2011 1st semester

MIMO C
Communications
i ti Systems
S t

#2: Fundamentals of
Wireless Communication
Kei Sakaguchi
<sakaguchi@mobile ee titech ac jp>
<sakaguchi@mobile.ee.titech.ac.jp>
Apr. 19, 2011
 Schedule (1st half)
Date Text Contents
#1 Apr. 12 A-1, B-1 Introduction

#2 Apr 19
Apr. B5 B
B-5, B-6
6 Fundamentals of wireless commun.
commun

#3 Apr. 26 B-12 OFDM for wireless broadband

May 3 No class

#4 May 10 B-7
B 7 Array signal processing

#5 Nov. 17 A-3, B-10 MIMO channel capacity

#6 Nov. 24 B-2, 3 Spatial channel model

y 28
May No class

Apr. 19, 2011 MIMO Communication Systems (Fundamentals) 2

 Agenda
Aim of today

Derive throughput performance of basic SISO system

Contents

Narrow band system

Channel capacity
Path loss & multi-path fading
QAM signaling & throughput performance

Apr. 19, 2011 MIMO Communication Systems (Fundamentals) 3

 Warming Up
Question Constellation
Given a transmission system with BPSK modulation sI
whose transmission rate is 1 bit per T seconds.
C l l t spectrum
Calculate t efficiency
ffi i C [bit/s/Hz]
[bit/ /H ] off
this system.
sR
Spectrum efficiency
Nyquist filter Bandwidth
1, 0 fT 1 Time series
G( f ) 2 B 1
0, otherwise T T
Spectrum efficiency
t
?
Apr. 19, 2011 MIMO Communication Systems (Fundamentals) 4
 Narrow Band System
Received signal model
Received signal Additive noise n(t )
y (t ) h(t ) s (t ) n(t ) Tx
s (t ) y ((t )
Rx
Channel response Transmit signal
h(t )
Propagation channel
h(t ) const
over unit signal packet P
Power spectrum
t
Transmit power N0
P E[[ s (t ) ]
2

Noise power f
B
E[[ n(t ) ] N 0 B
2 2

Apr. 19, 2011 MIMO Communication Systems (Fundamentals) 6

 Channel Capacity
Channel capacity of real number system
1 1 Ph
2
B Ph
2

CR max I S;Y log 21 2 log2 1 2

T E[s ]P 2T 2
2

Mutual information

IS;Y H Y H Y | S H Y H S N | S H Y H N
Entropy of Gaussian signal

H N log 2 2e 2
1
H Y log 2 2e( h P 2 )
1 2

2 2
Channel capacity of complex number system
P h2 2

B P h
CC 2 log 2 1 2 B log 2 1 2 [bits/s]
2
2
2
Apr. 19, 2011 MIMO Communication Systems (Fundamentals) 7
 Achievable Data Rate of SISO

Power dependency Bandwidth dependency

SNR = 20[dB] @ 100 [kHz]
[kH ] bandwidth
b d idth
10 7
capacity [bitt/s/Hz]

channel cappacity [bit/ss/Hz]

8 6

5
6
4
4
channel c

3
2
2

0 1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0.1 1 10
SNR [dB] bandwidth [MHz]

Apr. 19, 2011 MIMO Communication Systems (Fundamentals) 8

 Wireless Communication Channel
Wireless is vulnerable!

Basestation #1 P
#1: Path
th lloss d
due tto di
distance
t
Lower average SNR
#2 Multi-path
#2: M lti th fading
f di
Deep SNR dip
#3: Time dispersive fading
Inter symbol interference
#4: Multi-access interference
Terminal
Co-channel
Co channel interference
Apr. 19, 2011 MIMO Communication Systems (Fundamentals) 9
 Modern Wireless Transceiver
Transmitter
Media Adaptive
OFDM RF up
access modulation
modulation converter
control & coding

For multi-access interference For time dispersive fading

Receiver For path loss For multi-path

m lti path fading

RF down OFDM Diversity Demodulation

converter demodulation combining & decode

Apr. 19, 2011 MIMO Communication Systems (Fundamentals) 10

 Issue #1: Path loss
Channel gain decreases in accordance with distance between Tx & Rx
It results in lower SNR, higher BER, and lower throughput

Fading
Free space
p p
path loss

el gain

2

Gpl 10 log10 Shadowing

g

Channe
4d
20 log10 d 20 log10 f 28 Path loss

Commun. distance

Apr. 19, 2011 MIMO Communication Systems (Fundamentals) 11

 Receive SNR
Transmit power = 40dBm,
40dBm Noise power = -100dBm,
100dBm Frequency = 3
3.5GHz
5GHz

