4482 1-2005

AS 4482.
12005
AS 4482.12005
Australian Standard
Guide to the investigation and sampling

of sites with potentially contaminated
soil
Accessed by MONASH UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 13 Jun 2017 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
Part 1: Non-volatile and semi-volatile

compounds
This Australian Standard was prepared by Committee EV-009, Sampling and
Analysis of Soils and Biota. It was approved on behalf of the Council of Standards
Australia on 14 October 2005.
This Standard was published on 2 November 2005.
The following are represented on Committee EV-009:
Australian Collaborative Land Evaluation Program (ACLEP)

Australian Contaminated Land Consultants Association, Vic.
Australian Institute of Medical Scientists
Australian Society of Soil Science Incorporated
CSIRO Minerals
Department of Natural Resources and Mines, Qld
Department of Primary Industries, Vic.
Environment Protection Authority, Vic.
National Measurement Institute
Queensland Health Scientific Services
The Royal Australian Chemical Institute
The University of Sydney
Keeping Standards up-to-date

Standards are living documents which reflect progress in science, technology and
systems. To maintain their currency, all Standards are periodically reviewed, and
new editions are published. Between editions, amendments may be issued.
Standards may also be withdrawn. It is important that readers assure themselves
they are using a current Standard, which should include any amendments which
may have been published since the Standard was purchased.
Detailed information about Standards can be found by visiting the Standards Web
Shop at www.standards.com.au and looking up the relevant Standard in the on-line
catalogue.
Alternatively, the printed Catalogue provides information current at 1 January each
year, and the monthly magazine, The Global Standard, has a full listing of revisions
and amendments published each month.
Australian StandardsTM and other products and services developed by Standards
Australia are published and distributed under contract by SAI Global, which
operates the Standards Web Shop.
We also welcome suggestions for improvement in our Standards, and especially
encourage readers to notify us immediately of any apparent inaccuracies or
ambiguities. Contact us via email at mail@standards.org.au, or write to the Chief
Executive, Standards Australia, GPO Box 476, Sydney, NSW 2001.
This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 04150.

AS 4482.12005
Australian Standard
Guide to the investigation and sampling

of sites with potentially contaminated
soil
Part 1: Non-volatile and semi-volatile

compounds
Originated as AS 4482.11997.
Second edition 2005.
COPYRIGHT
Standards Australia
All rights are reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by
any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without the written
permission of the publisher.
Published by Standards Australia GPO Box 476, Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia
ISBN 0 7337 6974 8
AS 4482.12005 2
PREFACE
This Standard was prepared by the Joint Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand
Committee EV-009, Sampling and Analysis of Soil and Biota as part of a series on the
identification, analytical methods and investigation procedures for the assessment of soil.
After consultation with stakeholders in both countries, Standards Australia and Standards
New Zealand decided to develop this Standard as an Australian, rather than an
Australian/New Zealand Standard.
This Standard supersedes AS 4482.11997, Guide to the sampling and investigation of
potentially contaminated soil, Part 1: Non-volatile and semi-volatile compounds.
The objective of this Standard is to derive the information which may be required to satisfy
regulatory authorities, although additional detail may be required in some localities. The
Standard does not prescribe levels of contaminants which are considered to pose a risk to
human health or the environment. Such levels are prescribed in documents such as the
criteria produced by EHC/NEPM on contaminated sites and various regulatory agencies.
The objective of this revision is to reconfirm the Standard with minor changes to clarify
certain aspects, update referenced documents and bring the Standard in line with current
editorial practices. For the purposes of this Standard, the term soil is taken to also include
other solid materials, such as fill, rubble and waste.
There is a widespread community perception of potential health risks associated with
contaminated land. These perceived risks may or may not be appropriate, depending on the
quality of the information upon which they are based. Unfounded fears may be difficult to
dispel whereas real risks associated with the exposure to hazardous materials may not be
fully appreciated. Quantitative risk assessments are required in order to clarify these
perceptions. Such risk assessments require a sampling strategy representative of the site.
The contamination of land and groundwater by chemicals has been well recognized and
acted upon in Europe and North America. Because of the relatively short history and low
intensity of industrialization in Australia, the number of contaminated sites is far fewer than
for Europe or North America.
This Standard provides guidance for the sampling and investigation process to professionals
engaged in these activities. The professionals should consider the relevance of the various
components of this Standard to the particular site under investigation and apply them
accordingly. Where site specific issues are raised which are beyond the scope of this
Standard, for example where radioactive, unexploded ordnance or pathogenic contamination
is suspected, then the relevant expertise should be sought and sampling and investigations
targeted accordingly.
It is assumed that execution of the provisions of this Standard would be entrusted to
appropriately qualified and experienced people. This Standard calls for the use of
procedures that may be hazardous or injurious to health if adequate precautions are not
taken. It refers only to technical suitability and does not absolve the user from legal
obligations relating to health and safety at any stage.
Contaminated soils may also have an effect on the surrounding environment. Therefore,
investigation of air, biota, surface water and groundwater should be performed where
appropriate.
Procedures for sampling of soils for volatile analytes and potential acid sulfate soils are not
included in this Standard.
3 AS 4482.12005
CONTENTS
Page
SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL

1.1 SCOPE ........................................................................................................................ 5
1.2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS .................................................................................. 5
1.3 DEFINITIONS ............................................................................................................ 5
1.4 THE PRACTICE OF COMPOSITE SAMPLING........................................................ 8
SECTION 2 SITE INVESTIGATION PROCESS.................................................................... 9
SECTION 3 PRELIMINARY SITE INVESTIGATION

3.1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................ 10
3.2 PRELIMINARY STUDY .......................................................................................... 10
3.3 SITE INSPECTION................................................................................................... 12
3.4 PRELIMINARY SITE INVESTIGATION REPORT ................................................ 13
SECTION 4 DETAILED SITE INVESTIGATION

4.1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................ 15
4.2 PROCEDURE ........................................................................................................... 15
4.3 DETAILED SITE INVESTIGATION REPORT ....................................................... 16
SECTION 5 DATA QUALITY OBJECTIVES

5.1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................ 19
5.2 DQO PROCESS ........................................................................................................ 19
SECTION 6 DESIGN OF THE SOIL SAMPLING STRATEGY

6.1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................ 20
6.2 SAMPLING OBJECTIVES....................................................................................... 20
6.3 CONTAMINANT DISTRIBUTION.......................................................................... 20
6.4 SAMPLING PATTERN SELECTION ...................................................................... 21
6.5 UNCERTAINTY OF SAMPLING ............................................................................ 22
6.6 SAMPLING PLAN FOR SITE CHARACTERIZATION AND VALIDATION ....... 22
SECTION 7 SAMPLE COLLECTION

7.1 SCOPE ...................................................................................................................... 23
7.2 SAMPLING PROGRAM........................................................................................... 23
7.3 SAMPLING............................................................................................................... 24
7.4 HANDLING, CONTAINMENT AND TRANSPORT OF SAMPLES ...................... 27
7.5 DECONTAMINATION OF SAMPLING EQUIPMENT .......................................... 29
7.6 FIELD SAMPLING FORMS..................................................................................... 30
SECTION 8 QUALITY ASSURANCE

8.1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................ 31
8.2 QUALITY CONTROL SAMPLES ........................................................................... 31
8.3 CHAIN-OF-CUSTODY ............................................................................................ 33
8.4 CALIBRATION OF FIELD INSTRUMENTS .......................................................... 33
APPENDICES
A HEALTH AND SAFETY OF INVESTIGATORY PERSONNEL............................. 34
B GUIDELINES FOR THE COMPOSITE SAMPLING OF SOILS ............................. 37
C EXAMPLE OF THE USE OF THE DQO PROCESS................................................ 40
AS 4482.12005 4
Page
D NUMBER OF SAMPLE LOCATIONS REQUIRED FOR

HOT SPOT DETECTION ......................................................................................... 42
E SAMPLING PLAN FOR SITE CHARACTERIZATION AND VALIDATION ....... 43
F NUMBER OF SAMPLE LOCATIONS REQUIRED FOR DETERMINING THE
DEGREE OF CONTAMINATION ........................................................................... 46
G SITE CHARACTERIZATION .................................................................................. 48
H EXAMPLE OF A STRATA LOG ............................................................................. 53
I EXAMPLE OF CHAIN-OF-CUSTODY FORM ....................................................... 54
J CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS LISTED BY INDUSTRY TYPE .......................... 55
K EXAMPLES OF SAMPLING IMPLEMENTS.......................................................... 59
5 AS 4482.12005
STANDARDS AUSTRALIA
Australian Standard
Guide to the investigation and sampling of sites with potentially
contaminated soil
Part 1: Non-volatile and semi-volatile compounds
SECT ION 1 SCOPE AND GENERA L
1.1 SCOPE
This Standard provides guidance for collecting sufficient and reliable information for the
assessment of a site potentially contaminated by non-volatile and semi-volatile compounds.
It includes the formulation of data quality objectives and design of a sampling plan to meet
the objectives of the investigation.
This Standard is suitable for use in determining compliance with criteria such as those
produced by Assessment of Contaminated Sites-National Environment Protection Measure
(EHC-NEPM) and various regulatory agencies.
NOTES:
1 This Standard does not establish any regulatory limits, remediation requirements or make any
recommendations about the proposed land use.
2 Appendix A gives information on health and safety aspects when collecting soil samples. This
appendix is intended only as a general guide to the issues that should be considered in the
development of a site specific occupational health and safety plan.
3 Statistical methods and tools other than those described in this Standard may be used if they
can be proven at least equivalent. Guidance on other statistical approaches can be obtained
from the references cited in Appendix D.
4 For the purposes of this Standard, the term soil is taken to also include other solid materials,
such as fill, rubble and waste material.
1.2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS

The following documents are referred to in this Standard:
AS
1726 Geotechnical site investigations
AS/NZS
5667 Water qualitySampling
5667.1 Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling program techniques and the
preservation and handling of samples
ISO
3696 Water for analytical laboratory useSpecification and test methods
1.3 DEFINITIONS
For the purposes of this Standard, the definitions below apply.
1.3.1 Background concentrations
The naturally occurring, ambient concentration of substances in the local area of a site.
www.standards.com.au Standards Australia

AS 4482.12005 6
1.3.2 Composite sample

A sample resulting from the bulking and thorough mixing of individual soil samples
collected from the same site.
NOTES:
1 The individual samples are collected from within the same depth and soil materials of similar
characteristics at more than one sampling location to form a single soil sample for chemical
analyses.
2 Guidance for the composite sampling of soil is given in Appendix B.
1.3.3 Confidence level
The probability, expressed as a percentage, that a statistical statement is correct.
1.3.4 Contaminant
A chemical substance of concern.
NOTE: This Standard does not pertain to radioactive substances or unexploded ordnances.
1.3.5 Contamination
The condition of land or water where any chemical substance or waste has been added at
above background level and represents, or potentially represents, an adverse health or
environmental impact.
1.3.6 Contaminated site
A site where assessment indicates hazardous substances occur at concentrations which pose,
or are likely to pose, an immediate or long-term hazard to human health or the environment.
1.3.7 Data quality objective (DQO)
A qualitative and quantitative statement derived from the output of each of the following
steps of the DQO process:
(a) Clarification of the study objective.
(b) Definition of the most appropriate type of data to collect.
(c) Determination of the most appropriate conditions from which to collect the data.
(d) Specification of acceptable levels of decision errors that will be used as the basis for
establishing the quantity and quality of data needed to support the decision.
(e) Evaluation of the data collected and confirmation that the objective has been met.
1.3.8 Field quality assurance procedures
A series of procedures integral to the sampling plan to assure that the data collected in the
field are representative and valid.
1.3.9 Field quality control samples
Samples additional to those from the original marked sampling points on the site, taken for
quality assurance purposes.
1.3.10 Hot spot
Localized contaminated area where the contaminant concentration is significantly higher
than in surrounding areas.
NOTE: Investigators should refer to the appropriate regulatory agency for threshold contaminant
concentration level.
1.3.11 Investigation level
The concentration of a contaminant above which further appropriate investigation and
evaluation is required.
Standards Australia www.standards.com.au

7 AS 4482.12005
1.3.12 Preliminary site investigation

An investigation consisting of a desktop study, and a site inspection with or without limited
sampling.
1.3.13 Remaining soil
The soil remaining after the removal of contaminated soil.
1.3.14 Replicate samples
Samples taken from the same location which provide data on variation in analyte
concentration.
NOTE: These samples are different from the blind replicate samples (Clause 8.2.2).
1.3.15 Risk
The probability in a certain timeframe that an adverse outcome occurs in a person, a group
of people, plants, animals and/or the ecology of a specified area that is exposed to a
particular concentration of a hazardous agent, i.e. it depends on both the level of toxicity of
the hazardous agent and the level of exposure.
1.3.16 risk
The probability, expressed in decimals, of making a Type I error when a hypothesis is
tested statistically. A Type I error is the error of wrongly rejecting a null hypothesis when
in fact the null hypothesis is true. For the purpose of this document, where the null
hypothesis always assumes the site to be contaminated, risk refers to the probability that
a contaminated site is statistically concluded to be clean by sampling when in fact the site is
contaminated, i.e. a false negative result.
1.3.17 risk
The probability, expressed in decimals, of making a Type II error when a hypothesis is
tested statistically. A Type II error is the error of wrongly accepting a null hypothesis when
in fact the null hypothesis is false. For the purpose of this document, where the null
hypothesis always assumes the site to be contaminated, risk refers to the probability that a
site is statistically concluded to be contaminated when in fact the site is clean, i.e. a false
positive result.
1.3.18 Sampling pattern
The design that governs from where the soil samples should be collected within a sampling
area.
1.3.19 Site characterization
The earlier stages of a contaminated site investigation at which the objective of the
investigation is to identify the contamination status of the soil and to characterize the
nature, degree and spatial extent of the contamination. A typical site characterization
involves a preliminary investigation followed by a detailed investigation if necessary.
1.3.20 Site investigation
The combined planned and managed sequence of activities carried out to determine the
nature and distribution of contaminants on and below the surface of a site that has been
identified as potentially contaminated. These activities comprise identification of the
principal hazards, establishment of DQO, design of the sampling and analytical programs,
collection of samples for analysis, reporting on and interpreting the results.
1.3.21 Site validation
The process of demonstrating that a contaminated site has been successfully remediated.

