Prepared for submission to JHEP UPR-1263-T

Wave Equation for the Wu Black Hole

Tolga Birkandana,b Mirjam Cveti,a,b,c

arXiv:1407.8173v3 [hep-th] 25 Sep 2014

a
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
b
Department of Physics, Istanbul Technical University,
Istanbul 34469, Turkey.
c
Center for Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Maribor,
Maribor, Slovenia.

E-mail: birkandant@itu.edu.tr, cvetic@hep.upenn.edu

Abstract: Wu black hole is the most general solution of maximally supersymmetric

gauged supergravity in D=5, containing U (1)3 gauge symmetry. We study the separability
of the massless Klein-Gordon equation and probe its singularities for a general stationary,
axisymmetric metric with orthogonal transitivity, and apply the results to the Wu black
hole solution. We start with the zero azimuthal-angle eigenvalues in the scalar field Ansatz
and find that the residuum of a pole in the radial equation is associated with the surface
gravity calculated at this horizon. We then generalize our calculations to nonzero azimuthal
eigenvalues and probing each horizon singularity, we show that the residua of the singular-
ities for each horizon are in general associated with a specific combination of the surface
gravity and the angular velocities at the associated horizon. It turns out that for the Wu
black hole both the radial and angular equations are general Heuns equations with four
regular singularities.
Contents

1 Introduction 1

2 The metric 2

3 Separation of the Klein-Gordon equation 5

3.1 Angular equation 7
3.2 Analysis of the radial equation 7
3.2.1 Residua of the poles and surface gravities 7

4 Full Klein-Gordon equation 8

4.1 Residua of the poles and angular velocities 9

5 Conclusions 10

A Separation of the inverse metric elements 11

A.1 Separation of the derivative-free term for the zero azimuthal eigenvalues 12
A.2 Separation of the azimuthal inverse metric elements 14

B Angular velocities on the horizon 14

1 Introduction

The microscopic treatment of black holes shows that all horizons of the black holes con-
tribute in calculations, unlike the macroscopic classical theory which regards only the out-
ermost horizon, namely the event horizon. As a result of this fact, scattering calculations
should involve probing the vicinity of the horizons and the structure one obtains is the key
element of the scattering phenomena and gauge/gravity correspondence.
The literature with the separability analysis of the wave equations and the subtracted
geometry of the asymptotically flat solutions [115] is much richer and complete than the
number of studies on the asymptotically anti-de Sitter (AdS) spacetimes, including the
recent most general solution for the maximally supersymmetric ungauged supergravity [16
18]. The remarkable structure of separability seen in these works has also been found in
some gauged supergravity solutions [1926]. The symmetries of various black hole solutions
in supergravity was studied in [27].
Deriving the Klein-Gordon equation, studying its separability and probing the residua
associated with the horizons are the key issues that constitutes the core of the calculations
for the black hole internal structure. One finds the physical properties, namely surface
gravities and angular velocities associated with the horizons by probing the radial part of
the Klein-Gordon equation. As the surface gravity carry the information of the Hawking

1
temperature on the horizon, we see the thermodynamics explicitly in the wave equation for
each horizon. The techniques used for finding the exponents which form the monodromy
matrices seem to be helpful also in probing the radial wave equation to obtain the residua
at each pole of the horizon equation [2830].
Based on the studies of asymptotically flat solutions [57, 9], recent studies show the
universal nature of the area products and entropy products at all horizons of black holes
in gauged supergravities and higher derivative gravity theories, as they depend only on the
quantized charges, quantized angular momenta and cosmological constant [3133]. This
strong condition also enhances the importance of probing the horizons carefully.
The goal of this paper is to study the separability of the massless scalar wave equation
for a general stationary, axisymmetric metric with orthogonal transitivity and apply the
results to the most general black hole solution in D=5 maximally supersymmetric gauged
supergravity found by Wu [34]. While we derive the residua structure for a general sta-
tionary, axisymmetric metric with orthogonal transitivity, due to its complexity in D=5
with two angular momenta, three charges, and cosmological constant, Wus solution is an
excellent testing ground to study explicitly properties and structure of the wave equation;
in particular the separability and the structure of the poles. Probing each horizon singular-
ity, we show that the residua of the singularities for each horizon are associated in general
form with the surface gravity and the angular velocities at the associated horizon. Our
calculations show that the separability crucially rely on the determinant of the metric is of
a simple form and regular at the horizon.
We will briefly introduce the Wus solution of the general nonextremal rotating charged
AdS black hole in five-dimensional U (1)3 gauged supergravity in the next section. The
section three covers the Klein-Gordon equation, its separation and an analysis on the radial
part which brings it in a form that uncovers the thermodynamics of each horizon explicitly
with associated surface gravities for zero eigenvalues for the azimuthal coordinates in the
scalar field Ansatz. The section four generalizes our calculation to the non-zero azimuthal
eigenvalues and the appendices include the key parts of the separation process in detail.

