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Cheng Haigen*
School of Civil Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, JiangXi, 330013, P.R. China
Abstract: Steel-concrete composite beams are composed of concrete slabs and steel girders by shear connectors. Due to
the limited rigidity of shear connector and the shrink & creep property of concrete, the relative slippage exists between
concrete slab and steel girder under bending, and it is difficult to analyze the effect of those factors by the ordinary beam
theory , the finite element method(FEM) and so on. A differential equation of equilibrium is constituted corresponding to
the compatibility of deformation and the equilibrium of forces about steel-concrete composite beams under particular
assumed condition. Finite difference method (FDM) and variation principle are used to solve the differential equation. An
example of steel-concrete composite T girder is given to analyze the effect of slippage and concrete shrink & creep on its
stress and deflection. The concrete slab stress increases with the rigidity increment of the shear connectors. The stress of
the steel girder and the deflection of the composite girder decrease with the rigidity increment of the shear connectors.
Keywords: Differential equations, relative slippage, steel-concrete composite beams, shrink & creep, variation principle.
Z(k)
Z(k)
concrete slab X(i)
X(i) O
b1 tw b2 O b2 b2
concrete slab
yc
Gc
tc
Gc
yc
tc
ys
ys
b1 shear connector
tf
h
h
stiffenershear connector
t1
H
H
Gs
Gs tw
steel box beam steel beam
t2
Y(j)
Y(j)
2.2. Establishing the Differential Equation and Solutions (2) In the junction of flange slab and Web (x)=0. This
condition is to simplify the relative slip function between
When load is applied on beam, the deformation of cross
concrete slab and steel beam.
section is shown in Fig. (2). The displacement component of
concrete slab and steel beam on Z direction (longitudinal According to the conditions above, the relative slip
direction) respectively is wc(z,t) and ws(z,t). The function between concrete slab and steel beam can be
displacement components of both of them on y direction obtained by formula (1) and (2).
z, t ws z, t wc z, t vz, t h
(vertical direction) is v(z,t). Then the displacement vector (3)
form of an arbitrary point on concrete slab and steel beam
can be expressed as the following: Where, h represents the distance between concrete
slab and steel beam. centroid axis because of the relative
uc x, y, z, t vz, t j wc z, t y yc vz, t f z, t x k
(1) slippage and the linear relationship of interaction between
Steel beam contact surfaces, constitutive relation of shear connectors can
be obtained as the following:
us x, y, z, t vz, t j ws z, t y ys vz, t f z, t xk
(2)
q z z, t Rs z, t R(ws wc vh) (4)
Z(i) 2
where, RS is the stiffness of shear connectors (kN/mm ).
yc
wck
ys
According to the formula (1) and (2), the strain and stress
vj of an arbitrary point on concrete slab and steel beam
wsk
respectively are
v' Concrete slab
vj
v' z x, y, z, t wc y yc v f
(5)
xz x, y, z, t f
z Ec z Ec wc Ec y yc v Ec f (6)
Fig. (2). Deformation diagrams of composite girder Concrete slab. zx G xz Gf
pcz z, t b da s dl
L
[ N w N w (M
0
c c s s c M s )v cf cf
Ac
z
Ac
z
L mz, t b y y da s y y dl b y y da s y y dl
z c z c z s z s
q z (ws wc hv)]dz ( p yv Ac Ac As As
psz z, t b da s dl bz, t b da s dl
0
z z z z
pczwc pszws mv bf )dz As As Ac Ac
[T v Ncwc N sws Mv f ]0L (9) Resultant of forces at the end section surface
M s z , t z y y s da E s I s v Boundary conditions
As
E A w
c c c sh Ec S f N c wc 0L 0
da E A w S f
N c z , t
z c c c sh
Es As ws S f N s ws 0L 0
(11)
Ac
M c z , t
Ec I c Es I s v M v 0 0
y y da E I v
L
z c c c
Ac
Ec I c Es I s v hRs ws wc vh T m v 0L 0
c z , t zda Ec [wc sh I f ]
Ec S wc sh Ec I f f 0L 0
Ac
deflection(mm)
respectively is 0.6kN/mm2 and 6kN/mm2. 1
6
0 4 8 12 16 20 24(m)
girder axis
a) Beam deflection at Rs=0.6kN/mm2
2
a) Cross section
3 RH=75%,Rs=0.6kN/mm2
4
5
6
7
0 4 8 12 16 20 24(m)
girder axis
b) Structural sketch
b) Beam deflection at Rs=6kN/mm2
Fig. (3). A typical sample.
Fig. (4). Effect on deflection about shear lag.
As shown in Fig. (4), it is the influence of shear lag effect 0
to deflection about composite beam. if it is considered that RH=75%,Rs=0.6kN/mm
2
2
deflection(mm)
There are shown in Fig. (4) and Fig. (5) that the influence 5
of the stiffness of shear connector and environmental relative 6
humidity to composite beam. With the stiffness of shear
connector increased, the beams deflection reduced 7
accordingly. With the development of concrete shrinkage 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 (m)
girder axis
and creep, beams deflection increased, but the increase has
relation with the stiffness of the shear connectors. If
Fig. (5). Effect on deflection about the rigidity of shear connectors.
the stiffness of shear connectors is larger, the magnitude of
Analysis of Stress and Deflection about Steel-Concrete Composite Girders The Open Civil Engineering Journal, 2015, Volume 9 175
As shown in Fig. (7) and Fig. (8), with the development CONCLUSIONS
of shrinkage and creep of concrete, the section internal force
According to the above results of the sample, it is not
will redistribute and the stress of the concrete slab will vary
with time. When load is applied on concrete slab initially, difficult to draw the following conclusions:
the stress will change much quicker. This can improve that 1. If it is considered that lateral uneven distribution of
the development of the shrinkage and creep of concrete in section stress on Composite beams, the value of
the early time is much quicker, while after eight months later deflection will be larger than that calculated by
stress of the concrete slab changes very slowly. Because ordinary beam theory, the deflection of composite beam
of the existence of shear connectors in composite beam, it will increased accordingly over time. But with
will have an effect on the redistribution of section internal the stiffness of shear connectors increased, its influence
force after the beam applies load. The larger of the stiffness degree will gradually increase.
of shear connector, the more advantage the distribution cross 2. The deflection of composite beam will decrease with the
section stress will get.
increase of stiffness about shear connector, and it will
Rs=0.6kN/mm2,t0=30days increase with the development of creep and shrinkage
0 Rs=0.6kN/mm2,t=3630days about concrete, But the increase relevants to the
Rs=6kN/mm2,t0=30days stiffness of the shear connectors. If the stiffness of shear
1 Rs=6kN/mm2,t=3630days connectors is bigger, the magnitude of the change of
deflection(mm)
2
0.5 RH=75%,Rs=6kN/mm
The authors confirm that this article content has no
the one-eighth section
0.0 conflict of interest.
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
-0.5 Time(day) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
2
RH=75%,Rs=0.6kN/mm
-1.0 The authors wish to acknowledge the support and
RH=75%,Rs=6kN/mm
2 motivation provided by the National Natural Science
-1.5
Foundation of China (Grant No. 51068005).
The one-second section
-2.0
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Received: September 17, 2014 Revised: December 17, 2014 Accepted: December 23, 2014