AS 4482.12005 8
1.4 THE PRACTICE OF COMPOSITE SAMPLING

1.4.1 Composite sampling
Composite sampling is only suitable as a preliminary assessment tool. Composite sampling
of semi-volatile compounds should not be undertaken. Composite sampling should not be
undertaken for validation programs.
If sampling or compositing is undertaken inappropriately the analytical results may be
meaningless.
NOTES:
1 The pitfalls of composite sampling are detailed in Appendix B.
2 Compositing or splitting of samples may be subjected to regulatory requirements.
1.4.2 Requirements for the use of composite samples
Prior to deciding on the type and number of samples to be collected, the project manager
should consult the laboratory, so that composite sampling may be designed to meet site and
analytical requirements.
NOTE: Appendix B provides guidelines for the composite sampling of soils.

9 AS 4482.12005
SE C T I O N 2 S I T E I N V E ST IG A T I O N PRO CE SS
It is important that a prescriptive approach not be adopted to assess contaminated sites as it
may result in over-assessment or under-assessment of uniquely contaminated sites. A
minimum assessment protocol is necessary for any potentially contaminated site as a
reduced investigation at an early stage can result in failure to identify potential
contaminants.
The strategy is to carry out a formal assessment through a preliminary site investigation. If
the results of the preliminary site investigation indicate that contamination is present or
likely to be present, the preliminary site investigation should be followed by a detailed site
investigation. During a subsequent assessment of risks and hazards, potential migration
routes relevant to the contamination should be determined and a three dimensional picture
of the contamination established. To be able to present a logical conclusion, it is essential to
acquire a detailed knowledge of the geology, soil physical and chemical properties, the
topography and the local hydrology.
The process of site investigation and assessment is as follows:
(a) Preliminary site investigation.
This should consist of:
(i) Preliminary study.
(ii) Site inspection with or without sampling.

(iii) Preliminary site investigation report.
(b) Detailed site investigation.
This should consist of:
(i) Site investigation.
(ii) Site investigation report.
(c) Validation.
(d) Final report.

AS 4482.12005 10
SE C T I O N 3 PRE L I M I N A RY S IT E
I N VEST I GAT I O N
3.1 GENERAL
A preliminary site investigation is the collection and assessment of information derived
from records of its previous use (preliminary study) and site inspection, usually with
limited sampling. Limited sampling should be carried out to
(a) produce evidence through an investigation to indicate whether a site is potentially
contaminated; and
(b) determine whether a detailed site investigation should be conducted.
3.2 PRELIMINARY STUDY

3.2.1 General
The objectives of the preliminary study should be to determine
(a) whether there has been potentially contaminating land use;
(b) the nature of probable contaminants; and
(c) the possible locations of contamination.
3.2.2 Information requirements

As much relevant information as can be obtained should be listed in chronological order up
to and including the current use, under headings such as the following:
(a) Site history.
This should include the following:
(i) Site definition, using title details and the location relative to roads and
topographic features.
NOTES:
1 Demographic features, such as street names, allotment numbers and alignment of
roads may have changed with time.
2 A map of the site, to scale, noting current buildings, services, relevant sites
features and indicating the site orientation and general contours should be drawn.
(ii) Previous and present owners, occupiers, managers and those responsible for
current use of the site.
(iii) Previous and present industries and uses, with an overview of the operations.
(iv) Charts and diagrams of previous and current buildings.
(v) Raw materials used, by common, systematic and trade names.
(vi) Products, discharged during batch or continuous production processes. These
products should be listed by common, systematic and trade names where
possible.
(vii) Chemical storage and transfer locations.
(viii) Wastes (including failed batches) produced as for Item (vi), listed by common,
systematic and trade names where possible.
(ix) Disposal locations of the waste from Item (iii), identifying solid waste and
liquid waste lagoons, settling tanks and sumps.

11 AS 4482.12005
(x) Discharge to land, water and air.

(xi) Product spills, losses, incidents and accidents, including fires, with an
indication of the chemicals spilled, frequency, estimates of quantity, extent of
fire damage and structures affected.
(xii) Plans of sewer and other underground service.
(xiii) Location size of previous or existing storage tanks, (both above ground and
underground) infrastructure and type of potential contamination.
(xiv) Location of on-site and nearby wells and groundwater monitoring bores.
(xv) Location of transfer lines and notation of whether they are above or below
ground.
(xvi) Locations of dispensing or fill points.
(xvii) Spill control systems, e.g. bund (materials of construction should be noted).
(xviii) Current and previous uses of adjacent land taking into account relevant
features listed above as appropriate.
(xix) Complaint historyregulatory actions, legal actions.
(b) Geology/hydrogeology.
This should include the following:
(i) Distribution of geology, field characteristics of soil, type and distribution of
fill.
(ii) Preferential surface and sub-surface migration pathways for the contaminants of
concern in addition to groundwater flow direction.
(iii) Depth to the groundwater in unconfined and confined aquifers.
(iv) The location of preferential water flows, surface water courses, springs and
wells.
(v) Groundwater quality, present and future uses of groundwater (e.g. registered
bores, diversion points) within relevant proximity of the site.
(c) Metrological data.
3.2.3 Sources of information
The preliminary study should require the collation of data from a wide variety of sources
(see Table 1). Data sources may include soil, regolithic, geological and hydrogeological
maps and reports, soil data bases with information about the occurrence of similar soils in
other locations and previous site investigations. The reliability of existing soil and
geological information depends on the data quality, size and history of use of the site under
investigation.
The data should identify the following:
(a) Possible distribution and type of contamination by relating site history to existing
conditions.
(b) Probable types of soil and fill and their physical and chemical characteristics.
(c) Surface and subsurface hydrogeological processes affecting the redistribution of
contaminants across the site.
(d) Potential off-site sources.

AS 4482.12005 12
TABLE 1
POTENTIAL DATA SOURCES
Data information Source
Environmental Government departments (Federal, State and local
government)
Including the following:
Geological survey organizations
Conservation
Environment/EPA.
Planning
Primary industries
Bureau of Meteorology
Water Resources
Land
Historical and current land use Government departments (Federal, State and Local
government), e.g. lands, environment/EPA, Planning
Aerial survey offices
Libraries
Companies and employees
Local residents
Historical societies
Complaint history Government departments (Federal, State and local
government) e.g. Department of Environment/EPA
3.3 SITE INSPECTION

3.3.1 General procedure
The whole area should be traversed, preferably on foot. Relevant information from the
following should be identified and mapped:
WARNING: IN UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS, TUNNELS OR MINE
WORKINGS, HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES INCLUDING GASES MAY BE
PRESENT. PRECAUTIONS IN ACCORDANCE WITH APPENDIX A SHOULD
BE TAKEN.
(a) Areas of discoloured soil, polluted water, affected plant growth and animal
populations and significant odours.
(b) The presence of any stockpiled material, imported soil or fill material such as slag,
ashes, potential asbestos containing materials, scrap and industrial or chemical waste,
as well as any signs of settlement, subsidence and disturbed ground.
(c) Assessment of soil loss or deposition that has occurred in the past and evaluation of
the future erosion potential.
(d) The direction of the flow of water run-off from the site and adjacent properties.
(e) The depth of any standing water, the direction and rate of flow of rivers, streams or
canals, together with their flood levels and any tidal fluctuations.
(f) Any differences between the present conditions and the information obtained from the
site history.

13 AS 4482.12005
(g) Location and condition of all visible features, including foundations, positions of
former buildings, tanks, pits, wells, drains and bores.
(h) Condition and type of ground cover, e.g. bare ground, asphalt, concrete, gravel, etc.
(i) Chemical storage and transfer areas, including the presence of waste or chemical
containers.
(j) The apparent condition and use of adjacent properties.
(k) Location of settlement ponds.
In addition, record all other pertinent information (e.g. author of report, date of site
inspection and sampling, climatic conditions, etc.)
Consideration should be given to the likelihood of the uses of the surrounding environment
being affected by further stages of investigation or subsequent development of the site.
3.3.2 Preliminary sampling
The samples collected during the site inspection should be collected in accordance with
Section 7 of this Standard. They should be tested to identify any hazards that may affect
later stages of the investigation.
NOTE: No sampling plan, however exhaustive, can completely eliminate the possibility that
contaminants are present on a site. A satisfactory sampling plan is one which has an acceptable
probability of detecting the presence of contaminants.
The possible effects of recent weather on current field conditions should be taken into
consideration.
3.4 PRELIMINARY SITE INVESTIGATION REPORT

The report of the investigation should contain all available information and the following as
a minimum:
(a) The objective of the preliminary site investigation report and its limitations.
(b) Location and titles information of the site with a copy of the certificate of title.
(c) Current owner/occupier.
(d) A scaled site plan and diagrams to show
(i) location of former activities on the site and adjacent properties;
(ii) location of known and potential contamination;
(iii) distribution of soil and fill materials including zones of accumulation and
depletion;
(iv) description of the ground cover across the site;
(v) surface run off and drainage;
(vi) presence of above and below ground services, storage tanks, etc; and
(vii) sample locations.
(e) The present condition of the site.
(f) The findings of the site history review.
(g) Potential sources of contamination and associated contaminants.
(h) The sources of information used, including consultations made and pertinent maps,
diagrams and photographs used.
(i) Rationale for the selection of any sampling points.

AS 4482.12005 14
(j) Rationale for selection of any analytes and their detection limits.
(k) Results and evaluation of any samples analysed.
(l) Relevant information of soil types and underlying geology (see Clause 3.2.2(b)(i)).
(m) Preliminary information of the hydrogeology of the area.
(n) Plan(s) showing analyte concentrations above investigation thresholds.
(o) Copies of the laboratory result sheets if samples were collected and analysed.
(p) Chain-of-custody documents, if samples were collected and analysed.
(q) Conclusions of the preliminary site investigation, identifying probable and existing
contaminants and any other features requiring further investigation. One of the
conclusions may be a recommendation that a detailed site investigation be conducted.
This is usually the case if the preliminary site investigation indicates that
contaminating activities took place on the site at some time, or that contaminants are
present.
(r) All pertinent additional information (e.g. author of report, date of site inspection and
sampling, climatic conditions, etc).
NOTE: Without sampling and subsequent analysis of soils from a given site, there is no sure way
of determining whether a site is contaminated. Even if the preliminary site investigation indicates
no likelihood of contamination, an initial sampling and analysis program for a limited range of
analytes may be conducted to confirm the findings of this study. This also applies if the
preliminary site investigation indicates the other extreme, a high likelihood of contamination.

15 AS 4482.12005
S E C T I ON 4 D E T A I L E D S I T E
I N VEST I GAT I O N
4.1 GENERAL
The objectives of the detailed site investigation are to
(a) assess contamination status;
(b) establish the lateral and vertical distribution of contamination; and
(c) identify, if possible, the source(s) of on and off site contamination.
In a detailed site investigation, decisions need to be made as to what data are to be
collected. Section 5 provides guidance on a methodology which may be used for this
purpose.
A detailed site investigation may take several episodes of site assessment as further
evidence of impacts is obtained.
NOTES:
1 If the preliminary site investigation indicates potential impacts from contamination,
assessment of soil should be followed by assessment of groundwater or other media.
2 The results of the detailed site investigation may be used to carry out a risk assessment or
remediation, according to the proposed use of the site. On the basis of the risk assessment, a
site management plan may be developed which may include some or all of the following:
(i) Land use control.
(ii) Remedial action as regards on-site and off-site contamination.
(iii) Future monitoring.
4.2 PROCEDURE
4.2.1 General
All activities relating to the investigation should be focused towards the objectives and
deliverables while maintaining quality assurance procedures.
4.2.2 Detailed site investigation
The detailed site investigation should contain the following:
(a) A sampling strategy to test the conclusions of the preliminary site investigation (see
Section 6).
NOTE: No sampling plan, however exhaustive, can completely eliminate the possibility that
contaminants are present on a site. A satisfactory sampling plan is one which has an
acceptable probability of detecting the presence of contaminants.
(b) Reporting on the methodology, basis of the works conducted, site observations,
sampling and analytical procedures, data collected and interpretation of the data.
(c) Conclusions of the investigation.
The overall detailed site investigation process is described in Figure 1.

