CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 Multipole
p Expansion
p

localized charge
distribution
1 (x)
( x) = d 3 x
4 0 | x x |

In Ch. 3, we have analyzed the electrostatic fields by the

method of expansion. In this chapter, we will examine the
source by the same method.
 Multipole expansion (contd)
In spherical coordinate system
1 l 1 r<l *
= 4 +
Ylm ( , )Ylm ( , ) (3.70)
x x l =0 m =l 2l + 1 r>
l 1
localized charge
For x outside , r< = r, r> = r. distribution

1 (x) 3
( x) = d x
4 0 | x x |
1 1 * 3 Ylm ( , ) (4.2)
=
[ v Ylm ( , )r (x )d x ] l +1
l

0 lm 2l + 1 r
lti l moments
qlm , multipole t
monopole (l = 0) [+] 1r
dipole (l = 1) [ + ] 12 partial cancellation
r of monopoles
+
quadrupole (l = 2) 13 partial cancellation
+ r of dipoles
Multipole expansion (contd)
I C
In Cartesian
t i coordinate
di t system
t ( A
(see Appendix
di A.)
A)

a 1
( a )
n
Translational operator: e
n =0 n !

f (x + a) = ea f (x)

= n1! ( a ) f (x)
n
n =0
= f (x) + ( a ) f ( x) + 12 ( a )( a ) f (x) + (1)

Scalar counterpart: (x + a x + a )
f ( x + a ) = f ( x) + af ( x) + 12 a 2 f ( x) + (Taylor series)
Multipole expansion in Cartesian coordinate system (contd)
3
a = a1 x + a2 x + a3 x = ai x
1 2 3 i =1 i
2
( a
)( a
) = ai x a j x
i j j
=
ai a j x x
i j
(2)
i ij

( a
) f (x) = ai x f (x) = a
i
f ( x )
i
a A e
( a ) A(x) = ai x A e
j j =
i xi j j
i i
j j i
Example:
)( x x ) = [ ai x ( x j xj )]e j = a j e j = a
( a
j i i j
ij
Useful relations:
n2
n
xx = n xx (x x) (3)
n2
x x = n x x ( xi xi )
n
(4)
xi
 Multipole expansion in Cartesian coordinate system (contd)
1 1
x
=e
x x x
1 1 1 1
use (1) = x + ( x )( x ) +
r r 2 r
2
use (2) (3) (4) 1 x x 1 1
= + 3 + xi x j +
r r 2 ij xi x j r
xj x j
= x 3 = x j x 13 3 x
1
i r i r r i

3 xi x j ij ij = xi x j ij
= 5 3
ij
r r
r 2
1 x x 1 1 2
= + 3 + 5 3 xi x j xi x j 5 r xi xj ij +

r r 2r ij 2r ij
1 x x 1
r r 2r ij
( )
= + 3 + 5 xi x j 3 xi xj r 2 ij + ( )
(5)
 Multipole expansion in Cartesian coordinate system (contd)
1 (x) 3
( x) = d x
4 0 | x x | monopole
moment dipole
use (5), neglect q p moment
hi h order
higher d terms
t
3 3
1 ( x ) d x x x ( x) d x
[ + q
quadruple
p
4 0 r r3 moment
Qij
1 2 3
+ xi x j (3 xi xj r ij ) ( x) d x]
5
What is the 2 r ij
advantage of 1 q px 1
expressing = 4 [ r + 3 + 5 Qij xi x j ]
0 r 2r ij
this way?
Qxx
1 q p x 1
( x) = + + Q xx (4.10)
4 0 r r 3
2r 5

Note: Here, the point of reference coincides with the
origin of the coordinate system (x = 0).
 Multipole expansion (contd)
A general case
Consider a g
general case where the point
p
of reference (let it be x0 ) and the origin of
coordinate system (x = 0) are separate.