2 The metric

In [34], Wus original solution of the general nonextremal rotating charged AdS black hole
in five-dimensional U (1)3 gauged supergravity is given as

(1 + g 2 r2 ) 2 (r2 + a2 ) sin2 2
 2 2
d2
 
2 1/3 r dr
ds = (H1 H2 H3 ) dt + + + d
a b r a
(r2 + b2 ) cos2 2ms21
+ d 2 + K2
b H1 (s21 s22 )(s21 s23 ) 1
2ms22 2ms23

2 2
+ K + K , (2.1)
H2 (s22 s21 )(s22 s23 ) 2 H3 (s23 s21 )(s23 s22 ) 3

2
where

si c1 c2 c3 1a 2a 3a 1b 2b 3b
Ki =
ci ia ib
a sin2
 2
b cos2

ci ia ib
dt d d
c1 c2 c3 a b 1a 2a 3a a 1b 2b 3b b
ci s1 s2 s3 p
+ ia ib (2.2)
si

c1 c2 c3 g 2 ab 1a 2a 3a b sin2 1b 2b 3b a cos2
 
2 dt + d + d .
ci a b ia a ib b
or
Ki = Kit ()dt + Ki ()d + Ki ()d, (2.3)

in a compact form showing the coordinate dependencies. The parameters are

ia = c2i s2i a , ib = c2i s2i b , (2.4)

2 2 2 2
a = 1 g a , b = 1 g b , (2.5)
si = sinh i , ci = cosh i , (2.6)
2 2 2 2 2
= r + a cos + b sin , (2.7)
2 2 2 2 2


= 1 g a cos + b sin , (2.8)
2ms2i
Hi = 1 + , (2.9)

and the horizon equation is written as

r = (r2 + a2 )(r2 + b2 )(1 + g 2 r2 ) 2mr2 + 2mg 2 (s21 + s22 + s23 )r4



(s21 s22 + s21 s23 + s22 s23 ) (a2 + b2 2m)r2 + a2 b2 (2 + g 2 r2 )

 

+s21 s22 s23 [(a + b)2 2m][(a b)2 2m] 2g 2 a2 b2 (2r2 + 2m

+a2 + b2 ) + g 4 a4 b4 + 2mg 2 a2 b2 [s41 s42 + s41 s43 + s42 s43

2s21 s22 s23 (s21 + s22 + s23 )] .

(2.10)

Let us use the transformation

u r2 , (2.11)
y a2 cos2 + b2 sin2 , (2.12)

to see the singularity structure better. Then the metric becomes

(1 + g 2 u)Y
 2
dy 2
 
du
ds2 = (H1 H2 H3 )1/3 dt 2
+ +
a b (a2 y)(y b2 ) 4X 4Y
2 2
(u + a )(a y) 2 (u + b )(y b ) 22 2
+ d + d
a (a2 b2 ) b (a2 b2 )

