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PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF NATURAL AGGREGATE WITH BETHAMCHERLA STONE DUST AND

RECYCLED AGGREGATE

CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW

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PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF NATURAL AGGREGATE WITH BETHAMCHERLA STONE DUST AND
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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

Concrete is the most widely used man-made construction material all around the

globe. It is obtained by mixing cement, water and aggregates and sometimes admixtures in

required proportion.

By varying the ingredients of concrete, depending upon the purpose and use, the

properties of concrete can also be changed. In the construction industry, most widely used

concretes are normal density/normal weight concrete. The density of normal concrete ranges

from 2200 kg/m3 to 2600 kg/m3. The density of light weight concrete ranges from 300kg/m3

to 1900kg/m3. The density of heavy weight concrete ranges from 3360kg/m3 to 3840kg/m3.

Concrete is commonly used in civil engineering works. Since the shielding ability and

attenuation capacity are not influenced by the type of material and depends on density of

concrete, it is essential to increase the mass of concrete per the unit of the purpose of

radiation attention and resistance to heavy machinery.

Bethamcherla waste stone is one of the natural mineral having specific gravity ranging

from 2.6 to 2.85. Bethamcherla waste stone is naturally available mineral in Kurnool district.

It is purposed to use Bethamcherla waste stone powder as aggregate to produce concrete.

Recycled aggregate is the material collected from already tested cubes. It is available

in laboratories of compressive testing machines. It is used in replacement of natural aggregate

to produce strength for the concrete.

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1.2 NEED OF THE PROJECT

Our aim is to establish that Bethamcherla stone dust used in of natural aggregate in

cement concrete is as good as regular concrete in terms of strength and durability.

To study the properties of concrete where fine natural aggregate is partially replaced

by Bethamcherla stone dust .

To prepare the testing cubes of size 150mm*150mm*150mm by natural fine

aggregate replacement with Bethamcherla stone dust at a ratio of 0% , 15%, 30%, 45%,

60% , 75% and 10% of coarse aggregate is partially replaced with recycled aggregate.

To determine the compressive strength for cubes at various ages of 7days and 28

days.

To determine the compressive strength results of natural aggregate concrete with

Bethamcherla stone dust and recycled aggregate concrete.

1.2 OBJECTIVES

The objective of present study is to find out the compressive strength of the concrete

using Bethamcherla stone dust and recycled aggregate as partial replacement of natural

aggregate.

The main objective of the present investigation are to be produce density of concrete

using available aggregates economically. Keeping the cement content constant, the quantity

and type of coarse and fine aggregate is used and the compaction give the density of concrete.

The basic objectives of investigation are:-

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To find or examine the suitability of locally available Bethamcherla stone dust and

recycled aggregate for producing density of concrete.

Find the ratio of coarse and fine aggregate of Bethamcherla stone dust and

recycled aggregate for maximum strength.

To find the compressive strength of concrete

To find out the mix proportion using ISI method of concrete design procedure.

1.3. LIMITATIONS

The present investigation is confined only to find out compressive strength of

concrete.

The coarse and fine aggregate are brought from the local.

The Bethamcherla stone dust brought from the Bethamcherla mines manually .

The study on effect of w/c ratio on the strength of concrete is limited to M20 only

on concrete of constraint.

1.5 INGRADIENTS

1.5.1 WATER

Water is an important ingredient of concrete, which not only actively participates in

the hydration of cement but also contributes to the workability of fresh concrete. Cement is a

mixture of complex compounds, the reaction of cement with water leads to its setting and

hardening.

All the compounds present in the cement are anhydrous but when brought into

contact with water they get hydrolyzed forming hydrated compounds. Since water helps to

form the strength giving cement jell, the quality of water is to be critically monitored and

controlled during the process of concrete making as water. A popular yard stick to the water

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for mixing concrete is that, if it is fit for drinking it is fit for making concrete. This does not

appear to be a true statement for all conditions. Some water, containing a small amount of

sugar would be suitable for drinking but not fir mixing concrete and conversely water suitable

for making concrete may not necessarily be fit for drinking, especially if the water pathogenic

microbial contaminants. The concrete mixing water is generally required to comply with

standards of American Society and Materials (ASTM) or with the Indian Standards (IS-

456:2000). The standards specified for various aspects of water do not represent the true

picture of their purpose on setting and development of concrete.

