PH YSI CAL REVIEW VOLUM E 100, NUM B ER 2 OCT OB ER 15, 1955

Spin-Orbit Coupling Effects in Zinc Blende Structures*

G. DRESSELHAUst
Departmesss of Physics, Umioersity of California, Berkeley, Calcforrsia
(Received June 30, 1955)

Character tables for the "group of the wave vector" at certain points of symmetry in the Brillouin zone
are given. The additional degeneracies due to time reversal symmetry are indicated. The form of energy
vz wave vector at these points of symmetry is derived. A possible reason for the complications which
may make a simple effective mass concept invalid for some crystals of this type structure will be presented.

HE e6'ect of symmetry on the energy band
structures of crystals of the zinc blende type can
be readily derived using the machinery developed by
Bouck. aert, Smoluchowski, and Wigner' and Elliott. '
Recent extensive studies of the semiconductor proper-
ties' of InSb, which has the zinc blende structure, and
preliminary cyclotron resonance investigations' have
indicated a need for a more thorough understanding of
the possible energy band structures of a zinc blende
type crystal.
A zinc blende structure consists of two interpene-
trating face centered cubic lattices; each f.c.c. may be
considered a sublattice. The two sublattices are dis-
placed by one quarter of a body diagonal and each
consists entirely of one species of atom. If the two sub-
lattices are identical, one has a diamond structure. The
symmetry properties of diamond are fully discussed in
reference 2.
FxG. 1. The erst Brillouin zone for a face centered cubic,
diamond, and zinc blende structure. Points and lines of symmetry
are indicated using the notation of reference 1.
*This work has been supported in part by the Office of
Naval Research and the U. S. Signal Corps.
t Now at the Institute for the Study of Metals, University of
Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
'Bouckaert, Smoluchowski, and Wigner, Phys. Rev. 50, 58
(1936).
s R. J. Elliott, Phys. Rev. 96, 280 (1954).
eH. Welker, Z. Naturforsch. 7a, 744 (1952); 8a, 248 (1953);
M. Tanenbautn and H. B. Briggs, Phys. Rev. 91, 1561 (1953);
G. L. Pearson and M. Tanenbaum, Phys. Rev. 90, 153 1953);
M. Tanenbaum and J. P. Maita, Phys. Rev. 91, 1009 1953);
H. Weiss, Z. Naturforsch. 8a, 463 (1953); O. Madelung and
H. Weiss, Z. Naturforsch. 9a, 527 (1954).
4Dresselhaus, Kip, Kittel, and Wagoner, Phys. Rev. 98, 556
(1955).
The zinc blende structure has the space group sym-
metry F43m or T&'. There are no glide planes or screw
axes, so the group of any wave vector k has only simple
operations. The 6rst Brillouin zone is the well-known
truncated octahedron shown in Fig. 1. The character
tables for the group of the wave vector k for certain
points of symmetry in the Brillouin zone are given in
Tables I through VI. When the spin is included in the
problem only the double representations occur (i.e.,
representations for which a 360' rotation, E, changes
the sign of the wave function). The effect of including
spin in the problem is to form wave functions of a
spatial function times a spin function which will
transform' as D;. The total wave function will then
transform as the direct product of a single group repre-
sentation with D;. This direct product then can be
decomposed in terms of representations of the double
group. If more than one representation of the double
group occurs in the decomposition of the direct product,
a spin-orbit splitting of the level is indicated. A table
of the direct products of the single group representa-
tions with Dg is included with each character table.
The compatibility relations for certain lines of sym-
metry are given in Table VII. These relations give the
splitting of the degeneracies as one proceeds along the
symmetry axes. The extra degeneracies due to time
reversal symmetry can be found using the standard
test due to Herring' and Eliott. ' The extra degeneracies
are indicated in each table.
The principal diGerence from the diamond structure
is the lack of inversion symmetry for the point groups
in the zinc blende structure. Without inversion sym-
metry one still has the result from Kramers' theorem'
that E(k) =8(
k), but now the periodic part of the
Bloch functions no longer satisfies the condition
I q(r) =N~( r), and hence a twofold degeneracy
throughout the Brillouin zone is not required.
The one electron Schrodinger equation for the
' E. Wigner, Grlppeatheorie U. W. Edwards, Michigan,
1944),
p. 245.
' C. Herring, Phys. Rev. 52, 361 (1937).
~ This theorem states that in the absence of magnetic 6elds
+lr
and i0.%'1,* are solutions of the Hamiltonian for the same energy.
The second solution belongs to wave vector k, and hence we
have two solutions at k and k with the same energy.
 SPIN ORB IT EFFECTS IN Zn BLENDE STRUCTURES
TAsLz I. Character table of the double group of r; k= (000).