2m1 2 2ms2 2 2m3 2
+ K + K + K . (2.13)
H1 1 H2 2 H3 3

3
Here, the parameters are defined as

= u + y, (2.14)
X = ru = g 2 (u u1 )(u u2 )(u u3 ), (2.15)
2 2 2 2 2
Y = (a y)(y b )y = (a y)(y b )(1 g y), (2.16)

and the coefficients of the Ki terms are shortened using

s21 s22 s23

1 = , 2 = , 3 = . (2.17)
(s21 s22 )(s21 s23 ) (s22 s21 )(s22 s23 ) (s23 s21 )(s23 s22 )

This transformation with the new parameters will be used in the separation process which
will be discussed in the following sections.
The entropy and the surface gravity, following [34], at a horizon u = ui take the form

r
2 Wi
Si = , (2.18)
2a b ui

and
r  
ui dX
i = 2Ti = |u=ui , (2.19)
Wi du

where

Wi = [(ui + a2 )(ui + b2 ) + 2mui (s21 + s22 + s23 )]{(ui + a2 )(ui + b2 )

+2mg 2 [(a + b)2 g 2 a2 b2 ][(a b)2 g 2 a2 b2 ]s21 s22 s23 4mg 2 a2 b2 (s21 s22
p
+s21 s23 + s22 s23 )} + 8m2 ui c1 c2 c3 s1 s2 s3 ab 1a 2a 3a 1b 2b 3b
+4m2 ui [ui + g 2 a2 b2 (s21 + s22 + s23 )](s21 s22 + s21 s23 + s22 s23 )
4m2 {(a2 + b2 )(1 + g 2 a2 )(1 + g 2 b2 )ui + g 2 [(a4 + b4 )ui
+g 2 a4 b4 (2 + g 2 ui )](s21 + s22 + s23 ) + g 2 a2 b2 (a2 + b2
+g 2 a2 b2 )[2 + g 2 ui (s21 s22 + s21 s23 + s22 s23 )]}s21 s22 s23
+4m2 g 4 a4 b4 (s41 s42 + s41 s43 + s42 s43 ) 8m2 ui g 6 a4 b4 s41 s42 s43
+8m3 (ui + g 2 a2 b2 )s21 s22 s23 , (2.20)

4
and the azimuthal angular velocities are

2mui p h
i = ac1 c2 c3 1a 2a 3a ui + b2 2mg 2 b2 s21 s22 + s22 s23
Wi

i p h
+s21 s23 + 2g 2 b2 s21 s22 s23 bs1 s2 s3 1b 2b 3b (ui + b2 )a2
2m 1 + g 2 a2 + 2g 2 a2 (s21 + s22 + s23 ) + g 2 a2 (s21 s22 + s22 s23


2 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 2
i
+s1 s3 )(1 + g a ) + 2g a s1 s2 s3 , (2.21)

2mui p h
i = bc1 c2 c3 1b 2b 3b ui + a2 2mg 2 a2 s21 s22 + s22 s23
Wi

i p h
+s21 s23 + 2g 2 a2 s21 s22 s23 as1 s2 s3 1a 2a 3a (ui + a2 )b2
2m 1 + g 2 b2 + 2g 2 b2 (s21 + s22 + s23 ) + g 2 b2 (s21 s22 + s22 s23


2 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 2
i
+s1 s3 )(1 + g b ) + 2g b s1 s2 s3 , (2.22)

at the horizon u = ui .

3 Separation of the Klein-Gordon equation

The massless Klein-Gordon equation

1
gg = 0,


(3.1)
g
can be written with the scalar field Ansatz

= eit eim1 eim2 R(u)S(y). (3.2)

We start with this Ansatz to show the separability of the massless Klein-Gordon equation
and the validity of the Ansatz will be justified post-factum. The separability of the Klein-
Gordon equation for a stationary and axisymmetric space with orthogonal transitivity is
guaranteed by the separation of the entire inverse metric elements multiplied by a conformal

factor con [35]. This factor turns out to be related to g in our case as

con = (H1 H2 H3 )1/3 = 4a b (a2 b2 ) g. (3.3)

The details of the separation process can be found in Appendix A. If we take zero azimuthal
eigenvalues m1 = m2 = 0, the form of the Klein-Gordon equation is
1 
gg tt t + u gg uu u + y gg yy y = 0.