use (5)
1 1
=
x x ( x x 0 ) ( x x 0 )
1 ( x x 0 ) ( x x 0 )
= +
x x0 x x0
3

1 ( xi x0i )( x j x0 j )
ij
2
+ 3( x x )( x x ) x x
2 ijj x x0
5 i 0 i j 0 j 0
+
 A general case of multipole expansion (contd)
1 (x)
( x) = d 3 x
4 0 | x x |
q p

( x) 3 x ( x x ) ( x x ) ( x) d 3 x
1
[ 0
d
+ 0
4 0 x x0 x x0
3

Qij
1 ( xi x0i )( x j x0 j )
x ]
2
+ 5 {3( xi
x0i )( x
j x0j ) x x 0 ij } ( x ) d 3
2 ij x x0

1q p (x x0 ) 1 ( xi x0i )( x j x0 j )
( x) = [ + + Qij + ]
4 0 x x0 x x0
3 2 ij x x0
5

due to due to due to

monopole dipole quadrupole
N t p andd Qij above
Note: b are ddefined
fi d with
ith respectt to
t the
th point
i t off reference
f
at x0. We may regard x0 as the position of these multipoles.
A general case of multipole expansion (contd)
dipole
Edipole =
p (x x0 )
= 3
4 0 x x0
3( xx0 ) use ((3))

5
xx0

p (x x0 ) 1 1
= [p ( x x 0 ) ]
4 0 x x0
3
4 0 x x0
3

3n(p n) p
= 3
(4.13)
4 0 x x0
0
x x0 = (p )( x x0 ) + [(x x0 ) ]p
where n
x x0 0 0
+ p [ ( x x0 )] + ( x x0 ) ( p)
= (p )( x x0 ) = p
Multipole expansion (contd)
Relation between spherical and Cartesian mutipole moments

0 0 ( , ) =
Y0,0 1
4
p.109
Y1,1 ( , ) = 3
8
sin ei
*
qlm = Ylm ( , )r l (x)d 3 x (4.3)
*
q00 = Y00 ( , ) (x)d 3 x
3
= 1 = q
4
( x ) d x
4
* 3
q11 = 11
Y ( , ) r ( x ) d x
i 3
= 3
8 r sin e ( x ) d x
r sin (cos i sin ) = x iy
= 3 (p ip y )
8 x
 Multipole expansion (contd)
Exercise: Prove that the lowest non
non-vanishing
vanishing multipole moments are
independent of the point of reference (see Jackson, pp.147-8).
Prooff: The multipole
p moments with respect p to reference points
p
a and b are formed, respectively, of integrals of the form
(a)
Qijk = (x)( x ax )i ( y a y ) j ( z a z )k d 3 x and
(b )
Qijk = (x)( x bx )i ( y by ) j ( z bz ) k d 3 x
= (x)( x ax cx )i ( y a y c y ) j ( z a z cz ) k d 3 x,
where i, j , and k are zero or positive integers,
a = (a x , a y , a z ), b = (bx , by , bz ), and b = a + c
with c given by c = (cx , c y , cz ).
For example, the monopole moment is
given by i + j + k = 0 (or i = j = k = 0),
the dipole moments consist of terms with i + j + k = 1, and the
quadrupole moments consist of terms with i + j + k = 2.
 Exercise (contd)
Assume that the lowest nonvanishing moments with respect
to reference point a have i + j + k = l , i.e.
(a)
Qijk = {
=0 , i+ j+k <l
0 , i+ j+k =l
Then, with respect to reference point b, we have
(b )
Qijk = ( x ) ( x a x c x )i ( y a y c y ) j ( z a z c z ) k d 3 x
i + j + k =l
( x a x )i + ( y a y ) j + ( z az )k +
icx ( x ax )i 1+.. jc ( y a ) j 1+.. kcz ( z az )k 1+..
y y

= i + j + k =l (x)( x ax )i ( y a y ) j ( z az ) k d 3 x
+ C (x)( x ax ) ( y a y ) ( z az ) d 3 x