6C4B 8CB 6I XC4 6I XC4 j. 2I XCB

r, 1 1 1 1
1

1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Fs 2 2 1 1 0 0 0
r4(x, y, z) 3 1 0 0 1 1 1
F5 3 1 0 0 1 1 1
r6 2 0 1 1 v2 0
rv 2 0 1 1 W2 v2 0
rs 0 1 1 0 0 0
F; Fy r, Fs r, r,
F;XD) F6 Fv rs Fv+Fs F6+Fs
Selection rules
r; r, F2 F3 F4 r, F6 r, Fs
r;xr F4 r, r, +r, r, +r, +r, +r, r, +r, +F,yr, Fv+Fs F6+Fs F6+Fv+2F

problem with spin-orbit coupling is Degenerate levels are treated by solving the customary
secular determinants.
p' In working out the matrix elements for perturbation
+V+ (vVXp) ~ p~=Ea+~ theory, it is helpful to use group theoretical selection
2m 4m'c'
rules. Due to the scalar character of the Hamiltonian,
The translational symmetry of the lattice requires that
the wave functions be of the Bloch form, i.e., TABLE II. Character table of the double group of 6; k= kL100].
%g Ng(r)e'~'
2C4B 2I XC2 2I XC2'
where N(r) is periodic and satisfies the equation
ag(x) 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 11
P ~g (y+z) 1 1 1 1

2m
+V+
4m'c'
(vVXp) ~ a4(y z) 1
2
1
1
2
1
0
1
0
1
0
&;XD)=~5, i= 1, 2, 3, 4
5
+4~'c' ~xvv l)I=I E.2~)
fez/z'l
+ (m
p
I
f p

E
53 and
Selection rules
A4 are degenerate by time reversal

A4

The equation for k+K is 6;XAy b, 4

~sX~B ~3
b.;Xh4 A4
p2
+V+ (vVXp) o+K
. 2m 4m'c'
TABLE III. Character table of the double group of A or L;
f
p Ir= (k/v3)(111] or (z-/a)(111).
+fzk I +4m'c'
Em
E 3I XC2 3I XCB