t (3.4)
g
The calculation will be generalized to nonzero azimuthal eigenvalues m1 6= m2 6= 0 in the
next section. Let us write this expression more explicitly as

(uu R) 
 (u R)
2 gg tt + gg uu + u gg uu
R R
( yy S) ( y S)
+ gg yy gg yy



+ y = 0, (3.5)
S S

5
to see the structure better with individual radial and angular functions. We know from the
original article [34] that the determinant of the metric can be written as

g = (H1 H2 H3 )1/3 , (3.6)
4a b (a2 b2 )

in our new coordinates and consequently we get

X
gg uu = , (3.7)
a b (a2 b2 )
Y
gg yy = . (3.8)
a b (a2 b2 )

This simple form of the determinant which is regular at the horizon is a consequence of
the metric for the horizon g uu that gives the pole structure. We can then rewrite the
Klein-Gordon equation

(uu R) (u R) (yy S) (y S)
2 a b (a2 b2 ) gg tt + X + (u X) +Y + (y Y ) = 0, (3.9)
R R S S
and the problem reduces to the separation of the term without derivatives, namely

T 2 a b (a2 b2 ) gg tt , (3.10)

which is studied in the Appendix A.1 in detail. The result can be given by

2
 
F a b y
T = + , (3.11)
4 X (1 g 2 y)

where
F = a b fu + mt23s m a2 b + b2 a ,


(3.12)

and the F function is cubic in the radial coordinate u with no dependence on the angular
coordinate y. This fact can be seen in the expressions forming the F function, given by the
equations (A.24-A.31) of the Appendix A.1.
Therefore, the Klein-Gordon equation becomes

(uu R) (u R) (yy S) (y S) 2 F 2 a b y
X + (u X) +Y + (y Y ) = 0, (3.13)
R R S S 4X 4(1 g 2 y)

and the angular and radial equations can be read as

(yy S) (y S) 2 a b y
Y + (y Y ) = c0 , (3.14)
S S 4(1 g 2 y)
(uu R) (u R) 2 F
X + (u X) = c0 . (3.15)
R R 4X
where c0 is the separation constant.

6
3.1 Angular equation
The angular equation,

2 a b y
 
y [Y (y S)] + c0 S = 0, (3.16)
4(1 g 2 y)
n o
has four regular singularities as a2 , b2 , g12 , and it can be solved in terms of the general
Heuns functions [3638].

3.2 Analysis of the radial equation

Let us deal with the radial equation now. It can be written as
 2 
F
u [X (u R)] c0 R = 0. (3.17)
4X

and we have the horizon equation given in (2.15). Let us then try to see if we have a
structure for the radial equation as

u [X (u R)]
2 2 2
 
2
+ n1 2 + n2 2 + n3 2 + n4 + n5 R = 0, (3.18)
41 (u u1 ) 42 (u u2 ) 43 (u u3 )

where i (i = 1, 2, 3) is the surface gravity associated with the horizon ui . This equation
will be the core result of this section once it is proven. It also has four regular singularities
as {u1 , u2 , u3 , } and it can be solved in terms of the general Heuns functions.
The theory of the Heuns equation and its confluent forms is not developed enough to
yield a direct analysis of the cases involving these equations. For example, there are major
issues in the connection problem of the local solutions and in the integral representations
of the functions [36]. Therefore, the lengthy outputs of the radial and angular solutions in
our case would not be helpful for a further study and will not be included in this paper.
The form given in (3.18) of the radial equation was previously found in [6, 7] to the
cases of general rotating multi-charged black holes in maximally supersymmetric ungauged
supergravities [2, 3] and the gauged solution [24] for three equal charges [20].

