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1 + 2z 1 + z 2
H(z) =
1 0.75z 1 + 0.125z 2
Draw the following structures for the system: (i) Direct form-I, (ii) Direct form-II, (iii) Cascade,
and (iv) Parallel.
Solution 10.1
x(n) 1 y(n)
+ +
z1
z1
2
+ +
0.75
z1 z1
1
0.125
Fig. S10.1
1
x(n) + + y(n)
z1
2
+ +
0.75
z1
1
0.125
Fig. S10.2
2 Digital Signal Processing
(iii)
1 + 2z 1 + z 2 (1 + z 1 )2
H(z) = =
1 0.75z 1 + 0.125z 2 (1 0.25z 1)(1 0.5z 1 )
1 1
(1 + z ) (1 + z )
= = H1 (z)H2 (z)
(1 0.25z 1) (1 0.5z 1)
Cascade structure is shown in Fig. S10.3.
1 1
+ + + +
z1 1 z1
1
0.25 0.5
Fig. S10.3
18
x(n)
+ + y(n)
0.25 z1
25
+
0.5 z1
Fig. S10.4
in the following forms: (i) two different direct forms, and (ii) cascade of six first-order sections.
Solution 10.2
x(n)
z1 z1 z1 z1 z1 z1
+ + + + + + y(n)
x(n)
z1 + z1 + z1 + z1 + z1 + z1 + y(n)
Fig. S10.5
x(n)
+ + + + + + y(n)
Fig. S10.6
Solution 10.3
x(n)
z1 z1 z3
+ + + y(n)
Fig. S10.7
We know that
Am (z) Km Bm (z)
Am1 (z) = 2
1 Km
For m = 3, we get
A3 (z) K3 B3 (z)
A2 (z) = = 1 + 1.2z 1 + 0.45z 2 = a2 (0) + a2 (1)z 1 + a2 (2)z 2
1 K32
Hence K2 = a2 (2) = 0.45, and B2 (z) = 0.45 + 1.2z 1 + z 2 . For m = 2, we get
A2 (z) K2 B2 (z)
A1 (z) = = 1 + 0.83z 1 = a1 (0) + a1 (1)z 1
1 K22
4 Digital Signal Processing
z1 + z1 + z1 +
g0(n) g1(n) g2(n) g3(n)
Fig. S10.8
Hence K1 = a1 (1) = 0.83. The lattice realization of the filter is shown in Fig. S10.8.
10.4 Find the lattice structure for the digital filter with difference equation
We know that
Am (z) Km Bm (z)
Am1 (z) = 2
1 Km
For m = 4, we get
A4 (z) K4 B4 (z)
A3 (z) = = 1 0.17z 1 + 0.33z 2 + 0.83z 3
1 K42
= a3 (0) + a3 (1)z 1 + a3 (2)z 2 + a3 (3)z 3
Hence K3 = a3 (3) = 0.83, and B3 (z) = 0.83 + 0.33z 1 0.17z 2 + z 3 For m = 3, we get
A3 (z) K3 B3 (z)
A2 (z) = = 1 1.43z 1 + 1.51z 2 = a2 (0) + a2 (1)z 1 + a2 (2)z 2
1 K32
Hence K1 = a1 (1) = 0.57. The lattice realization of the filter is shown in Fig. S10.9.
z1 + z1 + z1 + z1 +
g0(n) g1(n) g2(n) g3(n) g4(n)
Fig. S10.9
z(z + 1) z2 + z 1 + z 1
H(z) = = =
z 2 z + 1.06 z 2 z + 1.06 1 z 1 + 1.06z 2
(a) The direct form II structure is shown in Fig. S10.10.
y(n)
+ + y(n)
1
z1
1 1
+
z1
1.06
Fig. S10.10
(b) First we realize the all-pole lattice. Here N = 2 and M = 1. Consider the given system function
1 + z 1
1 V (z) Y (z)
H(z) = = [C1 (z)] =
1 z 1 + 1.06z 2 A2 (z) | {z } X(z) V (z)
| {z } zeros | {z } | {z }
poles all-pole system all-zero system
We know that
Am (z) Km Bm (z)
Am1 (z) = 2
1 Km
For m = 2, we get
A2 (z) K2 B2 (z)
A1 (z) = = 1 0.49z 1 = a1 (0) + a1 (1)z 1
1 K22
Now, we determine the ladder parameters, i . Consider the numerator polynomial C1 (z).
1 = c1 (1) = 1
0 = c1 (0) 1 b1 (0) = 1 (1 0.49) = 1.49
K1
g1(n) K1
g2(n) + z1 + z1 g0(n)
1 = 1 0 = 1.49
+ y(n)
Fig. S10.11
10.6 Obtain the polyphase structure for the following IIR system
3 + z 1
H(z) =
1 + 3z 1
3 + z 1 3 z 1
H(z) = , H(z) =
1 + 3z 1 1 3z 1
1 3 + z 1 3 z 1 6 6z 2
2 1
E0 (z ) = [H(z) + H(z)] = + =
2 2 1 + 3z 1 1 3z 1 1 9z 2
1 3 + z 1 3 z 1 16z 1
1
z 1 E1 (z 2 ) = [H(z) H(z)] = =
2 2 1 + 3z 1 1 3z 1 1 9z 2
Therefore,
6 6z 2
2 1 2 1 16
H(z) = E0 (z ) + z E1 (z ) = +z
1 9z 2 1 9z 2
x(n) y(n)
E0(z2) +
z1
E1(z2)
Fig. S10.12
Digital Signal Processing 7
Solution 10.7
Note that H(0) IS real and H(10) = H (1), H(9) = H (2), H(8) = H (3), H(7) = H (4) and
H(6) = H (5). The system function H(z) is given by [Eqs. (10.22) and (10.23)]
1 z M
H(z) = Hc (z)Hr (z) = Hr (z)
M
M 1 h i
j 2
1 z M X 2[H(k)] 2 H(k)e
k
2 M z 1 H(0)
= +
1 2 cos 2
M M
k z 1 + z 2 1 z 1
k=1
h i
j 2
1 z 11 X 2[H(k)] 2 H(k)e
k
5 11 z 1 H(0)
= +
1 2 cos 2
11 11
k z 1 + z 2 1 z 1
k=1
h i h i
" 2[H(1)] 2 H(1)ej 2 11 z 1 2[H(2)] 2 H(2)ej 11 z 1
4
1 z 11
H(z) = +
1 2 cos 2
1 2 cos 4
11 11
z 1 + z 2 11
z 1 + z 2
h 6
i h 8
i
2[H(3)] 2 H(3)ej 11 z 1 2[H(4)] 2 H(4)ej 11 z 1
+
1 2 cos 6
1 2 cos 8
11
z 1 + z 2 11
z 1 + z 2
h 10
i
2[H(5)] 2 H(5)ej 11 z 1
#
H(0)
+ +
1 2 cos 10
11
z 1 + z 2 1 z 1
1z 11 h
3.6 + 3.6z 1
1.5 1.5z 1
0.7 + 0.73z 1 0.32 0.32z 1
H(z) = + + +
11 1 1.7z 1 + z 2 1 0.83z 1 + z 2 1 + 0.3z 1 + z 2 1 + 1.3z 1 + z 2
0.1 + 0.1z 1
2.94 i
+ +
1 + 1.9z 1 + z 2 1 z 1