1.5.2 CEMENT

Cement may be described as a material with adhesive and cohesive properties that

make it capable of bonding, mineral (aggregate) in compact whole. In this process, it imparts

strength and durability of to the hardened mass called concrete. The cement used in the

making of concrete are called hydraulic cement so named, because they have the property of

reacting chemically with water in an exothermic process called hydration that results in water

resistant products. The products of hydration form a viscous cement paste, which coats the

aggregate surfaces and fills some of the void spaces between the aggregate pieces. The

cement paste losses consistency of the cement paste is either excessively wet there is a danger

of quality of the hardened concrete or may also result in a honey comb appearance. The

freshly set cement grains strength with time. On account of progressive filling of the void

spaces in the paste with the reaction products, also resulting in the decrease in porosity and

permeability.

The use of excessive cement results in cracking of concrete and leads to increased

long term effects of creep and drying shrinkage of hardened concrete, resulting in undesirable

large deflection and cracking.

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The most common types of hydraulic cement used in the manufacture of concrete

are known as Portland cement used in the present investigation is ordinary Portland cement of

53 grades.

1.5.3 FINE AGGREGATE

All along India, we have been using natural sand. The volume of concrete

manufactured in India has not been much, when compared to some advanced countries. The

manufacture development such as express highway projects, power projects and industrial

developments have started now. Availability of natural sand is getting depleted and also it is

called manufactured sand.

Advantages of natural sand are that the particles are cubical or rounded with smooth

surface texture. The grading of natural F.A is not always ideal. It depends on place to place.

Being cubical, rounded and smooth textured it gives good workability.

1.5.4 COARSE AGGREGATE

Aggregate are the important constituents in concrete. They give body to the concrete,

reduce shrinkage and effect economy. Earlier, aggregate were considered as chemically

active and also that certain aggregate exhibit chemical bond at the interface and paste. The

fact that the aggregate occupy 70-80 per cent of the volume of concrete, their impact on

various characteristics and properties of concrete is undoubtedly considerable. The know

more about the concrete it is very essential that one should know more about the aggregates

which constitute major volume in concrete is in complete. Cement is the only factory made

standard component in concrete. Other ingredients namely water and aggregates are natural

materials and can vary to any extent in many of their properties.

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1.5.5 RECYCLED AGGREGATE

Recycled aggregates are obtained by crushed concrete were used for concrete

production. Recycled aggregates were used in wet condition, but not saturated, to control

their fresh concrete properties, effective w/c ratio and lower strength variability. The

necessary to produce recycled aggregate concrete with low-medium compressive strength

was verified due to the requirement of the volume of cement.

1.5.6 BETHAMCHERLA STONE DUST

This project concentrates on the effective of Bethamcherla stone dust in concrete mix since

the waste stone dust material naturally available which is frame to known as per mans

marble.

The greatest waste concern in the stone industry is stone itself, especially in the form

of over burden, screening residual, waste water sludge, bag house fines, and stone dust.

Cladding material needs to be carefully selected and cut for visual appeal and structural

stability. Monument construction also creates a large amount of waste due to the stringent

requirements for visual appeal, it is estimated that 75% of the stone used to build such

decorative pieces is discarded as waste through the cutting and shaping process.

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CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE REVIEW

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2.1 GENERAL

Concrete is the prime construction material used in practice. No construction can be

dreamed without use of concrete. Constituent of concrete is binding material, aggregate (fine

and coarse) and water. Aggregates are naturally available and depleting day-by-day due to

over exploitation for the sake of developmental activities. Owing to growing demand,

aggregate will not be available in plenty in near future as their stock is limited. It is

worthwhile to seek alternative for naturally available aggregates. Search of supplementary

material is thirst area for researchers to workout scope and suitability of alternative material

to relieve the burden over natural resources up to some extent. Owing to growing

construction activities and renovation of structures, demolition wastes are produced in large

quantities which are kept in abundance in low lying area or at disposal sites. The land, over

which demolition wastes are disposed, deprives the further land use forever for other

purposes. Demolition waste, after pulverization in appropriate size can effectively be used as

partial replacement of natural coarse aggregate in concrete with some modification, if

required. Stone dust is a waste material generated in process of crushing of natural aggregate

In required size.

