried to New York on Saturday.
The call came at 6:30 p.m.
on Wednesday, June 7: Capas
film was on its way. It arrived
around 9 oclock. The lab chief
handed it to a young darkroom
tech, Dennis Banks, to develop.
Photographer Hans Wild looked at
the wet negatives and said, though
grainy, they looked fabulous.
Morris said he needed contact
sheetsrush, rush, rush!
A few minutes later Dennis came
bounding up the stairs and into my
office, sobbing. Theyre ruined!
Ruined! Capas films are all ruined!
2017-03-30 1:34 PM

Incredulous, I rushed down
to the darkroom with him, where
he explained that he had hung
the films, as usual, in the wooden
locker that served as a drying
cabinet, heated by a coil on the floor.
Because of my order to rush, he had
closed the doors. Without ventila-
tion, the emulsion had melted.
Morris held the negatives up to
the light, one roll at a time. Three
were hopeless; nothing to see.
But on the fourth roll there were
11 frames with distinct images.
All of them were underexposed
by an estimated 1.5-2 f/stops. They
were shot in the 7 oclock hour on a
heavily overcast morning, estimated
by Pulitzer Prize-winning photo-
journalist and professor J. Ross
Baughman at between 1/50th and
1/125th of a secondslow shutter
speeds for moving subjects and
numb, shaking hands.
Cynthia Young, curator of
the Robert Capa Archive at the
International Center of Photography
in New York, described his
D-Day negatives as very thin,
a hallmark of underexposure.
Robert Capa/International Center of Photography/Magnum Photos
Pg40-45_Capa-DDay.indd 45
Morris ordered everything
printed. It was 3:30 a.m. before
he headed out to the Ministry
of Information. But he made
itjustand two days later, with
the magazine gone to bed, Lifes
editors cabled: Today was one
of the great picture days in Lifes
office, when Capas beach land-
ing and other shots arrived.
Now, some 70 years later, Morris
has changed his mind about what
happened to those three-plus rolls
of film. In a 2014 interview with
CNNs Christiane Amanpour, the
editor said he didnt think there
was a darkroom accident at all.
It now seems that maybe
there was nothing on the other
three rolls to begin with, he said,
citing the investigative work of
experts who found that melt-
ing emulsion as described is not
possible. Furthermore, beyond
their shakiness, graininess and
thinness, the surviving nega-
tives show no sign of damage.
So I now believe that its quite
possible that Bob just bundled all his
U.S. troops wade
ashore at Omaha
Beach. Survivors from
earlier boats can be
seen in the distance.
35 together and just shipped it off
back to London knowing that on one
of those rolls there would be the pic-
tures he actually shot that morning.
In December, in an interview
marking his 100th birthday, Morris
suggested another scenariothat his
good friend Capa simply blew it by
either totally underexposing the bulk
of his negatives or not exposing them
at all due to technical malfunction.
Capa, who was rewarded with a
long-term Life contract, may have
been rattled in the heat of battle,
Morris told The New York Times.
I dont think he himself knew
how many pictures he had shot. I
think there were three rolls that
had nothing. Thank God we had
one roll that had something.
The photographer would make
many more great photographs in
the drive to Berlin, then have a fling
with Ingrid Bergman, co-found the
Magnum picture agency, and go on
to photograph the French war in
Indochina. Capa died in Thai Bunh,
Vietnam, after stepping on a land-
mine on May 25, 1954. He was 40. L
legionmagazine.com > MAY/JUNE 2017 45
2017-03-31 1:46 PM
 PART 2

HUSH-HUSH
HEROES
CANADAS SECOND
WORLD WAR AGENTS
IN ASIA

By Sharon Adams

The feats of our secret agents in Europe during the Second

World War were daring and the consequences of capture
were torture and death (Hush-hush heroes, March/April).
The story was very different in Asia, where the tropics were
as formidable an enemy as the Japanese. And help was very,
very far away.

46 MAY/JUNE 2017 > legionmagazine.com

Pg46-51_Spies.indd 46 2017-03-30 1:38 PM

 A gents in the Far East and the Pacific
knew they had to rely on their own
ingenuity to survive, ingenuity that
saved Bill Chong, who was arrested
with a companion by a Japanese patrol. They
were asked whether they would rather be shot
or beheadedand forced to begin digging
their graves. But the patrol leader ran out of
patience. Bullets cost money, he said, order-
ing them to kneel and drawing his sword.
In desperation, Chongs companion told
the soldier to read the card in his pocket,
a note written by his teacher at the Japanese
school in Macau, a Japanese officer turned spy
who used former pupils to gather information.
Their captor read the note and let them go.
But Chong wasnt working for the Japanese
spy. He was working for the British.
Chong, from Vancouver, was in Hong Kong
when the Japanese invaded in December 1941.
In an interview with the Chinese Canadian
Military Museum Society, he recalled the Battle
of Hong Kong and reported seeing a wounded
Canadian ask a Japanese soldier for water.
Photos courtesy of the Chinese Canadian Military Museum
Pg46-51_Spies.indd 47
I thought he would take the water bottle
out. Instead, he took a pistol and shot him
right there. I said, How could people do
that? There were more atrocities. Finally
I thought, When is it going to be my turn?
So, I decided to escape and went to free
China and joined up with the British Army.
Chong, code named Agent 50, spent
Operation
Oblivion
volunteers (front,
from left) Hank
Wong and Norman
Low, and (rear)
Eddie Chow,
more than three years behind enemy John Ko Bong
lines, dressed as a peasant, avoiding ban- and Ray Chan.
dits and Japanese troops. He established
a network that ran Red Cross supplies.
Our organization was called the British Code named
Army Aid Group (BAAG) but we were doing Agent 50,
intelligence actually. BAAG, a unit of MI9 Bill Chong risked
(the British Directorate of Military Intelligence his life behind
Section 9), sent agents to gather military intel- Japanese lines.
ligence in southern China and Hong Kong
and helped escaped PoWs and downed air-
crew get to Allied Command headquarters
in Chongqing, China. Bill Chong was one
of its most outstanding members, Marjorie
Wong wrote in The Dragon and the Maple
Leaf: Chinese Canadians in World War II.
legionmagazine.com > MAY/JUNE 2017 47
2017-03-30 1:38 PM
 I NEVER TELL In addition to passing
on information to BAAG,
THEM WHO I AM they told me that Im to
rescue any person if they are
OR WHAT I AM British subjects, Chong said.
Altogether, BAAG is cred-
DOING. ALL THEY ited with helping PoWs, U.S.
aircrew, Chinese and British
KNOW ABOUT armed services and more
than 1,400 civilians escape.
I brought out people from
ME IS TO CALL England, Australia, France,
Indiaa lot of places, he
ME BILL. said. Chong is credited
with hundreds of rescues,
but I never ask them for
their last name. I never tell
them who I am or what I am doing. All
they know about me is to call me Bill.
After the war, Chong was invited to observe
one of the Hong Kong war crimes trialsand
recognized the prosecutor and judge. It was
my job, I brought them home free. The pros-
ecutor Marcus da Silva had been arrested by
the Japanese in May 1943. He had smuggled
funds into a PoW camp so prisoners could
buy extra food, and was suspected of spying.
They gave me everything they had in the
way of tortures and beatings, da Silva said
after the war. He was whipped, burnt with
a hot poker, beaten and starved. Trading
on information about a corrupt guard,
Da Silvas wife managed to get him released.
48 MAY/JUNE 2017 > legionmagazine.com
Pg46-51_Spies.indd 48
In November 1943, Chong helped them
escape to Macaujust ahead of a manhunt.
Although Chong had been born in
Canada, like the hundreds of other Chinese-
Canadians who served in all branches of the
armed forces as volunteers and conscripts,
he did not have the right to vote. Canadian-
born Chinese as well as immigrants faced
bigotry and economic discrimination. A
head tax and the Chinese Exclusion Act
blocked new immigrants and prevented
Chinese-Canadians from bringing their
families to Canada. In some provinces, they
were barred from public pools, kept out
of the professions, and given a fraction of
the benefits granted to other Canadians.
Many saw military service not only as a
patriotic duty but also an affirmation of
equality, wrote Roy MacLaren in Canadians
Behind Enemy Lines 1939-1945. After decades
of treatment as second-class citizens, they
were ready, even eager, to fill all the obligations
of citizenship so that in return they might
receive all those rights which other Canadians
took for granted. Hundreds of Chinese-
Canadians volunteered, many applying several
times and to a variety of services after initial
rejections. But in 1944, the need for manpower
overcame prejudice and Chinese-Canadians
began receiving conscription orders.
Once it entered the war, Japan quickly occu-
pied British, French and Dutch colonies in
2017-03-30 1:38 PM

Southeast Asia and was on the doorstep of
India, Australia and China, which had been
at war with Japan since 1937. Caucasians
in occupied Asia were quickly rounded up
and imprisoned or killed. Britains MI9 and
Special Operations Executive (SOE) both
faced obstacles in Asia. Few Europeans
spoke languages of the Far East, and their
physical features instantly gave them
away. Many local populations mistrusted
Europeans as much as the occupying force.
Thus was born the plan to plant Chinese-
Canadian agents in Southeast Asia to
work with guerrillas during the war.
SOE recruited in waves, originally unsure
that Chinese-Canadians could pass muster
as commandos, said Catherine Clement,
curator of the Chinese Canadian Military
Museum (CCMM) in Vancouver. The first
recruits were an experiment13 hand-
picked men, most of whom did not even
know how to swim. They were assigned
to Operation Oblivion. They were told they
had a 50-50 chance of survival, and were
sworn to secrecy.
Army Captain Roger Cheng, the first
Chinese-Canadian officer in Canada, was
among the initial group for Operation
Oblivion whose training began at a secret
camp on Lake Okanagan in British
Columbia. He became the leader. After com-
mando and demolition training, they were
schooled in jungle warfare. We learned to
Photos courtesy of the Chinese Canadian Military Museum
Pg46-51_Spies.indd 49
climb and swing from tree to tree,
said Ed Lee, featured in Rumble in
the Jungle, a recent exhibit on Force
136 at the CCMM. They also learned
how to find food in the wild, to treat
wounds and deal with jungle sickness,
he said in a Memory Project interview.
On April 25, 1945, Operation
Oblivion was scrubbed. The United
States supported long-range air opera-
tions, the nationalist Chinese mistrusted
British intentions, and many of the Allies
were leery of working with communist
guerrillas. Only a few of the original
recruits ended up assigned to Force 136
operations behind Japanese lines.
Force 136 operatives worked in Sarawak
in Malaysia, elsewhere on the island of Agents with the
Borneo, in British Malaya and in Burma, Operation Oblivion
though only a dozen or so Chinese- team await action
Canadians saw combat service. Instead they in Australia.
trained and sometimes led local guerrilla
groups in sabotage, reported on Japanese
military activity, and helped downed The first Chinese-
aircrew and escaped PoWs to safety. Canadian officer
Ten of the 17 Canadians who survived in Canada, Captain
undercover operations in France vol- Roger Cheng was
unteered for SOE operations in French hand-picked for
Indo-China, as did many Chinese- Operation Oblivion
Canadians. Teams parachuted into Burma in by Britains Special
the spring of 1945 to work with local tribes, Operations Executive.
destroying railways and wireless installa-
tions and escape routes to Thailand, bottling Force 136 was the
up Japanese troops fleeing in advance of the code name used
British army. (Force 136 exploits are some- for the Asian sections
what loosely portrayed, in the film Bridge of the SOE. This is
on the River Kwaii and formed the basis its badge.
of Farewell to the King, Sean M. Maloney
reported in the Canadian Military Journal).
legionmagazine.com > MAY/JUNE 2017 49
2017-03-31 2:45 PM