3.2.1 Residua of the poles and surface gravities

We expect to have

n1 = g 2 (u1 u2 )(u1 u3 ), (3.19)

2
n2 = g (u1 u2 )(u2 u3 ), (3.20)
2
n3 = g (u1 u3 )(u2 u3 ), (3.21)

as in the similar case we had in a previous paper [24]. Matching the terms in the both
forms, we immediately see
n5 = c0 , (3.22)

7
using the zeroth power of in the both sides. We also get
a b
n4 = , (3.23)
4g 2
easily using the coefficient of u3 . The remaining term to analyze is
a b X n1 X n2 X n3 X
F + 2
= 2 + 2 + 2 . (3.24)
g 1 (u u1 ) 2 (u u2 ) 3 (u u3 )
For the surface gravities we find
n2i
2i = , (i = 1, 2, 3), (3.25)
Fi
where Fi F |u=ui calculated on the horizon. Then we see that the equality
 
a b X F1 F2 F3
F + =X + + , (3.26)
g2 n1 (u u1 ) n2 (u u2 ) n3 (u u3 )
holds after performing some algebraic manipulation.
We know from the equation (2.19) that
r   r
ui dX ui
i = |u=ui = ni . (3.27)
Wi du Wi
On the other hand we know that the entropy given by the equation (2.18) on the horizon
ui can be written as r
2 Wi Ai
Si = = , (3.28)
2a b ui 4
where Ai is the area of the black hole associated with the horizon ui . Then we can relate
the surface gravity with the horizon area
2 2 ni
i = , (3.29)
a b Ai
where the coefficient 2 comes from the integration over the azimuthal angles.

4 Full Klein-Gordon equation

We have taken zero azimuthal eigenvalues in the scalar field Ansatz to obtain the separated
Klein-Gordon equation to its radial and angular parts in the previous section. In this
section, we will generalize our calculation to nonzero azimuthal eigenvalues and try to get
the full radial equation by showing the completion of squares of the derivative-free terms
including the angular velocities associated with the azimuthal coordinates. We will also
give the full form of the angular equation.
The full massless Klein-Gordon equation (3.1) can be written with the Ansatz (3.2) as

gg uu u + y gg yy y



u

2 gg tt + 2m1 gg t + 2m2 gg t

m21 gg m22 gg 2m1 m2 gg = 0. (4.1)

8
The separability of the terms associated with the azimuthal coordinates is studied in the
Appendix A.2. We see no contribution outside the residua of the poles in the radial part
because of the linear and quadratic u-coordinate dependencies of the coefficients.
The derivative-free terms in the full Klein-Gordon equaton are given by
 
Df = g 2 g tt 2m1 g t 2m2 g t + m21 g + m22 g + 2m1 m2 g . (4.2)

On the other hand, we believe that we have a structure like

#poles
X i2
ni , (4.3)
u ui
i=1

for the derivative-free terms associated with the poles, based on the results obtained in the
articles [6, 7, 30], where
dX
ni = |u=ui , (4.4)
du
m1 i m2 i
i = . (4.5)
2i
4.1 Residua of the poles and angular velocities
Let us start with the general form of a stationary metric with bi-azimuthal symmetry,
namely

ds2 = gtt dt2 + guu du2 + g d2 + g d2 + g d 2 + 2gt dtd + 2gt dtd + 2g dd, (4.6)

with three Killing vectors t , and [39, 40].

The definitions of angular velocities for such a stationary solution is
g t
i |u=ui , (4.7)
g tt
g t
i tt |u=ui , (4.8)
g
evaluated at the horizon u = ui . The angular velocities are independent on the horizon
since the Killing vector t + + becomes null. We can choose = 0 to simplify
our calculations. Then we have
 
gt gt g
i = + |u=ui ,=0 , (4.9)
g g g
 
gt
i = |u=ui ,=0 . (4.10)
g
It is practical to keep the details of the calculations in the Appendix B in which we used
special values for the coordinate without losing generality of the results. The most
important point we used in these calculations is that the determinant being regular at
the horizon. This fact enforces some constraints on the metric elements that simplifies the
expressions yielding the angular velocities on the horizon. At = 0 we find
2
gtt g gt = 0, (4.11)