Large quantity of stone dust is available near crusher plants as it is kept in

abundance. Being a worth less material, stone dust can be used in concrete as replacement

material of fine aggregate with proper investigation.

Nagabhusana and Bai (2011) reported that crushed stone powder can be effectively

used to replace natural sand without reduction in the strength of concrete at replacement level

up to 40%.

Pofale and Quadri (2013) reported that compressive strength of concrete (M25 and

M30) made using crusher dust increased at all the replacement level between 30-60% at an

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interval of 10%. However, maximum increased strength is observed at a replacement level of

40%.

Sukesh et al. (2013) reported that compressive strength of concrete made using

quarry dust is slightly higher than that of conventional concrete. Kumar et al. (2013) reported

that there is an increase in strength in concrete containing quarry rock dust (10-12%) more

than that of similar mix of conventional concrete. Reddy (2010) reported that stone dust can

be used in place of natural sand in concrete. He concluded that by using stone dust as total

replacement of natural sand in concrete, higher strength can be achieved.

Ilangovan et al. (2008) concluded that replacement of natural sand with quarry rock

dust as full replacement in concrete is possible.

Kujur et al. (2014) reported that fine aggregate can be replaced (up to 40%) by stone

dust in concrete without compromising the strength. Singh et al. (2014) concluded that

replacement of fine aggregate with stone dust does not affect the compressive strength up to

the replacement level of 40% respective of curing period. Monish et al. (2013) reported that

recycled aggregate can be used in concrete as partial replacement of coarse aggregate up to

30% with marginally compromise of compressive strength. However, up to 30% replacement

of coarse aggregate with recycled aggregate compressive strength of same was comparable to

conventional concrete. The present study is a part of an experimental program carried out to

work out the suitability of possible use of recycled aggregate as partial replacement of fine

aggregate.

Mahendrana et al studied on feasibility of the usage of Quarry Rock Dust as hundred

percent substitutes for Natural Sand in concrete. It is found that the compressive, flexural

strength and Durability Studies of concrete made of Quarry Rock Dust are nearly 10% more

than the conventional concrete.

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Kathirvel. P et al studied the Durability of SCC with Partial replacement of cement

by Quarry and limestone (dust) Powder by (10%, 20%, and 30%) and comparing the

properties like Density Variation, Compressive Strength, Water Sorptivity for 28, 60, 90 and

120 Days age with respect to control SCC.

SanthoshKumar.P.T et al made an attempt to study the effect of type of fine

aggregate on the 28 day compressive strength of concrete. The result of the investigation

indicate that the ratio of the 28 day compressive strength of concrete with crushed stone sand

to that of river sand is 1.06 with a coefficient of variation of 11 %.

Aiswarya S, Prince Arulraj G, Dilip C in 2013 examined a review on use of

metakaolin in concrete. This paper reviews the use of metakaolin as supplementary

cementations material in concrete. From the recent research works using Metakaolin, it is

evident that it is a very effective pozzolanic material and it effectively enhances the strength

parameters of concrete.

A. Sadr Momtazi, Ranjbar. M. M, Balalaei. F, Nemati. R examined the effect of

Iran's metakaolin in enhancing the concrete compressive strength. This paper presents the

performance of metakaolin (NCCM) on compressive strength and durability of concrete.

Fired (Calcinated) NCCM has a very good pozzolanic, which could be partially replaced with

Portland cement. It can decrease permeability, increase compressive strength and concrete

durability. In this study, four different type of metakaolin which one of them was made in UK

and the others were from different part of Iran were used. The results indicate that the

replacing NCCM up to 20% has noticeable effect on compressive strength in comparing with

mixture without metakaolin.

B. B. Patil1, P. D. Kumbhar examined that Strength and Durability Properties of

High Performance Concrete incorporating High Reactivity Metakaolin the present paper

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deals with the study of properties namely workability, compressive strength and durability of

M60 grade HPC mixes incorporating different percentages of high reactivity metakaolin by

weight of cement along with some suitable super plasticizer. The results of the study indicate

that the workability and strength properties of HPC mixes improved by incorporating HRM

up to a desirable content of 7.5% by weight of cement. HPC mixes have also indicated better

resistance to the attacks of chemicals such as chlorides and sulfates when the HPC mixes

were exposed to theses chemical for 180 days period.