Apr. 19, 2011 MIMO Communication Systems (Fundamentals) 12

 QAM Modulation
QAM modulation
Message M ary QAM r logg 2 M ary [[bits/symbol]
y ]

mR 0,1, , M ary 1
mI 0,1, , M ary 1
4QAM = QPSK 16QAM
Symbol
s sR jsI
P P
(2mR M ary 1) j (2mI M ary 1)
Power normalization
M ary
2 2
2 2( M ary 1)
2(M 1)
P 2 (2i 1) s s
P
M ary i1 3

G
Gray coding
di
Adjacent symbols differ by one binary digit
000 001 011 010 110 111 101 100
sR gray M ary
(mR ) Ex. gray8 (mR )
0 1 3 2 6 7 5 4
Apr. 19, 2011 MIMO Communication Systems (Fundamentals) 13
 BER on QPSK Signaling
Channel estimation
y (t )
h T dt
sT (t )
P
Coherent detection
y (t ) n(t )
s(t ) s (t )
h h
Bit error rate ((BER)) P 0 P Re[[ s(t )]
2 2
2

1 P h
Peb ( ) erfc
2 2
2

expz 2 dz
2
erfc(x)
x

Apr. 19, 2011 MIMO Communication Systems (Fundamentals) 14

 BER Performance
QAM signaling
i li
0
10
BPSK
QPSK
-1 16QAM
10 64QAM

-2
Bitt Error Raate

10

-3
10

-4
4
10

-5
10

-6
10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Average SNR per antenna [dB]

Apr. 19, 2011 MIMO Communication Systems (Fundamentals) 15

 Throughput Performance
Frame structure

Throughput performance
Preamble Data 6
BPSK
QPSK
16QAM
Data length L 5 64QAM

/s/Hz]
Packet error rate 4

Througghput [bits/
Pep 1 1 Peb
L 3

Throughput 1

TP log 2 M ary 1 Peb

0
L 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
[bits/s/Hz] Average SNR per antenna [dB]

Apr. 19, 2011 MIMO Communication Systems (Fundamentals) 16

 Issue #2: Multi
Multi-path
path fading
Instantaneous SNR variation due to multi-path fading
Deep SNR dip results in serious BER performance

Received power variation

Multiple reflection
f waves

Random phase shift

Apr. 19, 2011 MIMO Communication Systems (Fundamentals) 17

 Multi-path
Multi path Rayleigh Fading
Multi-path channel
vt hI
h(t ) l exp j 2 cos
l
v hR
Central limit theorem
1 x2
f (hR ) f (hI ) p 2
exp
2 2
Cumulative distribution
2 E[ hR ] E[ hI ]
2 2

PDF of channel power or SNR

1
f ( ) exp

2
P h
h or 2
2

Apr. 19, 2011 MIMO Communication Systems (Fundamentals) 18
BER Performance in Fading Environment
BER performance
Instantaneous BER 10
0

2 BPSK

1 P h((tt ) QPSK

16QAM

Peb ( ) erfc
-1
10 64QAM

2 2
2
-2

Bit Errror Rate

10

-3
10

PDF of SNR 10
-4

1 P h(t ) 2 -5

f ( ) eexpp
10

E

2

-6
10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Average SNR per antenna [dB]

Cumulative distribution
Average
g BER & TP
1
Peb ( ) f ( ) Peb ( )d 1

2 2

T P ( ) f ( )TP ( )d

Apr. 19, 2011 MIMO Communication Systems (Fundamentals) 19

 BER & Throughput Performance

Average BER performance Average TP performance

0
10 5
BPSK BPSK
QPSK QPSK
16QAM 4.5
10
-1 16QAM
64QAM 64QAM

Througghput [bits/ss/Hz]
4
-2 3.5
Bit Error Ratte

10
3
-3
10 2.5

-4
2
10
B

1.5
-5 1
10
0.5
-6
6
10 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Average SNR [dB] Average SNR [dB]

Apr. 19, 2011 MIMO Communication Systems (Fundamentals) 20

 Summary
In narrow system
Channel capacity is achieved by Gaussian signaling
Path loss & multi-path
p fading
g are major
j issues in wireless
communication channel
QAM for variable rate modulation with limited constellation
Derive
D i th throughput
h t performance
f off QAM signal
i l via
i BER calculation
l l ti
Throughput performance degrades severely due to multi-path fading

For wideband system

y

OFDM for wireless broadband

Apr. 19, 2011 MIMO Communication Systems (Fundamentals) 21