Vancouvers Neill Chan volunteered
for a Burma assignment. I wasnt ner-
vous at the start of that trip, he recently
told the Vancouver Sun, but by the end,
I was very scared. The locals thought I
was a spy. I was told they would shoot
me. He was unnerved by seeing bodies
in a ditch. They had been decapitated.
Burma claimed the only Canadian Force
136 fatalityJean-Paul Archambault of
Montreal, who had also served for seven
months in occupied France. Preparing to
sabotage a railway bridge, he accidentally
detonated explosives he had been drying
out. Wounded, with no hope of medical
treatment or rescue, he died two days later.
More than 150 Force 136 agents,
including some Canadians, were sent
into British Malaya and Borneo to
work with the Malayan Peoples Anti-
Japanese Army and local tribes.
Ernie Louie, one of the few Oblivion
recruits deployed on another mission, para-
chuted into Johore, north of Singapore,
50 MAY/JUNE 2017 > legionmagazine.com Photos courtesy of the Chinese Canadian Military Museum; DND/LAC/PA-206260
Pg46-51_Spies.indd 50
on Aug. 5, 1945, as part of an
all-Canadian Force 136 team to
train and support local guerrillas,
sabotage transportation routes and
report on Japanese movements.
Two team members, Joseph Henri
Adlard Benoit and Roger Caza, had
also served with SOE in France.
The guerrilla camp was located
about 120 kilometres away, nor-
mally a three-day march. But it
lasted seven nightmarish days,
said Louie. For three full days, it
poured rain and our boots disin-
tegrated. They arrived covered
in leech bites and jungle sores.
Five of Operation Oblivions
original recruitsCheng and Jim
Shiu, Norman Low, Roy Chan and Louey
Kingwere sent to Sarawak, which had been
seized by the Japanese in January 1942.
Accounts of their experiences can be found
at Veterans Stories on the CCMM website.
The tribes were bitter after four years
of occupation during which the Japanese
had commandeered their crops and forced
them to hunt to feed the occupiers. The
Canadians mission was to work with
Dayak headhunters to force a surrender.
The Dayaks were thrilled to co-operate
it meant the ban on headhunting was
liftedat least for Japanese targets.
The Canadians were prepared for any-
thing. One thing I promised myselfnot to
be taken alive, said Roy Chan. If I am cap-
tured alive, I know I die a thousand deaths.
So, I put myself out of misery by having two
extra bullets in one pocket for myself.
The team arrived on Aug. 6, 1945,
the day all SOE and MI9 missions in
Southeast Asia changed. The day the
atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima.
2017-03-31 2:46 PM
 From that date, SOE and MI9 were
more concerned with the welfare of
the 300,000 PoWs and maintain-
ing order until government could be
re-established. It was still a hardship
assignment. We lived on crocodile
meat, monkeys and wild pig, recalled
King. It was incredibly hot and steamy
there, often over 45C. They had to
deal with Japanese who stubbornly
held out after the surrender, Japanese
guards they feared would massacre whole
camps, and local tribes bent on taking
retribution on surrendered Japanese.
As in Europe, the contribution to the
war effort of SOE and MI9 operatives
in Asia belies their small number.
SOE-led guerrilla groups killed more
Japanese forces than the regular army,
Colonel Bernd Horn wrote in A Most
Ungentlemanly Way of War: The SOE
and the Canadian Connection. One guer-
rilla force alone is credited with killing an
estimated 10,694 Japanese soldiers.
But perhaps the greatest contribu-
tion was in keeping the lid on a volatile
situation that could have become a blood-
bath after the formal war stopped.
In late August 1945, MI9s Arthur Stewart,
a Vancouverite who had worked with guer-
rillas in the jungle in Burma, was sent to
Singapore to lead a hard-working team of
E Group and Force 136 operatives to ensure
the safety of prisoners of war. (Vancouvers
Bill Lee, who had the only radio link in the
area, worked 20 hours a day encoding,
transmitting and decoding messages).
Stewart visited all the camps around
Singapore, collected prisoners names,
and arranged for drops of food and medi-
cine. He was awarded the Order of the
British Empire, credited not only for
bravery and meeting the urgent require-
ments of thousands of PoWs, but keeping
the conduct of the Japanese forces in
Singaporewell under control.
After the war, some of the Canadian
SOE and MI9 operatives went on to public
lives. Allyre Sirois became a lawyer and
judge of the Court of Queens Bench in
Saskatchewan; Douglas Jung was the
first member of a visible minority elected
to Parliament and served as a delegate
to the United Nations. And many Force
136 recruits fought for citizenship and
voting rights for Chinese-Canadians.
Pg46-51_Spies.indd 51
But most returned to
their everyday lives. Bill
TEAMS PARACHUTED
Chong was awarded the
British Empire Medal for
INTO BURMA
meritorious civil or military
service in 1947 and con-
tinued working for British
DESTROYING
intelligence for a decade
after the war. After return-
RAILWAYS
ing to Canada, he opened
a cafe in Chemainus on
AND WIRELESS
Vancouver Island. Ernie
Louie and his brothers INSTALLATIONS AND
founded drug store and
grocery store chains. Guy
dArtois continued his mili-
ESCAPE ROUTES TO
tary career, went on to serve
in Korea, and married his
THAILAND, BOTTLING
British sweetheart Sonia
Butt, herself a heroine of
UP JAPANESE TROOPS.
the SOE, who took on the
role of wife and mother.
Sworn to secrecy, SOE
and MI9 veterans did not even tell their
families of their exploits during the war. Clockwise from top
They said, Your job is finished. You left: Neill Chan was
forget where youve been. Roy Chan unnerved by seeing
said in postwar interviews. So when beheaded bodies
we went back home, we never tell them in a ditch in Burma;
where weve been. My mother and Norman Low, Doug
brother they thought all the time Im in Mar and Louey King
arrived home with
Australia, I was training all the time.
souvenirs. Ernie Louie
The historical record is sparse, too.
served as a Cantonese
Unless a secret service remains secret,
interpreter for the
it cannot do its work, wrote M.R.D. Foot all-Canadian Tideway
in his history of the SOE in France. To Green group dropped
minimize security risks, field notes were near Johore,
not kept, headquarters paperwork was kept Malaysia. Capt.
to a minimum and after the war, records Guy dArtois and
were often trashed, he said. And by the time fellow spy Sonia
historians started telling their stories, a Butt married.
number of the veterans had already died.
Now there are very few left to tell a
new generation the tales of Canadas Paratroop members
hush-hush heroes who so bravely oper- of Force 136 in Burma
ated behind enemy lines in Asia and wore a parachute
Europe in a now-distant war. L wings insignia.
legionmagazine.com > MAY/JUNE 2017 51
2017-03-30 1:38 PM
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 IN THE
NEWS
IN THE
53 
NEWS
CARRYING ON
TRADITION OF
EDMONTON
EX-SERVICEWOMEN
By Tom MacGregor

54 
CAF NEEDS TO BE Carrying on tradition
of Edmonton
MORE DIVERSE,
SAYS GENERAL
By Stephen J. Thorne

56 M
 INISTER DISCUSSES
PEACEKEEPING, NATO
Ex-Servicewomen
By Stephen J. Thorne

I
By Tom MacGregor
58 I NJURED CADETS
SHOULD BE PROPERLY t is a small branch, but Edmonton
COMPENSATED, Ex-Servicewomens Branch is
SAYS MILITARY still going strong, celebrating
OMBUDSMAN its 70th anniversary this year.
By Sharon Adams
While most womens branches
59 C
 OMPENSATION of The Royal Canadian Legion
ANNOUNCED FOR 1974 have disappeared, Edmonton
CADET ACCIDENT Ex-Servicewomens Branch is
showing its independence by
59 SERVING YOU establishing its own premises.
Weve been located in four
60 ARTIFACTS HELP TELL different branches in Edmonton,
THE STORY OF VIMY said President Trudy Ressler.
By Stephen J. Thorne Recently we were located at Jasper
Place Branch, but the members
61 V
 IRTUAL REALITY found the bus service was not good.
TAKES VIEWERS INTO About two years ago, the
VIMY BATTLE branch began leasing office
By Tom MacGregor
space in the Parkdale-Cromdale
62 D
 ONT MAKE NOV. 11 Community League Hall, near the
A HOLIDAY, SAYS Commonwealth Stadium. We lease
LEGION a room that is about 20 square feet,
which we use for an office, said
62 O
 BITUARY Ressler. When we want to have
JEAN MARIE DEVEAUX a full meeting, we have access to
the banquet room in the hall.
Ressler said the branch has more
than 80 members. The average age
is about 78 and we get 20 members
out for a general meeting, she said.
Members of Edmonton Ex-Servicewomens The women who formed the
Branchs executive include (front, from left) branch were Second World War
Anne Bennett, President Trudy Ressler, veterans, who originally intended to
Marian Young, (rear) Carol Rhodes, Joan join the now-defunct Montgomery
Stachiw, Marie Moorehead, Faye Elliott Branch in Edmonton. At that time,
and Rose Henry. women could only join the ladies
auxiliary. So the veterans formed
their own womens division and
received a branch charter in January
1947. By the end of the year, the
branch had 298 members. Four
or five of the original members
still come out to meetings.
As times changed, the branch
began to accept family members
as associates. Resslers mother
was one of the original veterans.
We do all the things that are
expected of a branch, said Ressler.
During the poppy campaign,
the branch is responsible for
distributing poppies in three
different malls in the city.
Among the programs
supported by the branch is
a school lunch program for
underprivileged children.
We have fundraisers such as
a casino night or our bake-less
bake sales, said Ressler. We dont
actually bake for it but everyone
pays what they would have spent
if there were baked goods.
The branch also helps veterans
with their claims. Susie Shaw, a
former service officer with Alberta-
Northwest Territories Command,
acts as the branch service officer.
A 70th anniversary tea and
reception at the community
centre with local dignitaries
is planned for June. L

Gwen Beasley legionmagazine.com > MAY/JUNE 2017 53

Pg53-Ex-Service.indd 53 2017-04-04 1:58 PM

 CAF needs to be more
diverse, says general
P erhaps the best
moment of Februarys
annual Conference
of Defence Associations
Institute (CDA) symposium
in Ottawa came on the second day
when an officer cadet named Melissa
Sanfacon of Kingstons Royal
Military College took the micro-
phone and confronted the chief
of the defence staff before a room
full of brass, former brass, bureau-
crats, diplomats and academics.
The CDA is an umbrella group of
military and veteran associations.
The principal subject matter for
the two-day conference seemed
heady enough: Great Powers,
World Orderand Canadas
Defence Policy Review.
Norads commander, U.S.
General Lori Robinson, had
addressed morphing threats and
opaque intent among enemies
old and new. Political studies
professor Kim Nossal of Queens
University had described an
insurgent U.S. administration
that is intent on dismantling
the global order. A panel had
54 MAY/JUNE 2017 > legionmagazine.com
Pg54-55_CDA.indd 54
By Stephen J. Thorne
talked of the potential unravel-
ling of the 68-year-old North
Atlantic Treaty Organization.
But Officer Cadet Sanfacon
had more fundamental things
in mind and she wasnt about
to let General Jonathan Vance
walk away unscathed.
Vance had just delivered a
40-minute treatise on the state
of the Canadian Armed Forces,
replete with promises to boost the
enrolment of women over the next
decade and curb the preponderance
of sexual misconduct in the ranks.
Sanfacon wanted to know just
what boosting womens enrolment
would entail. When you speak
about getting more women into
the force, Im wondering if at the
same time theres been any thought
put to kit that can be actually
useful and more suited to women
in operations, Sanfacon said.
She cited body armour and ruck-
sacks, in particular, pointing to the
fact the U.S. military has started
issuing kit specifically designed
for women while the Canadian
Forces have not. The frame of her
rucksack, she noted, was issued in
1982 for what was then the aver-
age soldier: a five-foot, 11-inch,
175-pound male. Sanfacon is four-
foot, 11-inches and 100 pounds.
Its not quite functional or
practical, she said, to spontane-
ous applause from the audience.
Listen, Vance replied, I
hear you. Im five-seven; Ive
been chaffing against this
stuff my whole career, too.
My body armour rides up
to here, he added, laying his
hand under his upturned chin.
Then the head of the Canadian
military paused a moment before
adding, to the delight of all: Look,
youre right. Next question.
He then repeated his endorse-
ment of the cadets perspective.
Vance confirmed that he had
asked Lieutenant-General Paul
Wynnyk, the commander of the
army, to follow up with the cadet.
Vance has vowed to boost the
proportion of women in the military
by one percentage point a year
until it reaches 25 per cent from
the current 14.
Stephen J. Thorne
2017-03-30 3:24 PM
 U.S. General Lori Robinson, the commander of Norad, talks to reporters after her address
at the Conference of Defence Associations Institute.

Diversity and increasing military-related suicides continued introduce as immediately as we

the number of women in the
Canadian Armed Forces is not
just the right thing to do, its a
matter of institutional survival,
Vance told the conference. We
have to become more diverse.
Reaching overall recruiting
targets depends heavily on increas-
ing female recruitment, Auditor
General Michael Ferguson reported
in November. But he noted the
CAF had not implemented special
employment-equity measures to
help it along. About half the women
in the Canadian military are pigeon-
holed into six of the Forces 100-plus
occupations: resource management
support clerks, supply technicians,
logistics officers, medical techni-
cians, nursing officers and cooks.
Vance told the conference the mili-
tary has to change the way it attracts,
retains and parts with people.
If we want to change the
diverse nature of the armed
forces, if we want to become more
diverse and inclusive of more
and more women, were going
to have to change, he said.
There was a time when we could
just sit back and say come and join
us. That doesnt work anymore.
The military is facing multiple
human resources issues that cant
help his case. More than 300 sol-
diers in Kuwait to assist in the fight
against ISIS learned in December
they were to lose a tax break, a
form of danger pay, worth at least
$1,500 a month. A resolution was
reached after a defence depart-
ment review, with some soldiers
receiving the benefit and others
not. But the affair was just short
of a public-relations disaster.
This came as many departing
soldiers faced crippling delays
in the transition between their
military paycheques and their
veterans pensions. CBC reported
that the pension backlog peaked
at some 13,000 files last year.
Post-traumatic stress injury
remained at critical levels in the
years after Afghanistan, and
to mountan enormous chal-
lenge, Vance described the issue,
adding that half those who killed
themselves were not in treatment,
and they should have been.
Meanwhile, a Statistics Canada
survey of 43,000 CAF members
found that the rate of sexual
assault in Canadas military
during the previous 12 months
was almost double that of workers
in the general population, 1.7 per
cent compared to 0.9 per cent.
While Vance has made Operation administrative departure from the
Honour, his strategy aimed at
eliminating sexual impropriety,
a priority of his tenure, he told
the conference that broader
human-resources issues require
a comprehensive long-range
approach focused on what he
called the journeyfrom
the point we attract you,
through your service
and beyond.
Our conditions of
service are largely built
for one type of persona NATURE
person whos fully fit and FORCES, IF WE WANT TO
[ready] to deploy, is a gen- BECOME MORE DIVERSE
eralist in most cases and
a specialist when we need
them to be a specialist, he
continued. That may not WOMEN, WERE GOING
work in the future. Our
conditions of service may
very well need to change.
He said members need
more freedom to move back and
forth between regular service and
the reserves, between part-time
and full-time, between restricted
and unrestricted employment.
So the military is consider-
ing all manner of conditions of
service, to provide a more flexible
career path and modernize its
personnel-management policies.
The ultimate objective must be,
and always will be, to produce the
armed forces necessary for Canada
to conduct the operations that the
government wants us to do now
and in the future, said Vance.
Specifically, Vance promised to
can a new military organization,
a transition unit commanded
by a general officer who will
institute a professionalized
process to guide and care for
outgoing members, ensuring
they leave the Armed Forces as
well and prepared as possible.
We want to make certain that
veterans have every chance at
thriving, Vance told a scrum with
reporters. A successful transi-
tion, a successful, professional
Armed Forces, is just as important
as the successful administrative
arrival into the Armed Forces.
Too many people were on their
ownon their own to read the reg-
ulations; on their own to figure out
what it is that they had to do. And
IF WE WANT TO
CHANGE THE DIVERSE
OF THE ARMED
AND INCLUSIVE OF
MORE AND MORE
TO HAVE TO CHANGE.
that is compounded by a lateness of
a pension cheque or something that
they should have known but didnt
because they didnt happen to read
that particular paragraph of that
particular volume thats that thick.
People need support coming into
the Armed Forces and they need
support going out. And they need
it even more if theyre wounded.
Already almost a year into his
three-year tenure, the CDS would
not, however, be pinned down
on a time frame, acknowledging
that a rollout could be as long as
two years away. I want to start
it as soon as I can, he said. L