Concrete is that pourable mix of cement, water, sand, and gravel that hardens into a

super-strong building material. Aggregates are the important constituents in the concrete

composite that help in reducing shrinkage and impart economy to concrete production. River

Sand used as fine aggregate in concrete is derived from river banks. River sand has been the

most popular choice for the fine aggregate component of concrete in the past, but overuse of

the material has led to environmental concerns, the depleting of river sand deposits and an

increase in the price of the material. The developing country like India( Authors native land)

facing shortage of good quality natural sand and particularly in India, natural sand deposits

are being used up and causing serious threat to environment as well as the society

Yogendran et al. (1987)19 made an attempt to modify the properties of concrete with

respect to its strength and other properties by using silica fume and chemical admixtures.

They concluded that optimum replacement of cement by silica fume for high strength is

found to be 15% for a water cement ratio of 0.34 at all age.

Alhozaimy, A.M., et al (1995)37 carried out experimental investigations on the

effects of adding low volume fractions (<0.3%) of calculated fibrillated polypropylene

fibres in concrete on compressive, flexural and impact strength with different binder

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compositions. They observed that polypropylene fibers have no significant effect on

compressive (or) flexural strength, while flexural toughness and impact resistance showed

increased values. They also observed that positive interactions were also detected between

fibers and pozzoloans.

F.Curcio, B.A. De Angelis, and S.Pagaliolico (1998)43 in their investigation, super-

plasticized mortars containing Metakaolin (MK) as15% replacement of cement and with a

water/binder ratio of0.33 have been characterized with four commercially available MK

samples have been studied and compared to silica fume. Three out of four Metakaolin

samples showed improvement in compressive strength atearly ages, when compared to SF,

but at 90 days and later the difference is reduced. The difference in the compressive strength

between the specimens with micro fillers and the control decreases after 28 days, because of a

smaller slow down of the hydration rate in the control. This can be related to the fineness of

the micro-filler in the specimens with Metakaolin. At 90 and 180 days Metakaolin and silica

fume specimens gave similar strengths.

F.Curcio and B.A. De Angelis (1998)44 in their investigation, cement pastes

containing Metakaolin have been studied with a co-axial cylinder rotational viscometer. They

show a dilatentbehavior that is strongly dependent on the water /binder ratio, on the level of

cement replacement by Metakaolin and on the fineness of the latter. Dilatency is caused by

the angular and plate like shape of Metakaolin particles. They concluded that, dilatancy is

properties can be explained by considering the plate like and angular shape of MK particles

in comparison with SF.

Kinuthia J.M. et al (2000)48 The contribution by the authors in this paper forms a

part of an ongoing investigation examining the potential of using Metakaolin, pulverized fuel

ash (MK-PFA) blended for cements in concrete. The investigation involves the examination

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of the effect of the blends on the strength development and factors affecting durability

including chloride penetration, carbonation and water transport properties. The following

conclusions were made by the authors: i) Although the early compressive strength of concrete

is reduced by the incorporation of PFA as a partial replacement for cement, pozzolanic action

develops in the medium term and up to 30% PFA may be used without detriment to the

strength at 90 days. PFA is particularly effective in this respect at the moderately low water-

tobinder ratios of 0.4 and 0.5. 21 ii) Up to 15% partial cement replacement by Metakaolin

results in considerable enhancement in strength in both the short and the medium term. The

strength enhancement is obtained for all the water to binder ratios used (0.4-0.6). iii) The

contrasting roles played by PFA and Metakaolin in the strength development, particularly at

the early stages, can be compared to produce effective blends for cement. At short curing

times, only mixtures with low PC replacement levels and high MK/PFA ratios achieve

strength in excess of the control. However, after 90 days curing, mixtures with high PC

replacement levels and low MK/PFA ratios also achieve strengths in excess of the control. iv)

The incorporation of small quantities of PFA, as partial cement replacement, results in an

acceleration of PC hydration, which in turn gives rise to increased strength.