AS 4482.12005 16
FIGURE 1 DETAILED SITE INVESTIGATION PROCESS
4.3 DETAILED SITE INVESTIGATION REPORT

A detailed site investigation report should reference the preliminary site investigation report
where applicable and contain all or part of the following information as relevant to the
objective of the report:
(a) Limitations of the report.
(b) Site identification including
(i) map showing north, GPS references, scale, grid lines and the relationship to
surrounding streets and properties;
(ii) certificate of title and plan/parcel information; and
(iii) photographs showing topography, nature of surface and existing structures.

17 AS 4482.12005
(c) Current and previous ownership, as listed on title documents and previous and current
occupants if known.
(d) Party responsible for site management, if not the owner.
(e) Name of project manager and company which conducted the investigation.
(f) Any available details of the proposed use.
(g) History of site and adjoining properties including
(i) prior or present usage;
(ii) sources of information;
(iii) validation of information; and
(iv) map detailing historical uses.
(h) site condition, including
(i) topography;
(ii) relevant local geological and hydrogeological factors;
(iii) local soil types; and
(iv) evidence of possible naturally occurring contaminants.
(i) Soil testing, including the following:
(i) Rationale for choice of analytes (i.e. factors relating to the objective of the
investigation, e.g. historical factors).
(ii) Sampling location map and methods (e.g. number of boreholes, depths, pattern)
with objective for sampling and rationale for selection of sampling points (e.g.
knowledge of previous land use, soil characteristics, contaminant, mobility and
binding capacity of contaminant).
(iii) Laboratories used.
(iv) Analytes and details of analytical methods.
NOTE: A precis of the sample preparation, extraction and digestion methods and
analytical instrumentation should be included.
(v) Field and laboratory quality control methods for specific analytes.
(vi) The following data:
(A) Field and laboratory measurements, in tabular, graphical or plan format.
(B) Identification of local soil types and their relevant physical and chemical
properties, such as conductivity, moisture content and pH.
(C) Borehole logs and soil profiles (including description of fill).
(D) Concentration ranges of analytes, most significant results, results by
stratum including relevant summary statistical appraisal.
(E) Quality control results, including full data validation (Clause 8.2.6).
(j) Conclusions of the detailed site investigation including the following:
(i) A table of relevant soil reference criteria (i.e. threshold levels) and indication of
their source (e.g. NEPM, State Government Guidelines), and relevance to the
study objective.
(ii) Site plan(s) showing analyte concentrations exceeding soil reference criteria.

AS 4482.12005 18
(iii) Discussion of exceedance of threshold levels and significance of the results in

respect of the contamination status of the site relative to the potential land use.
(iv) Any recommendation for further action.

19 AS 4482.12005
SECT ION 5 DATA QU A L I TY O BJECT IVES
5.1 GENERAL
Data Quality Objectives (DQO) are qualitative and quantitative criteria that:
(a) Clarify study objectives.
(b) Define appropriate types of data to collect.
(c) Specify the tolerable levels of potential decision making errors.
The purpose of the DQO process is to ensure that the data collection activities are focused
on
(a) collecting the information needed to make decisions; and
(b) answering the relevant questions leading up to such decisions.
NOTES:
1 A unique set of DQO should be developed for each site.
2 The DQO vary according to the end use of the data.
5.2 DQO PROCESS

The DQO process, as defined by the US Environment Protection Agency, consists of seven
distinct steps, as shown in Figure 2. Further details of the use of DQO process are given in
Appendix C.
State the problem

Identify the decision

Identify inputs to the decision

Define the study boundaries

Develop a decision rule

Specify limits on decision errors

Optimize the design for obtaining data
FIGURE 2 DATA QUALITY OBJECTIVE PROCESS

AS 4482.12005 20
S E C T I ON 6 D E S IG N O F T H E SO I L
SAMPL I NG S TRATEGY
6.1 GENERAL
Because of differences in site characteristics and objectives for the investigation, the
sampling strategy should be developed on a site specific basis. Sampling should be
determined by one or more of the following criteria:
(a) Sampling objective.
(b) Location of potential sources of contamination.
(c) Contaminant distribution.
(d) Sampling pattern selection.
(e) Sampling uncertainty.
(f) End use.
The investigator should consult relevant government sampling guidelines (Department of
the Environment/EPA), where appropriate.
6.2 SAMPLING OBJECTIVES

Clear definition of the sampling objective is the mandatory first step in developing the
sampling strategy. This influences the sampling pattern adopted and the number of samples
taken. Sampling should be driven by one of the following objectives:
(a) To gather information with regard to the type, extent and severity of the
contamination. This would be the objective of preliminary or detailed site
investigation.
(b) To provide sufficient supporting data to determine, with an acceptable level of
confidence, the contamination status of a site relative to a threshold value. This is the
objective of the detailed site investigation.
(c) To provide sufficient supporting data to determine with an acceptable level of
confidence, that the contamination on the site has been reduced below a threshold
value. This would be the objective at the stage of site validation following
remediation.
Each of the above objectives requires a different number of samples to be collected. Once
the sampling objective(s) is (are) established, the number of samples required can be
determined. Failure to do this results in either undersampling or oversampling.
6.3 CONTAMINANT DISTRIBUTION

It is not possible to define the level of contamination on a site by a single concentration
measurement.
NOTE: A concentration contour map would be a good method to demonstrate the contaminant
distribution of a site if sufficient data are available. Usually the sampling density is unlikely to be
sufficient to carry out such a detailed analysis with an acceptable degree of certainty.
When sampling resources are limited, it is more practical to focus on the following
objectives:
(a) Assess whether hot spots larger than a predetermined critical size exist, and their
location.

21 AS 4482.12005
(b) Estimate the proportion of contaminant distribution where its concentration exceeds
a threshold value.
(c) Determine an acceptable confidence level at which the presence or absence of
contamination is defined.
Each of the above objectives requires a different number of samples to be collected. Once
the sampling objective(s) is (are) established, the number of samples required can be
determined. Failure to do this results in either undersampling or oversampling.
6.4 SAMPLING PATTERN SELECTION

6.4.1 General
A statistically sound sampling strategy requires that samples are collected without bias and
according to a statistical design. The two types of statistically based sampling patterns are
as follows:
(a) Systematic.
(b) Stratified.
Although statistically biased, a judgmental sampling approach may be appropriate when
there is sufficient prior knowledge of the site. When judgmental sampling is employed,
statistical analysis is valid only for the chosen area.
6.4.2 Systematic sampling pattern
Sampling points that are regularly spaced with a square grid pattern are most commonly
used. Other patterns such as herringbone and triangular grids may also be used. The
benefits of systematic sampling include
(a) lack of bias if the first sampling point is determined randomly;
(b) there is no clustering of sampling points; and
(c) it is easy to survey sampling locations.
Random sampling does not possess the desirable properties specified in Items (b) and (c).
If the concentration of a contaminant is known or is suspected to exhibit periodic spatial
variations, the sampling pattern should be oriented such that it will not phase in/out with the
periodicity of the variations.
NOTE: The planned systematic layout should be adhered to as much as possible, but if deviations
are necessary because of unavoidable obstacles, then sampling locations should be spread fairly
evenly across the site. Deviations from the original plan and the rationale for these deviations,
should be recorded. When using a systematic sampling pattern, individual sample locations
should not be moved in response to evidence of contamination as this introduces bias into the
sampling and affects the validity of the statistical methods that are applied to the data analysis.
6.4.3 Stratified sampling pattern
Stratified sampling may be carried out using two different approaches:
(a) Random approach
A random stratified sampling program where sample locations are generated
randomly within a series of grid cells allows for an unbiased program that also
maximizes coverage of the site.
(b) Non-random approach
The site is divided into sub-areas according to one or more of the following:
(i) The geological or geographical features.
(ii) Spatial distribution of the contamination.

AS 4482.12005 22
(iii) Former usage pattern of the site.

(iv) Intended future use of the sub-area.
(v) Any other common factor not listed.
Once divided, each sub-area should be considered as an individual site and different
sampling patterns, (e.g. random or judgmental) and sampling densities can be applied
to each sub-area.
A stratified sampling pattern approach (perhaps in conjunction with a geophysical
survey) should be appropriate for investigating large sites with complex contaminant
distributions.
6.4.4 Judgmental sampling pattern
Sampling locations are based on the investigators knowledge of the probable distribution
of the contaminants on the site. Judgmental sampling may be an efficient sampling method
since information regarding the site history and field observations can be fully utilized.
However, it has the disadvantage of being biased. The quality of the sampling depends
heavily on the quality of the investigation and detailed knowledge of the site history.
NOTES:
1 Judgmental sampling should not be used in validation sampling.
2 Systematic sampling points can be supplemented by the use of judgmental sampling points, if
appropriate.
6.5 UNCERTAINTY OF SAMPLING

Sampling of soils and their analysis cannot provide an absolute answer as to whether a site
is contaminated. The confidence level or risk should be specified. In particular, the
assumptions made in terms of the size and shape of the contamination target have a
significant influence on the confidence level. The confidence levels in this document refer
to the ability to detect a circular hotspot of a predetermined size. The confidence of
detecting smaller circular or non-circular hotspots is lower than the stated confidence level.
The confidence level is expressed as a percentage. It is important that an assessment report
validate the assumptions used in designing the investigation program.
6.6 SAMPLING PLAN FOR SITE CHARACTERIZATION AND VALIDATION

A sampling plan for characterization and/or validation should be prepared. Another
approach to establishing the number of samples required is to utilize staged sampling with
analysis between events using spatial geostatistics to optimize sampling locations.
NOTE: The process of a sampling plan for characterization and/or validation is described in
Appendix E.

23 AS 4482.12005
S E C T I O N 7 SA M P L E CO L L E CT I O N
7.1 SCOPE
This Section defines the guidelines for obtaining, storing and handling of the laboratory
samples.
7.2 SAMPLING PROGRAM

7.2.1 Initial planning
The procedure should be as follows:
(a) The positions of sampling points should be decided after the preliminary
investigation.
(b) The necessary drawings, sampling and decontamination equipment, personal safety
equipment, log sheets and labels for the sample containers should be prepared before
work begins on the site.
(c) Underground service locations should be established.
(d) Permission should be sought from any property owner.
7.2.2 Preparatory work on-site

(a) Locate the planned sampling points, adjust if necessary and record.
(b) Confirm that the location of the sampling points agrees with those on the plan before
work commences. Adjust if necessary and record.
NOTE: Check the sampling point for underground services and tanks, and that it is safe to
drill. A professional service locator should be consulted to clear the sampling point.
(c) Mark each point with an easily-seen flag or marker bearing a predetermined reference
code. Adjust and record if necessary. Record any changes which are made in location
of sampling points from the pre-determined position.
NOTES:
1 Even when there is a carefully designed sampling plan for site characterization, additional
discretionary samples are sometimes collected in response to environmental factors or
other unforseen circumstances encountered during sampling.
2 If samples are targeted on areas of suspected contamination the basic assumption on
which the statistical tools outlined in this document rely is no longer met. The dataset
becomes biased and caution needs to be used in statistical data interpretation. In general
the targeted samples data should be removed before undertaking statistical assessment.
Alternatively, other statistical data interpretation tools should be used. An example would
be spatial geostatistics, which does not rely on the unbiased dataset assumption.
7.2.3 Recording of the data
The samplers on site observations (see Clause 7.4.1) should be recorded electronically or
in hardcopy. The following records should be maintained as sampling proceeds and each
sample should be accompanied by an appropriate grid reference or other unique identifier:
(a) General observations
It is desirable to record detail of test pits and soil bores with colour photographs if
necessary. The weather conditions, surface vegetation, preferential paths for water
flow and landscape features should also be recorded.
NOTE: Appendix G provides information on site characterization.

AS 4482.12005 24
(b) Site and soil strata log

AS 1726 is suggested as a basis for the collection and presentation of information on
test pits or soil bores. The investigator should record the location of soil samples
taken on the sample log and observations relevant to the investigation of the
potentially contaminated soil.
NOTE: An example of a strata log form is given in Appendix H.
(c) Results
The results of any field test carried out.
7.2.4 Field coding procedure
Each sample should be given a unique reference code. The reference code should be used
on drawings, sampling plans, setting out markers, log sheets, sample labels and reports. The
reference code should be recorded on a chain-of-custody form and thereafter chain-of-
custody procedures should be followed (see Clause 8.3).
NOTE: An example of a chain-of-custody form is given in Appendix I.
The reference code should permit unique identification of the following:
(a) The site.
(b) The sampling position on that site, including the grid reference, GPS coordinates (if
available) date, time and the depth of sampling.
(c) The person who collected the samples.