+5K
ply'
+ ~xvv I+K
A, L

A&(x+y+z) 1
2CB

1
2CB

1 1
1 1
1
I
&m 4~zc' ) A2
(x+cuy+aPz)
1 1 1

A 3 (x+~'y+cuz) 2 1
(~'=1)
E~+K I+K (3) ~4 1 1 1 z
I
2m ) +s 1 1 1 z
A6 2 1 1 0 0
Treating the term
L4 and L~ are degenerate by time reversal
K'=5K
t' p
+ axvv (A4 and A5 are nondegenerate)
I
4m'c' ) A; Ag A2 AB
AsXDy A6 As A4+A5+A6
as a perturbation, the energy at k+K for a nonde- Select&on rules
generate level is A; AI Ag AB A4 A5 As
52)I|2 A;XAz As A4 A. 5 A6
Ei+K Eg+ . +(pgI
K I
Ng)+ (4) A, XA& Ay+Ay+As A6 As A4+A. g+A6
2m
 G. DRESSELHAUS
TABLE IV. Character table of the double group of Z or E; is the irreducible representation of wave vector k
lt =(k/V2)$110j or (34r/2a)(110).
according to which 4'k' transforms and FR is the repre-
sentation according to which a vector transforms.
Z, K I XC& I XC2 Another way of viewing the selection rules is that the
(s)
(*+y) 1 only representations that mix with F; under the per-
Zs(x y) 1 turbation BC' are those contained in the decomposition
Zs
Z4
2
of the direct product F;)&FR. Tables I to VII also give
i= 1, 2 the decomposition of these direct products for the
ZsXD(=Zs+Z4,
points of symmetry in the Brillouin zone. For conveni-
Selection rules
ence the combinations of vector components which
Z; Zg Zg Zs Z4
ZsXZz Zz Z2 Zs Z4
transform as a given irreducible representation are
ZsXZ2 Zg Z1 Z4 Zs indicated in the character tables.
In order to give a more complete treatment of the
point F, the bases shown in Table VIII may be selected
TABLE V. Character table of the double group of X; for the irreducible representations. ' In this notation
h= (2s/a)(100). the spin-orbit splittings at k=0 are, for F41F4'*,

4C4~~ 2I &(C4)) 2I XC411 4I XC2 3)z /' BV BV

B,
2C4~1)
AEso zl p p. 5, l,
Xg
X2
1
1 1
1
1
1
1 1
1

1
1
1 4m'c' 4 Bx By )
Xz(x) 1 1 1 1 1 11 1
X4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 and for F5&,
I"5&
Xz(y, s) 2
2 0 -2 0 0 0
X6 2 2 o o m v2 0
X7 2 -2 0 0 v2 V2 0
35 BV BV
++Be= zl el pw p~ es
X; Xg Xp Xs X4 Xs 4m'c' Bx By
KXD) Xs X7 X'7 Xs Xs+X7
Selection rules suggest that the representations F4
Selection rules
X; Xg X2 Xs X4 Xs X6 X7
and F5 have first-order matrix elements with 3" and
hence finite slopes. Actually all 6rst-order matrix
.
XXX, X, X4 X1 X~ X5 X7 Xs
X;XX5 X5 X5 X5 X5 X1+X2+X3+X4 Xs+X7 Xs+X7 elements with p vanish due to time reversal symmetry.
For example, (Bzl pl Bz) = (8sl plBt) by a reflection in the
(101) plane, but by partial integration (8t p 8s)
TABLE Vl. Character table of the double group of 5'; = (Bs pl Bz), as the 8, 's are real if the Hamiltonian has l l

'
h = (24r/a) (0 , 1).
l

time-inversion symmetry; hence all such matrix ele-

ments vanish. This argument only holds if all 5 s are
C42 C4 I XC4 I XC4 I XC4' I XC4' from the same degenerate F4 level.

i/i-+i gi
W1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 When spin-orbit interaction is included in the per-
Wz(x) 1 1
Wz(y+is}
W4(y
8'5

W7
js)
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 1
1 z
1
z
$ 4/i
z
z
'b

Z
i+i- iv'i
Z

z
Z
z
turbation (i.e. , the oXV V term is not neglected), the
energy to erst order in k for a F8 level is given by the

TABLE VII Compatibility relations

Ws 1 1 z +i Z Qi i/i iv'i
W; Wg Ws W4 F1~

Q1 F1 + Ai
W'XD-; Ws+W6 W7+ Ws W6+ W7 Ws+ Ws F2 + Q2 F2 + A. g
Fs ~ ~1+~2 Fs + As
Selection rules P4 ~ 411+ (413+~4) F4 + 41+As
W; Wg Wp Ws W4 Ws Ws W7 Ws pz ~ as+(&4+&4) Fs + A~+A. s
W'X W2 W2 W1 W4 Ws W7 Ws W5 W6 F6, F7, Fs~ ~5 FF7~X,
W XWs W4 W~ Wr Ws W5 Ws W7 Fs ~ ~4+&5+As
W;X W4 W4 Ws W1 8'g W7 Ws W5
X1~ A1 (L4+Lz) ~ A4+Az
X2~ h. ~
Xs~h1
the term X4 + h2