M.Frias, M.I.Sanchezderojas, J.Cabrera (2000)49 In their experimental work, the

influence of the pozzolanic activity of the Metakaolin(MK) on the hydration heat has been

studied in comparison to the behaviors of other traditional pozzolanic materials such as flyash

and silica fume. The results revealed that MK mortars produce a slight heating increase when

compared to a 100% Portland cement mortar, due to the high pozzolanic activity of MK.

With respect to the hydration heat, MK-blended mortar showed closer behaviors to silica

fume than to fly ash.

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CHAPTER -3

TESTS ON MATERIALS

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3.1 TESTS FOR CEMENT

3.1.1 FIELD TESTS FOR CEMENT

1. Color

The color of the cement be uniform i.e., gray with light greenish shade

2. Physical properties

Cement should feel smooth where rubbed between fingers. If hand is inserted in a bag

of cement .It should feel cool. If a small quantity of cement is thrown in a bucket of water it

should sink and should not float on surface

3. Presence of lumps

Cement should be free from any hard lumps

4. Strength

Strength of cement can roughly be ascertained by making briquettes with a lean or

weak mortar , its size is 75mm*25mm*12mm proportion of cement and sand may be 1:6 the

briquettes are immersed in water for period of 3 days. If cement is sound quality , such

briquettes will not be broken easily and it will be difficult to convert them in to powder form.

3.1.2 LABORTORYTESTS FOR CEMENT

3.1.2.1 FINENESS OF CEMENT

This test is carried out to check proper griding of cement. Fineness of cement particles

may be determined either by sieve test. Weight should not be more than 10% of orginal

weight for the Portland cement the fineness is obtained as 4%.

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3.1.2.2 NORMAL CONSISTENCY

The purpose of the test is to determine the percentage of water required for preparing

cement past for other test.

Take 3000gms of cement and add 30% by weight of water to it. Mix water and

cement on non-porous surface. Mixing should be done thoroughly. Fill the mould of Vicat

apparatus with cement paste. Vicat mould is placed on non-porous plate. Plunger is attached

to the movable rod of vicat apparatus. The plunger is gently lowered on the paste in the

mould. The settlement of the plunger reading is noted. If the penetration is between 5mm to

7mm from the bottom of mould water is added is correct. If penetration is not proper process

is repeated till the desired penetration is obtained. The normal consistency for OPC is

obtained as 30%

3.1.2.3 SETTING TIMES

The test is used to detect the deterioration of cement due to storage.

3.1.2.4 INTIAL SETTING TIME

Cement paste is prepared for initial setting time, and it is filled in Vicat mould

Needle with angular, collar is attached to moving rod of Vicat apparatus and it is gently

released. The time at which needle makes an impression on test block and collar fails to do so

is noted. Time the difference between the water is to be added to cement and time record

when the collar fails to make an impression. The time should be about 10hrs for OPC

Final setting time = 280min

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3.2 TESTS FOR AGGREGATES

Aggregates are chemically inactive materials which form the bulk of cement concrete.

The Aggregates are classified into two categories.

Fine aggregate

Coarse aggregate

3.2.1 FINE AGGREGATES

3.2.1.1 BULKING OF AGGREGATES

The free moisture content in fine aggregate results in bulking of volume. Bulking

phenomenon can be explained as follows:

Free moisture forms a film around each particle. This film of moisture exerts what is

known as surface tension which keeps the neighbouring particles away from each other,

Therefore, no point contact is possible between the particles. This causes bulking of the

volume. The exert of surface tension and consequently how far the adjacent are kept away

will depend upon the presence of moisture content and the particle size of the fine aggregate.

It is interesting to note that the bulking increase with increase in moisture content up to a

certain limit and beyond that the further increase in the moisture content results in the

decrease in the volume and at a moisture content representing saturation point, the fine

aggregate shows no bulking is so little it is always neglected. Extremely fine sand particularly

the manufactured fine aggregate bulks as much as about 40 per cent.

3.2.1.2 SIEVE ANALYSIS

Take the required quantity of the aggregate. For fine aggregate , sieve the aggregate

through a set of sieves of size 4.75mm, 2.36mm, 1.18, 0.6mm, 0.3mm, 0.15mm, pan. For

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coarse aggregate sieve the aggregate through set of sieve sizes 25mm, 20mm, 12.5mm,

10mm, 6.3mm, 4.5mm the sieve should be agitated so that the sample roles in the irregular

motion over the sieve. Collect the fraction retained on each sieve and weigh it. Determine the

retained cumulative percentage finger as ordinates. Select the percentage which gives the

curves as well graded.