7.2.5 Testing
Table 2 gives a list of possible analytes for samples taken from contaminated sites.
NOTE: Types of contaminants arising from various operations are listed in Appendix J.
7.3 SAMPLING
7.3.1 General
Soil samples are commonly obtained from
(a) surface sampling;
(b) test pits; or
(c) boreholes.
The quantity of each soil sample which should be taken will depend on factors such as the
soil characteristics (e.g. apparent degree of physical homogeneity, the presence of stones or
extraneous material and the type and number of analyses to be carried out. The quantity of
material required for examination, the precautions to be taken during sampling, and any
special packaging and delivery requirements, should be discussed and agreed upon with the
analyst(s) before sampling is undertaken.
Typical soil samples are between 0.2 and 1 kg. It is advisable to discuss the required sample
size with the analyst prior to sampling.
A number of excavation and boring methods are available. However, the choice of method
requires careful consideration of
(i) the nature of the contaminants;
(ii) the depth required;
(iii) ground condition
(iv) ease of access; and
(v) acceptable site disturbance.
25 AS 4482.12005
TABLE 2
LIST OF TYPICAL ANALYTES FOR CONTAMINATED SITE ASSESSMENT
Class Analytes
Metals and metalloids Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Mercury
Nickel
Lead
Zinc
Aluminium
Inorganic non-metallics Cyanide forms
Total sulfur
Sulfides
Soluble sulfates
Nitrates
Nitrites
Total nitrate
Total nitrogen
Fluoride
Phosphate
Organics Total petroleum hydrocarbons (by GC)*
BTEX (Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylene)*
Phenols
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)
Chlorinated organic solvents*
Pesticides: organochlorines, organophosphates
Polychlorinated biphenyls
Other pH value
Conductivity
Asbestos
* Volatile compounds including 2 and 3 ring PAH and simple phenol sampling are not covered by this
Standard
NOTE: There should be specific reasons for the inclusion of particular analytes or groups of analytes as
indicated by previous or current site use. Substances may be added to or subtracted from the list in Table 2
depending upon
(a) the requirements of the regulatory authority;
(b) human, animal, plant and environmental toxicology;
(c) environmental persistence;
(d) environmental mobility and distribution among soil, biota, air and water compartments;
(e) chemical reactivity, degradation and the products of degradation; and
(f) hazards relating to physicochemical properties such as combustibility and generation of explosive
gases.
7.3.2 Background samples

Background samples should be considered to establish local endemic background soil
characteristics. This is particularly important when elevated levels of analytes are
encountered at a site due to wider-area natural or artificial effects. Information on suitable
locations for obtaining background samples may be provided from
(a) site history;
(b) preliminary investigation; or
(c) published data.

AS 4482.12005 26
The number of background samples taken depends on the size of the site and expected
distribution of the contaminants.
7.3.3 Surface samples
The surface samples, generally recovered from 0 to 150 mm in depth, should be collected
using appropriate sampling implements, e.g. shovels, scoOP or augers.
NOTE: Examples of sampling implements are shown in Appendix K.
The sampling implement is inserted to the required depth (0150 mm) and a full vertical
section of soil removed down to that depth, taking special care to ensure that no material is
lost from the implement when it is removed.
It is important to ensure that the sampling tools do not contribute analytes of interest to the
sample.
NOTE: Surface samples are only representative of the surface layers of soil from which the
samples are extracted and provide no information on possible contamination at greater depths.
7.3.4 Test pits
Test pits may be excavated. Although investigators can visually inspect the subsurface
conditions, the digging of test pits involves considerable disturbance of the surface and
later, subsidence of the pit may also occur. Additionally, care should be taken to ensure that
contaminated material is not left on the surface after the pit is backfilled.
WARNING: TEST PITS AND EXCAVATION SITES ARE HAZARDOUS TO
PERSONNEL. FOLLOW OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

REGULATIONS.
Samples should be collected directly from the sidewalls of the pit by taking vertical slices
of constant thickness from the sidewalls as follows:
(a) For test pits less than 1 m in depth, a sampling scoop may be used as (see Figure K1).
(b) For test pits greater than 1 m depth, a backhoe should be used.
Collection should commence from the deepest sampling point in the pit to prevent cross-
contamination of samples.
NOTES:
1 Difficulty with excavation can be encountered in unconsolidated materials, particularly when
excavating beneath the watertable.
2 For health and safety reasons test pits may not be appropriate where high levels of dust or
volatile contamination are anticipated.
3 Test pits are not generally considered suitable for the installation of groundwater monitoring
bores.
7.3.5 Boreholes
The use of casing for side wall support may be required in loose sand, particularly if below
the watertable. Only lubricants that will not contaminate the samples should be used in the
drilling equipment. Boreholes may be drilled using the following:
(a) Hand devices
These are used for relatively shallow soil samples collected directly using a spear
sampler (see Figure K2) or an auger (see Figure K3). An enclosed auger is
recommended to avoid sample loss when extracting the auger.
NOTE: Examples of sampling implements are shown in Appendix K.

27 AS 4482.12005
(b) Drill rigs

Many different types and sizes of drill rig are in operation with a wide range of
capabilities. Ideally undisturbed samples should be collected by extracting intact core
samples from the borehole. Care should be taken when sampling to prevent or
minimize cross contamination.
In both cases, it is critical to ensure that the full column of soil intercepted by the
borehole is extracted, otherwise bias can easily be introduced.
7.4 HANDLING, CONTAINMENT AND TRANSPORT OF SAMPLES

7.4.1 Field notebook
All daily sampling activities should be recorded (either electronically or in a field
notebook), including significant events, sampling locations and numbers, observations,
measurements and weather conditions. At the conclusion of sampling, all blank lines in the
final page should be cancelled. All entries should be dated and signed. Any late entries
should be recorded as such.
7.4.2 Sample handling
Containers for soil samples should be of at least 300 mL capacity and should be laboratory
washed, or certified clean. The details of the sample size, the container material and its
design should be determined based on the project DQO and in consultation with the analyst.
The container material should not influence the analyte content of the sample. Containers
should be robust enough to avoid being damaged during handling and transport. Any
samples of a hazardous nature should be clearly labelled and suitably protected during
transport. The laboratory personnel should be notified of specific samples that may present
a risk to human health, including those with high concentrations of contaminants, or those
potentially containing asbestos. Sample containers should either be marked indelibly with
the code, or be provided with waterproof labels affixed to the body (not the lid) of the
container.
7.4.3 Chain-of-custody procedures
Handling and transportation of the samples from one authorized individual or place to
another should always be accomplished through chain-of-custody procedures. The chain-of-
custody form (see Appendix I) should demonstrate that specimens are properly received,
documented, processed and stored.
7.4.4 Sample preservation and storage
It is important to maintain sample integrity by preventing contamination during
transportation and pending analysis. Samples should be kept in appropriate sealed
containers away from sources of heat and protected from light; analysis should commence
as soon as possible. Maximum sample holding times prior to extraction as listed in Table 3
should not be exceeded without further evaluation or justification of the acceptability of the
data.
NOTES:
1 All samples of organics, hexavalent chromium, mercury and other labile analytes should be
kept at 4C and forwarded to the laboratory as soon as possible.
2 Compositing or splitting samples may be subject to regulatory requirements.
7.4.5 Occupational health and safety
Employers of those engaged in site assessment should provide the following:
(a) A health and safety policy for a safe working environment and safe systems of work.
(b) Plant and protective gear in safe condition.

AS 4482.12005 28
(c) Adequate facilities for the welfare of employees.

(d) Information, instruction, training and supervision necessary to ensure the health and
safety of employees.
(e) Appraisal and monitoring of working conditions at the workplace.
The appropriate occupational health and safety regulations should be reviewed prior to the
time of the preliminary survey of a site.
The following should be considered to enable appropriate evaluation and control of
employees exposure to contaminants:
(i) The types of contaminants present, their form and likely concentrations, deduced
from the assessment report.
NOTE: This information may not be known to those undertaking the site assessment and a
different strategy for the protection of their health and safety is required.
(ii) The toxicity of the contaminants, the types of operations to be carried out on site,
including type of equipment to be used.
(iii) The way in which contaminants are to be dealt with and the specific tasks of workers
on site.
(iv) These details should be evaluated by an appropriately qualified and practised
occupational health and safety professional to establish site specific protection
measures.
TABLE 3
MAXIMUM SAMPLE HOLDING TIMES
Analyte Maximum sample holding time
prior to sample extraction, days
Inorganics
Metals and metalloids other than mercury and hexavalent chromium 180
Mercury 28
Hexavalent chromium 28
Cyanide 7
Total sulfur, soluble sulfate, nitrates, total nitrate, total nitrogen, 7
Fluoride, Phosphate
Sulfides 6
Nitrite 7
OrganicsSemi-volatiles
Polynuclear (polycyclic) aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)* 14
Pesticides, organochlorine (OC) 14
Pesticides organophosphate (OP) and herbicides 14
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) 14
Petroleum Hydrocarbons* 14
Phenols* 14
Phthalate Esters 14
Other Semivolatiles 14
pH, conductivity 7
Asbestos Indefinite
* Non-volatile species only.
NOTES:
1 Table modified from NEPM Guidelines for the laboratory analysis of contaminated soil
August 1999.
2 All samples for organics, hexavalent chromium, mercury and labile analytes should be kept at
4C and forwarded to the laboratory as soon as possible.

29 AS 4482.12005
7.5 DECONTAMINATION OF SAMPLING EQUIPMENT

CAUTION: ALL DEBRIS AND SULLAGE FROM DECONTAMINATION
PROCESSES MUST NOT BE ALLOWED TO CONTAMINATE THE SITE
FURTHER BUT MUST BE COLLECTED AND DISPOSED OF APPROPRIATELY.
7.5.1 General
Decontamination is the process of neutralizing, washing, rinsing and removing material
from exposed outer surfaces of equipment and personal protective clothing to minimize
cross-contamination of samples through sampling equipment. It also aims to contain the
contamination through on-site removal of personal protective clothing used during the
sampling. The procedure for cleaning sampling equipment is described in Clauses 7.5.2 to
7.5.7. However, the sampler is required to demonstrate that the process achieves
satisfactory decontamination.
7.5.2 Manual sampling equipment
The degree of decontamination of equipment is dependent on the extent to which the
equipment is in contact with the sample. In general, more rigorous decontamination is
applied to equipment used directly for sample collection, such as a hand auger or spear
sampler, than to other equipment such as drill bits. The wash water should be contained for
disposal in accordance with regulatory requirements.
7.5.3 Large sampling equipment e.g. backhoes
Prior to using large equipment, a cleaning pad may need to be established on site, so that
decontamination can proceed without contaminating the sampling locations or site. The
wash water should be contained for disposal in accordance with regulatory requirements.
7.5.4 Effectiveness of decontamination procedure
Prior to sampling, the effectiveness of the decontamination procedure should be tested to
ensure that there is no cross-contamination from the sampling equipment used by analysing
the final rinse solution (called the rinsate blank) for the same analytes as the soil sample.
If significant concentrations of contaminants are found in the rinsate blank, the
decontamination procedure should be reviewed and all sampling equipment decontaminated
using the revised procedure.
7.5.5 Disposal of contaminated personal protective equipment
Personal protective clothing worn during the sampling should be removed and
decontaminated on site. Disposable personal protective clothing is recommended. Disposal
of personal protective clothing should be in accordance with appropriate local regulations.
7.5.6 Procedure for the decontamination of manual sampling equipment
The procedure to be followed should include the following when appropriate:
(a) Remove soil adhering to the sampling equipment by scraping, brushing or wiping
with disposable towels.
(b) Wash thoroughly in a bucket with phosphate-free detergent using brushes and
disposable towels.
(c) Rinse thoroughly in a second bucket with Grade 3 water as defined in ISO 3696.
(d) Repeat Steps (b) and (c) if required and rinse again with water.
(e) Collect the rinsate blank for analysis and preserve in accordance with
AS/NZS 5667.1.
(f) Dry the equipment with disposable towels or air-dry.
If organic analysis is required and the presence of gross organic contaminants is
suspected, continue with Steps (g) to (i).

AS 4482.12005 30
(g) Rinse the equipment with pesticide-grade acetone:hexane (1:1 v/v) or equivalent
solvent.
(h) Collect the rinsate blank in a glass or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) vessel if
required for organics analysis. Ensure a tight seal to minimize loss of solvent, store
and preserve in accordance with AS/NZS 5667.1.
(i) Place the equipment on a clean surface and allow to air-dry.
WARNING: HEXANE AND ACETONE ARE HIGHLY FLAMMABLE. USE OF
THESE SOLVENTS COULD BE HAZARDOUS TO HUMAN HEALTH;
THEREFORE DECONTAMINATION STEPS WITH THESE SOLVENTS
SHOULD BE CONDUCTED IN A WELL VENTILATED AREA. DO NOT
HANDLE SOLVENTS WITH BARE HANDS. WEAR SOLVENT RESISTANT
GLOVES, BUT AVOID CONTAMINATING THE RINSATE BLANK WITH
MATERIALS FROM THE GLOVES.
7.5.7 Decontamination procedure for large equipment
The procedure is as follows:
(a) Remove soil adhering to augers, drill rod and other equipment by scraping, brushing
or wiping.
(b) Thoroughly pressure wash equipment with tap water and phosphate-free detergent.
(c) If the equipment is still contaminated by grease, tar or similar material, thoroughly
steam clean, collecting the rinsate blank for confirmation analysis if required. It is
recommended that the blank should be preserved in accordance with AS/NZS 5667.1.
7.6 FIELD SAMPLING FORMS

A standard form should be used to record details of each sample collected from the site. The
minimum information included on the form should be as follows:
(a) Time and date of sample collection.
(b) Site description and address.
(c) Name and address of organization performing the sampling.
(d) Name of project manager.
(e) Name of person taking the sample.
(f) Exact location of each sampling point, with specific reference to grid marks or other
fixed and identifiable markers.
(g) Depth of sample, soil type (e.g. fill or natural soil).
(h) Location of any soil cutting placement and wash down areas on site plan.
(i) Rationale for any judgmental sampling.
(j) Analytes to be determined on the sample.
(k) Observations unique to that sampling point which may affect the interpretation of the
results.
(l) Weather and soil conditions (soil log).
(m) Container type, sample storage and preservation conditions.