R= p+
5( fi
4rxv'U
X, (~, +~,}
Xs, X7~ a5
m
l

( 4mc' Time reversal degenerate representations are indicated by paren-

theses.
as a vector. Matrix elements of the type
transforms
(+"I&-le") will vanish unless the direct product 4 See p v& r Laze end H. A. Bethe, Phys. Rev. 71, 612
F, XFaXF; contains the unit representation, where F; (1942}.
 SPI N ORBIT EFFECTS IN Zn BLEN DE STRUCTURES
secular determinant
X (i/2)Ck+ Ck, (i'/2)Ck
(i/2)Ck X (iV3/2)Ck+ Ck,
Ck, (iV3/2)Ck (i/2)Ck,
(i'/2)Ck+ Ck, (i/2)Ck
where X=E' (h'ks/2m), which has solutions of the zone, as one proceeds toward the edge of the zone,
then would entail a rather complex band structure with
X= ~C(k'yL3(k 'k 'yk 'k '+k 'k ')]&)-*'
highly deformed energy surfaces and accidental de-
'= ~C(ks L3(k sk syk sk s+k sk s)]-:): generacies. '
Second-order perturbation theory for the F8 level is
where tractable on the approximation that only first-order
1 5s) BU terms in e&VV and second-order terms in y be con-
for r, &,
sidered. The fourth-order equation which results from
2~pm'c'E By ) the 4)&4 secular determinant is
1ks( BU
(L M l'
Es (L M
)'
2%3m'cs E y' 2y'
By I

3
C=O, for F3. )('(k sk 2+k sk 2+k sk 2)+Csks
The first-order energies are shown in Fig. 2 for the LMq'
L100], [111],and 1-110]directions. In polar coordinates, /4yCsg(ksksyksks+ksks)+ ~ ~
k4
k, =ksin8cosp, k=ksin8sing, k, =kcos8, Eqs. (8) 3
become E' (L, M)'
X= ~CkL1~(3)& sin8(cosi8+r~ sin'8 sins2&)&]&. (10) + (k.'kys+k'k, '+k, 'k,')
3
Figure 3 shows the four 6rst-order energies given by
3(k'k'+k'k'+k'k')]
Eq. (10) for constant k plotted against the angle 8 for
wave vectors in a (110) plane (@=sr/4). It is interesting
to note that the two-dimensional A.6 level is the inter-
+C'Ek'

+2~
L M's- C'(k, '+k '+k ')
section of surfaces which arise from two diferent repre- ) ~

3~ /Ll'
sentations in a [100] direction. Any large separation 2
of the energy levels which transform as F8 at the center +S' C'k'(k 'k '+k 'kg'+kg'k-')
) ~

ENERGY
3 3

+21~
pL M' C'k'k'k'=0, (11)
)
~

where I,, 3f, and S are real numbers and can be ex-
pressed in terms of sums over the squares of the

P7 Qi

Qi g4
Fn. 2. Plot of energy {oooj k[IIO]
es wave vector showing
the first-order energy for
the spin-orbit split F4
or I's level in $100$,
$110), and (111$ direc-
tions. The circled num-
bers indicate the dimen-
sion of the representa-
tion.
(ooo) k goo]

Fxo. 3. Cylindrical cross section around the point F of a plot of

energy ss wave vector for wave vectors in a (110) plane.
(ooo) C. Herring, Phys. Rev. 52, 365 (1937).
 G. D RESS EL HA US
TAsI. E VIII. Basis functions for the irreducible representations'
of the double group for the point l .