9
using the determinant of the metric. Accordingly we have

g gtt g gt gt
tt
|u=ui ,=0 = |u=ui ,=0 (4.12)
g g g
= i i , (4.13)

and similarly we obtain

g
2i = |u=ui , (4.14)
g tt
g
2i = tt |u=ui . (4.15)
g
Therefore, we find a general correspondence between (4.2) and (4.5) expressions which is
needed to have the structure we proposed using these results. The surface gravity in the

equation (4.5) comes from the gg tt part as we have seen in the previous section.
Finally, we obtain the full radial equation as

u [X (u R)]
( m1 1 m2 1 )2 ( m1 2 m2 2 )2

+ n1 + n2
421 (u u1 ) 422 (u u2 )
( m1 3 m2 3 )2

2
+n3 + n4 + n5 R = 0, (4.16)
423 (u u3 )
and the angular equation,
 2
m21 a (a2 b2 ) m22 b (a2 b2 )

a b y
y [Y (y S)] + + + c0 S = 0, (4.17)
4(1 g 2 y) 4(a2 y) 4(y b2 )

where the surface gravities i given in (2.19), the angular velocities i and i in (2.21,2.22),
ni constants in (3.19-3.21) and c0 is the separation constant. The equations (4.16) and (4.17)
are the core results of the paper.
The singularity structures of the both equations remain the same and they can still be
solved in terms of general Heuns functions.

5 Conclusions

In this paper, we discussed the separability of the massless Klein-Gordon equation and
probed the singularities for a general stationary, axisymmetric metric with orthogonal tran-
sitivity, and applied our method to the Wu black hole, the most general general nonextremal
rotating charged AdS black hole solution in five-dimensional U (1)3 gauged supergravity the-
ory.

The separation problem of the Klein-Gordon equation is reduced to the separation

of the derivative-free terms of the equation with the problematic piece = u + y
which involves both radial coordinate u and polar angular coordinate y. We carefully
studied the coefficients of this piece and succeeded in obtaining separated terms for

10
 the whole inverse metric elements. This resulted in the emergence of a Killing-Stckel
tensor which guarantees the separability of the Klein-Gordon equation. The main
point we used throughout our calculations is the fact that the determinant of the
metric has a simple form and it is regular at the horizon.

Probing each horizon singularity, we showed that the residua of the singularities for
each horizon are associated in general with a specific combination of the surface gravity
and the angular velocities at the associated horizon. We showed that this is true for
all stationary, axisymmetric metric with orthogonal transitivity.

We firstly used zero eigenvalues for the azimuthal coordinates and in the scalar
field Ansatz to show the separability. Then turning the azimuthal eigenvalues on, we
generalized the solution to the full separable Klein-Gordon equation which includes
the angular velocities as well.

Both the radial and the angular equations can be solved in terms of the general Heuns
functions with their four regular singularities.

This study is a starting point for further investigations such as calculation of Greens func-
tions, near-extremal cases, small cosmological constant limit and limits related to subtracted
geometry.

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Finn Larsen and Gary Gibbons for discussions. TB would like to
thank the Department of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Pennsylvania for hos-
pitality during the early course of this work. The research of TB is supported by TUBITAK,
the Scientific and Technological Council of Turkey, Istanbul Technical University [T BAP
37519] and High Energy Theory Fund of the Department of Physics and Astronomy at the
University of Pennsylvania. MC would like to thank the Department of Physics at the
Istanbul Technical University for hospitality during the course of this work. MCs visit
to Istanbul Technical University was supported by TUBITAK 2221-Fellowship for Visit-
ing Scientists" with number 1059B211400897. MC is also supported by the DOE Grant
DOE-EY-76-02-3071, the Fay R. and Eugene L. Langberg Endowed Chair, the Slovenian
Research Agency (ARRS), and the Simons Foundation Fellowship No. 267489. MC would
also like to thank KITPC Beijing, CERN Theory Division and MITP Mainz for hospitality
during the later stages of the work.

A Separation of the inverse metric elements

The problem of separation of the Klein-Gordon equation reduces to the separation of the
inverse metric elements. For the zero azimuthal eigenvalues we only have the term with g tt
and for the full equation we need to show the whole terms containing the azimuthal angles.