31 AS 4482.12005
SECT ION 8 QUA L I TY ASSURANCE
8.1 GENERAL
A series of quality control procedures should be integrated within the sampling plan. The
minimum quality assurance procedures that should be performed are
(a) collection of quality control samples;
(b) use of standardized field sampling forms; and
(c) documenting calibration and use of field instruments.
8.2 QUALITY CONTROL SAMPLES

8.2.1 General
These are samples additional to those taken from marked sampling points to indicate the
quality of the sampling program. Quality control samples provide information which ideally
discounts any errors due to possible sources of cross-contamination, inconsistencies in
sampling and checks on the analytical techniques used. In accordance with the DQO of the
sampling and investigation program, consideration should be given to implementing each of
the quality control procedures described in Clauses 8.2.2 to 8.2.5.
8.2.2 Blind replicate samples
These samples may be used to identify the variation in analyte concentration between
samples collected from the same sampling point and/or also the repeatability of the
laboratorys analysis. For every 20 samples taken, one set of blind samples should be taken.
The blind samples should be taken from a larger than normal quantity of soil collected from
the same sampling point, removed from the ground in a single action, mixed as thoroughly
as practicable, (e.g. using a riffle) and divided into two replicate samples using a suitable
divider such as a riffle (see Figure K4). These replicate samples should be submitted to the
laboratory as two individual samples without any indication to the laboratory that they have
been duplicated.
NOTE: Variances in the mixing and division processes for production of the replicate samples
also contribute to the differences between analyses of replicate samples, so it is critical to carry
out the mixing and division of blind samples carefully. Otherwise the observed differences
between analyses of the blind replicate samples provide no indication of the repeatability of
laboratory analyses.
8.2.3 Split samples
These samples provide a check on the analytical proficiency of the laboratories. For every
20 samples, one set of split samples should be taken. The samples should be taken from a
larger than normal quantity of soil collected from the same sampling point, removed from
the ground in a single action, mixed as thoroughly as practicable (e.g. using a riffle), and
divided into two replicate samples using a suitable divider such as a riffle (see Figure K4).
One replicate sample from each set should be submitted to a different laboratory for
analysis. The same analytes should be determined by both laboratories, using the same
analytical methods.
NOTE: Variances in the mixing and division processes for production of the replicate samples
also contribute to the differences between analyses of replicate samples, so it is critical to carry
out the mixing and division carefully. Otherwise the observed differences between analyses of the
split samples may not reflect the analytical proficiency of the laboratories.

AS 4482.12005 32
8.2.4 Rinsate blanks

These samples provide information ensuring that there is no cross-contamination of
substances from the sampling equipment used. Rinsate blanks should be collected where
cross-contamination of samples is likely to impact on the validity of the sampling and
assessment process. An example of this is where the investigation level for a contaminant is
near the detection limit for the contaminant. All rinsate blanks collected during the
decontamination process (one rinsate blank per day, per matrix per piece of equipment)
should be analysed for the analytes of interest.
8.2.5 Other quality control samples
Other quality control samples to be considered include: field blanks, trip (transport) blanks
and resubmission of previously analysed samples.
NOTE: Previously analyzed samples may become a quality control sample provided the specified
holding time has not been exceeded.
8.2.6 Evaluation of quality control sample results
The analytical results and quality control data, should be evaluated following recognized
procedures to allow the interpretation of accuracy, precision and representativeness of the
data. Typical variations which can be expected from acceptable quality control samples are
shown in Table 4.
NOTE: Guidance on appropriate methodology may be obtained from USEPA February 1994
Contract Laboratory Program, National Functional Guidelines for organic data review and
USEPA February 1994 Contract Laboratory Program, National Functional Guidelines for
inorganic data review.
TABLE 4
ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA FOR QUALITY CONTROL SAMPLES
Quality control Minimum number Typical RPD for quality control samples
sample of samples (See Notes 1 and 2)
Blind replicate 1 for every 20 samples 30% 50% of mean concentration of analyte
sample collected (See Note 3)
Split sample 1 for every 20 samples 30% 50% of mean concentration of analyte
collected determined by both laboratories (See Note 3)
Rinsate blank 1 per matrix per piece The significance of the rinsate blank analysis
of equipment per day will need to be evaluated with respect to the
actual field samples
NOTES:
Result No. 1 Result No. 2
1 Relative Percent Difference RPD = 100 .
Mean result
2 The significance of RPD of results should be evaluated on the basis of sampling technique,
sample variability, absolute concentration relative to criteria and laboratory performance.
3 This variation can be expected to be higher for organic analysis than for inorganics, and for
low concentration of analytes.

33 AS 4482.12005
8.3 CHAIN-OF-CUSTODY
This is the process which details the links in the transfer of samples between the time of
collection and arrival at the laboratory. Several transfers may take place in this process but
details of each transfer should be recorded on a chain-of-custody form. The minimum
information that has to be included on the form is
(a) name of person transferring the samples;
(b) name of person receiving the samples, e.g. laboratory staff;
(c) time and date the samples are taken;
(d) time and date the samples are received, e.g. at the laboratory.
(e) name and contact details of client;
(f) analytes to be determined;
(g) where the use of composite samples is required, the set of samples that are to be
compositing for analysis (no greater than four samples taken from the same depth);
(h) other specific instructions in the handling of the samples during the analysis, e.g.
special safety precautions, analysis of both solid and liquid phase of sludge samples;
and
(i) where high levels of contamination is expected.
NOTE: An example of a chain-of-custody form is given in Appendix I.
8.4 CALIBRATION OF FIELD INSTRUMENTS

All field instruments used should be calibrated and demonstrated to meet the calibration
specifications prior to use. Regardless of whether the calibration is performed off-site or
on-site, all calibration data should be recorded and included in the final report.

AS 4482.12005 34
APPENDIX A
HEALTH AND SAFETY OF INVESTIGATORY PERSONNEL
(Informative)
A1 GENERAL
This Appendix sets out general procedures for safety in relation to sampling at
contaminated sites and does not preclude the application of more detailed or specific
instruction issued by regulatory authorities. The health and safety plan for a site under
investigation should be developed by appropriately qualified practitioners. This Appendix
relates only to common chemical and other hazards which would be encountered by those
personnel involved in contaminated site investigations. It does not cover hazards such as
those posed by unexploded ordnances or radioactive substances which require specialized
personnel. Table A1 lists the types of health and safety measures which may be required in
contaminated site investigations.
Not all of the measures listed in Table A1 will be required for all investigations. The nature
of the hazards will determine the precautions which need to be taken.
TABLE A1
RECOMMENDED SAFETY MEASURES

Protective clothing/equipment Monitoring equipment Safety procedures
Overalls, boots, gloves and Hand-held gas monitors Training
helmets
Automatic gas detectors Permit to work systems
Eye protection
Personal monitors Notification to emergency services
Ear protection
Environmental monitors Access to telephone contact
Face masks and filters
Radiation dosimeters Decontamination facilitiesplant
Breathing apparatus
Decontamination facilities
Safety harness and lanyards personnel
Safety torches Safe sampling procedures
Fire extinguishers Safe sample handling procedures
First aid equipment Access for emergency vehicles
Locate underground storages and
tanks
A2 NON-VOLATILE CHEMICALS
These should be cleared against underground service and site plans, and by a qualified
service locator prior to drilling. Otherwise, hand augering to the expected depth of the
underground services, e.g. at least 1 m below ground level should be employed prior to
mechanical drilling.
In most situations, the hands and feet are the first parts of the body in contact with the
contaminants. Thus chemical-resistant boots and gloves should be worn. A face shield may
be necessary when there is a possibility of splashing contaminants during the sample
collection.
There should be no smoking or eating on the contaminated site under investigation. A
special recreation area should be provided on- or off-site for such activities.

35 AS 4482.12005
Dusts or aerosols may create a problem, either through contamination or inhalation by the
workers. The problem may be overcome by damping down the contaminated area and the
wearing of protective respiratory equipment. Clothing contaminated by dust or aerosols
should either be cleaned or disposed of in an appropriate manner.
All equipment used on the site should also be cleaned before being taken off the site.
A3 VOLATILE CHEMICALS
Volatile chemicals may be of concern because of their flammability or toxicity. In most
cases, atmospheric dilution will reduce them to harmless levels but such chemicals create
concern when working in confined spaces, such as trenches. It is important to monitor
concentrations of volatile chemicals in any situation where potential hazards may exist,
before commencing work.
All equipment used in conjunction with flammable chemicals must be intrinsically safe.
NOTE: Most mobile phones, pagers and radios are not intrinsically safe.
Respiratory protection is the most commonly used defence against volatile chemicals. A
variety of canister type respirators are available as well as Levels 1, 2 and 3 breathing
apparatus. The latter equipment requires users to be specially trained.
A4 BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
The precautions in relation to biological hazards are similar to those described for chemical
hazards in Paragraph A2. Biological contamination can be transmitted as solid, liquid or
aerosols. The likely risk of infection by pathogenic microorganisms should be assessed

from the preliminary investigation and any necessary precautions taken. Workers should
maintain immunity to hepatitis A and B and tetanus. As a guide, the approximate duration
of immunity between the initial injection course and the requirement for a booster is listed
in Table A2. Medical advice should be obtained if any unusual symptoms appear after
working on such sites.
TABLE A2
MAXIMUM DURATION OF IMMUNITY
Disease Immunity period
Tetanus 10 years
Hepatitis A 36 months
Hepatitis B 35 years
A5 RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS
Where the possibility of exposure to radiation exists, dosimetry equipment should be used
and advice taken from State radiation authorities.

AS 4482.12005 36
A6 TOPOGRAPHY
As a general precaution, care should be taken at all times when moving over a site on foot
or by vehicle. Former industrial sites frequently contain holes or poorly infilled areas. Sides
of test pits or trenches may be unstable and their collapse may not be obvious from the
surface. Entering an excavation more than 1.2 m deep should be avoided wherever possible.
If found to be unavoidable, the excavation should be shored or otherwise supported in
compliance with regulatory requirements. Personnel entering a shored excavation should be
trained for safe entry into a confined space in accordance with regulatory requirements.
All shoring operations should be performed only by practised, appropriately trained
personnel.
Excavations should be backfilled as soon as possible, preferably on the day they were made.
If an excavation must be left open overnight, then it should be securely fenced to prevent
unauthorized or accidental access.
A7 MACHINERY
Machinery used on a contaminated site may be hand driven or motor driven and should be
flameproof when necessary. As a greater risk is associated with the motor driven category,
safety equipment is routinely required for safe operation. This consists of a safety helmet
and steel toecapped boots. Eye protection should also be worn where there is the possibility
of flying particles. General hazards associated with the use of machinery include the
following:
(a) Soft ground which does not support the weight of the machine.
(b) Contacting subsurface installations.
(c) Tall machines and surveyors staffs making contact with overhead power lines.

37 AS 4482.12005
APPENDIX B
GUIDELINES FOR THE COMPOSITE SAMPLING OF SOILS
(Informative)
B1 SCOPE AND GENERAL

This Appendix provides guidelines for achieving consistency in compositing of soils and
data presentation. If sampling or compositing is undertaken inappropriately the analytical
results may be meaningless.
While compositing samples is sometimes used for confirming that little or no contamination
is present and for preliminary site investigations to facilitate the planning of more detailed
work, composite sampling alone is generally unsuitable for the definitive assessment of site
contamination due to the inherent uncertainties in the resultant data.
NOTES:
1 Composite sampling is not appropriate for some analytes. The list includes pH, volatiles and
semi volatiles such as OC/OP pesticides and lower molecular weight PAH. The laboratory
should be consulted on the appropriateness of compositing.
2 Soils classified under the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS see AS 1726) as clays
and fine grained organic soils (CL, OL, CH or OH) are not suitable for compositing.
B2 METHODOLOGY FOR COMPOSITE SAMPLING

CAUTION: FIELD COMPOSITING IS INHERENTLY INACCURATE. CARRY
OUT THIS PROCEDURE ONLY WITHIN THE LABORATORY.
The use of composite samples should only occur with the following constraints:
(a) Equal masses of samples should be combined to form the composite. The number of
samples combined is dictated by the nature of the site and the materials and the data
quality objectives.
(b) In undisturbed sites four samples are usually the maximum number combined to form
the composite.
(c) The maximum number of constituent samples should be governed by the analytical
system, which must be capable of measuring at the adjusted investigation levels (see
below) without creating false negative results.
(d) All composite samples from a site should be manufactured from the same number of
constituent soil samples.
(e) Each constituent sample should be homogenized before subsampling. It must be able
to be demonstrated that the composite sampling process was subject to sufficient
quality control measures to ensure that the composite adequately represents the
material of the constituent samples.
(f) The integrity of target analytes should not be compromised by the homogenization
and compositing processes.
(g) Homogenized constituent samples should be appropriately archived to allow further
analysis should this be required by the assessor (i.e. traceback must be possible).
Adapted from Guidelines for the composite sampling of soils (1995) South Australia Health
Commission/Office of the EPA.

