Building Science II [ BLD61303 / ARC 3413 ]

Project 2: Integration Project

With Studio V Project (Community Library)

Name: Kooi Yong Kai

Student No: 0323152

Tutor: Mr. Azim

Table of Content

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Objective

1.2 Project Introduction

1.3 Floor Plans

2.0 Lighting Analysis

2.1 Daylight Factor Analysis

2.2 Private Switch Automatic Location Information (PSALI)

2.3 Artificial Lighting Analysis

3.0 References

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1.0 Introduction

1.0 Objectives

Objectives of this project is to integrate lighting analysis and design into our
community library which is located on Jalan Tuanku Abdul Rahman. The site
selected is east west facing where daylighting is a critical issue to be looked into,
we are required to bring in and utilize as much natural lighting as possible for the
design of our community library to reduce the usage of artificial lighting. As
natural lighting provides a better lighting condition and produces a much more
comfortable space and spatial qualities. However, the intelligent integration and
placement of artificial lightings is also another important factor to ensure a
suitable and sufficient luminance in reading spaced.

1.1 Project Introduction

The design intention of the community library revolved around the revival of
active and happening streetscapes which ends on Jalan Tuanku Abdul Rahman.
This is caused by the urban development, which contrast has been formed
between the modern office district and the old local commercial districts. The
library hence holds the concept of bringing streetscape qualities and experiences
into the space. Hence resulting in a very rustic and permeable atmosphere in the
space. The spaces throughout the library is sheltered with a vertical louvered
facade which are mechanically operated based on the time of the day. Providing
shelter against the harshest flares which may cause discomfort based on different
times of the day. Hence the usage of artificial lighting is need in case of situations
where natural lighting is avoided due to intense glares, and artificial lighting is
used to produce a much more comfortable space in the library.

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1.2 Floor Plans

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2.0 Lighting Analysis

2.1 Daylight Factor Analysis

Daylight factor is defined as the ratio of interior illuminance, E to available

outdoor illuminance, E, which is the unobstructed horizontal exterior illuminance.
The daylight factor is listed below.

=
1

W= Area of windows, m2
A = Total area of the internal surfaces, m2
T = Glass transmittance corrected from dirt,
= Visible sky angle in degrees from the centre of the window
R = Average reflectance of Area A

Zone DF (%) Distribution

Very Bright >6 Large (including thermal and glare problem)
Bright 3-5 Good
Average 1-3 Fair
Dark 0-1 Poor
Table 2.1.0 Daylight factors and distribution (Department of standards Malaysia 2007)

The daylight factor concept is applicable only when the sky illuminance
distribution is known or can reasonably be estimated. In this case study, the
average outdoor illuminance in Malaysia is assumed according to the standard
which is 20000 lux (refer to table 2.1.1)

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Luminance Level (Lux) Example

120,000 Brightest sunlight
110,000 Bright sunlight
20,000 Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky, midday
1000-2000 Typical overcast day, midday
400 Sunrise/ sunset on clear day (ambient illumination)
<200 Extreme of darkest storm clouds, midday
40 Fully overcast, sunrise/ sunset
<1 Extreme of darkest storm cloud, sunrise/ sunset
Figure 2.1.1 Daylight intensity at different condition

Sun Shading Diagrams

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Date Time Weather

6th November 2016 9am Sunny

At this hour, the incident light coming from the east will directly penetrate the
front facade, the front spaces of the library will be affected such as the exhibition
lounge, silent study, and also the terrace. The front facade is installed with
operable vertical louvers to reduce the impact of direct sunlight into the spaces in
order to prevent user discomfort. The air-well will not be affected as much. The
selected cafes and reading area located at the back of the library is not affected
by sunlight at this hour.

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Date Time Weather

6th November 2016 2pm Sunny

At this hour, sunlight is coming mainly from the top of the west direction, affected
spaces will be private reading area on the second floor and discussion rooms on
the first floor, this issue is tackled and resolved by having overhang roof o shadow
over the spaces stated. The centre atrium affects the all spaces close to the
atrium, though there is operable fabric roofing to provide diffused sunlight into
the interior space.

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Date Time Weather

6th November 2016 6pm Sunny

The evening sun mostly affects spaces on the rear side of the library. The rear
facade is very similar the front facade, offering a very permeable space within the
library. Using operable louvers to control the amount of light which penetrates
the space.