11
A.1 Separation of the derivative-free term for the zero azimuthal eigenvalues
The problem of separation of the Klein-Gordon equation reduces to the separation of the
term

T 2 a b (a2 b2 ) gg tt , (A.1)
and using the the metric determinant we have

4 2 a2 b2 (a2 b2 )2 2


T 1/3
guu gyy g g g . (A.2)
(H1 H2 H3 )

Using
2ms2i + 2ms2i hi
Hi = 1 + = , (A.3)

a2 y yb2
and remembering sin2 = a2 b2
, cos2 = a2 b2
, with the definitions

a
ki Ki , (A.4)
sin2
b
ki Ki , (A.5)
cos2
we get
2
T = (T1 + T2 + T3 + T4 ) , (A.6)
4X(1 g 2 y)2
where

T1 = (u + a2 )(u + b2 )a b (h1 h2 h3 ), (A.7)

T2 = (u + a2 )2ma cos2 1 k1 2 2 2


h2 h3 + 2 k2 h1 h3 + 3 k3 h1 h2 , (A.8)
2 2 2 2 2


T3 = (u + b )2mb sin 1 k1 h2 h3 + 2 k2 h1 h3 + 3 k3 h1 h2 , (A.9)
" 3 ! 3 !
2
X i ki X i ki2
T4 = 4m2 (h1 h2 h3 ) sin2 cos2
hi hi
i=1 i=1
!2
3
X i ki ki
, (A.10)
hi
i=1

and using u = y and

u + a2 = + a2 b2 sin2 ,


(A.11)
u + b2 = a2 b2 cos2 ,


(A.12)

we observe

T1 = T10 + T11 + T12 2 + T13 3 + T14 4 + T15 5 , (A.13)

T2 = T20 + T21 + T22 2 + T23 3 , (A.14)
2 3
T3 = T30 + T31 + T32 + T33 , (A.15)
T4 = T40 + T41 . (A.16)

12
We need to have zero as the coefficients of 0 and 1 powers as we have 2 in the common
denominator. The Maple computation including all metric parameters shows that these
coefficients are indeed zero and now we have
t1 = T12 + T13 + T14 2 + T15 3 = t1u + t1y y, (A.17)
t2 = T22 + T23 , (A.18)
t3 = T32 + T33 , (A.19)
and consequently
2
T = (t1 + t2 + t3 ) . (A.20)
4X(1 g 2 y)
After some algebraic manipulation we get
2 F
 
a b y
T = + , (A.21)
4 X (1 g 2 y)
where
F = a b fu + mt23s m a2 b + b2 a ,


(A.22)
G = g 2 fu + 2m + gu = X, (A.23)
and
t1u
fu =
, (A.24)
a b
t1y
gu = , (A.25)
a b
 
1 t2 t3
t23d = , (A.26)
2m a cos2 b sin2
 
1 t2 t3
t23s = + , (A.27)
2m a cos2 b sin2
t23d
= 2 , (A.28)
a b2
and the explicit forms of the expressions included in F can be given as
fu = 8 m3 s21 s22 s23
+4m2 [( a2 + b2 ) s21 s22 + s21 s23 + s22 s23 ]

+2 a2 b2 m(s21 + s22 + s23 )

a2 b2
+2m[2m(s21 s22 + s21 s23 + s22 s23 ) + ( a2 + b2 )(s21 + s22 + s23 ) + ]u
2m
+[2 m s21 + s22 + s23 + a2 + b2 ]u2 + u3 ,


(A.29)
2 2

2 2

2 2

2 2


t23d = 2m[ s2 + s3 k1 k1 1 + s1 + s3 k2 k2 2
+ s21 + s22 k3

2 2
3 ] + a2 k1 2
b2 k1
2 2 2



k3 + k1 k1 u 1 (A.30)
 2 2 2 2 2 2

  2 2 2 2 2 2


+ a k2 b k2 + k2 k2 u 2 + a k3 b k3 + k3 k3 u 3 ,
= 2m[ s22 + s23 k1

2 2
1 + s21 + s23 k2


2 2


t23s + k1 + k2 2
2 2

2 2

 2 2 2 2 2 2


+ s1 + s2 k3 + k3 3 ] + a k1 + b k1 + k1 + k1 u 1 (A.31)
+ a k2 + b2 k2
 2 2 2 2 2
u 2 + a2 k3 2
+ b2 k3
2 2 2

 

+ k2 + k2 + k3 + k3 u 3 ,

13
to see the structure more clearly.