legionmagazine.com > MAY/JUNE 2017 55

Pg54-55_CDA.indd 55 2017-03-30 3:24 PM

 Minister discusses
peacekeeping, NATO
A sk veteran soldiers
their feelings about
peacekeeping
missions and
chances are youll get a negative
response. Acting as referee and
policeman in areas of hostility is
like doing the job with one hand
tied behind your back, theyll say.
Strict rules of engagementpre-
venting peacekeepers from firing
unless fired upon, for example
endangered blue-helmeted troops
and limited their effectiveness.
Minister of National Defence
Harjit Sajjan, a decorated
military veteran who was
wounded on duty in Bosnia and
did three tours in Afghanistan,
doesnt dispute the impressions
of his former colleagues.
Youve got to look at how
56 MAY/JUNE 2017 > legionmagazine.com
Pg56-59_Minister-Cadets-ServingYou.indd 56
By Stephen J. Thorne
peacekeeping started, he said in a
wide-ranging interview with Legion
Magazine. It was designed for a
particular set of security challenges
where peace agreements were
signed by both parties and you have
this intervening force coming in
between to enforce that peace.
Over time, as conflicts changed,
they werent evaluated as thoroughly
as they could have been, which
created [new] challenges. The right
rules of engagement werent there;
the chain of command function in
terms of authority was not there.
Last year, the federal government
announced it would commit up to
600 troops to UN peace-support
operations, but a decision was
delayed following the election of
Donald Trump to the White House.
Trumps ambassador to the United
M.Cpl. Jennifer Kusche, Canadian Forces Combat Camera
Nations, Nikki Haley, has made
peacekeeping reform a top priority.
The Americans spend nearly US$8
billion annually on peacekeeping
missions and Haley has said she
wants to look at all 16 U.S. missions
to see which are succeeding in
maintaining peace and which arent.
Trump has said Washington
spends far too much on other coun-
tries security. Sajjan, meanwhile,
held his first face-to-face with his
U.S. counterpart, retired marine
general James Mattis, on Feb. 6.
The minister and the secretary
of defence discussed continental
defence as well as multilateral
issues, including pledges to lead
NATO battle groups in Eastern
Europe and conduct UN operations.
But the question of where and
when those UN commitments
2017-03-30 1:53 PM
 Minister of National Defence Harjit Sajjan shakes hands with United States Defense Secretary James Mattis at the Pentagon on Feb. 6.
would be fulfilled remained
unanswered immediately follow-
ing the discussion. Canada was
considering sending troops to Mali.
Wherever it ends up, rest assured
the mission will be conducted
differently than many of its prede-
cessors. Gone in many cases are
the days of two sides, a line and
the formalities of diplomacy.
The factors involved are ever
more complex and its not fair
to the troops to send them into
situations that havent been thor-
oughly assessed, said Sajjan.
Times have indeed changed,
he said, and there is no one-size-
fits-all solution to peacekeeping
challenges. Canadas diversity and
world view are ideally suited to the
demands of modern-day peace-
support operations, he argued.
Its about understanding the
conflict first, he said. When you
understand the conflict, then you
create the mechanism required to
accomplish your objectives. When
you look at the reality of today, it is
not the peacekeeping of the past.
Robust rules of engagement, yes,
but also flexibility for command-
ers on the ground and the ability
to make quick decisions for the
safety and security of civilians.
Canadas innovative approach
to peacekeeping is not limited
to military options either, he
added. Several government
departments are involved and
assessments are based on where
Canadians can make the most
impact with finite resources.
In Africa, for example, poverty
and a preponderance of vulner-
able youth who dont see hopeful
futures are major factors in the
recruitment and development of
extremists. If we dont give them
a future, theyre going to find some
other things to do and, regret-
tably, theyre going to be sucked
into the extremist propaganda.
The military gets most of the
attention but it actually plays a sup-
porting role in many peace-support
operations, said Sajjan. We want
Pg56-59_Minister-Cadets-ServingYou.indd 57
to bring innovative solutions that sixth largest financial contributor
are going to move the yardstick and hits well above its weight
forward and help improve the in terms of participation.
efficiency and solve some of the Its kind of an overall, general
problems that have marred the metric that if you spend money
United Nations in the past. on defence, youre going to be
doing more, the minister said.
Sajjan also dispelled any sugges- At the end of the day, you can
tion the survival of the North Atlantic spend all the money you want on
Treaty Organization was in question. your military, if your output is not
Im confident that the impor- there for supporting NATO roles
tance of NATO involves all of the well, guess what, youre really not
member states, Sajjan said. I providing any legitimate support.
think the focus of the discussion Among other contributions,
will be: how do we make NATO Canada is leading a NATO mis-
even better? Thats something that sion in Latvia, where it has
weve always been striving for. committed 450 troops along
After his inauguration, Trump with light-armoured vehicles
told the German daily Bild and and other military equipment as
The London Times that the part of an effort to deter Russian
28-member alliance is obsolete aggression in Eastern Europe.
and unfair to the United States. We believe in multilateralism,
Only five NATO members met said Sajjan. We were one of the
the groups co-founders of
defence-spending NATO and we
standard of two will be playing a
per cent of GDP significant role.
last yearGreece, CANADAS NATO plays
Estonia, Poland, a critical role in
the U.K. and the
DIVERSITY AND the wider peace
U.S. Canadas WORLD VIEW and security, not
spending ARE IDEALLY just for Europe
increased slightly SUITED TO THE but in the rest of
in 2016, to 1.02 the world, from
per cent of GDP
DEMANDS OF capacity-building
from 0.98. MODERN-DAY to deterrence.
That moved PEACE-SUPPORT Mattis, who
Canada to 20th OPERATIONS. served as NATOs
from 23rd in supreme allied
military spending commander for
as a percentage transformation,
of GDP among phoned NATO
NATOs 28 allies. Its in a three- Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg
way tie with Hungary and after talking to Sajjan and reinforced
Slovenia. Only Belgium, the Czech the key role NATO plays in transat-
Republic, Iceland, Luxembourg lantic security, said the Pentagon.
and Spain spent less. Canada Sajjan said future Canadian defence
currently spends about $20 spending will be directly linked
billion annually on defence. to the output that were doing.
Sajjan confirmed Canada would This will not be a laundry list
increase its military spending of equipment. This will be an
following a defence review, but he actual, real defence policy based
added that alone is not a reliable on capabilities that allow us to then
indicator of the contributions figure out what do we needthe
members make to the organiza- size, the structure and the new
tion. Canada, he said, is NATOs capabilities that we need to get. L
legionmagazine.com > MAY/JUNE 2017 57
2017-03-30 1:54 PM
 Injured cadets should be
properly compensated,
says military ombudsman
C adets killed or
seriously injured
while participating
in approved activities
should have the same care and
compensation that is extended
to adults supervising them, the
military ombudsman recommends.
More needs to be done to support they are not part of the CAF. More
our most vulnerable participants of
the cadet program, said Canadian 12 through 18, attend summer
Armed Forces Ombudsman
Gary Walbourne in a report to
Defence Minister Harjit Sajjan.
He noted not much has changed
in knowledge of, and access to, long-
term care and compensation for
cadets and their families since 1974,
when six cadets were killed and
dozens injured
in a grenade
demonstration
at a summer
cadet camp in THE CARE
Valcartier, Que. AND SAFETY
The cadets, inel- OF YOUTH
igible for benefits
or compensation
ENTRUSTED BY
available to Forces THEIR FAMILIES
members and TO THE CAF IS
defence employ- A SACRED
ees, had to rely on RESPONSIBILITY.
provincial health
plans. Families
had to pay out of
pocket for medical
assistance not covered by provincial
health plans, and if they couldnt, the prescribed suite of compensation
cadets went without. Few families
knew where to go for help, or that
they could file a claim against the
Crown for additional compensation.
Complaints about unfair
compensation for cadets in the
58 MAY/JUNE 2017 > legionmagazine.com
Pg56-59_Minister-Cadets-ServingYou.indd 58
By Sharon Adams
decades following the incident
sparked the ombudsmans review
of the cadet program in 2015.
Cadet activities differ from those
of other youth programs in that
the cadet organizations are under
the control and supervision of the
Canadian Armed Forces, though
than 20,000 youth, generally aged
training camps at 21 army, sea and
air cadet training centres across
the country. They are housed, fed
and provided training activities at
the expense and under supervision
of the CAF. The care and safety of
youth entrusted by their families to
the CAF is a sacred responsibility,
Lieutenant-General
Guy Thibault,
then vice-chief of
the defence staff,
said in media
interviews. And,
the ombudsman
found, cadets are
well supported
by the CAF for
short-term health-
care access.
Yet, should
something go
seriously wrong,
the report
says, todays
cadets are still excluded from a
and benefits, including disability
payments, available to their [CAF]
instructors, defence employees and
some comparable groups. Cadets
final recourse is still a legal claim
against the Crown, just as in 1974.
An examination of insurance
coverage revealed the maximum
lump sum a Canadian cadet could
receive through cadet league acci-
dent insurance for a life-changing or
permanent impairment is $20,000,
contrasted to $100,000 for severe
injury for adult civil volunteers
covered by the same policies; and
the CAF Service Income Security
Insurance Plan (SISIP) pays a
maximum of $250,000 for CAF
cadet instructor officers, who may
also claim workers compensation.
The reports major recommenda-
tion is that in event of illness or
injury arising from an approved
cadet activity, the Department of
National Defence and CAF ensure
cadets are compensated and sup-
ported in a manner commensurate
with support and compensation
available to CAF members.
Recognizing it may take time to
change the necessary regulations
and policies, the report recom-
mends that prior to 2017 summer
training, information be distrib-
uted so cadets, their families,
instructors and supervisors all
are well informed about what
benefits cadets are entitled to
now, and how to access them.
As part of the next annual
review of cadet organization
insurance policies, DND and CAF
should ensure the benefits are
identical for all cadet leagues.
It is not fair to offer com-
pensation and benefits to cadet
instructors who become ill or
injured as a result of a cadet activity,
and not offer similar support to ill or
injured cadets, said the report. L
2017-03-30 1:55 PM
 Compensation announced
for 1974 cadet accident
The federal government is providing compensation
and health-care support for cadet victims of a grenade
accident 43 years ago.
This is a good day for the survivors, said Gerry
Fostaty, who worked for years for compensation for
the accident, in which a cadet pulled the pin on a live
grenade at CFB Valcartier cadet camp in Quebec.
Six cadets died and 65 were injured. A military
ombudsmans investigation concluded they had
been treated callously during the investigation and
unfairly afterward.
About 155 individuals are eligible for a $42,000
benevolent payment. In addition, those with physical
and mental injuries are eligible for up to $310,000.
Estates of the six cadets killed are eligible for an
additional $58,000.
As well, the Department of National Defence and
Canadian Armed Forces will pay related health-care
costs not funded by provincial health-care systems.
These former cadets were under our careand
some have struggledand continue to struggle to
this daywith the long-term effects of the trauma
they experienced and the actions taken by the mili-
tary, said Minister of National Defence Harjit Sajjan.
Further information is available online at
1974@forces.gc.ca or by calling 844-800-8566. L

SERVING SERVING YOU is written by Legion command service officers. To reach a service officer, call toll-free
YOU 1-877-534-4666, or consult a command website. For years of archives, visit www.legionmagazine.com

Seniors: be wary of financial abuse

F inancial abuse is the

most common form of
elder abuse in Canada.
Financial abuse can
happen at any time, but it will
often start after a health crisis or
after the death of a spouse, partner
or close friend. People who are
alone, lonely or in poor health are
more vulnerable. They may find
it harder to protect themselves
from demands for money or other
forms of financial abuse, or from
physical and emotional abuse,
which may occur at the same time.
Financial abuse can be difficult
to identify or recognize. It is often a
pattern rather than a single event,
happening over a long period
of time. The important thing
about protecting yourself from
financial abuse is to remember
that your money and property
belong to you. They are not
your familys or anyone elses.
What is financial abuse?
Financial abuse is the illegal
or unauthorized use of someone
elses money or property. It
includes pressuring someone
for money or property.
Some types of financial abuse
are very clearly theft or fraud. For
example, if someone cashes your
pension cheque and keeps all or
part of the money without your
permission, or if they misuse a power
of attorney to take money from
your bank account for themselves,
they are stealing from you.
Other examples of financial
abuse are harder to name. These
can include pressuring, forcing
or tricking you into lending or
giving away money, property
or possessions, making or
changing your will or power of
attorney, and forcing you to sign
legal or financial documents
that you dont understand.
Abusers are usually people
who have a close connection to
you. They use their connection
to take advantage of you and
force you to do what they want.
If you think you are experiencing
financial abuse, ask for help. If
you dont have a family member
or close friend who can help you,
there are community resources
you can use to stop the abuse.
Ask your bank or credit union,
or even your doctor, where you can
go for advice and help. You could
also contact your local police.
More information on financial
abuse can be found on the
Government of Canada website
www.seniors.gc.ca. L

legionmagazine.com > MAY/JUNE 2017 59

Pg56-59_Minister-Cadets-ServingYou.indd 59 2017-03-30 1:55 PM

 Goggles (top left) worn by Lieutenant Harold Arthur Sydney Molyneux when he crashed at
Vimy Ridge. Private William Milnes medals (left), including the posthumous Victoria Cross he
earned at Vimy. The helmet (above) worn by Captain Thain MacDowell when he earned his VC,
the only one of Vimys four VC winners to have survived the battle. All artifacts, along with a
pilots cold-weather gear (below), are part of the Canadian War Museums revamped permanent
exhibition on the battle.