(a) = 0
=Q
a multiplication
factor formed + + < l
= Qijk (a) off cx, cy, andd cz. QED
Q.E.D.
i + j + k =l
 4.2 Energy of (x) in External Field
(1.53): W = 12 (x) (x)d 3 x = self energy
ppotential due to (x), 2 (x) = (x) 0
(4.21): W = (x) (x)d 3 x = relative energy between (x)
and external charges
potential due to external charges, 2 (x ) = 0 in region of (x )
E
Expand
d the
th external
t fi ld (x).
l field )
(x) = ex (0) E j (0)
2 add 1 r2 ij
1 (0) 6 xi
= (0) + x (0) + xi x j + ij
2 ij xi x j
= 1 r 2E(0)=0
6
1 E j (0)
= (0) x E(0) xi x j +
2 ij xi
E j (0)
1
( 2
= (0) x E(0) 3 xi x j r ij
6 ij
)
xi
+ (4.23)
 Energy of (x) in External Field (contd)
E j (0)
( x) = (0) x E(0)
1
6 ij
( 3x x
i j
2
r ij ) xi
+
Thus,,
Qij = (3 xi x j r 2 ij ) ( x) d 3 x
W = (x) (x)d 3 x
1 E j ((0))
= q (0) p E(0) Qij + (4.24)
6 ij xi
q [ + ] interacts with Note: The multipole
p
moments here are
p [ + ] interacts with E (non-uniform ) not induced by E.

+
Qij + interacts with non-uniform E

Questions:
1. Higher order moments can see finer structure of (x). Why?
2 How does a charged rod attract a piece of paper?
2.
3. How does a microwave oven heat food?
 4.6 Models for Molecular Polarizability
In the presence of an electric field,
field the charges (electrons and ions)
in an atom or molecule will be displaced from their equilibrium
positions. This will produce an induced dipole moment in each atom
or molecule.
Calculation of induced dipole moment:
When a charge e is displaced from its
equilibrium position (x = 0) in a molecule,
it will
ill be
b subject
bj t to
t a restoring
t i force
f F( )
F(x).
Expand F(x) about x = 0,
F ( x) = F (0) + F (0) x + 12 F (0) x 2 +
=0 = m02
nonlinear effects,,
x = 0 is the negligible if x0
equilibrium position.
0 is the oscillation frequency of the charge
if it oscillate as a simple harmonic oscillator.
 Models for Molecular Polarizability (contd)
For small displacements
p (x 0)) and assume F and x are in the
same direction (a property of isotropic medium), we have
F ( x ) m02 x ((4.71))
Under the action of a static E, the charge will be displaced to a
position x so that the restoring force equals the electric force,
m02 x = eE Note: e carries a sign.
This results in an induced dipole moment given by
2
p = ex = e E = E , In calculating p, does it matter
0
m02 where the point of reference is?
2
where = e
2 is the polarizability of a single charge. For all the
0m0
Note: The approximation
charges in the molecule,
molecule we have made in (4.71) resulted in
e2j
p mol = e j x j = 2 E = 0 mol E, the linear relation between
j m
j j j pmoll and E.
e2j
where mol = 1 (molecular polarizability). (4.73)
0 j m j 2j
 Models for Molecular Polarizability (contd)
Electric polarization, polarization charges, and free charges
The electric polarization is defined as the total dipole mement per
unit volume and is given by
sum over all types of molecules

P ( x) = N i pi (4.28)
i
volume density of dipole moment per type i
type i molecules molecule averaged over a
small volume centered at x
The charge density due to bound charges is called the polarization
charge density pol ( = P, see Appendix B and Jackson p. 156),
while the charge density due to unbound charges is called the free
density which is denoted here by free and in Jackson by ,
charge density,
free (x) = Ni ei + excess (4.29)
i
average net charge per
free charges
type i molecule (usually 0)
 4.3 Electrostatics with Dielectric Media
F a point
For i t source q:
1 q
( x) = (1.17)
( )
4 0 | x x |
For distributed source ( x):
1 q free p (x x)
( x) = [ + + ] (4.10)
4 0 x x x x
3

