Compostaje de Lodos

CURSO INTERNACIONAL 2017 - UNALM/Lima
April 2017
Composting of Sludge
Composting of Sewage
Sludge University of Natural Resources
and Life Sciences, Vienna
Department of Water, Atmosphere
and Environment
Institute of Waste Management
Marion Huber-Humer
Gudrun Obersteiner
Peter Beigl
Erwin Binner
Iris Gruber
Anna Happenhofer
Marlies Hrad
Peter Lechner
Sabine Lenz
Johannes Mayerhofer
Peter Mostbauer
Florian Part
Alexandra Pukhnyuk
Roland Ramusch
Stefan Salhofer
Silvia Scherhaufer
Elisabeth Schmied
Sandra Schwdt
Nicole Unger
Nina Degischer
Thomas Ebner
Reinhold Ottner
Zorica Stamenkovic
Rebecca Firnschlif
Christian Hochhauer
Erwin Binner MSc. Aleksander Jandric

Daniel Lesny
Simon Neubauer
BOKU-
BOKU-University / Vienna
Erwin Binner
Institute
of Waste Management
1 La Molina 2017
Outlook
Possibilities for Disposal of Sewage

Sludge
Recycling of Sludge
- Quality Aspects
- Requirements
- Adequate Techniques
- Problems
Erwin Binner
2 La Molina 2017
ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner page 1

April 2017
Possibilities for
Disposal of Sewage
Sludge
Erwin Binner
3 La Molina 2017
Composting of Sewage Sludge

Sludge Disposal Options
direct application in agriculture

odour, pollution of ground water, hygienic problems
digestion (biogas)
residues?
landfilling
not allowed in Austria since 2004
incineration
high water content, need in additional energy
composting
recycling of nutrients and organic matter,
humification, sanitisation
Erwin Binner
4 La Molina 2017

April 2017
Recycling
of Sludge
Erwin Binner
5 La Molina 2017

Organic Wastes in Low Income Countries
The human nutrient cycle
http://weblife.org/humanure/chapter2_1.html
Erwin Binner
6 La Molina 2017

April 2017

Organic Wastes in Low Income Countries
Import/ Livestock
Export
Food crops
Food and fodder
plants
Consumption/
Processing
Production
Controlled Organic solid !? Soil

and un- waste, sludge nutrients Fertilizer
controlled & wastewater
disposal
Emissions Composting
Drechsel et al., 1999; modified
Erwin Binner
7 La Molina 2017

Organic Matter in European Soils
benefits of compost:
addition of stable organic substance !!
75 % of soil in southern Europe is poor

(TOC < 2%)
45 % of soil in whole Europe is poor
farmyard manure and compost is seen as a promising

possibility to increase TOC
Erwin L.
Binner
8 source: Montanarella, 2002 La Molina 2017

April 2017

Soil Improver
soil improver
substances added to soil, with the main target

to enhance physical and/or chemical properties
as well as biological conditions
(microbial activity)
Erwin Binner
9 La Molina 2017

Soil Improver
benefits of compost:
addition of stable organic substance
source of steadily released nutrients
growth-promoting and yield increasing effects
on plants under suboptimal conditions
aggregate stability and structure of soil
phytosanitary effects
increase of filter and puffer-capacity
..and many others
Erwin Binner
10 La Molina 2017

April 2017

Soil Improver
sludges with high content of organic matter:

sewage sludge from municipal waste water
treatment
sludges from food industry
sludges with low content of organic matter:

sludge from mining processes
sludges from industry
Erwin Binner
11 La Molina 2017

Soil Improver
recovery of nutrient (numbers for Austria):

municipal sewage sludge approx. 235,000 t DM/a
high nitrogen (average N = 25 kg/t DM)
high phosphor (average P = 31 kg/t DM)
Sulphur (average S = 3 kg/t DM)
calcium (average Ca = 11 kg/t DM; 71 when Ca-stabilised)
Potassium (average K = 3 kg/t DM)
Magnesium (average Mg = 10 kg/t DM)
other macro and micronutrients
Erwin Binner source: Brandt S. (2011): Nutzung von
12 Klrschlamm als Rohstoffquelle
La Molina 2017

April 2017
Quality Aspects
Erwin Binner
13 La Molina 2017

Contaminants / Physical Contaminants
Contaminants Physical Contam.