A.2 Separation of the azimuthal inverse metric elements

We need to see the separability of the whole elements in the full Klein-Gordon equation
involving the inverse metric components associated with the azimuthal angles.
Repeating the same method we applied in the previous section we obtain that the
mixed terms show the same linear behavior in u as
C1 u + C2
gg = (A.32)
X
where g can be one of the {g t , g t , g } and C1 and C2 have no dependence on u
or y coordinates. Thus, these terms do not contribute to the angular equation or to the
asymptotic term of the radial equation.
We have a different behavior for the g and g components as
2 p cos2 + p


cos 21 01
gg = (A.33)
4Xa b3 (a2 b2 )2 sin2 cos2
p21 1
= 3 , (A.34)
2
4Xa b (a b ) 2 2 4(a b )b sin2
2 2

where p01 and p21 are expressions with no dependence on the y coordinate and

p21 = C31 u2 + C41 u + C51 , (A.35)

again with no u or y dependence for the Cij expressions. This separation is realized as
(p01 + p21 ) = a b2 (a2 b2 )X. The same analysis holds for g with a b and cos sin
and
p22 1
gg = 3 2 2 2
, (A.36)
4Xa b (a b ) 4(a b )a cos2
2 2

with the same quadratic dependence structure for p22 as in p21 .

If one has all separable gg components for a stationary, axisymmetric metric with
orthogonal transitivity which agrees with our case, it is guaranteed that the Klein-Gordon
equation is separable with the existence of a conformal Killing-Stckel tensor [35].

B Angular velocities on the horizon

The angular velocities are independent on the horizon. We can choose = 0 in order to
simplify our calculations but the results could be regarded as general. Then we have
 
gt gt g
i = + |u=ui ,=0 , (B.1)
g g g
 
gt
i = |u=ui ,=0 . (B.2)
g

On the horizon we have guu with a regular value of the determinant. Consequently,
the expressions in the determinant except this term should be zero. One needs to use the

14
leading orders in the expansion around = 0 and see the metric components in our case
are found to behave like
g = g0 sin2 + g1 sin4 , (B.3)
gt = g0t sin2 , (B.4)
2
gtt = g0tt sin + g2tt , (B.5)
g = g0 cos2 + g1 cos4 , (B.6)
2
gt = g0t cos , (B.7)
g = g0 sin2 cos2 , (B.8)
where the coefficients g0 , etc. are regular at = 0. Around = 0, one sees that the
determinant becomes
g = guu g g0 sin2 g2tt (g0 + g1 ) g0t
2
+ O(sin4 )
 
(B.9)
and thus
2
g2tt (g0 + g1 ) g0t = 0, (B.10)
or
2
gtt g gt = 0, (B.11)
at = 0. We also have
g gtt g gt gt
tt
|u=ui ,=0 = |u=ui ,=0 (B.12)
g g g
   
gt gt gt g
= |u=ui ,=0 + |u=ui ,=0, (B.13)
g g g g
using equation (B.11). The expression in the first bracket is i and the second bracket
gives i . We should remember that using = 0 is only for the simplification of our
derivations and the expressions are valid for a general value. Therefore we can write
g
i i = |u=ui . (B.14)
g tt
Similarly one can show that
g t
i = |u=ui , (B.15)
g tt
g t
i = tt |u=ui , (B.16)
g
g
2i = tt |u=ui , (B.17)
g
g
2i = tt |u=ui , (B.18)
g
are satisfied. One should note that we need to use = 2 from the beginning in our calcu-
lations to show the equivalence (B.17). Different values of supplies different expressions
for the part of the determinant that should be zero on the horizon and these expressions
simplifies our calculations.

15
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