INTRODUCTION TO

CLASSICAL APPROACH
 DEFINITION OF CLASSICAL APPROACH

Classical approach of management professes

the body of management thought based on
the belief that employees have only
economical and physical needs
and that the social needs and need for job
satisfaction either does not exist or are
unimportant.
 Classical approach is the oldest formal school of thought
which began around 1900 and continued into the 1920s.
Its mainly concerned with the increasing the efficiency of
workers and organizations.
Economic efficiency is the priority.
Classical approach includes scientific, administrative,
and bureaucratic management.
 SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT focuses on the
one best way to do a job.
ADMINISTRATIVE MANAGEMENT focuses on
the manager and basic managerial functions.
BUREAUCRACTIC MANAGEMENT focuses on
the guidelines for structuring with
formalization of rules,procedures, and a clear
division of labor.
MAJOR CONTRIBUTORS
FREDERICK WINSLOW
TAYLOR
(1856-1915)

FRANK GILBERTH (1868-

1924) & LILLIAN
GILBERTH(1878-1972)
 HENRI FAYOL
(1841-1925)

MAX WEBER
(1864-1920)
 CLASSICAL APPROACH
SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT GENERAL ADMINSTRATIVE
THEORY MANAGEMENT THEORY

FREDERICK W.TAYLOR (1856-1915) HENRI FAYOL (1841- 1925)

- FATHER OF SCIENTIFIC - FATHER OF MODERN
MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT

ANALYZED MANAGEMENT ANALYZED MANAGEMENT AS A

SCIENTIFICALLY TO FIND OUT THE UNIVERSAL PROCESS OF
MOST EFFICTIVE WAY TO DO A PLANNING, ORGANIZING,
JOB - ONE BEST WAY TO DO COMMANDING,COORDINATING,
THE JOB. AND CONTROLLING.
SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT
F. W. TAYLOR(1856-1915)
Father of Scientific Management

one best way for doing the job

 Definition

Scientific management is a theory

of management that analyzed and
workflows, with the objective of
improving labor productivity
Taylor insisted that management itself would
have to change and further, that the manner
of change could be determined only by
scientific study.

Hence, term Scientific Management evolved.

Taylor suggested that decisions based on rules

of thumb and tradition be replaced with
precise procedures developed after careful
study of individual situations
The main things Taylor noticed for inefficiency

The lack of There is no No motivation

standard tools match between from the
or techniques skill and job management
 Taylor's 4
Principles of
Scientific
Management
Replace rule-of-thumb work methods with methods-based on a
scientific study of the tasks.

Scientifically select, train, and develop each worker rather than

passively leaving them to train themselves.

Cooperate with the workers to ensure that the scientifically

developed methods are being followed.

Divide work nearly equally between managers and workers, so

that the managers apply scientific management principles to
planning the work and the workers actually perform the tasks.
Basic idea of
Scientific Management
General approach
Developed standard
method for performing
each job

Selected workers with

appropriate abilities for
each job

Trained workers in
standard method.

Supported workers by
planning their work and
eliminating interruptions.

Provided wage incentives

to workers for increased
output.
Contributions

Demonstrated the importance

of compensation for
performance

Initiated the careful study of

tasks and jobs

Demonstrated the importance

of personal selection and
training
 General
Management Theory
o Henri Fayol(1841-1925)

Father of
modern operational
management theory
-Made three major contributions to the
theory of Management:
(A)A clear distinction between technical
and managerial skills
(B)Identified functions constituting the
management process
(C)Developed principles of management
(A) According to,

-Activities of an industrial
enterprise can be
grouped in to six categories: technical,
commercial, financial, security, accounting,
and managerial.
(1)Technical Processing production
and operation
(2)Commercial Buying, selling, and
exchange
(3)Financial Optimum use of capital
(4)Security Protection of asset and
resources
(5)Accounting Ascertaining the
financial position
(6)Managerial Optimum use of
resources for optimum result
(B) Fayol described management as a
scientific process built up of five
immutable elements:
Planning, Organizing, Commanding,
Coordinating, Controlling
 Functions of Management
1. Planning process of activities required
to meet a goal.

2. Organizing making orderly determination and

arrangement of a task.
3. Commanding (Directing) involves guiding,
supervising, motivating, and leading people for
attainment of the time-oriented tasks.
4. Coordinating- bringing together the elements

5. Controlling- having control over all of the aspects

that contribute to meeting the goal.
(C) Fayols Principles
Henri Fayol, developed a set of 14 principles:
1. Division of Labor: allows for job specialization.
Fayol noted firms can have too much specialization
leading to poor quality and worker involvement.
2. Authority and Responsibility: Fayol included both
formal and informal authority resulting from special
expertise.
3. Discipline: obedient, applied, respectful employees
needed
4. Line of Authority: a clear chain from top to bottom of
the firm[ Gang Plank]
5. Centralization: the degree to which authority rests at
the very top.
 Fayols Principles
6. Unity of Direction: One plan of action to
guide the organization.
7. Unity of Command: Employees should have
only one boss.
8. Order: Each employee is put where they
have the most value.
9. Initiative: Encourage innovation.
10. Equity: Treat all employees fairly in justice
and respect.
 Fayols Principles
11. Remuneration of Personnel: The payment
system contributes to success.
12. Stability of Tenure: Long-term employment
is important.
13. General interest over individual interest:
The organization takes precedence over the
individual.
14. Esprit de corps: Union is strength- refers
to harmony & mutual understanding among
the members of an organization.