substances, which substances, which
can damage soil, plant, reduce quality of
animal and humans compost but do not have
as a function of kind and detrimental effects on
concentration in compost soil, plant, animal and
humans.
heavy metals
(Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, ...) glass, plastics, stones
organic contaminants
(PCB, pesticides, lindane,
hormones, medicines)
Erwin Binner
14 La Molina 2017

April 2017

Contaminants
Heavy Metals Organic Contam.

limit values in no limit values for composts,
compost ordinance because not relevant in
[referred on DM] separate collected bio waste.
But relevant in sludge?
no decrease during
composting process decrease during composting
process (partly degradation
and volatilisation)
remaining part?
impact on water is metabolic products?
already recognised! impact on soil, microbes and
plants?
Erwin Binner
15 La Molina 2017

Contaminants / Physical Contaminants
activities to decrease contaminants

measures in preliminary stage
source separate collection
supervised collection of yard waste
intensive collection of problematic wastes
waste water drainage system (industry, mining activity)
waste water treatment already in industry
changes in production (less contaminants)
motivation of people (no hazardous substances into
sewer system)
Erwin Binner
16 La Molina 2017

April 2017

Compost Ordinance (BGBl. II Nr.292/2001)
table 2b: limit values for sewage sludge as input for
sewage sludge compost
parameter limit value Peru 1)
zink (Zn) 2,000 mg/kg DM 2,400

copper (Cu) 500 mg/kg DM 1,500
chromium (Cr) 300 mg/kg DM 1,200
nickel (Ni) 100 mg/kg DM 400
lead (Pb) 200 mg/kg DM 400
cadmium (Cd) 3 mg/kg DM 40
mercury (Hg) 5 mg/kg DM 17
1)
arsenic 40
Propuesta de Reglamento para el Reaprovechamiento de los Biosolidos
Generados en Plantas de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales (Resolucin
Ministerial
Erwin024-2017,
Binner 25.01.2017) (www.vivienda.gob.pe)
17 La Molina 2017

table 2c: limit values for sewage sludge as input for
high quality sewage sludge compost
parameter limit value
zink (Zn) 1,200 mg/kg DM
copper (Cu) 300 mg/kg DM
chromium (Cr) 70 mg/kg DM
nickel (Ni) 60 mg/kg DM
lead (Pb) 100 mg/kg DM
cadmium (Cd) 2 mg/kg DM
mercury (Hg) 2 mg/kg DM
Erwin Binner
18 La Molina 2017

April 2017

limit values for composts
A+ A B
Cd 0.7 1 3
no
Cr 70 70 250
t
fo
Cu 70 150 500
ra
gr
Hg 0.4 0.7 3
ic
ul
Ni 25 60 100
tu
re
Pb 45 120 200
Zn 200 500 1,800
sewage sludge compost not allowed for organic farming

Erwin Binner !!
19 La Molina 2017

Humic Acid Content - 211 Composts
Content of Humic Acids
50
45
Austrian Composts
40
Humic Acids (% oDM)
International Composts
35
30
25
20
15
10
0
211
Compost Samples
Erwin Binner
20 La Molina 2017

April 2017

Humic Acid Content Sewage Sludge Comp.
Content of Humic Acids

50
sediment of a constructed
wetland .
sewage sludge compost
40
Humic Acids (% oDM)
30
20
10
0
115
Compost Samples
Erwin Binner
21 La Molina 2017

Humic Acid Content Influence of Feedstock
50
biowaste + yardwaste,
reactor, 2005
40
well balanced from scarcely to
easily degradable organic
compounds
HA (% oDM)
30
biowaste + yardwaste,
windrow, 2006
20 biowaste + yardwaste,
windrow, 2000
yardwaste, windrow
10
sewage sludge, windrow
0
0 28 56 84 112 140 168 196 224 252 280
Duration of the composting process (days)
Erwin Binner
22 La Molina 2017

April 2017

Humic Acid Content
humification is a developing process

(humic compounds are built)
it depends on the biological activity of

micro-organisms
developed from reactive metabolic products
which are produced during degradation
(polysaccharides, proteins, lignin a.m.)
Erwin Binner
23 La Molina 2017
Requirements for
Processing
Erwin Binner
24 La Molina 2017