The chosen space with the requirement of daylight is the exhibition lounge.
Location of the space can be seen on floor plans and sections shown below. For
this report purpose, we shall assume that the visible sky angle is always 72o.

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Daylight Calculation

Floor area, m2 71.47 m2

Window area, m2 22.86 m2
Visible sky angle, 72o
Glass transmittance (double glazed 0.6
window), T
Average reflectance of area, R 0.15
Internal area, m2 2(7.89 9.505) + 2(7.89 3)
+ 2(9.505 3)
150 + 47.34 + 57.03
= 254.37m2
Average Daylight Factor
=
1
22.86 0.6(72)
=
254.37 1 0.15
= 0.09 50.82
= 4.574%
Natural Illuminance, E i
= 100

= 4.574 200
= 914.76

*According to MS1525, the exhibition

lounge is considered bright.

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Daylight Contour

The figure above shows the amount of daylight received by the space per year.

Section Analysis Diagram

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Analysis:

The exhibition lounge has a daylight factor of 4.574% and an internal illuminance
of 914.76 lux. In which will fall under the bright category on the interior according
to MS1525. However, the values range very closely from being glare issues. The
usage of operable vertical louvers helps solve the issue by mechanically
programming certain number of louvers to close in order to limit the amount of
direct sunlight penetrating into the space. These operable louvers will then open
and close themselves based on different times of the day in order to provide
optimum lighting on the interior at all times.

By mechanically closing some louvers at different times of the day, the exposed
window area decreases and hence decreases the daylight factor to a much more
suitable amount from 3 to 5%.

Besides that, the fabric library located at the bottom as seen in the daylight
contour receives no exposure to daylight, which is good as sunlight may damage
the fabric over a certain period of time.

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Artificial Lighting Analysis for PSALI Purposes

Product name LED Pendant Lamp

Wattage (W) 12 W
Voltage (V) 120 V
Colour Temperature (K) 2700 K
Luminous flux (Lux) 2900 Lux

Dimension of room L= 7.89m

W= 9.05m
Total floor area (m2) 71.47 m2
Height of ceiling 3.0 m
Height of luminaries 2.9 m
Height of working plane 0.9 m
Mounting height (H m ) 2.9 0.9 = 2.0
Standard Illumination required according 300 lux
to MS1525
Reflectance factor 1. Wall- Clay Bricks = 0.15
2. Ceiling- White plaster ceiling = 0.3

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3. Working plane- Wood decking =

0.3
Room index
=
( + )
7.89 9.05
=
2.0 (7.89 + 9.05)
71.47
=
33.88
= 2.11
Utilization Factor, UF (Based on table) 0.47
Maintenance factor, MF 0.80
No. of fittings required, N
=

300 71.47
=
2900 0.47 0.8
21441
=
1090.4
= 19.66
20 Lamps
Spacing to height ratio (SHR)
1
=

1 71.47
=
2.0 20

= 0.95

=


0.95 =
2.0
= 1.9
Fitting layout Wall L= 7.89 m
7.89
= 4.15 = 4
1.9
1
= 1.9 = 0.95
2

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Wall W= 9.05 m
20
= 5 = 5
4
9.05
= 1.81
5
1
= 1.81 = 0.905
2

*Lamps are spaced 1.9m vertically and

1.81m horizontally

Light Fitting Spatial Diagram

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Sectional Layout Diagram

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2.2 Private Switch Automatic Location Information (PSALI)

Light fittings to illuminate the 71.47 m2 of exhibition lounge is required to achieve

300 lux which is required by MS1525 with the sufficient level of illumination to
allow users to have good visual quality while listening to the speaker upfront or
view the screen. As shown in the contour analysis, the only side with is nearer to
the facade is able to obtain sufficient illumination from natural lighting. Thus,
artificial light is introduced into the space during the time of the day and on
gloomy days when natural light could not achieve the required lux by MS1525.
The 20 LED pendant lamps are controlled by 2 switches, where rows SW2 is
switched off during the day to save electricity.