Note: We have distinguished two types of charges: the bound charge

poll (which are tied together in neutral atoms or molecules) and
unbound charges free (such as free electrons). Since the volume
g
integration of pol vanishes, the monopole
p moment is due to the
volume integration of free and we denote it by qfree (Jackson
denotes it by q.)
Question: What is the point of reference of p in (4.10)? Does it matter?
 Electrostatics with Dielectric Media (contd)
Let the point of observation x be inside and let (x) be
the potential due to an infinitesimal volume v at x.
1 free (x)v P(x) (x x)v
(x) = [ + ]
4 0 x x x x
3

Question: If x x 0, higher multipole terms are important.

Can we still write ((x)) as above?
 Electrostatics with Dielectric Media (contd)
P ( x) P ( x)
=
xx xx

(x) = 4 d x[
0
1 3 free ( x)
x x
+ P(x) ( )]
1
x x
The integral must
(4.31)
3 free ( x)P ( x) P ( x) cover enough space
= 4 d x[
1
x x
] + s xx da
0 to include all sources.
0 ( P = 0 outside the source)
2 (x) = 41 d 3 x[ ffree (x) P(x)] 2 1 xx
0
E ( x )
4 ( x x)
E(x) = 1 [ free (x) P(x)] ((4.33))
0
Define D 0E + P (D: electric displacement) (4.34)
D = free (4.35)
(4 35) In electrostatics,
electrostatics only charges can produce
E. The equal role of free and P in
Write pol = P (4.33) suggests that P must be the
E = 1 ( free + pol ) charge
h ddensity
i due
d to bound
b d charges
h (See
(S
0 Appendix B for a direct verification.)
 Electrostatics with Dielectric Media (contd)
2
By using F ( x) m0 x [Eq
[Eq. (4.71)],
(4 71)] we have assumed an isotropic
medium and subsequently obtained a linear relation between the
molecular dipole moment pmol and the electric field E. Thus, for linear
and isotropic media, we have
P = 0eE, (4.36)
where
h the i li constant e is
h proportionality i called
ll d the
h electric
l i susceptibility
ibili
(see Jackson 4.5 for a detailed discussion of e .).
S b (4
Sub. (4.36) t D = 0E + P [Eq.
36) iinto [E (4.34)],
(4 34)] we obtain
bt i
D=E : electric permittivity (4.37)
andd P = ( 0) E, E / / 0: dielectric
di l t i constant
t t or relative
l ti
where = 0(1+e) electric permittivity (4.38)
F uniform
For if di is
media, i independent
i d d t off x. Hence,
H
D = E = E = free (4.35)
E = free / for constant (4.39)
Question: Is D a physical quantity? If so, what is its physical meaning?
 Conversion of to the Gaussian System
in
i the
th SI system
t i called
is ll d the
th electric itti it (0 is
l t i permittivity i
its value in vacuum). It has no counterpart in the Gaussian
However /0 in the SI system (called dielectric
system However,
system.
constant or relative permittivity, see Jackson p.154) has a
counterpart denoted by in the Gaussian system, According
to the table on Jackson p.728, we have the following
conversion formula,
Gaussian SI

0
Although in the Gaussian system has the same notation
as the electric permittivity of the SI system, it is really the
dielectric constant, which correspond to /0 of the SI system.
Thus, in these two systems are not the same physical
quantity.
tit
 4.4 Boundary-Value Problems with Dielectrics
Boundary conditions:
(i) D = free (ii) E = 0
free ffree
D2 D1 = free Et 2 = Et1
Example 1: A point charge q in the space formed of 2 semi-infinite
dielectrics.
1 ( q + q )
2 = 41 Rq .
1 = 4 R R
1 1 2
2 1