r~=1 rs, n}
+)
0.
rs, dS = Lx'(ys z') r Pl-)
+yc(z' x') lil+)
+z'(*' y')7
Fg, 'y1=x +Glg+GPS
r. (r),
1
y2 = x'+any'+coo ('v+ ~)l+)
cd= 1 v2

(~ 'Ys ~71) I )
V2 Pro. 4. A cylindrical cross section around the point I" of a plot
of energy vs wave vector for wave vectors in a (110) plane
(~'vs ~v~) I+& showing the third order splitting of the F6 or I'7 surface.
v2

(~'vs+~v ~) I
)
it= %I 1007 the energy eigenvalues are

rv('),
1

V3
1
v2

I:i(si sos) I+&+Ssl

I ~(s~ +ss.)
I+
)7
&7
+k[100l =
2m
u'+' I
)L+2Mq
E 3 J,
I
u'+
' (L Mq '
I
k 3
I
fs4+c

(12)
I )
14, bg=x VS where each root is double; and for k= (k/V3)I 1117
82=y
53=8
r, (r,&}, (s, Q, ) ) I
(L+2M )
W2
~[sy~sl [irtl = & + I
Ik'

1
-I i(a, sb, ) I+&+2s3I &7
6
-I~vl
--1 E~(s~+sss) I &+I
l+&7
(double)
6

(~i+fss) I+&
z

+ lP+%2Ck (13)
V2
3
rs(re),
1
p s(eq
its)
I+)+
t3I )7
&3 O' V2Ck.
Ls(ei+ses)l ) s3I+) 7
r, , e, ==x(ys z') v3
An estimate of the magnitude of the constant C may
es y(z*-x')
s(x' y')
rs(rat), s)
es

v2
(e& I
) be obtained if one considers the zinc blende structure
as a deformed diamond type structure. Here we ""
will consider U'= V V; as a perturbation, where Vi
b(e~ s~s)l+)+2eal &7 is a diamond type potential with inversion symmetry
6
and V is the actual zinc blende type potential. The
Ls(e~+s) I
&+2esl+&7 correct 6rst-order spatial wave functions for a zinc
6 blende structure are then given by the following
(~~+s) I+) equations.
V2
Fol Py)
(~'+I 1"l~+) (&' 1"l~+)
elements, " and
n, ++
I
n=u++ Q
absolute value of matrix ' =I,+ ~~0 ~; Q
' =~2 &O &' P',
fi' t'L+2M (14)
~
Iu+y.
3 ) +0 ~i i =~2 +0
For a general k, Eq. (11) has four real roots; for 'For a more detailed treatment see the paper by F. Herman
(to be published).
io Dresselhaus, Kip, and Kittel, Phys. Rev. 98, 368 (1955). "R. H. Parrnenter, Phys. Rev. 100, 573 (1955}.
 SPIN ORBIT EFFECTS IN ZII BLEND E STRUCTURES
For I'2, lattice constant and A~o is the spin-orbit splitting at
(-;-I l" I=) k=0. The first-order energy at the zone edge in a
n; +g
[100] direction is

Z;-+
p i =r2+

e=~'+
(-;-I I"IW)
E E C 2s.~so
2m
0.02 ev (in InSb).
jv. 8 Z
jap i =r2+

For I'3, Hence the splitting due to the first-order terms would
(v-; II"lv- ) be only of the order of 0.02 ev if the slope were linear
vx=vx++ 2 QKi all the way to the edge of the zone. Actually the second-
order terms which should be large due to the small
&'Ivx+) energy gap will turn the surfaces down very rapidly.
(vx;
2
+ =r12 Using this value for C and the values of I., M, and X
I

+xi
from cyclotron resonance experiments on Ge, ' it would
)
& jvp jv.
seem from Eq. (11) that near the center of the Brillouin
(v; II'lv -) zone the removal of the twofold Kramers degeneracy
vIc vK + VKi
is at most 10 4 ev for holes with thermal energies.
Under these circumstances it seems quite likely that a

(vx; &'I vx-) perturbation expansion about the extremum should
+ 2
I

%xi ~
contain several orders of perturbation theory, and a
simple energy surface with effective mass tensor com-
For I'~, ponents independent of wave vector would be a very
(~-;-II"l~ -) poor approximation.
4c=&x + 4c
; =r15- EP E; For the I"6 and F7 level the energy to third order in k
is given by
( '+Iv'ls ) E= C k'~C [k'(k 'k '+k 'k '+k 'k ') 9k 'k 'k ']'
i
2
+ =rg5+
Ep E.
ex'+,
(20)
(17)
(&x; I& le++) In third order the levels are split in all but the [100]
5K=+ p . ~Z4 and [111] directions. In polar coordinates Eq. (20)
reads
(sx;+I &'I ex+) E= Cek'+Cik' sin8[1 sin'8 (1+2 sin'2p)
Ep 8
&z
+ (9/4) sin'2p sin48]l. (21)
For F5, Figure 4 shows a plot of energy es 8 for constant k and
(&x;+I &'I &x+) &=4r/4 [i.e., k in a (110) plane]. The surfaces have
err =~K + ~z;+
their maximum separation along &il0) axes. In the
gp g 4

IIIV class of semiconducting compounds like InSb,

(;-I v'l~ +) the high mobility electrons are presumably in a spheri-
&Xi ) cally symmetric I'6 state. ' Higher orders in k should
p
not enter until the thermal or Fermi energy for the
(&rr;+I &'I ere ) electrons is of the order of the band splittings at k=0.
ex=ex + jv.
~z'+ In impure e-type InSb with electron concentrations
i =rIfi jvp 10"/cm' and a Fermi energy" of 0.2 ev one may
(ex' I" ) be entering into a region where the splitting of the
degeneracy for the electrons should be considered.
I I

Perturbation expansions for other points in the

Brillouin zone are facilitated by writing the perturbation
where the cubic harmonics are as defined in reference 8 in a form such that the vector combinations indicated
except that Vt+ = Vs+*= x'+4ey'+to's', (oi'= 1), and the & in the character tables appear; these combinations are,
superscript is used to denote the parity of the functions. for the points I', (000), and X, (24r/a) (100),
For the I'4 level arising from a diamond type F+ level K'= k~ +kR+k&.; (22)
fz' (et+I ~l'*/~yl34' )(~i' l" et+)
C=- I I

(19)
for the point W, (24r/a) (O, s, 1),
&3 tS C i =r&4 (Eo E') 3C' = K+,+p[(K+iK,) (RiE,)
To a very rough approximation" V' P';/Z where Z +(KsK,) (Z+4m.)]; (23)
is the atomic number. C (1/Z)hsoa, where a is the '4 Hrostowslti, Wheatley, and Flood, Phys, Rev. 95, 1683 (1954).
 G. DRESSELHAUS
TABLE IX. Possible energy extrema for the representations of the
double group in zinc blende structures.

L6
Representations
0- r6 -0 Extrema at of double group Constant energy surfaces
X6-0
f22
x7
0
rs -0
r
(000) r, sphere
Cl 7 F7 sphere
Is Fa (from Fq) 2 warped energy surfaces as
12
I
X r, L6
for holes in Si and Ge
( L4& Lg)
c9
CL
X7 -8
L6 (k/VS) L111] h. 8 spheroids; &11'1) axes
z p-. X6
L6 8 spheroids; &111)axes
LLI

0- I6
(2s./a)(1, xs 0) W Ws, Wo, W7, Ws 6 spheroids; (100) axes
2
/, (IOO) (ooo) (ooo) /p (I I I) General point 48 general ellipsoids
REDUCF D WAVE VECTQR K