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2.3 Artificial Lighting Analysis

Lumen Method
Lumen method is used to calculate the light level in a room. It is a series o
calculation that uses horizontal luminance criteria to establish a uniform luminaire
layout in a space. It can be calculated by dividing the total number of lumens
available in a space by the area of the space. The formula used is shown below:

E= Average illuminance to cover the space

n= Number of lamps of each luminaire
N= Number of luminance
F= Lighting design lumens per lamp
UF= Utilization factor for the horizontal working plane
LLF= Light loss factor
A= Area of the horizontal working plane

Lumen method can also be calculated and used to determine the number of lights
which should be installed on site. To know the number of lamps, calculation of
total luminance of the space needs to be done based on the number of fixtures
and examine the sufficiency of light fixtures on the particular space.

N= Number of lamps
E= Illuminance level required, lux
A= Area at working plane height, m2
F= Average luminous flux from each lamp

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UF= Utilization factor, an allowance for light distribution of the luminaire and the
room surfaces
MF= Maintenance factor, an allowance for reduced light output because of
deterioration and dirt

Room Index
Room index, RI, is the ratio of room plan area to half wall area between the
working and luminaire planes, which can be calculated by using the formula:

=
( + )

L= Length of room, m
W= Width of room, m
H m = Mounting height, the vertical distance between the working plane and the
luminaire

Light Loss Factor

Light loss factor is needed to be considered when calculating Lumen Method. This
allows forecasting the performance of the system over a given lifetime to meet
the minimum light standards as it helps minimize the reliability of systems which
has been planned and designed for future operation. The formula for light loss
factor is shown below:

LLD= Lamp lumen depreciation

LDD=Luminaire dirt depreciation
ATF= Ambient temperature effects
HE= Heat extraction

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VE= Voltage effects

BF= Driver and lamp factors
CD= Component depreciation

The space chosen with the least natural lighting and the need for artificial lighting
is the silent study zone located on the top floor. As it spans deeper into the core
of the building, light gets harder to reach its deeper spaces. Hence the need for
artificial lighting.

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Daylight Contour

The figure above shows the amount of daylight received by the space per year.

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Artificial Lighting Analysis

Product name LED Pendant Lamp

Wattage (W) 12 W
Voltage (V) 120 V
Colour Temperature (K) 2700 K
Luminous flux (Lux) 2900 Lux

Dimension of room L= 7.89m

W= 6.71 m
Total floor area (m2) 52.94 m2
Height of ceiling 4.5 m
Height of luminaries 4.0 m
Height of working plane 0.9 m
Mounting height (H m ) 4 0.9 = 3.1
Standard Illumination required according 300 lux
to MS1525
Reflectance factor 1. Wall- Clay Bricks = 0.15
2. Ceiling- White plaster ceiling = 0.3

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3. Working plane- Wood decking =

0.3
Room index
=
( + )
7.89 6.71
=
3.1 (7.89 + 6.71)
52.94
=
45.26
= 1.17
Utilization Factor, UF (Based on table) 0.47
Maintenance factor, MF 0.80
No. of fittings required, N
=

300 52.94
=
2900 0.47 0.8
15882
=
1090.4
= 14.6
15 Lamps
Spacing to height ratio (SHR)
1
=

1 52.94
=
3.1 15

= 0.61

=


0.61 =
3.1
= 1.89
Fitting layout Wall L= 7.89 m
7.89
= 4.17 = 4
1.89
1
= 1.89 = 0.945
2

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Wall W= 6.71 m
15
= 3.75 = 4
4
6.71
= 1.79
3.75
1
= 1.79 = 0.895
2

*Lamps are spaced 1.89m vertically and

1.79m horizontally

Light Fitting Spatial Diagram

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Sectional Layout Diagram

Light Fitting Light Contour

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3.0 References

Ander, G. (2003). Daylighting performance and design. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.

Department of standards Malaysia (2007). CODE OF PRACTICE ON ENERGY EFFICIENCY

AND USE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR NON-RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS (FIRST

REVISION). N.p. Department of standards Malaysia, Retrieved from:
www.msonline.gov.my

Izdihar,I.A. (2013). MS1525 2nd Revision. Retrived from:

http://www.eria.org/events/6.%20UBBL%202012+20Amendments%20on%20EE%

Kim G.C, Farid A, Chee M.Y, Eng C.K. (2012) Techno-economic Analysis of LED Lighting: A
Case Study in UTeMs Faculty Building. Perlis, Malaysia. Elsevier Ltd.

Room Illumination Level (2016). Retrieved 10th July 2017 from

http://www.pioneerlighting.com/newpdfs/IESLuxLevel.pdf

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