3.2.2 TESTS FOR COARSE AGGREGATE

The mineral which is retained on 4.75mm size BIS is termed as coarse aggregate .

3.2.2.1 AGGREGATE CRUSHING VALUE

The aggregate crushing value gives a relative measure of the resistance to an

aggregate to crushing under a gradually compressive load.

The standard crushing test is made on aggregate passing a 12.5mm IS sieve and

retained on 10mm IS sieve. The aggregate in dry surface, filled in a cylindrical measure in a

three layers approximately of equal depth. Each layer is tamped 25 times with the tamping

rod and finally levelled off using the trowel. The weight of sample in cylinder is taken as A.

The cylinder of the test apparatus with aggregate filled in a standard manner is put in a

position on base plate and aggregate is carefully leached and the plunger inserted horizontally

on this surface. The plunger should not jam in the cylinder.

The apparatus with the test sample and plunger bin position is placed in compression

testing machine and is loaded uniformly up to of 40 tons in 10min time. The load is then

released and the whole of the material removed from the cylinder and served on a 2.36mm IS

sieve is weighed and taken as B.

The aggregate crushing value =B/A *100 =24.000%

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Here, B= fraction passing 2.36mm sieve

A=total weight of dry sample taken in the mould.

3.2.2.2 AGGREGATE IMPACT VALUE

The aggregate impact value gives relative measure of the resistance of an aggregate to

sudden shock or impact which of some aggregate differs from its resistance to a slow

compressive load.

The test sample consists of aggregate passing through 12.5mm and retained on 10mm

IS sieve. The aggregate is filled about 1/3rd full and tamped with 25 stokes by the tamping

rod.

A further similar quantity of aggregate is added and tamped in standard manner. the

measure is filled to over flowing and struck off level. The actual weight of aggregate in the

measure is determined (A) and this weight of aggregate shall be used from the duplicate test

on same the material.

The whole sample is filled into cylinder steel cup firmly fixed on the base of machine.

A hammer weighing about 10kg is raised to height of 380mm above the upper surface of the

aggregate in the cup and allowed to fall freely on the aggregate. The test sample shall be

subjected to a total 15 such blows each being delivered at an interval not less than one

second. The crushed aggregate is removed from the cup and is sieved. The fraction through

the sieve is weighed as (B).

The aggregate crushing value =B/A *100 =20.84%

Here, B= fraction passing 2.36mm sieve

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A=total weight of dry sample taken in the mould

3.2.2.3 LOSS ANGELESABRASION TEST

Obtain a test sample taken in accordance with test method select a grading appropriate

to the particles size distribution of the sample.

Dry the sample to the constant mass, in an oven temperature within the range of 105

to 105c, cool to room temperature and sieve it on the appropriate sieve until a sufficient mass

of each fraction has been obtained. Adjust the mass of material so obtained for each sieve

fraction by quartering or refilling, if necessary to within two per cent of the relevant mass

(ml), to at least the nearest 1 gram of the test portion. Rotate the machine for 500 or 1000

revolutions.

At the completion of the test, discharge the entire content of the drum, taking care to

avoid loss, and after removal of the steel balls make a preliminary separation of the test

portion on a sieve coarse than a 1.70mm aperture sieve

3.2.2.3 CALACULATION

Calculate the loss Angles Abrasion Value of test, as a procedure, using the formula:

Los Angeles Abrasion = 100(ml-m2)/ml

Where m1= original mass of test in grams

m2= final mas retained on the 1.70 mm aperture sieve in grams

3.2.2.4 SPECIFIC GRAVITY

Specific gravity of fine aggregate and coarse aggregate is 2.63 and 2.61 and specific

gravity of Bethamcherla waste stone aggregate is 2.80

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TEST PROCEDURE

The weight about 2 kg of aggregate by method of quartering rejecting the all material

passing through a 10 mm sieve.