Artifacts help tell

the story of Vimy
Photos and text by Stephen J. Thorne

T he Canadian War Museum in

Ottawa is marking the 100th
anniversary of the Battle of
Vimy Ridge by refurbishing
its Vimy gallery and launching a new
exhibition, VimyBeyond the Battle.
New artifacts, audio and video
have been added to the Battle of
Vimy Ridge section of Canadian
Experience Gallery 2 to help visitors
better understand the battle and
its legacy. VimyBeyond the Battle
runs until Nov. 12 and explores how
and why Canadians commemorate
through private and collective memo-
ries of Vimy, the First World War and
more recent conflicts.
Pictured are some of the artifacts
included in the two exhibitions. L Dedications on a cross erected
in July 1917 by members of the
13th Canadian Battalion at Nine Elms
Military Cemetery in Thelus, France,
are part of the Canadian War Museum
exhibition VimyBeyond the Battle.

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 Virtual reality
takes viewers
into Vimy battle
S
By Tom MacGregor
tudents visiting Vimy
Ridge for the 100th
anniversary got a chance
to see what the battlefield
looked like 100 years ago, thanks
to virtual reality technology.
Students travelling with EF
Educational Tours in April were
immersed in the technology
used by Simwave Consulting of
Kanata, Ont., to create an experi-
ence which takes the viewer into
the tunnels at Vimy, just before
Zero Hour on April 9, 1917.
It is all part of their prepara-
tion for when they are actually
there during the [centennial]
commemorations, explained
Matt Thomas, the companys
head of business development.
We have been collaborating
with the Canadian War Museum to
make sure that we have everything
right, from uniforms to the type
of rifles the men used, he said.
The final product is a short
virtual reality scenario that the
Victor Chui, Nathan Elliott
Pg61_Virtual.indd 61
viewer can experience by going
into the specially built booth
and donning a set of goggles
and headphones. The 2.5-metre
high booth offers a 360-degree
experience. The ground rumbles
underneath the viewer and he
or she sees the images, hears
the sounds and breathes the
smell of battle. Hot and cold
fans create weather effects.
The technology is mostly
being used for educational
purposes. It is more interesting
than looking through a book and
it can be fun, said Thomas.
In the scenario for Vimy Ridge,
the viewer starts in the tunnels
under the ridge on the morning
of the attack. The viewer goes
through the tunnels. If he or she
brushes the side of the tunnel, dirt
falls from the wall. Once outside
the tunnel, the viewer crouches in a
trench in a row of soldiers waiting
for the creeping barrage to begin.
An officer or sergeant comes along
Virtual Canadian soldiers
advance on Vimy Ridge.
Viewers sit in a 2.5-metre high booth
to get the virtual reality experience.
the line and tells the viewer to
fix his bayonet on the rifle in his
hands. Then the barrage begins.
The ground shakes. A moment
later, the viewer is on the move,
charging toward the enemy as bul-
lets fly past and explosions happen
at an uncomfortably close range.
The experience ends with a view
of Vimy today, with its parkland
and the enormous monument.
We are also working on an
app that students can use on
their phones so they will be able
to see artifacts, such as the Lee-
Enfield rifle, said Thomas.
As well as being exhibited at
Vimy, the booth will be loaned
to the war museum in the future.
A variation of the Vimy scenario,
concentrating on the role of
the Royal Canadian Regiment,
is being installed in the RCR
Museum in London, Ont.
Simwave is also using its tech-
nology to build an exhibit for the
Canada Science and Technology
Museum, which is set to reopen
this year once renovations to
its building are complete. The
exhibit will accompany a steam
locomotive. The viewer will be
an engineer for the experience,
twisting and turning knobs in
the right sequence to get the
locomotive operating properly. L
legionmagazine.com > MAY/JUNE 2017 61
2017-03-31 1:44 PM
 Dont make Nov. 11
a holiday, says Legion
R emembrance Day
should remain a special
day for Canadians but
not be given status as a legal holiday,
The Royal Canadian Legion told
the House of Commons Standing
Committee on Canadian Heritage
on Feb. 21.
The committee, which is studying
a private members bill introduced by
Nova Scotia Liberal MP Colin Fraser,
heard from Dominion Secretary
Brad White. Bill C-311 would amend
the Holidays Act to include Nov. 11
as a legal holiday in Canada.
The holiday status of
Remembrance Day has been
debated at numerous dominion
conventions throughout the Legions
history. In fact, 15 times since 1970
and most recently at our 2016
dominion convention, said White.
We remain concerned that
Canadians, if given the time off
as a legal holiday, may not take
the time to remember; that it
may simply become a mid-week
break or just part of another
long weekend, he said.
Instead, the Legion prefers that
an education strategy be put in place.
It is paramount that the significance
of Remembrance Day is instilled in
our youth and for the general popula-
tion to show their respect for the
sacrifices of our fallen. To honour
this day, many schools hold assem-
blies where they organize their own
commemoration. Some teachers take
their students to collectively partici-
pate with their peers in ceremonies
at local cenotaphs, said White.
He noted that the Legion pub-
lishes its own Teaching Guide
which stresses the importance of
Remembrance Day activities. The
guide has been viewed or down-
loaded from the Legions website
more than one million times.
The Ontario Federation of
Home and School Associations
(OFHSA) has supported the Legion
position, noting that in the 1960s
Remembrance Day was a holiday in
Ontario. Children remained at home
to play, watch television and enjoy
a day of rest. Few were involved in
events recognizing the significance of
the day. At the time, veterans groups,
school boards and other organization
such as the OFHSA petitioned to
have school remain open on Re-
membrance Day, so that suitable
Remembrance Day services can be
held in schools to provide students
with a better understanding of the
purpose and tribute paid, said the
association in a letter to the Legion.
As an example, take Victoria
Day, a legal holiday, and question
what observances are held across
the country to honour Queen
Victoria, who until last year, was
Canadas longest serving monarch,
said White. For most, it simply
provides a long weekend in May.
We must not let Remembrance
Day suffer this same fate. L

OBITUARY

Jean Marie Deveaux 1950-2017

Former Nova Scotia/
Nunavut president Jean
Marie Deveaux of Port
Hawkesbury, N.S., died
Feb. 19. She was 66.
Deveaux, known for
her quick wit, was tire-
less in her campaign
to stop the closure of
the Veterans Affairs
Canada district office
in Sydney, N.S. It was finally closed in January
2014 but was reopened in November 2016.
Deveaux joined Port Hawkesbury Branch in
1986 as an associate member. She rose through
the ranks at both the branch and provincial com-
mand levels. In 2011, she was elected the first female
president of Nova Scotia/Nunavut Command.
For many years, including while she served
as president, Deveaux served as the command
correspondent for Legion Magazine and wrote
regularly for the provincial command newspa-
per, The Torch. She was also a recipient of the
Meritorious Service Medal and the Palm Leaf.
Apart from her Legion involvement, she was a
founding member of the theatre company, Under
the Map. She was also involved in local politics,
campaigning for long-time mayor of Port Hawkesbury,
Billy Joe MacLean. Jean Marie was a little lady but
she was six feet tall when it came to standing up for
somebodys rights, said MacLean.
Deveaux leaves her husband Gerard, daughter
Lori-Ann and son Tony, as well as her mother
Agnes Burns of Halifax. L

62 MAY/JUNE 2017 > legionmagazine.com

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 SNAPSHOTS
Volunteering in the community

British Columbia/Yukon 64
Newfoundland and Labrador 66 IN THIS
Alberta-Northwest Territories 67
ISSUE
New Brunswick 69
Manitoba-Northwestern Ontario 70 Legion branches
Saskatchewan 71 donate more than
Prince Edward Island
Ontario 72
72
$216,000
Nova Scotia/Nunavut 82 to their communities
Quebec 82
Correspondents Addresses 83

Maura Fitzpatrick (centre), of the

Children of the Street Society, accepts
Trail, B.C., Branch poppy chair Neil Jarvie congratulates students from $1,000 from South Burnaby, B.C., L.A.
two families who placed first or second in their respective categories of the President Dianne Barnes (left) and
poster and literary contests at the branch and zone levels. Front, from left: Past President Merilyn Smith. The L.A.
Carly and Naomi Issel, Charlie, Alexander and Jill OHearn Stone and also donated $1,000 to the B.C.
(rear) Daniel, Kelly and Benjamin Issel. Professional Fire Fighters Burn Fund.

Bulkley Valley Branch in Smithers, B.C., dedicated a refurbished mural honouring veterans of the two world wars
and Korean War. Funding for the mural, refreshed by original artist Hans Saefkow, was donated by member
Brian Atherton, whose father is depicted, and his wife Carla, as well as local businesses.

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 Ella Freethy of Maquinna
Elementary School is
Past President Jim Harrold (left) and poppy chair Neil congratulated by Sandi
Jarvie of Trail, B.C., Branch present $6,000 for the elder Paterson of Alberni Valley
care campaign to Lisa Pasin, director of Kootenay Branch in Port Alberni, B.C., on
Boundary Regional Health Foundation. The funds will placing third in the junior
go toward a new bed lift. colour poster contest.
Veteran Ed Antonovitch
receives slippers from
Summerland, B.C., Branch
member John Dorn as part
of the branchs program to
give veterans comfort gifts
at Christmas.

At the presentation of a donation for improvements to
Brookhaven Care Centre from Westbank, B.C., Branch are
(front, from left) Joan Steeves, Janice Perrier, Ken Carpenter,
Barb Johnson, (rear) Maggie Lauinger, George Steeves,
Gladys Carlisle, Liz Dickson and Dennis Bell.
Poppy chair Sam Esopenko of Mount Arrowsmith
Branch in Parksville, B.C., presents $2,500 to
(from left) Navy League representatives Shannon
Pennington and Barb Robinson and sea cadets
CO Brittany Thurber.

Bill Mitchell, cadet liaison officer for
Kamloops, B.C., Branch, presents
$2,000 to MS Rosie Doherty, volunteer
instructor for the Prince Robert
navy league cadets.
CPO2 Clayton Bailey of the
Kamloops sea cadet corps accepts
$2,000 from Kamloops, B.C., Branch
cadet liaison officer Bill Mitchell.
Poppy chair Sam Esopenko of Mount
Arrowsmith Branch in Parksville, B.C.,
presents $2,500 to Capt. Elizabeth
Reid of the Beaufort air
cadet squadron.

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 SNAPSHOTS Volunteering in the community

Sun Kim, who placed first in the provincial-level

Poppy chair John Paulin of Comox, B.C., Branch and
Principal Sherry Laffling congratulate second-place
winners of the poster and literary contests from Miracle
Beach School (from left) Ava Jorgensen, Tessa Ennes
and Casey Kennedy.
black-and-white poster contest, is congratulated
by Chase, B.C., Branch President Paul Lamoureux
(left) and poppy chair John Angus.

Sandi Paterson of Alberni Vancouver TVS Branch First Vice

Chase, B.C., Branch President Paul Lamoureux
(left) and donations director Paul Osadchuk
present $1,000 to Brandi Nakazawa of Chase
and District Victim Services.
Valley Branch in Port Alberni,
B.C., congratulates Jackie-Lynn
Croft of Maquinna Elementary
School for placing third in the
junior poetry contest.
Barb Walter Venne presents $2,000
to Brian Archer of Citadel Canine
Society for training support dogs
for people with post-traumatic
stress disorder.

President Gary Laing (left) of Carbonear, N.L., Branch,

Sgt-at-Arms Harry Caton receives his 50 Years Long
Service Medal from President Don Silvester (left) and
treasurer Rose Foulds of Powell River, B.C., Branch.
along with command First Vice Berkley Lawrence,
presents a plaque and water cooler to Suzanne Dohey,
director of palliative care at the Carbonear General
Hospital. The branch will also pay the coolers monthly
rental fee and supply the water.

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 Bay DEspoir Branch in St. Albans, N.L.,
presents senior branch-level awards to
poster and essay contest winners from
St. Annes School in Conne River.
At the presentation of awards in the command-level poster and
literary contests at Carbonear, N.L., Branch are (front, from left)
Emily Button, Brooklyn Noonan, Isabel Harris, Bryanna Hogan,
Cassandra Hogan, Alishia Mahaney, (rear) command First Vice
Berkley Lawrence, Brandon Younge, Matthew Butt
and schools committee chair Sarah Lawrence.

