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PA 582 Final Exam Public Policy Formulation Implementation Keller (TCO A) Government in

general, and public administration in particular, have changed fairly drastically over the past few

decades. Explain some of the factors and trends that are transforming these areas. (Points : 30)

Within the last decade, new rules and regulations were executed. Many of these rules and

regulations are still in place, but most of them have had additional policies applied to it or some

of them were removed. In Social Security Administration, for example. (TCO B) Efficiency

should be one of the goals of an effective public policy. Under the traditional managerial

approach to public administration, that goal is consistent with the rational-comprehensive model

of decision making. Please define, or otherwise explain, the rational-comprehensive model of

decision making and detail how a governmental entity might be organized to effectively use that

model. (Points : 30) The rational-comprehensive approach to decision-making is used by the

traditional management approach, which is dependent on bureaucratic organization for the

promotion of rationality. In particular (TCO B) Equity should be one of the goals of an

effective public policy. Explain how the adjudication model of decision making in public

administration may help to achieve this goal. Also, mention at least one issue that may exist with

the use of the adjudication model. (Points : 30) The adjudication model of decision making

achieves equity in that it ensures that both parties are heard and that both parties are allowed to
provide evidence to prove their cases. In addition, a third party (TCO C) Legislatures,

whether the Congress of the United States or at a state level, often pass legislation that is vague.

Hence, the policy mandates given to public administrators via the legislation are vague. Explain

first why our elected representatives might create vague statutes and resulting policy directives.

Then explain how this may shift policy making to public administrators. (Points : 30) When

elected representatives create vague statues which result in policy directives it is because of

Congress. Congress will grant then a great degree of independence when it comes to (TCO

C) Statutes enacted by legislatures, whether the Congress of the United States or at a state level,

often are vague. Hence, the policy mandates given to public administrators via the legislation are

vague. This also shifts much of the policy making to public administrators. Explain the

advantages to the public of the public administrators, rather than the elected representatives,

making policy via rules and regulations. (Points : 30) From what our text says this gives the

administrator a lot of latitude in how he or she does her job in a response to the vague laws

passed by the legislature. In the absence of solid laws to (TCO D) A first step in measuring

the effectiveness of a public policy or program initiative is to understand the differences between

policy outputs and policy outcomes. Please define each of these two terms. Then also

explain briefly why it can be difficult to measure a cause and effect between policy outputs and

policy outcomes of any given public policy or program initiative. (Points : 30) Policy outputs

refer to the actions that are actually performed by the government whereas policy outcomes

(TCO D) Measuring the effectiveness of a public policy or program initiative can be difficult

because usually a pure experimental design cannot be used on account of logistical problems and

ethical concerns. In some circumstances, a quasi-experimental design of research can be used to

determine if a correlation between a policy change and the results have a cause and effect
relationship. Please explain the basics of a quasi-experimental design, and explain how that

framework can be used at a state level to try to measure the effectiveness of the public policy.

(Points : 30) There are three different designs of researches and they are pure experimental

design of research, nonexperimental design of research and (TCO E) Compare and contrast

the ability of the federal government to borrow money with that of state and local governments.

Explain how the borrowing capabilities, or lack thereof, may impact your work as a public

administrator seeking funding to achieve policy objectives. (Points : 30) Federal government-

Subject to a debt limit, the ability of the federal government to borrow money is fairly (TCO

E) Define the term public-private partnership. Explain at least two of the challenges facing the

public sector and how this structure may help to alleviate those challenges. (Points : 30) A

public-private partnership is a business relationship between a government agency and a private-

sector company. It is formed for the (TCO E) A public administrator working for a federal

agency and overseeing the funding of the public policy implementation for its programs should

be cognizant of the federal budget process. Please provide an overview of that process. Assume

that you are the program director. Explain how your understanding of the process will assist you

in that role. (Points : 30) In order to budget and public finance, there are three levels of

government budgeting. These include the federal, state, and local government levels. According

to the (TCO I) Between election cycles, a citizen may become disgruntled with the actions

(or lack of actions) of his or her representatives. Some states allow a person to use an initiative

process to try to force a change. These initiatives can also be called by other names, such as

ballot measure, proposal, or proposition. No matter the name, please describe the general process

for an initiative to occur. Also, describe at least two possible requested outcomes of an initiative

at the state level. (Points : 30) The general process for an initiative involves the drafting of a
legislative bill or constitutional amendment by the (TCO F) Olympus School District is in a

geographic area that is experiencing rapid population growth. As a result, the district needs three

additional schools as soon as reasonably possible. The district is allowed to impose property

taxes and has a strong tax base. However, provisions on existing bonds payable restrict its ability

to issue more bonds to pay for the construction of the new schools. A consultant from the state

education department has suggested to the board of the district to consider entering into a

public-private partnership. Please define this term: public-private partnership. What advantage

should occur from entering into such an arrangement? Propose a scenario for the construction of

the schools using such an arrangement. (Points : 30) Public-private partnerships would be an

appropriate way to achieve policy objectives if recognized public figures support the initiative as

they can help minimize the publics misconceptions about the (TCO F) Define the term

public-private partnership. Explain at least two of the challenges facing the public sector and

how this structure may help to alleviate those challenges. (Points : 30) A publicprivate

partnership (PPP) is an engagement between a government authority and private sector to

provide public service or pursue a project whereby the private (TCO G) Your state has

recently passed a law requiring each resident of the state to be covered by at least a minimum

amount of health insurance. As a public administrator in charge of the implementation, describe

the steps that you feel should be taken so that the policy can be placed in effect in a cost-effective

manner. (Points : 30) When implementing a new public policy, an implementation plan should

be created to ensure that the impact of the new policies and procedures will be (TCO H)

Once an agency is established to implement a new public policy, that entity may continue to exist

year-after-year without evaluation as to its continuing relevance. Some might say that this is a

problem. A sunset provision when an agency is created may help to overcome this potential
issue. Please define or otherwise explain the term sunset provision in the context of the

creation of an agency. Also, explain how such a provision may help the public. (Points : 30)

Implementing sunset provisions would be one way of providing a meaningful way by which a

new policy can be evaluated. This will enable the (TCO H) A problem with government,

some might say, is that once an agency is established to implement a new public policy, that

entity may continue to exist year-after-year without evaluation as to its continuing relevance. A

sunset provision when an agency is created may help to overcome this potential issue. Please

define or otherwise explain the term sunset provision in the context of the creation of an

agency. Also, explain how such a provision may help the public. (Points : 30) Sunset

provisions, as noted earlier, are another manifestation of the desire to hold public administrators

accountable. From the managerial http://www.hiqualitycollegecourses.com/product/tco-h-a-

problem-with-government-some-might-say-pa-582-final-exam-keller/ (TCO I) Democracy can

be either direct or indirect. Please define both direct democracy and indirect democracy.

Generally, which do we have in the United States? Explain briefly what role initiatives,

referendums, and recalls might play in this distinction between direct democracy and indirect

democracy. (Points : 30) In a direct democracy, the people are able to directly make decisions

through the proposal of laws or of referendums on laws that are (TCO I) Farmersville, the

small city where you have lived for the past decade, has a fairgrounds with a short track used for

stock car racing. An annual fair is held there, weekly races are run during the summer months,

and occasionally the property is rented out for special events. The fairgrounds property is owned

by the city, and thus, decisions regarding its use and continuation are controlled by the board of

aldermen. Recently, that governing board has voted to discontinue the activities there and to seek

a buyer for the property for redevelopment. Explain how you might try to influence the decision-
makers into reversing this plan. (Points : 30) Attend board meetings to keep current on the

plan