AS 4482.12005 38
(h) All constituent samples in a composite should be taken within the same depth and
from soil materials with similar characteristics, e.g. similar particle sizes, soil types
and from fill of similar origins.
(i) Constituent samples should be taken from immediately adjacent sampling locations,
i.e. imaginary lines joining the sampling points must not cross lines joining the
sampling points of another composite. The lines connecting the sampling points for
each composite should describe similarly shaped and sized areas, except where this is
not geographically possible.
(j) Constituent samples should be from the smallest area or depth interval consistent with
providing adequate representation of the site or interval.
B3 ANALYTES
Composite sampling should not be applied for volatile substances such as petrol, but would
be satisfactory for heavy metals, arsenic and substances of low volatility.
B4 REPORTING COMPOSITE RESULTS

Data from composite samples should be clearly identified when quoted or provided in
tables, graphs or maps. This data should carry an easily recognized code, e.g. 14COMP.
A map should be provided showing the sampling points and areas of the site represented by
each composite. The source of a composite soil sample should not be represented as a
point defined by an average of mapping coordinates.
B5 ADJUSTMENT OF INVESTIGATION LEVELS

When composite sampling is used, the contaminant investigation level will need to be
modified. The investigation level should be divided by the number of samples making up
the composite to give the adjusted investigation level. This method of adjustment may give
rise to false positive results but will avoid any excessive levels being overlooked. No other
adjustment is acceptable in health and environmental risk assessments.
For example, if contamination by arsenic, which has an investigation level of 100 mg/kg, is
being investigated and there are four constituent samples per composite, the investigation
level should be divided by four. Concentrations determined in composite samples should
then be compared to (100/4) mg/kg, i.e. 25 mg/kg.
This measure avoids the possibility of a false negative result. For example, if four samples
have individual levels of 5, 5, 5 and 165 mg/kg, a composite concentration of 45 mg/kg
appears to comply with the unadjusted investigation level of 100 mg/kg. Comparison with
an unadjusted investigation level obscures the presence of a localized elevation and hence
the nature of contamination on the site.
It is also recognized that the use of an adjusted investigation level with composite samples
may result in false positive excess if, for example, natural background levels are elevated
but acceptable. If the background level of arsenic is approximately 35 mg/kg, the
concentration determined in an uncontaminated composite manufactured from four samples
will exceed the adjusted investigation level of 25 mg/kg. In such a case, the use of
composite samples without definitive individual sample analysis may lead to an
unnecessary and costly further investigation.
While the average level of a contaminant on a site may be taken into account in assessing
the need for remediation, the ability to appreciate what is happening on a site must not be
obscured. Individual samples will always provide a clearer picture of a site than
composites.

39 AS 4482.12005
B6 COST EFFECTIVENESS
Although composite sampling is generally used to reduce analytical costs, this may not be
achieved in situations where severe contamination is widespread, requiring a large number
of the samples to be re-analyzed individually.
There are also significant laboratory costs in preparing a meaningful composite sample and
in undertaking quality assurance to demonstrate that the manufactured composite
adequately represents the constituent samples. The cost of analysis of a composite should
be expected to exceed that for an individual sample.

AS 4482.12005 40
APPENDIX C
EXAMPLE OF THE USE OF THE DQO PROCESS
(Informative)
The example below shows a typical application of the DQO process as depicted in Figure 2
in Section 5.
An example of the use of data quality objectives in a site investigation is presented in order
to illustrate the concepts. Attention has been confined to sampling issues, although DQO
are more broadly applicable.
It is assumed that decisions about membership of the investigation team, availability of
resources and deadlines have all been made.
State the problem: A vacant site adjacent to a disused smelter may be contaminated with
lead from atmospheric fallout. How many samples should be taken to reach a decision about
the status of the site, and what sample layout should be used?
Identify the decision: Does the average concentration of lead in the surface soil exceed the
appropriate investigation guideline?
Identify inputs to the decision: What sample dimensions are appropriate to allow
contaminant concentrations to be reliably measured at each sample location? Is there
information about the likely average contaminant concentration () and variability () from
a previous study and is it relevant in terms of sample physical characteristics and
representativeness? For example, from a small preliminary survey and a study conducted on
a neighbouring site similarly affected by lead fallout, 250 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg.
Define the boundaries of the study: Define the geographic area within which all decisions
must apply. Decide on the need to stratify the site, that is, to divide the site into relatively
homogeneous sub-areas, for example, by distance from the smelter. Identify any practical
constraints on data collection (e.g. only sample from undisturbed soil, because cultivation
or other disturbing activities may have diluted contamination). In our example, we suppose
that the site is homogeneous and the soil is undisturbed.
Develop a decision rule: Specify the regulatory limit for a contaminant, for example
C s = 300 mg/kg. It is implicit in the formula for the number of samples that the site will be
unacceptable if the true mean contaminant concentration exceeds this figure, and is
acceptable otherwise.
Specify acceptable limits on decision errors: There are two types of error:
(a) Deciding that the site is acceptable when it actually is not.
(b) Deciding that the site is unacceptable when it is. The investigation team should set
limits on these; for example, 5% probability of (a) and 20% probability of (b).

41 AS 4482.12005
Optimize the design for obtaining data: The number of samples may be calculated, from
the following equation:
6 . 2 2
n= = 24.8
( C s )2
where
n = number of samples needed
6.2 = factor derived from 0.05 risk and 0.2 risk
= estimated standard deviation of contaminants concentration in the sampling
area based on previous sampling results or by judgement
= estimated average concentration in the sample area, in mg/kg
Cs = acceptable limit, in mg/kg.
The 25 samples are to be located fairly evenly across the site, avoiding any barriers such as
rocks or underground pipes. Undersampling can result in a site being incorrectly designated
while oversampling increases costs unnecessarily.
More detailed examples may be found in the US EPA DQO document. The major advantage
of the DQO approach is that the investigation is carried out in a structured way; the
questions of environmental significance are identified and posed early in the study, and
timely, necessary and purpose-driven data are collected to answer those questions.

AS 4482.12005 42
APPENDIX D
NUMBER OF SAMPLE LOCATIONS REQUIRED FOR HOT SPOT DETECTION
(Informative)
D1 SCOPE
The method presented here is based on detecting circular hot spots with 95% confidence
using a square grid sampling pattern. To detect hot spots of other shapes, at other
confidence levels or by using other sampling patterns, consult the following references:
(a) GILBERT, R.O. (1987) Statistical methods for environmental pollution monitoring,
Chapter 10. Van Nostrand Reinhold: New York.
(b) FERGUSON, C.C. (1992) The statistical basis for spatial sampling of contaminated
land. Ground Engineering, pp 25, 3438.
(c) NSW EPA, Contaminated Sites Sampling Design Guidelines, September 1995.
(d) ISAAKS, E.H and SRIVASTAVA, R.M. (1989) An Introduction to Applied
Geostatistics, (Oxford University Press).
D2 CALCULATION
D2.1 Grid size

The grid size, G, should be calculated using Equation D1:
R
G = . . . (D1)
0.59
where
G = grid size of the sampling plan, in metres
R = area to be sampled, in square metres
0.59 = factor derived from 95% detection probability, assuming circular hotspots
D2.2 Number of sampling points
The number of sampling points should then be calculated from Equation D2:
A
n = . . . (D2)
G2
where
n = number of sampling points
A = area to be sampled, in square metres
G = grid size of the sampling pattern, from Step D2.1, in metres
D3 PROCEDURE
(a) Determine the radius of the hot spot, R, that needs to be detected.
(b) Calculate the grid size, G, from Equation D1.
(c) Determine the number of sampling points required, n, from Equation D2.

43 AS 4482.12005
APPENDIX E
SAMPLING PLAN FOR SITE CHARACTERIZATION AND VALIDATION
(Informative)
E1 SAMPLING PATTERN FOR SITE CHARACTERIZATION

E1.1 Sampling pattern for preliminary site investigation
A judgmental or stratified sampling pattern can be used if there exists definitive
information regarding the probable location of contamination. A systematic sampling
pattern across the whole site should otherwise be used. Samples should be collected at the
depths where the level of contamination is expected to be most significant.
It may be possible for the investigator to determine the actual sampling depths on site at the
time of sampling if the stratification of the contaminants is apparent.
E1.2 Sampling pattern for detailed investigation
A systematic sampling pattern is recommended (see Clause 6.4). Stratified sampling should
be used if sufficient definitive knowledge of the distribution of the contamination is
available. It is common practice to supplement such schemes with a judgmental approach.
E1.3 Depth of sampling
Samples should be collected from one or more different depths at each sampling location.
Appropriate depths for sampling should be
(a) selected according to the specific information required from the study;
(b) selected from a knowledge of strata, if clearly defined layers can be observed;
(c) preselected if no strata can be identified; or
(d) dependent on the nature of the contamination and contaminants.
E1.4 Number of samples
The minimum number of samples required for site characterisation depends on the
complexity of the contamination, the investigators knowledge of the site and other site-
specific requirements, e.g. detecting hot spots of a particular shape and size. The actual
number of samples required should be determined by the investigator on a site specific
basis.
If sampling on a hot spot detection basis is proposed, Table E1 and Appendix D provide
guidance on sampling densities.
NOTE: The number of samples required may be calculated using one or more of the relevant
appendices:
(a) Hot spot detection, Appendix D.
(b) Determination of the degree of contamination, Appendix F, which is used to demonstrate
that a certain proportion of a site is below a specified value.
Table E1 gives the recommended minimum number of sampling points for detection with
95% probability of circular hot spots using a square grid. This requires some prior
knowledge of the likely mean level and variability of the contamination.

AS 4482.12005 44
E2 SAMPLING PLAN FOR SITE VALIDATION

E2.1 Sampling pattern
Only systematic sampling should be used for the site validation stage. If a site has been
remediated, the validation sampling should prove that the following materials no longer
pose a hazard to human or environmental health:
(a) The remaining soil.
(b) The backfill material.
(c) In-situ remediated material.
E2.2 Soil validation
The soil validation should assess the following:
(a) Remaining soil validation
The remaining soil should be validated as being uncontaminated prior to backfilling.
A systematic sampling pattern should be used. Sampling points should be evenly
spaced across the walls and the bottom of the excavated pit. Samples should be
collected at the surface of the remaining soil, between 0 mm to 150 mm below the
exposed surface of the walls and the bottom of the excavated pit.
(b) Backfill material validation
The backfill material may either be imported from another source or be taken from
the same site. The validation procedure should be as follows:

(i) The investigator should visit the source site and confirm that the material being
excavated is uncontaminated.
(ii) If large quantities of fill are to be imported, sampling should be performed with
a frequency adequate to confirm that the quality of the fill complies with local
regulatory requirements.
(iii) If the fill material is to be stockpiled on-site prior to backfilling, then site
procedures should be adopted to ensure that the fill material is segregated from
contaminated material.
(iv) Document all of the above in the validation report.
NOTE: The in-situ remediated material should be validated in order to demonstrate that it is
unlikely to pose a hazard to human or environmental health. A systematic sampling pattern should
be used.
E2.3 Number of samples
If multiple objectives are to be satisfied, a site should be declared uncontaminated only if it
meets all objectives. The number of samples required will be that specified for the objective
which requires the greatest number of samples.
NOTE: If the sampling objectives are other than those listed in Clause 6.2, a statistician should be
consulted to determine the number of samples required to achieve the objective.

45 AS 4482.12005
TABLE E1
MINIMUM SAMPLING POINTS REQUIRED FOR SITE CHARACTERIZATION
BASED ON DETECTION OF CIRCULAR HOT SPOTS USING SQUARE GRID
Diameter of the
Area of the site, Number of sampling Equivalent sampling hotspot that can be
hectares points recommended density, points/hectare detected with 95%
confidence, metres
0.05 5 100.0 11.8
0.1 6 60.0 15.2
0.2 7 35.0 19.9
0.3 9 30.0 21.5
0.4 11 27.5 22.5
0.5 13 26.0 23.1
0.6 15 25.0 23.6
0.7 17 24.3 23.9
0.8 19 23.8 24.2
0.9 20 22.2 25.0
1.0 21 21.0 25.7
1.5 25 16.7 28.9
2.0 30 15.0 30.5

2.5 35 14.0 31.5
3.0 40 13.3 32.4
3.5 45 12.9 32.9
4.0 50 12.5 33.4
4.5 52 11.6 34.6
5.0 55 11.0 35.6
NOTES:
1 The provision in this Table of the number of sampling points does not imply that minimum sampling is
good practice for a given site. The investigator should be prepared to justify the appropriateness of
applying this Table or any other sampling rationale.
2 No guidance is provided for sites larger than five hectares. Such sites are usually subdivided into
smaller areas for more effective sampling.
3 The minimum sampling is designated to detect a circular hot spot of the prescribed diameter with 95%
confidence. The confidence of detection is less than 95% for non-circular shape hot spots. Confidence
of detecting circular hot spots of smaller diameter than that prescribed is also lower.
4 Table modified from NSW EPA Contaminated Sites Sampling Design Guidelines, September 1995.