April 2017

Requirements for Processing
composting is an aerobic process
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 = Glucose
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 2.880 kJ/Mol
good structure of material
oxygen supply by
convection
supply with
self heating fresh air
Erwin Binner
25 La Molina 2017

requirements for aerobic degradation:

characteristics of sludge
> 70% moisture WC ~ 50 - 65 % WM

(uptake of nutrients and oxygen only when dissolved)
< 20%
nutrients (C, N, P, )
(pretreatment, homogenisation)
C/N ~ 20 - 35
< 35% oxygen supply
(structure, porosity)
FAS ~ 50 Vol%
< 50% temperature all temperature-ranges
(self heating) 30 C up to (>) 65 C
Erwin Binner
26 La Molina 2017

April 2017

requirements for aerobic degradation:

characteristics of sludge
> 70% moisture WC ~ 50 - 65 % WM

(uptake of nutrients and oxygen only when dissolved)
sour
< 20%
nutrientsce(C,oN, P, )
f car C/N ~ 20 - 35
bon
(pretreatment, homogenisation)
< 35% s tructsupply
oxygen ure m FAS ~ 50 Vol%
(structure, porosity) ateri
< 50% temperature
a
allltemperature-ranges
wood
(self heating)trimmings 30 C up trees
from to (>)and
65bushes
C
Erwin Binner
27 La Molina 2017

collected yard wastes

Erwin Binner
28 photo: Erwin Binner Vienna, 1998La Molina 2017

April 2017
Adequate
Technique
Erwin Binner
29 La Molina 2017

Open Windrow Composting
Erwin Binner
30 Upper Austria (Plant Huemer), La Molina 2017
photo: Erwin Binner

April 2017

Open Windrow (Ingemedios/Peru)
Erwin Binner
31photo: Erwin Binner, 2006
La Molina 2017
photo: Erwin Binner, 2006

Open Windrow Composting
plant waste type capacity

Klosterneuburg/LA bio + yard 500 t/a
since 1993 1) bio + yard 5,000 t/a
Schwadorf/LA yard wastes 1,000 t/a
enlarged 1996 bio + yard 10,000 t/a
RHV Leoben/Styria sludge + yard 5,000 t/a
Grafenstein/Car. sludge + yard 32,000 t/a
Linz-city gardening yard wastes 2,000 t/a
Vienna-Lobau yard (+low bio) 100,000 t/a
1) Fa. Biotop, since 1993 managed by municipality
Erwin Binner
32 La Molina 2017

April 2017
In Vessel System - Continuous Type

Silo Reactor KNEER System / Delaware
Erwin Binner
33 photo: Erwin Binner, 1990
La Molina 2017
In Vessel System - Continuous Type

Silo Reactor KNEER System / Delaware
Erwin Binner
34 photo: Erwin Binner, 1990
La Molina 2017

April 2017

In Vessel Composting
plant waste type capacity

Austria:
AWV Stubaital/T sludge 20.000 PE .
foreign countries:
Lancaster/Pennsylvania sludge 11.500 t DM/a
Lancaster/Pennsylvania biowaste 40.000 t WM/a
Clayton County/Georgia sludge 400 t DM/a
Portland/Oregon sludge 11.000 t DM/a
AWV Bickenbach/GER sludge 35.000 PE .
Stadtverw. Erbach/GER sludge 25.000 PE .
PE = population equivalent
Erwin Binner
35 La Molina 2017
Odours
Erwin Binner
36 La Molina 2017

April 2017

Problems Odour Emissions
characteristics of the process:

consumption of O2 and release of CO2
self-heating
development and release of metabolic products
fatty acids (carbon acids) odour emissions
ammonia (NH4) / ammoniac (NH3)
increase of humic substances
Erwin Binner
37 La Molina 2017

odour emissions today are the main

problem for composting sites
possible sources of odour:

troubles by residents
delivery
surface of not moved
it is very important to
windrows
avoid odour emissions
waste air from forced aerated
systems
turning
Erwin Binner
38 La Molina 2017

April 2017

reasons of malodour
under anaerobic conditions:
sulphides
fatty acids (e.g. butyric acid)
amines
aldehydes
organic sulphur-compounds
terpens
under aerobic conditions:
ammoniac
Erwin Binner
39 La Molina 2017

