VJC/17/JC1 REMEDIAL

MATHEMATICS H2 (9758)
TUTORIAL 2: DIFFERENTIATION AND ITS APPLICATIONS

1 Chain Rule dy dy du
If y is a function of u and u is a function of x, then .
dx du dx
2 Higher Derivatives Let y f ( x) . We define
dy
(i) f '( x) as the first derivative of y w.r.t x .
dx
d dy d 2 y
(ii) f ''( x) 2 as the second derivative of y w.r.t x .
dx dx dx

d n y d d n-1 y
In general, the nth derivative is f ( n ) ( x) .
dx n dx dx n1
2 n
d 2 y dy d n y dy
Note : , .
dx 2 dx dx n d x

3 Implicit Differentiation When it is difficult to express y in terms of x e.g.

dy
x2 2xy 4 y 2 28 , use this technique to find . Simply
dx
differentiate term by term, using Chain Rule whenever necessary,
4 y2 4 y2 8 y
d dy d dy
e.g.
dx dx dy dx
4 Differentiation of Parametric dy dy dt
Equations If x f (t ), y g(t ) , then .
dx dt dx
5 Differentiation of Trigonometrical d d
Functions sin x cos x cosec x cosec x cot x
dx dx
d d
cos x sin x sec x sec x tan x
dx dx
d d
tan x sec2 x cot x cosec2 x
dx dx
6 Differentiation of Inverse d 1
Trigonometrical Functions sin 1 x , 1 x 1
dx 1 x2
d 1
cos1 x , 1 x 1
dx 1 x2
d 1
tan 1 x , x
dx 1 x2

7 Differentiation of Logarithmic d 1
Functions [ln x]
dx x
8 Differentiation of Exponential d
Functions (a x ) a x ln a
dx
d
(e x ) e x
dx

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 VJC/17/JC1 REMEDIAL
Tangents & Normals dy
Equation of tangent at P : y y1 m( x x1 ) where m
dx x x1
y
1
normal at P tangent at P Equation of normal at P: y y1 ( x x1 )
m
dy
P(x1, y1) tan
dx
y = f(x) dy dy dt
If x and y are parametric functions of t, then
x
dx dt dx
O dy a
If , a tangent to the curve is parallel to
dx b
dy
(a) x axis 0a 0 .
dx
dy
(b) y axis is undefined b 0 .
dx
Rates of Change
dy
is the rate of change of y with respect to x.
dx
dy dy
0 y increases as x increases while 0 y decreases as x increases.
dx dx

If y f( x) and x is a function of time, t , then

dy dy dx
(chain rule) is the rate of change of y with respect to time.
dt dx dt

Maxima & Minima

dy
Sign of around P, Q, R, S:
Stationary Points dx
0
+ Q

Turning Points Points of 0 +

inflexion + 0
P
(P, R) R
Maximum Minimum
(Q) (S) 0 +
S

changes changes does not change

1st derivative test
from + to from to + sign around the point
(see Q) (see S) (see P, R)

Worksheet
at Q at S 2nd derivative test (non-conclusive if )
Worksheet

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 VJC/17/JC1 REMEDIAL
Worksheet

1 Differentiate the following with respect to x:

4
(a) (b) ln 1 x 2 (c) xesec x
1 2x
sin x 2
(d) (e) tan 1 (3x) (f) sin(cos x)
1 cos x

2 As part of an Art Project, a student designed a letterbox in the form of a prism. The cross-section
forms a pentagon with two vertical sides of equal height, y cm, and slant edges of equal length, 5x
cm. The remaining faces are rectangles. A rectangular sheet of cardboard ABCD, of area 1500 cm2,
is folded to make the surface ABCD of the prism as shown in the diagram. The front, back and
bottom surfaces are made of another material.

5x C
5x
B
y
y
D 6x 30
A
If the length of the letterbox is 30 cm and the width is 6x cm,
show that the volume, V cm3, enclosed by the letterbox is given by V 4500 x 540 x ,
2
(i)
(ii) determine the maximum value of V.