AS 4482.12005 46
APPENDIX F
NUMBER OF SAMPLE LOCATIONS REQUIRED FOR DETERMINING THE
DEGREE OF CONTAMINATION
(Informative)
F1 SCOPE
This method determines the number of samples needed if the objective of a sampling is to
demonstrate that either
(a) a site has no more than a certain proportion of its area having concentrations
exceeding an acceptable limit; or
(b) a stockpile(s) of soil has no greater than a certain proportion of its volume having
concentrations exceeding an acceptable limit.
Further information on the procedure recommended in this Appendix may be obtained by
consulting the following references:
(i) Methods for evaluating the attainment of cleanup standards: Volume 1. Soils and
solid media. (1989) Chapter 6, Box 6.3. EPA 230/02-89-042. Statistical Policy
Branch (PM-233). Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation, United States
Environmental Protection Agency.

(ii) NSW EPA, Contaminated Sites Sampling Design Guidelines, September 1995.
F2 METHOD
Let P denote the true but unknown proportion of the area under investigation exceeding an
acceptable investigation level. The investigator wishes to test the null hypothesis H 0 , that
the site does not attain the acceptable standard, against the alternative H1 , that the site
attains the acceptable standard. These are represented symbolically as H0 : P P0 versus
H 1 : P <P0 . Both H 0 and H 1 are too general to constrain the sample size. Hence H 0 is
replaced by the least extreme case, which is H 0 : P = P 0 and H 1 is replaced by its most likely
constituent case on the basis of previous data or experience, namely H 1 : P = P 1. The closer
P 1 is to P 0, the more samples are needed to establish that P is less than P 0 with high
probability.
If data on analyte concentrations for a site under investigation are available, these may be
used to estimate P 1. The previous samples should have roughly the same physical
characteristics as those of the current study, and should be representative of the whole area
under investigation. In particular, measurements confined to a specific subarea of the site
would usually be inappropriate for estimating P1 . Further discussion may be found in
Chapter 7 of the US EPA guidelines referenced above.

47 AS 4482.12005
The method assumes that the measured concentrations do not exhibit any spatial structure,
but makes no specific assumption about the shape of the concentration distribution at any
sample location. Hence the method is more general than that described in Appendix D. The
method is not valid for non-homogeneous soils, and hence is unlikely to apply to measured
concentrations from a contaminated site prior to remediation, but may apply after clean-up
has produced a more homogeneous site. In this sense, the method of this Appendix is more
likely to apply to validation after clean-up than to earlier stages of the investigation. The
assumption of no spatial structure is more likely to be valid where sampling locations are
spread evenly across the site than where samples are spatially clustered samples.
NOTE: This method relies on the assumption that all samples were collected in an unbiased
manner. The procedure should not be applied to datasets that include targeted sampling as this
results in over estimation of the portion of the site impacted and could lead to excessive clean up
when none may be required. An alternative to this method would be use of spatial geostatistical
methods, which do not rely on the unbiased dataset and homogeneity assumption of this method.
F3 PROCEDURE
(a) Determine P 0.
NOTE: The value of P 0 typically ranges from 0.05 (testing 95% of an area or a stockpile or
soil is below an acceptable limit) to 0.25 (testing 75% of an area or a stockpile of soil is
below an acceptable limit).
(b) Determine P 1.
NOTE: P1 must have a value less than P 0.
F4 CALCULATION
Calculate the number of samples required, n, from Equation F1.
2
1.65 P0 ( 1 P0 ) + 0.84 P1 ( 1 P1 )
n = . . . (F1)
P P
0 1
where
n = number of samples needed-
P0 = maximum allowable proportion of an area or a stockpile of soil that has
concentrations exceeding the investigation level
P1 = expected proportion of an area or a stockpile of soil that has concentrations
exceeding the investigation level

AS 4482.12005 48
APPENDIX G
SITE CHARACTERIZATION
(Informative)
G1 SCOPE AND GENERAL

This Appendix defines the terminology and abbreviations to be used in conjunction with the
soil sampling data and the strata log. Characterization of the soils, geology and hydrology
of a potentially contaminated site allows predictions to be made in regard to the
concentration and distribution of contaminants. These predictions assist in
(a) development of an appropriate sampling strategy and hence optimization of available
human and financial resources;
(b) interpretation of subsequent laboratory analyses, which are conducted on material
removed from the site; and
(c) devising of appropriate remedial measures for the site.
Attributes described in this Appendix should be recorded using a strata log as described in
Appendix H.
G2 SITE DESCRIPTION
G2.1 General
Contaminated sites should be described according to
(a) general surface characteristics;
(b) physiographic position; and
(c) hydrological characteristics.
G2.2 General surface characteristics
The characterization of the land surface is described in Clauses 3.3.1 (a), (b) and (c) and 4.3
(h). Briefly, the process should identify the potential range and distribution of soil and fill
materials over the site, assess vegetative cover and areas of potential accumulation.
G2.3 Physiographic position
G2.3.1 General
The physiographic position identifies the aspect, nature of the slope (if any) and land
surface form at the site. It is of importance in predicting the direction in which
contaminants may have flowed or leached, following deposition.
G2.3.2 Position on slope
It is important to record the position on the slope to assist in interpretations on water
transmission, the loss or accumulation of soil, contaminants etc. Record using the
abbreviation in Table G1.

49 AS 4482.12005
TABLE G1
ABREVIATIONS USED FOR SLOPE
Abbreviation Slope
C Crest
U Upper slope
M Mid slope
L Lower slope
F Flat
G2.3.3 Quantification of slope

If quantification is required, the slope should be measured over about a 20 m interval,
straddling the observation point. Record as percentage slope, determined using an Abney
level or clinometer.
G2.4 Hydrological characteristics
The hydrological characteristics should be assessed in as described in Clause 3.3.1 (d) and
(e). An understanding of the active hydrological processes and their effects at the site
should assist in execution of the processes listed in Paragraph G1.
The following flow attributes are considered important:
(a) Flow paths for surface runoff Indicates the zone of potential accumulation and
depletion.
(b) Depth to groundwater Watertable fluctuation may influence soil chemistry and
mobilization processes.
(c) Rate and direction of groundwater flow To facilitate effective and sustainable
amelioration.
(d) Soil moisture status Indicates the degree of soil saturation at the time of sampling.
(e) Soil moisture regime Indicates both the permeability of the soil and the sites
drainage characteristics.
(f) Interface drainage Indicates the existence of perched water tables and the likely
paths of preferential flow.
Depending on the scope of the investigation, it may be necessary to investigate some or all
of these attributes.
G3 SOIL MORPHOLOGY
G3.1 General
Contaminated sites may consist of:
(a) Undisturbed soil, into which contaminants have flowed, without disrupting the natural
soil morphology.
(b) Disturbed soil, where the natural soil morphology has been disrupted, before, during
or after deposition of contaminants.
(c) Landfill material, which has been imported from another site. The material may be
soil or wastes, such as ashes and slag.

AS 4482.12005 50
G3.2 Soil profile

A soil profile is a vertical cross-section of soil layers from the surface through to the parent
material or underlying geology. Three major layers (A, B and C horizons) are readily
recognizable in most undisturbed soils. The A and B horizons are layers that have been
modified by weathering and biological activity, while the C horizon is unaltered by soil
forming processes. The capacity for these materials to absorb contaminants will largely
depend upon pH, organic matter content, clay content and mineralogy.
In contaminated sites, the horizons may be indistinct or absent and include fill material. The
major soil horizons present in undisturbed and natural soils are described below. In general
terms, the following apply:
(a) A Horizonthe surface mineral layer, commonly dark (brown, grey or black) in
colour with evidence of organic matter accumulation.
(b) B Horizona zone of maximum pedological organization, which may include
accumulation of clay, iron and aluminium, development of soil structure (aggregates)
and intensification of colour. This horizon is commonly yellowish or reddish brown
in colour, although pale (grey or white) colours can predominate under anaerobic
conditions.
(c) C Horizonthe substrate from which the overlying soil has developed. Substrates can
be partially weathered, little affected by soil-forming processes. Intermixed fragments
of fresh rock can be present, when the soil is forming on bedrock.
G3.3 Depth
It is important when characterizing a site, to measure the depth of the various layers, e.g.
soil horizons and layers of various types of fill material. Record the upper and lower limits,
in metres of the layer being examined.
G3.4 Colour
Soil colour is the most obvious property of the soil. While not important in itself, it can
indicate much about a soils history and likely behaviour. For example, well-drained soils
tend to be red and poorly-drained soils tend to be yellow or grey, often with orange mottles
(colour segregations in the soil). Dark soils frequently (but not always) contain higher
levels of organic matter. Bluish or greenish greys may occur in waterlogged soils and are
referred to as gley colours.
Colour may be reported in Maunsell notation or in the classes described in AS 1726. Mottle
colour and abundance should be recorded if present.
G3.5 Field texture
G3.5.1 General
This refers to the determination of size distribution of mineral particles within a particular
size range. By determining the field texture, the observer can gain a better understanding of
the potential for the transportation of contaminants through the soil and the likelihood of
their adhering to material of certain particle sizes.
G3.5.2 Field texture of fine grained material
Fine grained material refers to mineral particles finer than 0.2 mm. Any material larger than
0.2 mm should be removed beforehand and considered as coarse grained material or coarse
fragments.
The method for describing fine grained material is presented in AS 1726.

51 AS 4482.12005
G3.5.3 Field texture of coarse grained material

Coarse grained material refers to mineral particles in the size range between 0.2 mm and
63 mm. Any material outside this size range should be considered as fine grained material
or coarse fragments.
The method for describing coarse grained material is presented in AS 1726.
G3.6 Coarse fragments
Coarse fragments are defined as any mineral material with a particle size in excess of
63 mm. Coarse fragments include hard rock material and nodules or secretions which may
have entered the soil as part of the soil formation process. The rock may have weathered
from the soil parent material, or have been transported from elsewhere. An assessment of
the potential for naturally occurring contaminants may be made by assessing the abundance,
size and lithology of coarse fragments.
(a) Abundance Record abundance class as described in Table G2.
(b) Size Record the dominant size ranges as described in AS 1726.
(c) Lithology Record lithology of parent material as determined by inspection of field
specimens. Refer to AS 1726 for assistance in identifying rock material.
TABLE G2
ABUNDANCE CLASSES
Class Visual estimate (%)

Very few <2
Few 2-10
Common 10-20
Many 20-50
Abundant 50-90
Profuse >90
G3.7 Unified soil classification system

The Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) has become a defacto standard for
describing the physical character of soil and regolith materials in the engineering field. The
USCS integrates attributes of particle size distribution and soil physical behaviour, within a
simple hierarchical classification.
Refer to AS 1726 for a guide to classification of soils using the USCS.
G3.8 Soil pH
pH may be measured in the field using barium sulfate indicator, test strips, or a field pH
meter. It is recommended that a field pH meter be used so that more precise comparisons
between field and laboratory determinations can be made. The pH meter should be
calibrated immediately prior to determination of the sample pH, using pH 4 and pH 7
standards.
G3.9 Odour assessment
NOTE: This Standard does not prescribe methods for sampling of volatiles.
The odour of the site and the soil can be used as a qualitative assessment of potential
contamination for volatile contaminants, or where soil chemical conditions produce volatile
secondary products (e.g. the production of sulfurous odours under anaerobic conditions).