President Janice Allen (right) and

John Skinner of Mulhurst
Branch in Mulhurst Bay, Alta.,
presents a $1,000 bursary to
Kyra Skinner, a student at
Red Deer College.
President Wally Coes (left) of Joe Wynne
treasurer Lorraine Rathwell of
Branch in Edson, Alta., and District 8 Deputy
Robertson Memorial L.A. in
Commander Dave Velichko present $1,000
Medicine Hat, Alta., present $2,500
to Cindy Hardy of the Edson Seniors
to Pot of Gold Contest winner
Transportation Society.
Neil Schattle.

At the presentation of donations from High River, Alta.,

Three Hills, Alta., Branch President Doug Lorraine
prepares to place a wreath at the rededication
ceremony of the cenotaph, refurbished with a donation
from the town and $3,000 from the poppy fund.
Branch are (from left) 2nd Lieut. Patti Kjinserdahl of the
Foothills army cadet corps, poppy co-chair Tim Whitford,
Lieut. Karen Murfin of the Cmdr. W. H. Evelyn navy league
cadets, Sgt.-at-Arms Bob Collins, Capt. Paula Groewold
of Foothills air cadet squadron and poppy co-chair
Louise Hughes.

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 SNAPSHOTS Volunteering in the community

Enjoying a ride in a troop carrier during the annual

agricultural fair parade are (clockwise from bottom left)
Second World War veteran Olaf Hegland, Beaverlodge,
Alta., Branch members service officer Jim Frissell,
Past President Andy Meggit, Sgt.-at-Arms Len Mainville
and President Cordelia Gault.
Afghanistan veterans Robert Kuhn (left) and Richard
McNevin, of Airdrie, Alta., Branch, at the unveiling
of the LAV III Monument at the Nose Creek
Valley Museum.

Alberta-Northwest Territories Command

Alberta Health Minister Sara
Hoffman (centre) is presented with
$10,000 for the Sylvan Lake Urgent
Care Facility fund by Sylvan Lake
L.A. members Thelma Paquette
(left) and Dot Bloomer.
seniors mixed darts winners (from left)
Doug and Linda Smith of Pincher Creek
Branch and Rod Peake and Bernice Carrier
of Gen. Stewart Branch in Lethbridge,
receive a plaque at Fort Saskatchewan,
Alta., Branch, the host branch.
Past President Andy Meggit (left)
and service officer Jim Frissell
of Beaverlodge, Alta., Branch
congratulate literary contest
winner Kaitlyn Busson.

Edgerton, Alta., Branch President Jim Fraser presents Okotoks, Alta., Branch President Bob McLeod presents a
$900 to Edgerton Fire Chief John Koroluk, accompanied donation to Lieut. Patti Kjindersahl for the Oilfields army
by Dick Tippler (left) and Deputy Chief Deb Waddell. cadet corps as Sgt.-at-Arms John MacCormack (left)
and First Vice Paul Fegan look on.

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 Edgerton, Alta., Branch President Jim Fraser
presents $500 to Capt. Crystal Bugg of the
Battle River army cadet corps. Members of Hartland, N.B., L.A. pack treat bags
for veterans and shut-in members.

At the presentation of $2,500 from

Fredericton L.A. President Fran Chatham Branch in Miramichi, N.B.,
Student Brandon Case accepts
Duncan presents a bursary to the Miramichi Regional Hospital for
a bursary from Fredericton L.A.
to Nikita Spenser. upgrades to the oncology department
President Fran Duncan.
are (from left) President Ted Quann,
foundation manager Joanne Sellers
and poppy chair Marianne Harris.

Miramichi Senior Citizens Home board chair

At the presentation of prizes in the poster and literary contests at
Gladstone Branch in Fredericton Junction, N.B., are (from left)
secretary-treasurer Juanita Nason, Maggie Phillips, Zachery
Egerter, Owen Jones, Jacqueline Fowler and President Gill Briggs.
Pat Diotte (left) accepts $2,500 from poppy
chair Marianne Harris of Chatham Branch
in Miramichi, N.B. Looking on is veteran
Colin Fleirger.

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 SNAPSHOTS Volunteering in the community

L.A. President Valerie Cairns and President

Larry Lynch of Lancaster Branch
in Saint John, N.B., present senior
philanthropy specialist Darren McLeod
with $5,000 toward the Saint John Regional
Hospital Foundations purchase of a
endobronchial ultrasound. The machine
will help detect early lung cancer.
Showing their prizes in the poster and literary contests at Salem
Elementary school in Sackville, N.B., are (front, from left) Avery
Campbell, Clare McCully, Laine Acton, Aaron Alder, Juline Meagher, Zoe
Post, Ella Hart, Joshua TerBeek, Delilah Paquin and Ellie McCortmick.
Looking on are (rear) service officer Reg Hanson, treasurer Deborah
Sears, President Doreen Richards and poppy chair Victor Sears.

At the presentation of $3,000 from Stevenson Building

Herman Good VC Branch in Bathurst, N.B., makes
donations to the local cadet corps. At the presentation
are (from left) President Eugene Godin, Lieut. (N) Derna
Henry of the Chaleur sea cadet corps, Capt. Karen
Theriault of the Chaleur air cadet squadron and
Sgt.-at-Arms Haines Scott.
Branch in Richibucto, N.B., to the Kent County Food
Bank are (from left) District Commander Mavis Cooper,
President Al Corcoran, Kent County food bank
representative Ronda Rovichaud, and First Vice
Rona Cormier.

President Phil Otis of Charleswood

At the presentation of bursaries at Florenceville, N.B., Branch are (from Branch in Winnipeg presents $2,000 to
left) treasurer Chris ODonnell, President Stuart MacElwain, Kaitlyn A.J. Sukhan, commanding officer of the
Hutchison, Rebecca Tompkins, District Commander Joseph White Princess Patricias Canadian Light
and vice-president Dwayne Hatfield. Infantry army cadet corps.

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 The winners of the Manitoba-Northwestern Ontario golf Lieut. Nicole Day (centre) of the XII Manitoba
championship held in Fort Francis, Ont., are (from left) Dragoons army cadet corps accepts $10,000 from
Dave Johnson, Clair Edmunds, Bob Balbar and Norm Davis Virden, Man., L.A. President Chris Dunning and
of Souris, Man., Branch. Virden Branch President Curtis Smith. LUKE KNOLL

Celebrating the 90th anniversary of

Port Arthur Branch in Thunder Bay, Ont.,
are District 8 Commander Rob Cutbush
(left) and President Dell Babcock.
At the donation of $10,000 from Perdue, Sask,. Branch toward rebuilding
of the Perdue Arena are (from left) Sgt. Colin Sawrenko, Vivian Eaton,
Trent McMahon, Dawson Manti, Bill Sandford, Bob Mason and
Const. Andrew Park.

With a donation of $12,659 from Humboldt,

Sask., Branch to Paws for Veterans are
At the 90th-anniversary celebration of Maple Creek, Sask., Branch are (from left) member Andy McAnally, President
(from left) Rosemary Forsyth, Alex Forsyth, Barb Trayhorne, Les Niki Sokolan, Sherry Hogemann and Donald
Trayhorne, Saskatchewan Command Past President Dick Wells, Hogemann. DON AND SHERRY HOGEMANN
Judy Wells, branch President Walter Arnold, Debra Arnold, Cecile
Andrews, Saskatchewan Command Vice-President Keith Andrews,
Grace Carleton, Mayor Barry Rudd and Keith Carleton.

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 SNAPSHOTS Volunteering in the community

President Darrell Webster of Robert Combe VC
Branch in Melville, Sask. congratulates winners
of the poster and literary contests from
Grayson School in Grayson, Sask., (from left)
Kelsey Lang, Kayla Dietrich, Parnet Brar
and Trinity Alexson.
At the presentation of a donation to Jeffrey Chen and Andrew Potter
(second and third left) of the Vaccine and Infectious Disease
Organization International Vaccine Centre are Saskatoon poppy
trustees (from left) Diane Robinson and chair John Peters of Nutana
Branch; Harold Martinson of Saskatoon Branch; and Margaret Wolfe
and Brent Wignes of Dr. Harold Anderson Memorial TVS Branch. VIDO

Lt.-Col. E.W. Johnstone Branch in

Kensington, P.E.I., receives funding
from the Atlantic Canada
Opportunities Agency to assist with
renovations to their recently acquired
Standing in front of the LAV III to be displayed in front of the cenotaph
building. At the presentation are
at Wellington, P.E.I., Branch are (front, from left) Paul Gallant, Theresa
(from left) P.E.I. Command President
Gallant, President David Gallant, Herman Marche, David Redmond, (rear)
John Yeo, Malpeque MP Wayne Easter
Linda Redmond, Gilles Painchaud, Austin Poirier and Albert Hashie.
and Dennis Hopping.

Joel Chandler is Legionnaire

Cobden, Ont., Branch President Gene Phillion (rear centre) and judges congratulate of the Year at Peterborough,
public speaking participants following awards presentations. Ont., Branch.

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 In Napanee, Ont., President
Chris Ingersoll (left) of Lt.-Col.
Harry Babcock Branch,
accompanied by honours and
awards chair Tim Smith (right),
presents the Legionnaire of the Bells Corners, Ont., Branch in Nepean, Ont., presents branch-level awards for
Year award to Nick Green. the poster and literary contests to winning students from five area schools.

Richmond Hill, Ont., Branch First Vice

Mary West (left) and President Julian
In Sudbury, Ont., Dr. Fred Starr Branch President James Young (left) West present $3,000 to Mackenzie Health
and youth education chair Judy Robitaille (right) congratulate winners long-term care representative
of the branch public speaking competition. Michael Griffin.

At John McMartin Memorial Branch in Cornwall,
Ont., First Vice Bernadette Heagle (left) and
President Linda Fischer present $3,000 to
Hospice Cornwall representative Sandy Collette.
At the Tony Stacy Centre for Veterans in Toronto, Highland Creek
Branch presents $6,975 on behalf of the Ontario Command,
Branches and L.A. Charitable Foundation. At the presentation are
(from left) vice-chair Dave Adamson, Neala Taylor of Tony Stacy
Centre, branch President Richard Viles, L.A. President Brenda
Butt and former District D commander Jay Burford.

legionmagazine.com > MAY/JUNE 2017 73

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 SNAPSHOTS Volunteering in the community

President John Kollen of
Hanover, Ont., Branch
presents $500 to Sheila
Ross, victim services
co-ordinator.
David Hughes of Oakville, Ont., Branch
receives the Legionnaire of the Year
award from Chris Ferguson, First
Vice Joan Skins and Second
Vice Nestor Yakimik.
President Jim Young of Dr. Fred Starr
Branch in Sudbury, Ont., along with L.A.
President Emma Goedhuis, Zone H-3
Commander Art Buisson and District H
Commander Peter Miller celebrate the
branchs 90th anniversary.

President Brent Craig (left) and First Vice Phil Whitehead (right)
of Westboro Branch in Ottawa present $1,000 each to Ottawa
Mission representative Bianca Oran, the Shepherds of
Good Hope Foundations Leah Myers, and executive director
Cindy Smith of the Christmas Exchange
of Ottawa-Carleton.
At West Lincoln Branch in Grimsby, Ont.,
Second Vice Bill MacManus presents $5,000
to Judie Herbert (left), Sue Shipley and
Cora Vandenbogert of McNally House
Hospice Care in Grimsby.

Norwich, Ont., Branch youth education chairman Patty Klatecki (right) along with principal John Heikoop (left)
congratulate branch-level winners of the Legion poster and literary contests from Rehoboth Christian School.

74 MAY/JUNE 2017 > legionmagazine.com

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 In Cornwall, Ont., club secretary Myrna Murray of John
McMartin Memorial Branch Seniors (left) along with
President Jackie Merpaw and seniors treasurer
Bernadette Heagle present $500 to Hospice Cornwall
representative Sandy Collette.
Poppy chair Theresa Lemieux (left) and President
Ron Henderson of Bells Corners Branch in Nepean, Ont.,
present $5,000 to Perley and Rideau Veterans Health
Centre Foundation development officer Delphine Hasl
and board member Doug Brousseau.

Kanata, Ont., Branch presents $2,500 to Perley and Rideau

Veterans Health Centre. At the presentation are (from left)
foundation development officer Delphine Hasl, support
services director Lorie Stuckless, President Lorraine Lapense,
foundation board chair Charles Lemieux, poppy trust fund
committee chairman Doug Rowland and Perley Rideau Veterans
Residents Council President, Gib McElroy.
District G youth sports chair Ralph McMullen (left)
of Almonte, Ont., Branch, Deputy G Commander
Dave Cormier and President Rob Madore drop the
puck at a girls peewee hockey tournament.

Past President Wayne Scheifele of Hanover, Ont.,

Branch (left), poppy chair Ken Schaak and public
relations chair Nancy McLellan present $500
to Blue Water Radio representative
Andrew McBride.
Second Vice Beverly Taylor of Milton Wesley Branch in
Newmarket, Ont. (right) and zone bursary chair Donna Twig
present $500 bursaries to students Emma Cook, Stephen Owens,
Erin OBoyle and Lisa Jolly.

legionmagazine.com > MAY/JUNE 2017 75

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 SNAPSHOTS Volunteering in the community

President Wayne Hooey of Milton Wesley

Branch in Newmarket, Ont., presents $500 to President Mary Ann Price of the Accepting their trophies in the
the local high schools Food for Thought Bowmanville, Ont., L.A. presents public-speaking contest at
lunch program. Accepting the donation are $500 to navy league president Port Elgin, Ont., Branch are (from
student Rose Callum, teacher Dorothy Ron Cooke for the Bowmanville left) Collette Barrett, Rishab
Thompson and student Erica Yiu. sea cadet corps. Rowchowdary and Madi McNeill.

President Ben Kelly and service officer

John Greenfield of Bowmanville, Ont.,
Branch present $800 to President
In Ridgeway, Ont., Sgt.-at-Arms Dennis Gibbons of Bertie Township Branch
Ron Cooke of the Bowmanville
congratulates local students following presentation of branch-level awards
navy league.
for the poster and literary contests.

On behalf of the Ontario Command, Branches and L.A.

Charitable Foundation, Cobourg, Ont., Branch presents
$6,500 to Northumberland Hills Hospital Foundation.
At the presentation are (from left) poppy chair Iris
Milne, L.A. President Linda Bevan, Dr. Andrew
Stratford, President John Aitken and executive director
of the hospital foundation Rhonda Cunningham.
At Port Dalhousie Branch in St. Catharines, Ont., new
members Dave Morris (left), Ted Olexy and Ian Brown
are initiated by President John Orchard (front right)
and First Vice John Garvie.

76 MAY/JUNE 2017 > legionmagazine.com

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 President June Hayes (left) of
Centennial L.A. in Scarborough,
Ont., presents flowers to the
At Onaping Falls, Ont., Branch, Martha Cunningham Closs (left), Zone H-3 guest speaker, Ontario
Commander Art Buisson and President John Getchell present awards to students Command First Vice Sharon
for the zone-level public-speaking competition. McKeown, at the L.A.s
50th anniversary dinner.

Poppy chair Bill Borden (left) of Merritton

Branch in St. Catharines, Ont., and
charitable foundations chair Mike Gander
(right) present $5,000 to Mary Sergenese,
the One Foundation Niagara Community
Outreach director, and foundation
CEO Roger Ali.
At Acton, Ont., Branch, Ivan Kilby (second left) and James Feensta
(second right) receive the 50 Years Long Service Medal and
congratulations from Pat Graham (left), President Peggy Graham,
Third Vice Sharon Graham and Second Vice Dave Maloney.

RSM Rowan McCafferty (left), and

Capt. Dan Brisson accept $1,200
from Capreol, Ont., Branch
vice-president Mark John
Slaughter for the Irish Regiment
army cadet corps.
Winning students of the branch-level poster and literary contests at Burlington,
Ont., Branch receive congratulations from committee members.

legionmagazine.com > MAY/JUNE 2017 77

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 SNAPSHOTS Volunteering in the community

Surrounded by VON staff, Patti and Charlie Dalgarno
of Woodstock, Ont., Branch present $5,000 to the
Meals on Wheels program.
At the presentation of $2,000 from Gen. Nelles
Branch in Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ont., to
Chartwell Niagara Seniors Home are (from left)
Sgt.-at-Arms Doug Garrett, Stan Harrington,
administrator Lorraine Koop and Nick Marino.

At Merritton Branch in St. Catharines,

Ont., Sgt.-at-Arms Michael Gander (left)
and poppy chair Bill Borden (right)
present $2,000 to Capt. Karen Baschuk
and cadet support chair Sherrie Gonta of In Welland, Ont., Rose City Branch poppy chairman Cliff Driscoll and
the Lincoln and Welland Regiment President Gloria Armbrust present $3,000 to WO1 Bradley Maurice
army cadet corps. of the Eagle air cadet squadron.

President Nellie Stevens (second from left) of Victory

Branch in London, Ont., and L.A. representative
Barb McIsaac present $7,000 on behalf of the Ontario
Command, Branches and L.A. Charitable Foundation
to Julie Johnston (left) and Wendy Boyle
of St. Joseph Hospice.
Fergus, Ont., Branch President Fred Hiller congratulates
branch winners of the poster and literary contests.

78 MAY/JUNE 2017 > legionmagazine.com

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 At the presentation of $15,000 from Dunnville, Ont.,
Branch to the emergency department at the Dunnville
Hospital and Healthcare Foundation are (from left)
First Vice John Woods, President Garry Frost, hospital
executive director Shelley Rollo, secretary-treasurer
Vel LeVatte and hospital executive director Doug Madill.
Ed Setford (left), along with President Lloyd Cull of H.T.
Church Branch in St. Catharines, Ont., present $3,000 to
(from left) WO2 Bowen Tang, WO2 Andrew Hulls-Marone
and Capt. John Derousie of the Optimist air cadet squadron.

At George Duff Memorial Branch in New Lowell,
Ont., liaison officer David Lawrence (second left)
and Ontario Command cadet league liaison
officer Jennifer Lawrence present $1,000 for the
Creemore army cadet corps to MWO Ian Jones
and Lieut. (N) Amy Lawrence.
At Renfrew, Ont., Branch, L.A. honours and awards chair
Cheryl Babcock (second left) and President Greg Walbeck present
the Legionnaire of the Year award to the ladies auxiliary,
represented by Marilyn LaFont.

Burlington, Ont., Branch Second Vice Ron

Simpson (left) and cadet liaison Shawn Fowler
(right) present $5,000 to sponsoring committee
chair Karryn Shilliday and Lieut. Adrian Taylor
of the Mohawk air cadet squadron.
North Bay, Ont., Branch youth education chair Eileen Viau
congratulates branch-level winners of the poster and
literary contests.

legionmagazine.com > MAY/JUNE 2017 79

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 SNAPSHOTS Volunteering in the community

Cody Cacciotti, operations manager at the
Northern Ontario Railroad Museum and
Heritage Centre in Capreol, Ont., receives
$1,500 from Capreol Branch vice-president
Mark John Slaughter.
Jim Wilson (left) of West Carleton Branch in Woodlawn, Ont., along
with Sgt.-at-Arms William Berry and President Kathryn Scott,
presents $8,000 to Daniel Clapin, executive director of Perley
and Rideau Veterans Health Centre Foundation.

Santa Claus assists while branch liaison Bill Redmond (right) of

In Oakville, Ont., Crime Stoppers Halton chairman
Doug Maybee and director Wally Trapler (centre)
receive $1,000 from General Chris Vokes-Bronte
Branch President Fred Norman and Second
Vice Mary Nieuwpoort.
Eastview Branch in Vanier, Ont., presents $10,000 to development
officer Delphine Hasl and executive director Daniel Clapin of
the Perley and Rideau Veterans Health Centre Foundation. The
money will purchase five new adjustable tables for refurbished
veterans dining rooms and two new tilt-recline wheelchairs.

Greely, Ont., Branch presents $4,000 to community groups. At the
presentation are (front, from left) Courtney Rock of Rural Ottawa
South Support Services, Greely Branch President Linda Wyman, First
Vice Arlene Preston, service officer Bruce Sherritt, (rear) Chantel
Jolicoeur of Eastern Ottawa Resource Centre, Daniel Clapin of Perley
and Rideau Veterans Health Centre Foundation, Tom Dawson
of Winchester District Memorial Hospital Foundation and
Past-President Ivan Wyman.
Lt.-Col. Harry Babcock Branch in Napanee, Ont.,
presents $6,500 on behalf of the Ontario
Command, Branches and L.A. Charitable
Foundation to the John M. Parrott Centre. With
the cheque are (from left) President Chris
Ingersoll, First Vice Kathy Gardner, Parrott
Centre director Angela Malcolm and nursing
manager Carol Corcoran.

80 MAY/JUNE 2017 > legionmagazine.com

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 Trenton, Ont., President Manny Raspberry
(left), ways and means chair Norma Henn
and poppy chair Simon Black present $500 to
In Toronto, Canoe Financial staff surround District D poppy chair the Arthritis Societys director of programs
Wayne Powell and Ontario Command President Brian Weaver as and services, Philip Ambury.
company CEO Darcy Hulston (centre) presents $1,280 raised for
the Joe Sweeney Veterans Fund for homeless veterans.

Sgt.-at-Arms Doug Garret (left) and Nick
Marino of Gen. Nelles Branch in Niagara-
on-the-Lake, Ont., present $2,000 to
Margaret Lambert, long-term care
administrator at Upper Canada Lodge.
Chatsworth, Ont., Branch youth education chair Murray Stahlbaum
(left rear), Shirley Burgess and President Jim Wallace present awards to
local students following the branch-level public speaking competition.

Honours and awards chairman

Bill Fraser (left) and President
Paul Hopper of Forest, Ont.,
Branch present the Legionnaire
Winners in the branch-level public speaking competition receive certificates from of the Year award to
committee members of Onaping Falls, Ont., Branch. Shirley Mann.

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 SNAPSHOTS Volunteering in the community

At Trenton, Ont., Branch,
Trenton Care and Share food
bank representative Charlene
Plume (left) accepts $1,000
from First Vice Diane King.
Owen Atkinson of
St. Peters, N.S., Branch President Donnie Pottie (left) Wedgeport, N.S.,
presents $7,500 to Strait Richmond Hospital site leader is presented with
Kathy Chisholm and fundraising co-ordinator Aurine the 50 Years Long
Richard. Also attending are secretary-treasurer George Service Medal.
McPhee and Sgt.-at-Arms Charlie Williamson. J. OBRIEN

Cobden, Ont., Branch President

Gene Phillion presents $500 to
Bonnie Helferty, organizer of
the Cobden Food Bank.
Gathered around one of nine maple trees donated by Superstore in Truro, N.S., to
commemorate the Second World War are (from left) Truro Branch President
Gerry Tucker, Emily Oosterom of Superstore, Francis Lamont, Julie Miller, Grant
OLaney, Reene Roode, Gerry Hale, Glenn Langille, Ross Moore, Jamie Vantassel,
Peter Grant and Terry Farrell. GREG DILL

Public Relations chairman Cyril Hatcher

and Second Vice Terry Parsons of Breton
Branch in Sydney Mines, N.S., prepare to
distribute Christmas gifts to veterans at
Harbour View veterans unit, courtesy of the
Cape Breton Comfort Fund. BETTY SIMPSON
President Marcel Pellerin of Arthabaska Branch in Victoriaville, Que.,
and director Nathalie Provencher (centre) of Maison Marie-Pag
palliative care facility receive $4,000 from poppy committee members
(from left) Serge Ppin, Serge Dupuis, Gisle Phaneuf and poppy chair
Pierre Deschambault. ALAIN FOURNIER

82 MAY/JUNE 2017 > legionmagazine.com

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President Alain Boisvert of Lt.-Col. Robert Grondin
Branch in Shawinigan, Que., presents $200 for
breakfasts for underprivileged children to Louise
Viboux (left) and Marie Claude Samson of
des Chutes high school. ALAIN BOISVERT
Hudson, Que., Branch poppy representative
Cody Gilmore (centre) presents $2,000 each
to Jean Hurtubise (left) and John Dalgarno of
Ste. Annes Hospital volunteer services and patient
committees, respectively. ROD HODGSON
Madeleine Langlois (left) and President Eric Connor of
Vaudreuil-Soulanges Palliative Care Residence accept
$2,000 from Cody Gilmore of Hudson, Que., Branch.
ROD HODGSON
Pg64-83_Snapshots.indd 83
CORRESPONDENTS ADDRESSES
Send your photos and news of The Royal Canadian Legion in
action in your community to your Command Correspondent.
Each branch and ladies auxiliary is entitled to two photos in an
issue. Any additional items will be published as news only. Material
should be sent as soon as possible after an event. We do not
accept material that will be more than a year old when published,
or photos that are out of focus or lack contrast. The Command
Correspondents are:
BRITISH COLUMBIA/YUKON: Graham Fox,
4199 Steede Ave., Port Alberni, BC V9Y 8B6, gra.fox@icloud.com
ALBERTANORTHWEST TERRITORIES: Bobbi Foulds,
Box 5162, Stn Main, Edson AB T7E 1T4, rfoulds@telus.net
SASKATCHEWAN: Jessica McFadden,
30795th Ave., Regina, SK S4T 0L6, a dmin.legion@sasktel.net
MANITOBA: Vanessa Burokas,
563 St. Marys Rd., Winnipeg, MB R2M 3L6, vburokas@hotmail.com
NORTHWESTERN ONTARIO: Janice Pampu,
44 Penfold St., Thunder Bay, ON P7A 3J7, jpampu@hotmail.com
ONTARIO: Mary Ann Goheen,
Box 308, Gravenhurst, ON P1P 1T7, magoheen@sympatico.ca
QUEBEC: Len Pelletier,
389 Malette, Gatineau, QC J8L 2Y7, hel.len@hotmail.ca
NEW BRUNSWICK: M arianne Harris,
115 McGrath Cres., Miramichi, NB E1V 3Y1, jimfaye@nb.sympatico.ca
NOVA SCOTIA/NUNAVUT: Rita Connors,
30 Annex Dr., Lower Sackville, NS B4C 3B2,
rita.connors@ns.sympatico.ca
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND: Dianne Kennedy,
Box 81, Borden-Carleton, PE C0B 1X0, mdkennedy@eastlink.ca
NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR: Brenda Slaney,
Box 5745, St. Johns, NL A1C 5X3, bslaney@nfld.net
DOMINION COMMAND ZONES:
EASTERN U.S. ZONE, Gord Bennett,
12840 Seminole Blvd., Lot #7, Largo, FL 33778, Captglbcd@aol.com;
WESTERN U.S. ZONE, Douglas Lock,
1531 11th St., Manhattan Beach, CA 90266, doug.lock@verizon.net.
Submissions for the Honours and Awards page (Palm Leaf, MSM,
MSA and Life Membership) should be sent directly to Doris Williams,
Legion Magazine, 86 Aird Place, Kanata, ON K2L 0A1 or
magazine@legion.ca.
TECHNICAL SPECS FOR PHOTO SUBMISSIONS
DIGITAL PHOTOSPhotos submitted to Command
Correspondents electronically must have a minimum width of
1,350 pixels, or 4.5 inches. Final resolution must be 300 dots
per inch or greater. As a rough guideline, colour JPEGs would
be between 0.5 megabytes (MB) and 1 MB.
PHOTO PRINTSGlossy prints from a photofinishing
lab are best because they do not contain the dot pattern
that some printers produce. If possible, please submit digital
photos electronically.
legionmagazine.com > MAY/JUNE 2017 83
2017-03-30 4:16 PM
 SNAPSHOTS Honours and awards

LONG SERVICE AWARDS

NEWS

ALBERTA-NORTHWEST The L.A. presented $5,000 to

TERRITORIES Port Elgin Branch. 60 65
years years
Creemore L.A. presented $8,000
L.A. SHOWS to the branch toward renovations.
SUPPORT
Kingsway L.A. in Edmonton Renfrew Branch presented a 50-year
presented $25,000 to the branch. service award to Gilbert Iliffe.
Renfrew L.A. celebrated its
BRITISH COLOMBIA/YUKON
70th anniversary and presented
L.A. HELPS PORT $15,000 to the branch.
ALBERNI BRANCH Morrisburg Branch presented JAMES FEENSTA JOHN MARUNCHUK
Alberni Valley Branch in Port 55-year service awards to Acton Br., Cranbrook Br.,
Alberni, B.C., received $1,000 Ruthie Rice, George Dowson Ont. B.C.
from the L.A. and Inez Bilmer.
NEW BRUNSWICK QUEBEC
LANCASTER L.A. VIETNAM 70
HELPS OUT VETERANS
years

Lancaster L.A. in Saint John, N.B., RECEIVE

presented the branch with $12,000 FRIENDSHIP
to help with operating costs. AWARD
ONTARIO The Quebec chapter of Cana-
dian Vietnam Veterans received
BATTLEFIELD the Friendship Award from
L.A. SUPPORTS Greenfield Park, Que., Branch
HOMELESS for their years of service to WILLIAM PERRIN RUSSELL VANVOLKENBURGH
VETERANS veterans at Ste. Annes Hospital Lt.-Col. Harry Babcock Br., Lt.-Col. Harry Babcock Br.,
Napanee, Ont. Napanee, Ont.
Battlefield L.A. in Stoney Creek, in Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue.
Ont., presented $2,000 to the The branch presented Raymond
Ontario Command homeless Lee with the Certificate of
veterans program. Merit in recognition of his
Goderich L.A. presented work on branch events,
$30,000 to the branch. community projects and
Port Elgin Branch presented sports programs.
55-year service awards to Greenfield Park L.A. donated
Tom Steele and Norm Kaufman. $9,500 to the branch.
HUGH GREENE CECIL TRAVIS
Advertisement Ponoka Br., Wildwood Br.,
Alta. Alta.

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 SNAPSHOTS Honours and awards

MERITORIOUS SERVICE MEDALS PALM LEAF

AND MERITORIOUS SERVICE AWARDS

DAVE ADAMSON ISABEL HAINES ELIZABETH DIXON BILL CRIDLAND

Highland Creek Br., Mount Pleasant Br., Westbank Br., Peterborough Br.,
Scarborough, Ont. Vancouver B.C. Ont.

LIFE MEMBERSHIP

UNIT REUNIONS
BC/YUKON SASKATCHEWAN
NORTH SHORE (NB) REGT.June 2-4,
PETER BATCHELOR SHIRLEY PEAKE Bathurst, N.B. Graham Wiseman, 1820
Dawson Creek Br. Leask Br.
King Ave., Bathurst, NB E2A 4Z7;
Capt. Luc Bouchard, 506-549-6014.
RITA MINER ARLO STRANDEN RCCS (ATLANTIC)Sept. 22-24, Sydney,
Dawson Creek Br. Outlook Br. N.S. Frances Arbuckle, 28 Arbuckle Ln., Port
RALPH OWENS Caledonia, Cape Breton Island, NS B1A 6W8,
Salmon Arm Br. ONTARIO 902-737-2806, arbucklef@hotmail.com.
THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RANGERS
ELIZABETH DICKSON TERESA DUNN
Westbank Br.
Sept. 29-Oct. 1, Kamloops. B.C. Bill Mitchell,
Acton L.A. 288 Parkercove, Vernon, BC V1H 2A1,
PHIL HARTMAN youngforever@shaw.ca.
Westbank Br. TERESA UITERWYK
Acton L.A. ROYAL REGINA RIFLESJune 2-4, Regina.
MAGGIE LAUINGER Stacey Bouck, RRR Assoc., The Armoury,
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86 MAY/JUNE 2017 > legionmagazine.com

Pg85-87_H&A.indd 86 2017-03-31 1:47 PM


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2017-04-04 2:07 PM
 CANADA AND THE COLD WAR By J.L. Granatstein
Struggling
to stay shipshape
How politics and policies
hurt and helped the navy
P
rocurement of new equip-
ment has always been difficult
for the Canadian Armed Forces. In
peacetime, even in the darkest of
Cold War times, expensive items such as
ships, aircraft and tanks were seen by gov-
ernment ministers, corporations and trade
unions as profit centres and job creators
as much as weapons systems to be used by
men and women in uniform. At the same
time, government policies and attitudes
toward the military could hurt or help
with the acquisition of new equipment.
88 MAY/JUNE 2017 > legionmagazine.com Corporal Dany Veillette/Canadian Forces Imagery Gallery/HS2008-K047-003
Pg88-89_Cold War.indd 88
Consider the navy, the smallest of the envi-
ronments. A first-rate anti-submarine force
during the 1950s and into the 1960s, the navy
was hammered by Paul Hellyers unification
of the Canadian Forcesthe locust years,
naval historian Marc Milner called them. In
1968, the new government of Pierre Trudeau
had a clear disdain for the military, and all
three services suffered. The navy saw plans
for its General Purpose Frigates cancelled,
its aircraft carrier HMCS Bonaventure
scrapped (after an expensive refit), the retire-
ment of the last of the Second World War-era
destroyers, and it was told to operate with
only 24 ships, a number that the prime
minister actually questioned as too high.
At the same time, the navy had to manage
demands for French Language Units (FLU),
2017-03-30 3:33 PM
 a real problem as there were at most 1,000
francophones among its 20,000 person-
nel. HMCS Ottawa eventually went to sea
as a FLU, but some 40 per cent of its crew
were bilingual or unilingual anglophones.
That was hard, but for the navy the green
uniforms imposed by unification were a
particular trial that made sailors subject to
jeers in foreign ports. At least the navy man-
aged to resist its lieutenants being called
captains, the army/air equivalent; instead
they were designated as Lieutenant (N).
Two bright spots of the early Trudeau
years were that four DDH280shelicop-
ter-carrying destroyerswere nearing
completion while two AORsauxiliary oiler
replenishment shipscame into service.
But nothing else offered hope. Budgets
were tight. Sailors pay was increased in the
mid-1970s, but that further cut the avail-
able funds for operations and maintenance
while the purchase of new equipment
became even more constrained. The navy,
one admiral complained bitterly and pub-
licly, was the best paid and best fed in the
world, but its ships could scarcely put to sea.
Nonetheless, the navy continued planning
for new ships. The admirals knew that the
St. Laurent-class destroyers of the 1950s
were aging into obsolescence, and the Soviet
navy was pushing its submarines and sur-
face vessels farther into the Atlantic every
year. The Canadian ships could not defend
themselves against the modern Russian mis-
siles, and the anti-submarine weapons on the
Canadian ships verged on the ineffective.
The Trudeau government, trying to per-
suade Europe to strike trade deals with
Canada, finally realized that it needed to
do more to convince its NATO allies that
Canada cared about defence. In 1977, the
government declared that it wanted a
fleet of 24 ships, four more than the navy
then had, and it proposed to replace the
remaining St. Laurent-class ships.
But this was and is Canada. In 1977, the
Liberals put up the funds for a definition
stage for the construction of six frigates. The
request for proposals went out the next year,
and the selection of two finalists for contract
definition came in 1980. The design proposals
arrived in 1982, and the government selected
the winner in July 1983. The first keel was laid
in 1986. Happily for the navy, the Progressive
Conservative government of Brian Mulroney
Pg88-89_Cold War.indd 89
increased the order from 6 to 12 ships, and
the Halifax-class Canadian Patrol Frigates
entered service between 1991 and 1996.
The process took almost two decades.
To be effective at sea, these frigates needed
helicopters. The navy had been using Sea
King helicopters on its ships since the 1960s,
initially under navy command and control,
but under the air force after the creation of
Air Command in the mid-1970s. That appar-
ently led to some difficulties when captains
ordered their helicopter into the air and the
pilot, worried about weather conditions, exer-
Crew on HMCS
cised his right to refuse. That was serious, but
Ville de Qubec
much more so was that, although planning
conduct an
for new helicopters to replace the obsolescent
exercise with a
Sea Kings had been underway since 1975, CH-124 Sea King
politics scuppered this acquisition. A replace- helicopter on the
ment helicopter, the AgustaWestland EH101, Indian Ocean in
had been selected by the Mulroney govern- 2008. The CH-124
ment, but it was denounced as a Cadillac has been used
by Jean Chrtien, who took power in 1993. by the Canadian
Chrtiens Liberals cancelled the contract military since 1963.
on their first day in power. The Sea Kings
flew on for almost a quarter century more.
In other words, procurement was always
politics writ large. Corporate profits and
construction offsets mattered more than
defence. Since the early 1960s, prime min-
isters had come to realize that Canadas fate
was going to be determined
by the Americans nuclear
strategy, not by the nations
own military efforts. The A REPLACEMENT
Canadian Forces became HELICOPTERWAS
diplomatic baggage that
had to be carried around DENOUNCED AS
but kept as light as pos- A CADILLAC BY
sible: minimal equipment, JEAN CHRTIEN.
minimum spending and as
few personnel as possible.
The Trudeau government
belatedly came to realize that NATO and the
opinions of Canadas allies mattered, and in
the late 1970s, it began to rebuild the navy and
the two other services. But its efforts to renew
the Canadian Forces were costly and slow,
very slow. The navy eventually did receive its
dozen new frigates, but under the Stephen
Harper and Justin Trudeau governments,
time has again taken a toll. New surface-com-
batant ships are soon to be on the drawing
boards, but as costs escalate and implemen-
tation time frames stretch decades ahead,
history seems destined to repeat itself. L
legionmagazine.com > MAY/JUNE 2017 89
2017-03-30 3:33 PM
 HUMOUR HUNT By Terry Fallis
Discovering
Bartholomew
Bandy
H
ave you ever picked up a
book that claims on its
cover that youll laugh
uproariously on every
page and upon reading it, discover its about
as funny as a root canal? Over the years, this
has happened to me quite frequently. Even
accommodating my high laughter threshold
inherited from my father, Ive suffered
through many a novel that purports to hit
side-splitting on the hilarity index, but then
fails to nudge the needle past mildly droll.
Now dont get me wrong. Its very difficult
to take a blank page and line up words in
the right order so that upon reading them,
90 MAY/JUNE 2017 > legionmagazine.com
Pg90-91_HumourHunt.indd 90
laughter ensues. No visual assists. No audio
support. Nothing but words on a page.
Making someone laugh while they read
sometimes seems like literary alchemy. But
the form is quite well represented in Canada.
For instance, there is a wonderful
Canadian writer, though sadly now
somewhat forgotten, who gave his readers
the gift of laughter in a hilarious series of
novels collectively known as The Bandy
Papers. Donald Jack will have you chortling
and chuckling on every page, and at least
once a chapter, writhing in paralytic
paroxysms of mirth. Deservedly, he won
the Stephen Leacock Medal for Humour,
not once, not twice, but three times.
Some of you may know the name,
Donald Jack, but I suspect most will not.
A veteran of the Royal Air Force in the
Second World War, Donald Lamont Jack
Illustration by Malcolm Jones
2017-03-30 3:58 PM
 TERRY FALLIS is the author of five novels and twice the winner of the Stephen Leacock Medal for Humour.
emigrated to Canada in 1951 to ply his
trade as a writer and playwright. Starting
with Three Cheers for Me in 1962 and
closing with Stalin Versus Me published
posthumously in 2005, Jack gave us nine
very funny novels featuring a horse-
faced farm boy from Eastern Ontario,
the inimitable Bartholomew Bandy.
Bart Bandy is not your traditional
do-no-wrong literary hero
all square-jawed handsome,
physically intimidating and
intellectually gifted. In fact, hes
0-3 on that score. Nor is he a
particularly reliable narrator.
Some might even suggest with
more than a little justification
that he is often an utterly
oblivious narrator, a rare bird in
the CanLit canon. And thats the
source of much of the humour.
Unintentionally, Bandy
seems to infuriate most around
him, sometimes for no more
malevolent a reason than his own visage.
Heres how Bandy himself puts it in the
opening pages of Three Cheers for Me:
There was, for instance, my long face,
which I knew to be smooth, bland, and
maddening. Even at the age of 14 its lack
of expression had led me into many fights
with other Beamington boys. I think the
situation was that, just as they felt the urge
to chalk slogans and fallacies on walls,
so most of them felt impelled to express
themselves on the blank wall of my face.
And were off on a wild and madcap
adventure on and above the battlefields
of the First World War. Jack skilfully
balances Bandys zany antics with the
sober reality of that terrible war. That is
a high-wire act that few writers would
attempt, let alone pull off. He knew a good
thing when he wrote it, so we have the joy
of following Bandy through the Second
World War all the way to the postwar Stalin
Pg90-91_HumourHunt.indd 91
era. Through it all, Bandy leaves mayhem
and chaos in his wake, usually without
understanding that he has caused it all. He
then miraculously navigates the very choppy
waters he churned up himself and somehow
emerges the hero none the worse for wear.
The humour is, well, funny, sustained,
and very Canadian. And while Bandy
often takes amusing shots at the military
DONALD JACK WILL HAVE YOU
CHORTLING AND CHUCKLING
ON EVERY PAGE, AND AT
LEAST ONCE A CHAPTER,
WRITHING IN PARALYTIC
PAROXYSMS OF MIRTH.
brass and the politicians who sometimes
give the orders, Jack clearly respects the
soldiers who fought and died for Canada.
You can see it on nearly every page.
In a memorable scene from Thats Me in
the Middle, the second novel in the series,
Bandy is arguing with his commandant
in the officers mess. This is how Bandy
describes his seething superior officer:
The commandant continued to stand like
a pillar of salt for what seemed like several
minutes, glaring into his glass. We were
all familiar with this posture. He was busy
summoning up some lightning repartee.
Thats Bandy all over. L
> Check out Humour Hunt online!
Go to legionmagazine.com/en/category/
blog/humour-hunt/
legionmagazine.com > MAY/JUNE 2017 91
2017-03-30 3:58 PM
 HEROES AND VILLAINS By Mark Zuehlke
Montgom
Romm
O
n Aug. 15, 1942, when
Lieutenant-General Bernard
Montgomery took com-
mand of the British Eighth Army in North
Africa, the British forces held a precari-
ous defensive line based on El Alamein,
Egypt, a way station 100 kilometres west
of Alexandria. If that city fell to Field
Marshal Erwin Rommels Afrika Korps, the
Germans would wrest control of Egypt and
potentially the Suez Canal from Britain.
At 54, Montgomery had been a soldier
since 1908. He was wounded and decorated
for valour in the First World War, led a divi-
sion through the fall of France in 1940, and
spent the next two
years in a key training
role that he claimed
provided the basis of
MONTGOMERY WAS A knowledge leading
STERN TASKMASTER to all his future suc-
AND SELF-CONFIDENT cess. A widower and
ascetic who neither
TO THE POINT smoked nor drank,
OF EGOTISM. Montgomery was a
stern taskmaster and
self-confident to the
point of egotism.
Sizing up the situation at El Alamein,
Montgomery realized this was to be a test
of his personal philosophy that called
for decision in action and calmness in
the crisis. From intelligence intercepts,
Montgomery knew that Rommel hoped to
92 MAY/JUNE 2017 > legionmagazine.com
Pg92-93_HeroesAndVillains.indd 92
draw the British into the kind of mobile
battle of armour against armour that the
Afrika Korps excelled at. Montgomery
ordered his commanders to fight defensively
and not be drawn. He also carefully built
up a material superiority that saw 1,200
British tanks arrayed against Rommels
530. By early autumn, Rommel realized
it was the Germans who must go on the
defensive. He created an elaborate line
8 kilometres deep that was protected
by 400,000 mines and expertly cov-
ered by well-sited anti-tank guns.
On Oct. 23, with Rommel recuperat-
ing from illness in Germany, Montgomery
unleashed a massive nighttime artillery
barrage that saw thousands of guns simul-
taneously shelling the defenders. British
infantrymen and engineers advanced
into the minefields and cleared two cor-
ridors through which tanks could pass.
For two days, the battle raged inconclu-
sively. Montgomery shifted the main effort
to where the Australians had hacked a
salient into the German lines. On Nov. 2, a
renewed offensive here gained momentum
and after two more days of fighting, the
German defensive line was cracked open.
Two weeks of gruelling attritional battle
resulted in 50,000 German casualties
(30,000 being prisoners) for 13,560 British.
Up to Alamein we survived, wrote
Prime Minister Winston Churchill.
After Alamein we conquered. L
2017-03-30 4:27 PM
omery
mmel
I
f I were Montgomery, we wouldnt
still be here, Field Marshal Erwin
Rommel said as the Afrika Korps
continued pressing against El Alamein
in the late summer of 1942. He believed
Montgomery would have withdrawn. Rommel
was not given to retreats, yet he had little
confidence of defeating the Eighth Army.
When one comes to consider that sup-
plies and matriel are the decisive factor
in modern warfare, it was already clear
that a catastrophe was looming on the
distant horizon for my army, he wrote.
Throughout his long military career,
Rommel had proven a shrewd, sometimes
brilliant, tactician and strategist. Like his
nemesis Montgomery, he had been wounded
and decorated in the First World War. In
the interwar years, his unorthodox tacti-
cal theories attracted Hitlers attention.
Granted a Panzer command after the Poland
invasion, he led a brilliant charge across
France in May 1940. In early 1941, Rommel
took the Afrika Korps to Libya to shore
up the Italians. He swept the British back
to Egypt in a stunning offensive marked
by rapid decisions and sustained mobility
that won acclaim from ally and foe alike.
On June 22, 1942, Hitler made him, at 49,
Germanys youngest field marshal. By then,
the Desert Fox dominated North Africa.
That changed abruptly only days later
when, on July 1, the Afrika Korps struck
the British defences at El Alamein. RAF
Legion Magazine archives/LM_000906; Alamy/G39JBC
Pg92-93_HeroesAndVillains.indd 93
In the fall of 1942,
Bernard Montgomery
and Erwin Rommel
squared off in a battle
that proved a turning
point in the war
air superiority, sandstorms and supply line In my profession,
shortages stymied Rommels advances, you have to mystify
and a stalemate ensued. Pushed back the enemy.
on the defensive, Rommel expected the Montgomery (OPPOSITE)
stalemate to persist long enough for a
return to Germany to recover his health. I would rather be the
On Oct. 23, while Rommel was gone, hammer than the anvil.
Montgomery struck first. Racing back to Rommel (ABOVE)
reassume command on Oct. 25, Rommel
found that during the two previous days
Montgomery had so battered the German
forces that the situation was irretrievable.
On Nov. 2, he sought permission to with-
draw. The following day, Hitler ordered him to
stand fast. As to your troops, he wrote, you
can show them no other road
than that to victory or death.
Nevertheless, Rommel dis-
engaged and a bitter retreat
ensued that returned rem- HITLER MADE
nants of the Afrika Korps to ROMMEL, AT
Tunisia. Dogging along behind, 49, GERMANYS
Montgomery and his Eighth
Army Desert Rats pushed
YOUNGEST FIELD
Rommel back, like a team MARSHAL.
of plodding but determined
fox hunters. No opportunity
was permitted for Rommel to
throw Montgomery off balance and regain
a fluid situation. With the failure at El > To voice your
Alamein, Rommel accepted that Germanys opinion, go to
one and only chance to overrun the British legionmagazine.
Eighth Army and occupy the east Egyptian com/HeroesAnd
desert at a stroke was irretrievably lost. L Villains.
legionmagazine.com > MAY/JUNE 2017 93
2017-03-30 4:28 PM
 ARTIFACTS By Sharon Adams