2 + (d + z ) 2 = = 2 + (d z ) 2

Method: Find image charges q and q to satisfy the b.c.s

2 E2 1E1 = free = 0 and Et 2 = Et1.
 Example 1 (contd)
q 1 ( q + q )
1 = 4
2 = 4 R
1
R R
1 1 2
2 1

2 + (d + z ) 2 = = 2 + (d z ) 2

1 2
1E1 = 2 E2 1 z = 2 z
z =0 z =0
q z R1 + q z R1 = q z R1 q q = q
1 2 z =0 1 z =0

1 2
Et1 = Et 2 =
z =0 z =0
1 q 1 + q 1 = 1 q 1 1 ( q + q ) = 1 q
1 R1 R2 z =0 2 R1 z =0 1 2
Example 1 (contd)
1 q q
2 = 4 1 = 4
1 ( q + q
R R )
2 R1 1 1 2

2 + (d + z ) 2 = = 2 + (d z ) 2

q q = q 2 1 2 2

1 ( q + q ) = 1 q q = q & q = q ((4.45))
1 2 2 + 1 2 + 1
P1 = (1 0 )E1 = (1 0 )1
P = pol P2 = ( 2 0 )E2 = ( 2 0 )2
q ( 2 1 ) d
pol = ( P2 P1 ) n = (4 47)
(4.47)
2 1 ( 2 + 1 ) ( 2 + d 2 )3 2
Example 2: A dielectric sphere in uniform electric field

Steps:
1. Choose proper coordinate system.
2 Divide into separate regions.
2. regions
3. Solve Poissons equation in each region.
4. Match b.c.
b.c.ss to calculate coefficients.
2 = 0 inside & outside
=
r Pl (cos ) e A r l
Pl (cos )
l m i
im
in l
= l 1 m im l =0

r Ql (cos ) e out = Bl r l + Cl r l 1 Pl (cos )
l 0
l=
Question: If l >0, out as r . Why keep the l >0 terms in out?
 l 1
in = Al r Pl (cos ), out = Bl r + Cl r
Pl (cos )
l l
l =0
l =0
b.c. (i): out () = E0 z + const. = E0 r cos + const.
B0 = const.; B1 = E0 ; BBl l(((ll >> 0)
1)) == 00
b.c. (ii):in (a ) = out (a ) [ Etin (a ) = Etout (a )]
Equating
E ti the
th A0 = B0 + c0 a (1)
coefficients A al = B al + Cl A = E + c a 3 (2)
l l +1 1 0 1
of Pl (cos ) a l
A = C a 2l +1 , l > 1
on both sides l l (3)
b.c. (iii): Erin (a ) = 0 Erout (a ) = 0 r out
r in r = a r =a

l 1 l 1 Cl
lAl a = 0 lBl a (l + 1) l + 2
a
0 = 0c0 / a 2 , l =0 (4)

A1 = 0 [ E0 + 2c1 / a3 ],
] l =1 (5)
lA = (l + 1)C / a 2l +1 , l > 1 (6)
l 0 l
 Example 2 (contd)
)( ) A0 = B0 = const. ((let it be 0.))
((1)(4)
3E0 / 0 1 3
(2)(5) A1 = 2+ / ; C1 = / + 2 a E0
0 0
(3)(6) Al = Cl = 0 ffor l > 1 This is the only way (3) &
3 (6) can both be satisfied.
= E0 r cos
2 + / 0
in

/ 0 1 a3 (4.54)
out = E0 r cos + / + 2 E0 r 2 cos
0
applied field / 0 1
dipole field with p = 4 0 a 3E0 [cf. (4.10)]
/ 0 + 2

[see (4.58)]
 4.7 Electrostatic Energy in Dielectric Media
Work done to add free(x) to (x): Volume of
integration is .