Problems Odour Emissions by Ammoniac
Anteil von
portion Ammoniak an
of Ammoniac onder
theSumme (NH44++NH
sum (NH 3) 3)
NH
in dependence
in Abhngigkeit vom pH - Wert
of pH-value
100%
90%
Ammoniac
80%
of Ammoniak
70%
60%
above pH > 7
50%
ammonia is set free
Anteil an
high ammonia
Portion
40%
as ammoniac
30% concentrations
20% exist already under
10% acidic conditions
0%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
pH-pH-Wert
Value
Erwin Binner
40 La Molina 2017

April 2017

Problems Reduction of Odour Emissions
an even oxygen supply

is essential!
enhancement possible by
forced aeration
and sufficient free air space
(structure stability)
Erwin Binner
41 La Molina 2017

Problems Reduction of Odour Emissions
reduction of odour emissions

enhancement of natural aeration by:
addition of structure rich material (yard
wastes)
favourable dimensions of windrows
(not too large)
efficient and careful pretreatment (FAS)
avoidance of water logging
avoidance of layering
Erwin Binner
42 La Molina 2017

April 2017
Sanitisation
Erwin Binner
43 La Molina 2017

Problems Sanitisation
possible pathogens
human and animal pathogens
bacteria, fungi, virus, parasites
plant pathogens
tobacco-mosaic virus and fungi
destructive animals (nematodes)
weeds (are not pathogenic)
during rotting process
all of them are to be killed
Erwin Binner
44 La Molina 2017

April 2017

temperature (C)
how to kill zone of

pathogens? safety
1 hour 1 day
Erwin Binner
45 source: Franke, 1987
La Molina 2017
duration (hours)

how to kill pathogens?
rotting
65 C 60 C 55 C
temperature
open system
2x >3 days 3x >3 days >10 days
total days
open system 1 turning after 2 turning after 3 turning after
turning 3 days 3 days 2,5 days
reactor system >3 days >4 days
n.d.
total days no turning no turning
optimum conditions during sanitisation stage:
moisture content > 40 %
sufficient oxygen supply n.d.= not defiined
Erwin Binner
46 La Molina 2017

April 2017
e.binner@boku.ac.at
http://www.wau.boku.ac.at
Muchas
Gracias por
Su Atencin
Erwin Binner
47 La Molina 2017
e.binner@boku.ac.at
http://www.wau.boku.ac.at
Muchas
Thank
DankeYou
Gracias
for Ihrepor
fr Your
suAttention
Atencin
Aufmerksamkeit
Erwin Binner
48 La Molina 2017

Compostaje de Lodos

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Compostaje de Lodos

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CURSO INTERNACIONAL 2017 - UNALM/Lima

Erwin Binner MSc. Aleksander Jandric

Possibilities for Disposal of Sewage

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner page 1

Composting of Sewage Sludge

direct application in agriculture

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner page 2

Composting of Sewage Sludge

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner page 3

Composting of Sewage Sludge

Controlled Organic solid !? Soil

Composting of Sewage Sludge

75 % of soil in southern Europe is poor

45 % of soil in whole Europe is poor

farmyard manure and compost is seen as a promising

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner page 4

Composting of Sewage Sludge

substances added to soil, with the main target

Composting of Sewage Sludge

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner page 5

Composting of Sewage Sludge

sludges with high content of organic matter:

sludges with low content of organic matter:

Composting of Sewage Sludge

recovery of nutrient (numbers for Austria):

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner page 6

Composting of Sewage Sludge

Contaminants Physical Contam.

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner page 7

Composting of Sewage Sludge

Heavy Metals Organic Contam.

Composting of Sewage Sludge

activities to decrease contaminants

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner page 8

Composting of Sewage Sludge

zink (Zn) 2,000 mg/kg DM 2,400

Composting of Sewage Sludge

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner page 9

Composting of Sewage Sludge

sewage sludge compost not allowed for organic farming

Composting of Sewage Sludge

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner page 10

Composting of Sewage Sludge

Content of Humic Acids

Composting of Sewage Sludge

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner page 11

Composting of Sewage Sludge

humification is a developing process

it depends on the biological activity of

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner page 12

Composting of Sewage Sludge

composting is an aerobic process

good structure of material

Composting of Sewage Sludge

requirements for aerobic degradation:

> 70% moisture WC ~ 50 - 65 % WM

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner page 13

Composting of Sewage Sludge

requirements for aerobic degradation:

> 70% moisture WC ~ 50 - 65 % WM

Composting of Sewage Sludge

collected yard wastes

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner page 14