GNATs
versus CATs
When Germany introduced acoustic-homing
torpedoes, Canada responded with noisemakers
that lured them off-target
A torpedo detonator (known as a
pistol) taken from German submarine
U-889, which surrendered off
Nova Scotia on May 13, 1945.

A Foxer decoy rests

on depth-charge
F or a couple of years into the
Second World War, it looked like
German U-boats might prevail in
the Battle of the Atlantic by starv-
ing Britain of food, troops and supplies,
and smoothing the way for an invasion
of England. But by 1943, the Allies had
But in September 1943, German
Admiral Karl Dnitz dispatched
29 U-boats for a battle that
he mistakenly believed would
re-establish the wolf packs
dominance of the Atlantic.
The subs were equipped
1
racks on HMS Hind,
learned how to fight a submarine war. with a new weapon: the 1
ready to deploy
More ships, better air cover, new tactics, acoustic torpedo. The
against German
improvements to sonar and radar equip- German Naval Acoustic 9
acoustic torpedoes
in the Battle of ment, and better weaponry and defensive Torpedo (GNAT)
6
the Atlantic. devices had begun to turn the tide midway homed in on the noise
through the five-and-a-half-year battle. of ships propellers.

Admiral Karl Dnitz believed acoustic torpedoes

94 MAY/JUNE 2017 > legionmagazine.com would return the wolf packs killing power.

Pg94-95_Artifacts.indd 94 2017-03-30 4:07 PM

 The only thing that ever really frightened me during
the war was the U-boat peril.
British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, 1949
Escorts had always been under
the threat of attack, historian
Marc Milner wrote in The U-Boat
Hunters, but never had the
Germans scored so effectively.
Two westbound convoys suf-
fered a series of attacks on Sept.
19-23, during which six merchant
ships and three escorts were lost.
The Royal Canadian Navy reacted
quickly. On Sept. 21, experimental
work began on a pipe noisemaker
that would attract GNATs and
cause them to explode harmlessly
away from the ship. Sea trials fol-
lowed the next day. Just
days later, 400 sets of
Canadian Anti-acoustic
Torpedo (CAT) gear
were being distributed.
The British adapted
minesweeping gear
into an acoustic decoy
codenamed the Foxer, but
it was complicated, cum-
bersome to stream or to pick up,
expensive, slow to be provided and
regarded unhappily at sea, wrote
RCN engineer Lieut. A.G.W. Lamont
in Guns Above, Steam Below.
I got the job of designing the
CAT gear Mark 3, which worked,
navy mechanical engineer Lieut.
John Dyke said in an inter-
view for The Memory Project.
Some of the original devices
were so big, theytook four or
ALLIED SHIPS HIT BY U-BOATS
1500 1,322
1200
900
563 501 582
600
165
300
0
1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945
Year
Source: www.uboat.net
Pg94-95_Artifacts.indd 95
five guys to throw overboard.
Dykes device was less than
70 centimetres long, weighed
36 kilograms, required just one
man to deploy, and could be
turned on and off as needed.
Wed throw the CAT gear out
[to trail 180 metres behind the
ship]; it would turn on, make a
buzzing noise and attract their
torpedo. Then their torpedo
eventually exhausted its fuel, blew
itself up and sank to the bottom.
HMCS Grou telegraphist Martin
McGregor witnessed a CAT save
HMCS Waskesiu when
a Russian Arctic convoy
was attacked by a wolf
pack on April 30, 1944.
I saw from my
voice pipe-to-
hedgehog action
station on the bridge
the trail of a torpedo
cross our bow and strike
the Waskesius CAT gear. There Signalman Ken Worsencroft (top) on duty
was quite an explosion but no aboard HMCS Waskesiu, which CAT gear
damage done, said McGregor. saved from a U-boat torpedo in April 1944.
Towed behind a ship, the
metal bars of the CAT vibrated The company of HMCS St. Croix (above),
back and forth and clashed which was sunk by GNATs on Sept. 20, 1943.
making a dreadful racket, wrote
Lamont. Periodically, the order
would pass Stream the CAT! It A badge from HMCS Grou shows
was not a happy order to hear, a wolf biting a submarine in half.
but the device itself was a great
comfort, for it worked. L
LAC/PA-178908; PA-197396; PA-169228; IWM/A-24712; Alamy/BREE5C; Naval Museum of Manitoba
HMCS Waskesiu, the first frigate
commissioned into the Royal Canadian
Navy, served as a convoy escort.
243 98
legionmagazine.com > MAY/JUNE 2017 95
2017-04-06 11:38 AM
 O CANADA By Don Gillmor
*
John McCrae
(back row, at left)
served in the Boer
War as a lieutenant
with the Canadian
Field Artillery.
John
McCraes
baptism
of fire
T
he Boer War started the year
John McCrae graduated from the
University of Torontos medical
school. He had served as an officer in the
military reserves and had a romantic
view of war, partly gleaned from Rudyard
Kiplings vivid accounts of war as British
adventure. He had pasted Kiplings poem
The White Mans Burden into a scrapbook.
After graduating, McCrae was determined
to go to South Africa. Ever since this busi-
ness began, he wrote his mother, I am
certain there has been not 15 minutes of
my waking hours that it has not been in
my mind. I shall not pray for peace in our
time. One campaign might cure mebut
nothing else ever will, unless it be old age.
McCrae joined the Canadian volunteers
asa lieutenant, and was assigned to
leadDBattery. During his first week in
CapeTown, he met Rudyard Kipling.
Met the high priest of it all, McCrae
wrote. He is little, fat like his pictures,
& very affable. He says Up country is just
Hell. He told me I spoke like a Winnipegger.
In mid-July, McCrae got his first taste of
96 MAY/JUNE 2017 > legionmagazine.com
Pg96_150th-McCrae2.indd 96
Find many more stories in
our OCanada publication now
available to purchase at
www.legionmagazine.com/shop
battle. 21 July 1900, Our baptism of fire,
he wrote in his diary. They opened on us
from the left flank. One shrapnel burst over
us & scattered on all sides of us. I felt as if
a hailstorm was coming down & wanted to
turn my back, but it was over in an instant.
McCraes romantic ideas of war were
stripped away by the realities in South Africa.
More men died of disease than in combat.
The field hospitals were a disaster.
For absolute neglect and rotten adminis-
tration, it is a model, McCrae wrote. I am
ashamed of some members of my profes-
sion. The soldiers game is not what its
cracked up to be.
Britain was mired in South Africa, sur-
prised by a stubborn enemy and its guerrilla
tactics. McCrae was disillusioned by the
battle there, and returned home before the
British began burning Boer farms and put-
ting civilians in concentration camps, where
25,000 died of disease or famine.
McCrae returned to his hometown of
Guelph, Ont., to cheering crowds and a proud
speech from the mayor, but his enthusiasm
for war had withered. However, it wouldnt
bethe last war for McCrae.
And 15 years later, he would go on to
write a poem of his own, a more sombre
reflection on war: In Flanders Fields. L
Guelph Museums/M1968X.353.1.1
2017-03-30 4:09 PM
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