3 Find the equation of the tangent to the curve x3 y 2 x 1 which is parallel to the y-axis.

4 Sketch the curve with parametric equations

3
x 3t ,
y ,
t
The point P on the curve has parameter t 2. The normal at P meets the curve again at point Q.
(i) Show that the normal at P has equation 2 y 8x 45.
(ii) Find the value of t at Q.

5 An inverted conical container has a circular top with radius 10 cm and the height of the container is
20 cm. Water is being poured into the container at a rate of 2cm3 s-1 and is leaking out at a rate of
0.5cm3 s-1. At time t s, the water level is of height h cm and the circular top surface of the water has
radius r cm.
10 cm
(i) Express r in terms of h.

(ii) Find the rate of change of the height of the

water level when the volume of water in the r
container is 144 cm3.
h 20 cm

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 VJC/17/JC1 REMEDIAL
Solutions Comments
Q1
d 4 d
1
(a) 2 1 2 x 2
dx 1 2 x dx
1 3
2 1 2 x 2 2

2
3
2 1 2 x

2

(b)
d
dx

d 1
dx 2

ln 1 x 2 ln 1 x 2

Use power law of logarithm to simplify
expression before differentiation
x

1 x2

(c)
d
dx
xesec x esec x x sec x tan x esec x Product rule
esec x 1 x sec x tan x

d sin x cos x 1 cos x sin x sin x Quotient rule

(d)
dx 1 cos x 1 cos x
2

cos x cos 2 x sin 2 x

1 cos x
2

1 cos x

1 cos x
2

1

1 cos x

(e)
d
dx
2

tan 1 3x 2 tan 1 3x
3
1 9 x2
Chain rule

6 tan 1 3 x

1 9x2

d
(f) sin(cos x) cos(cos x)sin x
dx

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 VJC/17/JC1 REMEDIAL

Q2(i)
2 y 10 x 30 1500
2 y 10 x 50 y 25 5 x

V 6 xy 6 x 4 x 30 6 xy 12 x 2 30
1 Do note that both x and y are variables
2 hence you need to replace y with a
180 xy 360 x 180 x 25 5 x 360 x 2
2 function of x.

4500 x 540 x 2

dV
4500 1080 x
2(ii). dx
dV + __
Let 0 Sign of You need to show working for
dx maximum V either using 1st derivative or
4500 1080 x 0 2nd derivative test.
25
x
6
25
x
Hence V is a maximum when 6 .
2
25 25
4500 540 9375
Maximum volume 6 6
Q3
x3 y 2 x 1
Differentiate w.r.t x
dy
3x 2 y 2 2 x3 y 1 0
dx
d y 1 3 x y 2 2

dx 2 x3 y
a
dy If 0, a 0
Tangent parallel to y axis undefined b
dx a
2 x3 y 0 If is undefined, b 0
b
x 0 rejected or y0 x = 0 does not satisfy x3 y 2 x 1
Equation of tangent parallel to y axis is x 1

3
Q4 (i) x 3t , y
t y

x
O

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 VJC/17/JC1 REMEDIAL

Differentiate both w.r.t t

dx dy 3
3, 2
dt dt t
dy 3 1 1
2
dx t 2 3 t
dy 1
At t 2, gradient of normal 4
dx 4
3
x 6, y
2
Equation of normal at t 2 is:
3
y 4 x 6
2
2 y 8 x 45 t = 2 is rejected because that is point P.
3
(ii) x 3t , y 1
t
2 y 8x 45 2
Sub (1) into (2)
3
2 8 3t 45
t
24t 2 45t 6 0
1
Using the GC: t 2 NA or t
8
Q5
h 20 1
(i) Using similar triangles, 2 r h
r 10 2
dh dV dh
(ii)
dt dt dV
2
1 1 h 1
V r 2 h h h3
3 3 2 12
dV 1 2
h
dh 4
1 You need to find value of h when
V 144 h3 144
12 volume is 144.
h 1728
3

h 12
dh 4
1.5 0.0133
dt 144