FIG. 5. A schematic drawing of the energy levels for a zinc

blende type structure modification of boron nitride based on influence of the lowest conduction states (see Fig. 5),
Herman's calculation for diamond PF. Herman, Phys. Rev. 88, then the constant energy surfaces at these extrema will
1210 (1952); thesis, Columbia Vniversity, 1953 (unpublished)].
The spin-orbit splittings are highly exaggerated for the purpose be spheroids with &111& axes. However, because of
of illustration. The levels marked with an 0 have zero slope along the smallness of the first-order terms compared to the
that axis. This 6gure should be compared with Elliott's Fig. 2. second-order terms, it is not expected that these
L'R. J. Elliott, Phys. Rev. 96, 266 (1954).g
extrema will be of any significance in the band structure
if they occur near the center of the zone.
for the points A, (k/~3(111), and L, (m/a)(111),
The representation I'8 at the center of the zone can
x'= ', $(E' +K
+E,) (R,+R+R,) have zero slope if it arises from the two-dimensional
+ (K,+toK+cesK,) (R,+aPR, +(oR.) representation F3 of the single group. In this case the
energy to second order in k is given by
+ (E,+tosE+toE,) ( R,+ toR+c, )i, (24)
E=Ct2ks&LCtssk'+Ct4s(k, 'ks+k'k,s+k, 'k ')]l, (32)
and for the points Z, (k/v2) (110), and 6, k(001)
in the limit that all spin-orbit splittings are negligible
5C'= K&,+ts[(K,+-K)(R,+R) compared with the spacing between levels at k=0, then
+ (K, K)(R, )). (25)
R C~4' 3C~3'. In atomic Sn it is known that the 4d
the Grst-order energies levels overlap the Ss atomic levels, hence in grey Sn or
Using these perturbations
can be written down at sight and are of the following InSb it is conceivable that a I"3 level, which can be
form: for hs, k(100), represented in a tight binding approximation by
d-orbitals, could be the uppermost valence band.
Z=CsK +Cs(Ks+K,')'*; (26) Table IX gives a tabulation of the types of energy
surfaces which might be expected at certain points in
for A4 and As, (k/~3 (111),
the Brillouin zone. It should be emphasized in all these
E= C, (E,+E+E,); (2&) considerations that if the spin-orbit interaction is small

;'
for h6, or the difference in the crystal potential from the
E= Cs(E,+E+E,) diamondlike potential is only slight, then the region
+CsLEs (EgK+KE,+E,K.))&) (28)
of convergence of the energy expressions will be small
compared to kT and one should then consider only the
for Z4 or Zs, (k/~2(110), single group representations in the 6rst case, or the
diamond structure double group representations in the
Z=Cr(E, +E)+CsK, (29)
latter case. If the region of convergence of the per-
and for Xs or Xr, (2m/a) (100), turbation expansion is ~kT, then one is not justi6ed
in keeping only the lowest nonvanishing term and a
Z= &C (Es+Es,') &.
simple effective mass approximation would seem unjus-
The second-order energies for the point W, (2s./u) (0,ts, 1), ti6ed. From the order of magnitude estimate of the
are of the form spin-orbit splitting, it seems this might be the case for
Z=CtoE '+C (Ett'+E', ). s(31) holes in InSb.
I should like to thank Professor C. Kittel for sug-
If the energy extremum is at the point 8', the constant gesting this problem and for guidance throughout the
energy surfaces will be spheroids with & 100& axes. course of the investigation. I am indebted to Dr. F.
The irreducible representations A4 and A5 only have Herman and Dr. R. Paramenter of R.C.A. Laboratories
slopes along a &111& axis, hence if the constant C4 is for communicating", their results to me prior to pub-
zero at some point along the axis as it presumably is lication. I also wish to thank Mr. R, K, Qehringer for
g.par the ct:nter of the zone in InSb due to the perturbing checking the manuscript.