W = free (x) (x)d 3 x a = a + a

D
free = D = ( D) D
= D(x)d 3 x
= ( D) + E D
)d 3 x + E Dd 3 x
= ( D)d

= s D da = 0, as r
= E Dd 3 x (4.86) 1 1 r2
r r2
Note: (1) free(x) here is denoted by
b (x) in Jackson (4.84).
(4 84)
(2) In a dielectric medium, the addition of free(x) will induce
poll(x). Hence, (x) in the above equation is due to both
) Hence
free and pol. The effect of pol is implicit in D (=E).
 Electrostatic Energy in Dielectric Media (contd)
W = E Dd 3 x W = d 3 x 0D E D (4 87)
(4.87)
For linear and isotropic media (D = E; indep. of E):
E D = E ( E) = E E = 1 (E E) = 1 (E D)
2 2

For linear and anisotropic media (D = E; indep. of E):
E D = E ( E) = E E = 1 (E E) = 1 (E D)
2 2
W = 12 d 3 x 0 (E D) = 12 E D d 3 x
D
for linear media (4
(4.89)
89)

0 as r E D = D
W = 12 free (x) (x)d 3 x s D da = ( D) + D
1 12 r 2 = ( D) + free
rr
= 12 free (x) (x)d 3 x for linear media
Question: What is the difference between the above equation and
W = 12 (x) (x)d 3 x [Eq. (1.53)]?
 Electrostatic Energy in Dielectric Media (contd)
Exercise 1: Following up on 4.6,
4 6 derive the energy required to
induce a dipole on an atomic or molecular charge e
byy an electric field.
Restoring force: F = m02 x (4.71)
Energy required to displace e by a distance x :
Wdipole = 0x F ( x)dx = 12 m02 x 2
m02 x
Force balance: m02 x
= eE E =
e
Induced dipole moment: p = ex (4
(4.72)
72)
2
Wdipole = 1 m 2 x 2 = 1 m0 x ex = 1 p E
2 0 2 e 2
p
E
internal energy of a single dipole
 Electrostatic Energy in Dielectric Media (contd)
Exercise 2 : Derive w = 12 E D by a different method than in Sec.
Sec 4.7.
47
Internal energy of a single dipole: Wdipole = 12 p E
wint = internal
i t l energy per unit
it volume
l
= internal energy of all dipoles per unit volume
1 N p E = 1 P E = 1 ( 2
= 2 i i 2 2 0 ) E
i
P
{
D = E
D = 0E + P (4.34)
P = ( 0 )E

2
wE = electric field energy per unit volume = 12 0 E (1 55)
(1.55)
w = wint + wE = total energy per unit volume due to E
2 2
= 12 ( 0 ) E + 12 0 E
2
= 12 E = 12 E D
 Electrostatic Energy in Dielectric Media (contd)
Exercise 3: Energy change due to a dielectric object
of linear 1(x) in the field E0 of a fixed
source (i.e. free unchanged)
In the absence of the object:
W0 = 12 E0 D0 d 3 x
In the presence of the object:
W1 = 12 E Dd 3 x
W = W1 W0
= 12 ( E D E0 D0 ) d 3 x
= 12 ( E D0 D E0 ) d 3 x + 12 ( E + E0 ) ( D D0 ) d 3 x
= 12 ( E D0 D E0 ) d 3 x
( + 0 ) (D D0 )d 3 x = ( + 0 ) (D D0 ) d 3 x = 0
integration by parts = free free =0
 Exercise 3 (contd) D0 = 0 E 0
Outside object: D = 0E
W = ( E D0 D E0 ) d x
1
2
3
Inside object: D = 1E
W (outside object) = 0
3
v1 is the volume
W = 2 v (1 0 )E E0 d x
1
of the object. ((4.92))
1
The dielectric object tends to move toward (away from)
the regions of increasing field E0 if 1 > 0 (1 < 0 ).
D = 1E & D = 0E + P P = (1 0 )E P is the induced
polarization
l i ti
W = 12 v P E0 d 3 x (4.93) of the object.
1
The energy densiy of a dielectric object placed in the field E0
of a fixed source is given by
w = 12 P E0 (4.94)
Question: Explain the factor 1
which is in (4.94) but not in the 2nd
2
E j (0)
term of: W = q (0) p E(0) 6 Qij
1 + (4.24)
ij xi
 Appendix A. Taylor Expansion
1 a
Translational operator: e ( )
a
n

n =0 n !
T l expansion
Taylor i about
b the
h point
i x
f (x + a) = ea f (x) =
n! ( )
1 a n f ( x)
n =0