AS 4482.12005 52
Odours thus give indications of the type of contaminants which are present and hence
dictate how the site should be sampled. In addition, odour-producing chemicals may often
occur in association with related, less volatile substances. (e.g. soil contaminated with
naphthalene and phenanthrene usually also contains higher molecular weight polynuclear
aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzo(a)pyrene).
Odour cannot be used as a diagnostic property, since assessment relies on an individuals
sense of smell and judgement. Table G3 gives a categorization of commonly-used terms.
Table G4 gives a guide for the determination and description of odour strength.
TABLE G3
ODOUR DESCRIPTION
Odour description Contaminant indicated
Characteristic sharp, pungent Ammonia
Petroleum products Petrol, diesel, oil
Compost Decayed organic matter
Putrefied Putrescible waste
Rotten egg smell (sulfurous) Anaerobic or acid sulfate
conditions
Acidic Respective mineral or organic acid
Caustic Caustic material

Septic Decaying organic matter
Sweet, solvent type Ketones
Aromatic Benzene
TABLE G4
DESCRIPTION OF ODOUR STRENGTH
Strength Description
Weak Just detectable at source; location difficult to determine
Distinct Detectable immediately adjacent to source; bearable at source
Strong Detectable 20 m from source; bearable at source
Very strong Detectable >20 m from source; pungent at source

53 AS 4482.12005
APPENDIX H
EXAMPLE OF A STRATA LOG
(Informative)
Location Job No. Strata log Lodged

by
Drill type/method Date:
Slope position Slope % Project
Ground water depth
Land surface observation Surface hydrology
Stratigraphic Soil profile Mottle Field Coarse Hydrology Odour

description texture fragments
classification
Construction
Unfilled soil
Graphic log
Abundance
Abundance
Fine grain
Lithology
Interface
drainage
Moisture
Strength
contents
Field pH
horizon
Natural
Course
Colour
Colour
details
Depth
grain
Type
Size
Fill

APPENDIX I
AS 4482.12005
Standards Australia
EXAMPLE OF CHAIN-OF-CUSTODY FORM
(Informative)
Investigator Contact Person: Sample Matrix Preservation
Date:
Laboratory Contact Person:

Sample ID Laboratory ID Container Analyte Sampling
Water
Soil
Sludge
Composite
Other
(specify)
Date Time
54
Investigator: I attest that the proper field sampling procedures were used during the collection of Sampler Name: (Print) (Signature) Date
these samples
Relinquished by Date Time Received by Date Time
www.standards.com.au
55 AS 4482.12005
APPENDIX J
CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS LISTED BY INDUSTRY TYPE
(Informative)
Table J1 lists chemicals used in various industries. The exact nature of the contaminant
associated with the particular industry is site specific, depending on the standard of
management and the practice and safety procedures employed at each site.
This is not an all inclusive list of industries using chemicals and some of the chemicals
mentioned are no longer used (e.g. carbon tetrachloride in the dry cleaning industry).
TABLE J1
LIST OF INDUSTRIES
Industry Type of chemical Associated chemicals
Agricultural/horticultural See fertilizer, insecticides, fungicides,
activities herbicides under chemicals manufacture and
use
Airports Hydrocarbons Aviation fuels
Metals Particularly aluminium, magnesium,
chromium
Asbestos production and Asbestos

disposal
Battery manufacture and Metals Lead, manganese, zinc, cadmium, nickel,
recycling cobalt, mercury, silver, antimony
Acids Sulfuric acid

Breweries/distilleries Alcohol Ethanol, methanol, esters
Acid alkali Mercury (chlor/alkali), sulfuric, hydrochloric
Chemicals manufacture and nitric acids, sodium and calcium
and use hydroxides
Adhesives/resins Polyvinyl acetate, phenols, formaldehyde,

acrylates, phthalates
Dyes Chromium, titanium, cobalt, sulfur and
nitrogen organic compounds, sulfates,
solvents
Explosives Acetone, nitric acid, ammonium nitrate,
pentachlorophenol, ammonia, sulfuric acid,
nitroglycerine, calcium cyanamide, lead,
ethylene glycol, methanol, copper, aluminium,
bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate, dibutyl phthalate,
sodium hydroxide, mercury, silver
Fertilizer Calcium phosphte, calcium sulfate, nitrates,
ammonium sulfate, carbonates, potassium,
copper, magnesium, molybdenum, boron,
cadmium
Flocculant Aluminium
Foam production Urethane, formaldehyde, styrene
Fungicides Carbamates, copper sulfate, copper chloride,
sulfur chromium , zinc
Herbicides Ammonium thiocyanate, carbamates,
organochlorines, organophosphates, arsenic,
mercury, triazines
(continued)

AS 4482.12005 56
TABLE J1 (continued)

Chemicals manufacture Paints
and use (continued) Heavy metals Arsenic, Barium, Cadmium, Chromium,
Cobalt, Lead, Manganese, Mercury, Selenium,
Titanium, Zinc
Solvents Toluene, oils natural (e.g. pine oil) or
synthetic
Pesticides
Active ingredients Arsenic, lead, organochlorines,
organophosphates, sodium tetraborate,
carbamates, sulfur, synthetic pyrethroids
Solvent Xylene, kerosene, methyl isobutyl ketone,
amyl acetate, chlorinated solvents
Pharmaceutical
Solvents Acetone, cyclohexane, methylene chloride,
ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, methanol, ethanol,
isopropanol, butanol, pyridine, methyl ethyl
ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone,
tetrahydrofuran
Photography Hydroquinone, sodium carbonate, sodium
sulfite, potassium bromide, monomethyl para-
aminophenol sulfate, ferricyanide, chromium,
silver, thiocyanate, ammonium compounds,
sulfur compounds, phosphate, phenylene

diamine, ehtyl alcohol, thiosulfates,
formaldehyde
Plastics Sulfates, carbonates, cadmium, solvents,
acrylates, phthalates, styrene
Rubber Carbon black
Soap/detergent
General Potassium compounds, phosphates, ammonia,
alcohols, esters, sodium hydroxide,
surfactants, (sodium lauryl sulfate), silicate
compounds
Acids Sulfuric acid and stearic acid
Oils Palm, coconut, pine, teatree
Solvents
General Ammonia
Hydrocarbons e.g. BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene,
xylene)
Chlorinated organics e.g. trichloroethane, carbon tetrachloride,
methylene chloride
Defence works See explosives under chemicals manufacture
and use, foundries, engine works, service
stations
Drum reconditioning See chemicals manufacture and use
Dry cleaning Trichlorethylene and 1, 1, 1 - trichloroethane
Carbon tetrachloride
Perchlorethylene
Electrical PCB (transformers and capacitors), solvents,
tin, lead, copper, mercury
(continued)

57 AS 4482.12005
TABLE J1 (continued)

Engine works Hydrocarbons
Metals
Solvents
Acids/alkalis
Refrigerant Chlorofluorocarbons
hydrochlorofluorocarbons
hydrofluorocarbons
Antifreeze Ethylene glycol, nitrates
phosphate, silicates
Foundries Metals Particularly aluminium, manganese, iron,
copper, nickel, chromium, zinc, cadmium and
lead and oxides, chlorides, fluorides and
sulfates of these metals
Acids Sulfuric and phosphoric
Phenolics and amines
Coke/graphite dust
Gas works Inorganics Ammonia, cyanide, nitrate, sulfide,
thiocyanate
Aluminium, antimony, arsenic, barium,
cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead,
Organics manganese, mercury, nickel, selenium, silver,
vanadium, zinc
BTEX, phenolics, PAH and coke

Iron and steel works BTEX, phenolics, PAH, Metals and oxides of
iron, nickel, copper, chromium, magnesium,
manganese and graphite
Landfill sites Alkanes and ammonia, sulfides, heavy metals,
organic acids
Marinas See engine works, electroplating metals under
metal treatments
Antifouling paints Copper, tributyltin (TBT)
Metal treatment Electroplating Metals Nickel, chromium, zinc, aluminium, copper
lead, cadmium, tin
Acids Sulfuric, hydrochloric, nitric, phosphoric

Sodium hydroxide,
General 1,1,1-trichloroethane, tetrachloroethylene,
toluene, ethylene glycol, cyanide compounds
Liquid carburizing Sodium, cyanide, barium, chloride,
baths potassium chloride, sodium chloride, sodium
carbonate, sodium cyanate
Mining and extractive Arsenic, mercury and cyanides and also refer
industries to explosives. Aluminium, arsenic, copper,
chromium, cobalt, lead, manganese, nickel,
selenium, zinc and radio-radionuclides. The
list of heavy metals should be decided
according to the composition of the deposit
and known impurities
Power stations Asbestos, PCB, fly ash metals, water
treatment chemicals
Printing shop Acids, alkalis, solvents, chromium (see
photography)
(continued)

AS 4482.12005 58
TABLE J1(continued)

Railway yards Hydrocarbons, arsenic, phenolics (creosote),
heavy metals, nitrates and ammonia
Scrap yards Hydrocarbons, metals, solvents
Service stations and fuel Aliphatic hydrocarbons
storage facilities BTEX (i.e., benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene,
xylene)
PAH
Phenols
Lead
Sheep and cattle dips Arsenic, organochlorines and
organophosphates, carbamates, and synthetic
pyrethroids
Smelting and refining Metals and the fluorides, chlorides and oxides
of copper, tin, silver, gold, selenium, lead,
aluminium
Tanning and associated Metals Chromium, manganese, aluminium
trades General Ammonium sulfate, ammonia, ammonium
nitrate, arsenic phenolics, formaldehyde,
sulfide, tannic acid
Water and sewerage Metals Aluminium, arsenic, cadmium, chromium,
treatment plant cobalt, lead, nickel, fluoride, lime and zinc
Wood preservation Metals Chromium, copper, arsenic

General Naphthalene, ammonia, pentachlorophenol,
dibenzofuran, anthracene, biphenyl,
ammonium sulfate, quinoline, boron, creosote,
organochlorine pesticides

59 AS 4482.12005
APPENDIX K
EXAMPLES OF SAMPLING IMPLEMENTS
(Informative)
FIGURE K1 EXAMPLE OF A SAMPLING SCOOP
FIGURE 2 EXAMPLE OF A SPEAR SAMPLER WITH PROVISION FOR REMOVAL OF

SAMPLE FROM THE TUBE

AS 4482.12005 60
(a) Enclosed auger
FIGURE 3 (in part) EXAMPLES OF AUGERS

61 AS 4482.12005
(b) Auger
FIGURE 3 (in part) EXAMPLES OF AUGERS

AS 4482.12005
Standards Australia
62
FIGURE K4 EXAMPLES OF RIFFLES
63
NOTES
AS 4482.12005
AS 4482.12005
64
NOTES
Standards Australia
Standards Australia is an independent company, limited by guarantee, which prepares and publishes
most of the voluntary technical and commercial standards used in Australia. These standards are
developed through an open process of consultation and consensus, in which all interested parties are
invited to participate. Through a Memorandum of Understanding with the Commonwealth government,
Standards Australia is recognized as Australias peak national standards body. For further information
on Standards Australia visit us at
www.standards.org.au
Australian Standards
Australian Standards are prepared by committees of experts from industry, governments, consumers
and other relevant sectors. The requirements or recommendations contained in published Standards are
a consensus of the views of representative interests and also take account of comments received from
other sources. They reflect the latest scientific and industry experience. Australian Standards are kept
under continuous review after publication and are updated regularly to take account of changing
technology.
International Involvement
Standards Australia is responsible for ensuring that the Australian viewpoint is considered in the
formulation of international Standards and that the latest international experience is incorporated in
national Standards. This role is vital in assisting local industry to compete in international markets.
Standards Australia represents Australia at both ISO (The International Organization
for Standardization) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).
Electronic Standards
All Australian Standards are available in electronic editions, either downloaded individually from our web
site, or via On-Line and DVD subscription services. For more information phone 1300 65 46 46 or visit
Standards Web Shop at
GPO Box 476 Sydney NSW 2001

Administration Phone (02) 8206 6000 Fax (02) 8206 6001 Email mail@standards.com.au
Customer Service Phone 1300 65 46 46 Fax 1300 65 49 49 Email sales@standards.com.au
Internet www.standards.org.au
ISBN 0 7337 6974 8 Printed in Australia

This page has been left intentionally blank.

4482 1-2005

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

4482 1-2005

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

AS 4482.

Guide to the investigation and sampling

Part 1: Non-volatile and semi-volatile

The following are represented on Committee EV-009:

Australian Collaborative Land Evaluation Program (ACLEP)

Keeping Standards up-to-date

This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 04150.

Guide to the investigation and sampling

Part 1: Non-volatile and semi-volatile

SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL

SECTION 2 SITE INVESTIGATION PROCESS.................................................................... 9

SECTION 3 PRELIMINARY SITE INVESTIGATION

SECTION 4 DETAILED SITE INVESTIGATION

SECTION 5 DATA QUALITY OBJECTIVES

SECTION 6 DESIGN OF THE SOIL SAMPLING STRATEGY

SECTION 7 SAMPLE COLLECTION

SECTION 8 QUALITY ASSURANCE

D NUMBER OF SAMPLE LOCATIONS REQUIRED FOR

Part 1: Non-volatile and semi-volatile compounds

SECT ION 1 SCOPE AND GENERA L

1.2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS

www.standards.com.au Standards Australia

1.3.2 Composite sample

Standards Australia www.standards.com.au

1.3.12 Preliminary site investigation

www.standards.com.au Standards Australia

1.4 THE PRACTICE OF COMPOSITE SAMPLING

Standards Australia www.standards.com.au

(ii) Site inspection with or without sampling.

www.standards.com.au Standards Australia

3.2 PRELIMINARY STUDY

3.2.2 Information requirements

Standards Australia www.standards.com.au

(x) Discharge to land, water and air.

www.standards.com.au Standards Australia

3.3 SITE INSPECTION

Standards Australia www.standards.com.au

3.4 PRELIMINARY SITE INVESTIGATION REPORT

www.standards.com.au Standards Australia

Standards Australia www.standards.com.au

www.standards.com.au Standards Australia

FIGURE 1 DETAILED SITE INVESTIGATION PROCESS

4.3 DETAILED SITE INVESTIGATION REPORT

Standards Australia www.standards.com.au

www.standards.com.au Standards Australia

(iii) Discussion of exceedance of threshold levels and significance of the results in

Standards Australia www.standards.com.au

SECT ION 5 DATA QU A L I TY O BJECT IVES

5.2 DQO PROCESS

State the problem

FIGURE 2 DATA QUALITY OBJECTIVE PROCESS

www.standards.com.au Standards Australia

6.2 SAMPLING OBJECTIVES

6.3 CONTAMINANT DISTRIBUTION

Standards Australia www.standards.com.au

6.4 SAMPLING PATTERN SELECTION

www.standards.com.au Standards Australia

(iii) Former usage pattern of the site.

6.5 UNCERTAINTY OF SAMPLING

6.6 SAMPLING PLAN FOR SITE CHARACTERIZATION AND VALIDATION

Standards Australia www.standards.com.au

7.2 SAMPLING PROGRAM

The procedure should be as follows: