The Effect of Different Lens Filters on the Shooting Accuracy of Davao City Police

Officers

In partial fulfillment of the

requirements in Physiology

Berato, Rugene N.
Castillones, Marianne B.
Dacula, Sarah Mae D.
Gepaya, Jenn Lori Y.
Kesid, Marrisa O.
Langahid, Therese Pauline O.
Luengo, Margaux Fiona S.
Samaon, Jul-Ilmah T.
Sandig, Juan Carlo B.
Yap, John Ryan O.

DECEMBER 2016
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Investigating the accuracy of police officers is necessary because their accuracy

directly threatens officers' safety in a deadly force conflict. Numerous articles and reports

have addressed the issue of officer-involved use of deadly force and more recently, the

lack of shooting accuracy officers demonstrate while performing in a high-stress gunfight.

In a study by Lewinski, he concluded that although hit rates across different po-

lice agencies vary, officer hit rates often do not exceed 50% during officer-involved

shootings. In a national survey completed by the Dallas Police Department, hit rates

were recorded as low as 25% in some locations.

Tinted lenses can reduce glare, improve contrast, and enhance depth perception.

Lenses for everyday use should not impair visual acuity and contrast sensitivity or

cause radical changes in color perception (De Fez et. al., 2002). Tinted lens have been

used to improve the performance of athletes, drivers and aviation pilots. There are dif-

ferent types of lenses, the effect of which depends on the type of filter used.

This study will be done in order to determine the initial shooting accuracy of the

Davao City police officers. The researchers will aim to identify what color of filter greatly

affects the shooting accuracy of Davao City police officers. Furthermore, the research-

ers will aim to study the relationship of different colored lens filters on the shooting accu-

racy of Davao City police officers.

 DONT COPY-PASTE your INTRO. ( REVISE!!!)

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

INDEPENDENT VARIA- DEPENDENT VARIABLE

BLE

Refractive Error Correc-

Yellow Filters tion

Figure 1. Acuity Hypothesis

The study was anchored on a study by Walls and Judd. It determines the effec-

tiveness of yellow filters in visual performance, particularly in refractive error correction.

In this study, the Acuity Hypothesis will be used to determine the effects of not only yel-

low filters but also brown and rose filters in the shooting accuracy of the Davao City po-

lice officers. Your theoretical framework should not focus only on the yellow filter. You

should also explain the physiologic process of correction of the EOR using all types of

filters.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

INDEPENDENT VARIA- DEPENDENT VARIABLE

BLE
LENS FILTER:
Shooting Accuracy
1. Brown Lens
2. Yellow Lens
3. Rose Lens

Figure 2. Research Paradigm

 The conceptual framework shows the different lens filter as the independent vari-

able and the shooting accuracy as the dependent variable. No need to explain figure 2

OBJECTIVES

The study aimed. to determine the efficacy of the different lens filters on the shooting

accuracy of Davao City police officers. Specifically, it sought to:

AIMED SOUGHT, why past tense? This is still a protocol so dont use past tense.

SUGGESTION : Use your title for your general objective:

To determine the effect of different lens filters on the shooting accuracy of davao

city police officers.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES :

1. Identify the initial shooting accuracy of the Davao City police officers.

2. Identify the shooting accuracy of the Davao City police officers after using:

Remove No. 1 and include in it in no. 2.

To determine the mean shooting accuracy of the Davao City police officers

2.1 without lens filter

2.2 Using lens filters :

2.2a Yellow

2.2b Brown

2.2c Rose

3. Identify if there is a significant difference in the shooting accuracy of Davao

City police officers after using:

 To determine if there is a significant difference between the mean shooting ac-

curacy when not using lens filter to the mean shooting accuracy using the following

lenses :

3.1 Yellow Lens

3.2 Brown Lens; and

3.3 Rose Lens

3. Identify if there is a significant difference on the efficacy of lens filter in the shooting

accuracy of Davao City police officers.

To determine if there is a significant difference in the means of the shooting accu-

racy between the different filter lenses.

4. Identify which of the following lens filter used is significantly effective in the shoot-

ing accuracy of Davao City police officers.

Remove last objective : since in your results you will be able to touch on the most

and least accurate among the filters . And besides, you cant say most effective

since your subjects will have other factors that will make accuracy different for each

eg. motor skills (hand-eye coordination, etc), visual acuity, etc. Mention all these

factors in your INTRO, and DISCUSS in the Review of related LIT/Studies, and

define in your definition of terms. Your result if positive will not also mean that it

will represent the population you are studying that is why you should use MEAN

because when you use actual nos. you are going to get percentages which is dif-

ficult to defend.

HYPOTHESIS
 The study will be guided by the following hypotheses:

H01: There is no significant difference in the effectiveness of the brown, yellow

and rose lens to the shooting accuracy of Davao City police officers.

H02: There is no significant difference among the efficacies of the three different

lens filters on the shooting accuracy of Davao City police officers.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Davao City Police Officers. The DCPO will acquire knowledge on how to improve

their shooting accuracy through visual manipulation.

Medical Community. The study aims to provide the medical community additional

knowledge and understanding regarding the effects of different lens filter on visual acuity.

Ophthalmology Community. The study will further improve their understanding

of the effects of different lens filter on visual acuity.

Shooting Enthusiasts. Use of the different lens filters may improve their shooting

skills and overall entertainment in the game.

LIMITATIONS of the STUDY : place it here.

 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

ANATOMY OF THE EYES dont discuss anatomy. Discuss your dependent varia-

ble, independent variables and both.

The anatomic anterior pole of the eye is the center of the cornea or the center of

the pupil. As the anterior pole rotates on any one of the three axes (horizontal, vertical,

and sagittal), all movements of the eye are then related to the direction its movement.

Elevation is the rotation of the eye upward, depression is the rotation of the eye down-

ward, abduction is the rotation of the eye laterally, and adduction is the rotation of the eye

medially. The upper rim of the cornea (or pupil) which is used for its rotatory movement

serves as the marker (Snell, 2012).

From the orbital cavity to the eyeball, there are six voluntary muscles that run from

its posterior wall. These are the superior rectus, the inferior rectus, the medial rectus, the

lateral rectus, and the superior and inferior oblique muscles. The superior and the inferior

recti not only raise and depress the cornea respectively, but also rotate it medially be-

cause they are inserted on the medial side of the vertical axis of the eyeball. The inferior

oblique muscle must assist the superior rectus muscle when raising the cornea directly

upward ;the superior oblique muscle must assist the inferior rectus when depressing the

cornea directly downward. The ciliary muscle and the constrictor, and the dilator pupillae

of the iris which are the involuntary intrinsic muscles, take no part in the movement of the

eyeball .The eyeball from the optic nerve to the corneoscleral junction is surrounded by a

fascial sheath. It separates the eyeball from the orbital fat and provides it with a socket
for free movement. It is perforated by the tendons of the orbital muscles and is reflected

onto each of them as a tubular sheath. The sheaths for the tendons of the medial and

lateral recti are attached to the medial and lateral walls of the orbit by triangular ligaments

called the medial and lateral check ligaments. The suspensory ligament of the eye is

thickened and serves to suspend the eyeball (Snell, 2012).

The posterior opaque part, the sclera, and an anterior transparent part, the cornea,

is made up of a fibrous coat. The opaque sclera is composed of dense fibrous tissue and

is white. it is pierced by the optic nerve posteriorly, and is fused with the dural sheath of

that nerve. The area of the sclera that is pierced by the nerve fibers of the optic nerve is

the lamina cribrosa. The sclera is also pierced by the ciliary arteries and nerves and their

associated veins, the venae vorticosae. The sclera is directly continuous in front with the

cornea at the corneoscleral junction, or limbus. The transparent cornea which is respon-

sible for the refraction of the light entering the eye, is in contact posteriorly with the aque-

ous humor. Cornea is devoid of lymphatic drainage and is avascular. It is nourished by

diffusion from the aqueous humor and from the capillaries at its edge. Its nerve supply is

supplied by the long ciliary nerves from the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve.

the refractive index of the cornea differs greatly from that of the air and its refractive power

occurs on the anterior surface of the cornea. The tear film maintains the normal environ-

ment for the corneal epithelial cells (Snell, 2012).

The vascular pigmented coat consists of the choroid, the ciliary body, and the iris.

The choroid is composed of an outer pigmented layer and an inner, highly vascular layer.

The ciliary body is continuous posteriorly with the choroid, and anteriorly it lies behind the

peripheral margin of the iris . It is composed of the ciliary ring, the ciliary processes, and
the ciliary muscle. The ciliary ring is the posterior part of the body, and its surface has

shallow grooves, the ciliary striae. The ciliary processes are radially arranged folds, or

ridges, to the posterior surfaces of which are connected the suspensory ligaments of the

lens. The ciliary muscle is composed of meridianal and circular fibers of smooth muscle.

The meridianal fibers run backward from the region of the corneoscleral junction to the

ciliary processes. The circular fibers are fewer in number and lie internal to the meridianal

fibers. Contraction of the ciliary muscle, especially the meridianal fibers, pulls the ciliary

body forward. This relieves the tension in the suspensory ligament, and the elastic lens

becomes more convex. This increases the refractive power of the lens.The ciliary muscle

is supplied by the parasympathetic fibers from the oculomotor nerve. After synapsing in

the ciliary ganglion, the postganglionic fibers pass forward to the eyeball in the short ciliary

nerves (Snell, 2012).

The iris is a thin, contractile, pigmented diaphragm with a central aperture, the

pupil . It is suspended in the aqueous humor between the cornea and the lens. The pe-

riphery of the iris is attached to the anterior surface of the ciliary body. It divides the space

between the lens and the cornea into an anterior and a posterior chamber. The muscle

fibers of the iris are involuntary and consist of circular and radiating fibers. The circular

fibers form the sphincter pupillae and are arranged around the margin of the pupil. The

radial fibers form the dilator pupillae and consist of a thin sheet of radial fibers that lie

close to the posterior surface.The sphincter pupillae constricts the pupil in the presence

of bright light and during accommodation. The dilator pupillae dilates the pupil in the pres-

ence of light of low intensity or in the presence of excessive sympathetic activity such as
occurs in fright.The sphincter pupillae is supplied by parasympathetic fibers from the oc-

ulomotor nerve. After synapsing in the ciliary ganglion, the postganglionic fibers pass for-

ward to the eyeball in the short ciliary nerves. The dilator pupillae is supplied by sympa-

thetic fibers, which pass forward to the eyeball in the long ciliary nerves (Snell, 2012).

The retina consists of an outer pigmented layer and an inner nervous layer. Its

outer surface is in contact with the choroid, and its inner surface is in contact with the

vitreous body. The posterior three quarters of the retina is the receptor organ. Its anterior

edge forms a wavy ring, the ora serrata, and the nervous tissues end here. The anterior

part of the retina is nonreceptive and consists merely of pigment cells, with a deeper layer

of columnar epithelium. This anterior part of the retina covers the ciliary processes and

the back of the iris (Snell, 2012).

At the center of the posterior part of the retina is an oval, yellowish area, the macula

lutea, which is the area of the retina for the most distinct vision. It has a central depression,

the fovea centralis . The optic nerve leaves the retina about 3 mm to the medial side of

the macula lutea by the optic disc. The optic disc is slightly depressed at its center, where

it is pierced by the central artery of the retina. At the optic disc is a complete absence of

rods and cones so that it is insensitive to light and is referred to as the blind spot. On

ophthalmoscopic examination, the optic disc is seen to be pale pink in color, much paler

than the surrounding retina (Snell, 2012).

The contents of the eyeball consist of the refractive media, the aqueous humor,

the vitreous body, and the lens. The aqueous humor is a clear fluid that fills the anterior

and posterior chambers of the eyeball. It is believed to be a secretion from the ciliary
processes, from which it enters the posterior chamber. It then flows into the anterior cham-

ber through the pupil and is drained away through the spaces at the iridocorneal angle

into the canal of Schlemm. Obstruction to the draining of the aqueous humor results in a

rise in intraocular pressure called glaucoma. This can produce degenerative changes in

the retina, with consequent blindness. The function of the aqueous humor is to support

the wall of the eyeball by exerting internal pressure and thus maintaining its optical shape.

It also nourishes the cornea and the lens and removes the products of metabolism; these

functions are important because the cornea and the lens do not possess a blood supply.

The vitreous body fills the eyeball behind the lens and is a transparent gel. The hyaloid

canal is a narrow channel that runs through the vitreous body from the optic disc to the

posterior surface of the lens; in the fetus, it is filled by the hyaloid artery, which disappears

before birth. The function of the vitreous body is to contribute slightly to the magnifying

power of the eye. It supports the posterior surface of the lens and assists in holding the

neural part of the retina against the pigmented part of the retina. The lens is a transparent,

biconvex structure enclosed in a transparent capsule. It is situated behind the iris and in

front of the vitreous body and is encircled by the ciliary processes. The lens consists of

an elastic capsule, which envelops the structure; a cuboidal epithelium, which is confined

to the anterior surface of the lens; and lens fibers, which are formed from the cuboidal

epithelium at the equator of the lens. The lens fibers make up the bulk of the lens. The

elastic lens capsule is under tension, causing the lens constantly to endeavor to assume

a globular rather than a disc shape. The equatorial region, or circumference, of the lens

is attached to the ciliary processes of the ciliary body by the suspensory ligament. The
pull of the radiating fibers of the suspensory ligament tends to keep the elastic lens flat-

tened so that the eye can be focused on distant objects (Snell, 2012).

To accommodate the eye for close objects, the ciliary muscle contracts and pulls

the ciliary body forward and inward so that the radiating fibers of the suspensory ligament

are relaxed. This allows the elastic lens to assume a more globular shape. With advancing

age, the lens becomes denser and less elastic, and, as a result, the ability to accommo-

date is lessened (presbyopia). This disability can be overcome by the use of an additional

lens in the form of glasses to assist the eye in focusing on nearby objects. To ensure that

the light rays pass through the central part of the lens so spherical aberration is diminished

during accommodation for near objects, the sphincter pupillae muscle contracts so the

pupil becomes smaller (Snell, 2012).

In humans, the retinae of both eyes focus on only one set of objects (single binoc-

ular vision). When an object moves from a distance toward an individual, the eyes con-

verge so that a single object, not two, is seen. Convergence of the eyes results from the

coordinated contraction of the medial rectus muscles (Snell, 2012).

PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EYES

There is a variety of mechanisms in order to detect and transduce light. The anal-

ysis of visual information to help them locate food, to avoid becoming food, navigate and

generally to recognize distant objects occurs in the brain. Light information is fast and can

travel far in straight lines with little dispersion of its energy. The human eye has two im-

portant parts, an optical part that gathers and focuses light and to form an image and a
neural part which is the retina that will covert the image into a neural code (Boron and

Boulpaep, 2012).

The eye is and its optical structures is sophisticated and often compared to a cam-

era. The eye has the systems to focus automatically, adjust the sensitivity to a widely

different light levels and to move and track to stabilize a target just like a camera. The

similarity stops when the camera is compared to the eyes retina which is not like a stand-

ard photographic film or electronic light detectors (Boron and Boulpaep, 2012).

Two parameters can determine how light ray is refracted: two medias refractive

indeces and the angle between the incident light and the interface between the two media.

Index of refraction for a material is its measure of the speed of light. A normal resting eye

is focused on distant objects which is usually beyond seven meters. The eye cannot see

objects close to the subject if the vision is fixed in far objects. To focus on closer subjects,

the eye needs to accomodate. Accommodation is achieve when the lens changes its

shape. The ciliary muscle fibers will contract and release some of its tension on its sus-

pensory ligaments (Boron and Boulpaep, 2012).

The size of the pupil depends on two autonomic input and the balance between

the two. Pupillary light reflex is the regulation of the pupillary size when subjected to am-

bient light levels.Light striking the retina stimulates fibers in the optic nerve (neuron 1)

that synapse in the brainstem in the pre- tectal nucleus. Neuron 2 projects to the Edinger-

Westphal nuclei on both sides of the brain, stimulating preganglionic parasympathetic

neurons (neuron 3) that project to the ciliary ganglia. These neurons activate post- gan-

glionic parasympathetic neurons (neuron 4) that con- strict both pupils. Thus, control of
the pupils in the two eyes is yoked: an increase in light to only one eye causes its pupil

to constrict (the direct light response), but it also causes an identical constriction in the

other eye, even if that eye saw only constant light levels (the consensual light response).

Pupillary responses serve two functions: they regulate the total amount of light that enters

the eye and they affect the quality of the retinal image in the same way that the aperture

affects the depth of focus of a camera (Boron and Boulpaep, 2012).

There are other peripheral structures that are essential to proper visual function.

The most relevant of which are the extra ocular muscles that will control the movement

of the eye, direction of gaze, tracking of objects and the coordination of the two eyes to

keep their retinal images aligned as the eye, head and visual environment is moving

about. The control of these tracking functions are controlled by the brainstem (Boron and

Boulpaep, 2012).

The part of the eye that will convert light energy into chemical free energy and

create a synaptic signal for relay to the visual neurons in the retina is the photoreceptors.

Rods and cones are the two important types of photoreceptors. There is only one type of

rod in the human retina and it is responsible for the monochromatic dark-adapted vision.

Whereas, in the cones, there are three subtypes which are responsible for the color-sen-

sitive vision that humans experience in environments of higher illumination (Boron and

Boulpaep, 2012).

Absorption of light by the photoreceptor cells in the retina of the eye is the basis of

vision. The cells are relatively sensitive to light in a small region in the electromagnetic

spectrum, those having wavelengths between 300-850 nanometers. The photoreceptor

molecule in rods is rhodopsin which consists of the protein opsin linked to 11-cis- retinal,

a prosthetic group (Berg et. al., 2006).

Rhodopsin absorbs light very efficiently in the middle of the visible spectrum, its

absorption being centered on 500 nm, which nicely matches the solar output. A rhodopsin

molecule will absorb a high percentage of the photons of the correct wavelength that

strike it (Berg et. al., 2006).

Opsin, the protein component of rhodopsin, is a member of the 7TM receptor fam-

ily. The color of rhodopsin and its responsiveness to light depend on the presence of the

light-absorbing group (chromophore) 11-cis-retinal. This compound is a powerful ab-

sorber of light because it is a polyene; its six alternating single and double bonds consti-

tute a long, unsaturated electron network. The aldehyde group of 11-cis-retinal forms a

Schiff base with the -amino group of lysine residue 296, which lies in the center of the

seventh transmembrane helix. Free retinal absorbs maximally at 370 nm, and its unpro-

tonated Schiff-base adduct absorbs at 380 nm, whereas the protonated Schiff base ab-

sorbs at 440 nm or longer wavelengths. Thus, the 500- nm absorption maximum for rho-

dopsin strongly suggests that the Schiff base is protonated; additional interactions with

opsin shift the absorption maximum farther toward the red (Berg et. al., 2006).

Light absorption results in the isomerization of the 11-cis-retinal group of rhodopsin

to its all-trans form. This isomerization causes the Schiff-base nitrogen atom to move

approximately 5 , assuming that the cyclohexane ring of the retinal group remains fixed.

In essence, the light energy of a photon is converted into atomic motion. The change in

atomic positions, like the binding of a ligand to other 7TM receptors, sets in train a series
of events that lead to the closing of ion channels and the generation of a nerve impulse

(Berg et. al., 2006).

The initial product, termed bathorhodopsin, contains a strained all-trans-retinal

group. Within approximately 1 millisecond, this intermediate is converted through several

additional intermediates into metarhodopsin II. In metarhodopsin II, the Schiff base is

deprotonated and the opsin protein has undergone significant reorganization (Berg et. al.,

2006).

Like these receptors, this form of rhodopsin activates a heterotrimeric G protein

that propagates the signal. The G protein associated with rhodopsin is called transducin.

Metarhodopsin II triggers the exchange of GDP for GTP by the subunit of transducin.

On the binding of GTP, the subunits of transducin are released and the subunit

switches on a cGMP phosphodiesterase by binding to and removing an inhibitory subunit.

The activated phosphodiesterase is a potent enzyme that rapidly hydrolyzes cGMP to

GMP. The reduction in cGMP concentration causes cGMP-gated ion channels to close,

leading to hyperpolarization of the membrane and neuronal signaling. At each step in this

process, the initial signal the absorption of a single photon is amplified so that it

leads to sufficient membrane hyperpolarization to result in signaling (Berg et. al., 2006)

SHOOTING ACCURACY

According to the Republic Act of 10591:

It is the policy of the State to maintain peace and order and protect the people

from violence. The State also recognizes the right of its qualified citizens to self-defense
through, when it is the reasonable means to repel unlawful aggression under the circum-

stances, the use of firearms. The State shall provide for a comprehensive law regulating

ownership, possession, carrying, manufacture, dealing in and importation of firearms, am-

munition or parts thereof, in order to provide legal support to law enforcement agencies

in their campaign against crime, stop the proliferation of illegal firearms or weapons and

the illegal manufacture of firearms or weapons, ammunition and parts thereof.

On average, law enforcement academy training programs consist of 760 class-

room hours. One-third of these programs include an additional manda- tory field-training

component, averaging another 450 hours (Reaves, 2009). The average amount of train-

ing time spent on firearms skills in the academy is a mere 60 hours, with even less time

spent on self-defense skills (Reaves, 2009)

Although hit rates across different police agencies vary, officer hit rates often do

not exceed 50% during officer-involved shootings. In a national survey completed by the

Dallas Police Department, hit rates were recorded as low as 25% in some locations (Lew-

inski, 2015).

A large percentage of the population has considerable experience with firearms, it

should be assumed by officers that individuals they encounter are likely to have such

experience. Therefore, this indicates an alarming need for improved firearms training for

officers (Lewinski, 2015).

LENS FILTERS
 Tinted lenses can reduce glare, improve contrast, and enhance depth perception.

Lenses for everyday use should not impair visual acuity and contrast sensitivity or cause

radical changes in color perception (De Fez et. al., 2002).

Copper, orange, yellow, and brown lenses make an environment appear brighter

and are used in low-light conditions. These lenses block blue light and enhance contrast

and depth perception making them helpful for hazy and foggy conditions. Blue light scat-

ters easier than other colors and makes focusing on an object more difficult. Removing

blue light improves sharpness and depth perception and reduces eye fatigue (De Fez et.

al., 2002).

Yellow lenses provide greater clarity in fog, haze, and other low-light conditions.

These are commonly used in skiing, mountain biking, and hunting, but may cause color

distortion. Brown lenses improve contrast and contain a red element that contributes to

enhanced depth perception. These are useful in golf, tennis, and high-altitude sports.

Rose lenses enhance visual depth, reduce eye strain, provide good road visibility, and

help adjust contrast. Rose lenses are commonly used during cycling and racing

Marksmen and hunters commonly use yellow tints. These cut back on blues and

greens and heighten contrast. It also cuts through ground fog and environmental haze

(De Fez et. al., 2002).

EFFECTS OF LENS FILTER

Tinted lenses for everyday use should not impair visual acuity and contrast sensi-

tivity or cause radical changes in color perception (De Fez, 2002). Yellow lenses can be

used during sports activities in which color recognition is not critical. (Kohmura, 2013)
 Detriment in color vision caused by yellow-colored lenses enhances contrast when

viewing bright objects against a blue-based background, such as the sky. Contrast of

overlying objects is enhanced dye to the selective reduction of short-wavelength light by

the yellow lenses (Wolffsohn et. al., 2000)

The effect of colored contact lenses that uses amber and gray green contact lenses with

luminous transmittances of 50% and 36%, respectively, could achieve better contrast

sensitivity than using colorless lenses in bright sunlight. (Erickson et. al., 2009)

Professional drivers prefer Brown and Copper tinted lenses for increased visual

clarity, but they also enhance the color red. Brake lights, stop lights and tail lights are all

red and they stand out when wearing brown and copper colored lenses. The easier it is

to see these important warning signals the faster is the reaction (Eldridge, 2014).

When it comes to wearing yellow and amber tints, we commonly see baseball play-

ers, golfers, cyclists and hunters preferring this color. Yellow lens tints really shine in

overcast and hazy conditions because the extra water vapor in the air increases the scat-

tering of blue light. The extra blue light in these conditions decreases our visual acuity

and depth perception. This makes our eyes work harder and results in greater eye fatigue

and in some cases headaches (Eldridge, 2014).

Yellow tinted lenses are also beneficial to people who spend a considerable

amount of time in front of a computer screen. In todays modern world the amount of

time spent on electronic devices is constantly increasing. And these electronic screens

produce a lot of blue light. Wearing yellow/amber tinted eyewear while using your com-

puter, game console or smartphone blocks the blue light emitted by the screen, which
reduces eye fatigue and strain caused by the blue light. Rose lenses are used for cy-

cling and racing. It is good in most weather conditions, especially in snow (Eldridge,

2014).
 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH DESIGN

In the study, experimental pre-test and post-test method of research will be used

to determine the initial shooting accuracy of the Davao City police officers. Post-test will

be used to determine the accuracy of shooting when the respondents were exposed to

the different lens filters. What is your research design if it is experimental? Pls. read on

research design (eg. case-controlled, cohort, etc.).

SETTING

The sampling and the commencement of study will be conducted in one of the

training sites for Davao City police officers in Davao City. Where? Describe the place.

POPULATION

The participants of this study will include the selected Davao City police officers in

Davao City. Remove selected

SAMPLING PROCEDURE

Simple random sampling will be used to gather the data. The sample will be col-

lected in random from the list of Davao City police officers in Davao City.

DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE

The following are the specific procedures that wIll be observed in the study:
 1. Letter of permission will be given to the head of the Davao Police Department

for the approval to conduct the study and obtain the list of possible respondents.

2. Davao Police Officers who will be part of the study will be asked to participate

in this experimental research.

3. During the experiment, the police officers will be asked to make 3 attempts to

hit the target without wearing the lens filter.

4. The police officers will be asked to make another round of attempts to hit the

target while wearing the different lens filters.

5. Data will be collected and recorded.

6. Statistical treatment will be applied to the data for analysis and interpretation.

7. Further discussion and recommendations will be made to serve the purpose of

this study.

Where is you inclusion/exclusion criteria ?

DATA ANALYSIS

Weighted Mean. The mean will be used to test the shooting average of the Davao

City police officers and its effect on the shooting accuracy.

T-test. The t-test will be used to determine if there is a significant difference be-

tween using and not using a lens filter in the shooting accuracy of the Davao City police

officers.
 One-way Analysis of Variance. The one-way ANOVA will be used to determine

if there is a significant difference among the three lens filters.

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

This study will be limited to the efficacy of yellow, brown and rose lenses to the

shooting accuracy of the Davao City police officers. Other lens filters will no longer be

part of the study. In addition, the study is only limited to the respondents who do not use

corrective lenses.

ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS : WHERE?

DUMMY RESULTS : WHERE ?