= f (x) + ( a ) f ( x) + 12 ( a )( a ) f (x) + (A.1)

a
A(x + a) = e A (x) = 1 ( a )n A (x)

n!
n =0

= A ( x ) + ( a ) A ( x ) + 2( )( )
1 a a A ( x) + (A.2)

The Taylor expansion expresses a function ( f or A above) at a

point [(x + a) in (A.1) and (A.2)] in terms of the function value and
it derivatives
its d i ti att the
th point
i t off expansion
i [x in
i (A.1)
(A 1) andd (A.2)].
(A 2)]
Taylor Expansion (contd)
In Cartesian coordinate system,
system
3
a = a1 x + a2 x + a3 x = ai x (A.3)
1 2 3 i =1 i
2
( a )( a ) = ai x a j x
i j j

= ai a j x x
i j
(A.4)
i ij

( a ) f (x) = ai xi f (x) = a f (x) (A.5)

i
a A e
( a ) A(x) = ai x A e
j j =
i xi j j (A.6)
i i
j j i
Example 1: Taylor expansion of f ( x) and A( x) about x = a
We substitute a for x and (x a) for a in (A.1) and (A.2)
f (x) = f (a) + [ (x a) ] f (a) + (A.7)

A (x) = A (a) + [ (x a)
] A (a) + (A.8)
(A.7) & (A.8) are alternative expressions of the Taylor expansion.
Taylor Expansion (contd)

Example 2: Taylor expansion of f (x) and A (x) about x = 0

( ), let a = 0
In ((A.7)) and (A.8),
f (x) = f (0) + ( x ) f (0) + (A.9)

A (x) = A(0) + ( x ) A(0) + (A
(A.10)
10)
 Appendix B. Polarization Current Density and
Polarization Charge
g Densityy in Dielectric Media
We divide the charges (electrons and ions) in a dielectric into
different ggroups.
p Each ggroupp has Ni identical charged
g p particles pper
unit volume. Each particle in the group carries charge ei and has a
dipole moment given by pi = eixi, where xi is the particles
displacement from its equilibrium position under the influence of
a static or time-dependent electric field. We assume that all
particles in the group have the same xi at all times and that the
variation of xi is so small that it will not change Ni . Thus, the
electric ppolarization P as a function of pposition and time can be
written as charge density of the ith group
P (x, t ) = Ni (x)pi (t ) = Ni (x)ei xi (t ) = i (x) xi (t )
i i i
and a time differentiation gives the polarization current density
polarization current density
d
P(x, t ) = i (x) xi (t ) = i (x) vi (t ) = J pol (x, t )
t i dt i
 Polarization Current Density and Polarization Charge
Density in Dielectric Materials (contd)
Let pol be polarization charge density of the medium, then
+ J pol = 0 (conservation of charge)
t pol
t pol + t P = 0 t ( pol + P ) = 0
pol + P = K
If P = 0, we have pol = 0. Hence, K = 0.
pol = P
J pol is due to the motion of bound charges, whereas pol is due
to the displacement of bound charges. The presence of J pol does not
necessarily imply the presence of pol , and vice versa. For example,
in a static electric field E, bound charges will not move; hence J pol
= P / t = 0. But the stationary charges will be displaced by E;
h
hence, pol 0 if P 0.
0 In
I time-dependent
i d d cases, there
h must be
b
a J pol if P 0 but not necessarily a pol unless P 0.
 Homework
Problems 4.2, 4.6, 4.9