Wash thoroughly to remove the dust etc., from the surface of particles. Dry to

constant weight at temperature of 105C to+_ 5C. Immerse the sample in water at 22C to 32C

or a period of 24 hrs. Remove the aggregate from water and roll in a large piece of an

absorbent cloth until all visual films of water are removed, although the surface of particles

will still appear to be damp. Now weigh this 3 kg sample is saturated surface in dry condition

and note down the weight as W2. Place the weight aggregate immediately in the wire basket

ad dip it in water weight this basket with aggregate. While keeping it in water with the help

of the balance note this weight asW3. Dry the sample to the constant weight of temperature

of 100C to 110C for 24 hrs. cool to room temperature and weight it.

Calculate the specific gravity and water absorption aggregate.

Bulk specific gravity =weight of sample in air/ Loss of weight of sample in water

=W1/(W3-W2) =2.6%

Here W1= Weight of the saturated surface dry by sample in air

W2= Weight of basket in water

W3= Weight of basket +sample in water

W4= Weight of oven dry sample in air

Percentage absorption = W1-W/(W) *100 =0.2%

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3.3 TESTS FOR CONCRETE

This test gives the split Tensile strength of cylinder of size 150mm diameter and

300mm length. Calculate the material required for the proportion. Mix thoroughly in

mechanical mixer until uniform colour of the concrete is obtained are mixed by hand in such

a manner as to avoid loss of water in mixing by hand, the cement and fine aggregate shall be

mixed dry to uniform colour and then coarse aggregate is added and mixed until the coarse

aggregate is uniformly distributed thoroughly the batch. Slowly the water shall be added and

whole mixed until the resulting concrete is in uniform colour. Mix for at least two minutes.

Pour concrete in mould oiled with medium viscosity oil. Fill the concrete in cubes moulds in

three layers each of approximately 10cm and remaining each layer with 25 blows evenly

distributed over the surface of the layer. Trowel off concrete flush with top of the mould.

Immediately after being made, they should be covered with wet mats. After note down the

reading and calculate the results.

3.3.1 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CONCRETE

Concrete is phase composite hydrated cement paste aggregate and the transition zone

between the two. Hydrated Cement Paste (HCP) function as the matrices that hold the

composite together.The aggregate serve filler which normally occupies 75% of the volume of

concrete. The transition zone is interface between the hydrated cement paste and the

aggregate, and is one of the critical factor in established the composite strength.

Most concrete is used in building is based on Portland cement. Portland cement is

made by combining lime stone and clay. Which is then fired in a cement kiln until a clinker is

formed containing the following components: Cao, SiO2, A1203, fe203. Admixtures such as

fly ash, gypsum and Pozzolona material influence he amount of cement paste required for a

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given strength and the reaction time, but they not change the overall hydrated reaction

process. The density of the final product (normal concrete) is between 2600 to 3200 kg/m3.

3.3.2 SLUMP CONE TEST

This is the most important test for workability of fresh concrete.

The dimension of slump cone

Top diameter = 10cm

Bottom diameter = 20cm

Height of slump cone = 30cm

Place the fresh concrete mix in the clean cone in three equal layers. Tamp each layer

with 25 times by the tamping rod in a uniform manner over the cross section. Strike of the

top of the concrete flush with trowel i.e., exactly levelled. Remove the metal cone by raising

it slowly and carefully in the vertical direction. As soon as the concrete settlement stop, the

subsidence of the concrete.

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3.3.3 COMPACTION FACTOR TEST

This is the most important test foe workability of fresh concrete. Keep the compaction

factor apparatus on the leveled ground and clean it thoroughly. Weigh the empty cylinder

accurately (W1). Fix the cylinder lie on one vertical line. Fill the freshly mixed concrete in

upper hopper gently and carefully without any compaction effort. After two minutes release

the trap door hopper, so that the concrete fall into the cylinder. Remove the excess concrete

above the top of cylinder by using trowel and weight it (W2).

Refill the cylinder with same sample of concrete in approximately 5cm thick layer by

using the mechanical vibration so as to obtain the full compaction. Remove the excess

concrete above the top of cylinder by using trowel and weight it (W3). The value of

compaction factor is obtained by the formulae.

W= W2-W1/(W3-W1)

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CHAPTER -4

EXPERIMENTAL

INVESTIGATION

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4.1 STUDIES ON CEMENT

Ordinary Portland cement of 53 grade of Bharathi cement conforming to ISI standards

is used in the present investigation.

Table 1: Properties of cement

SI.NO PROPERTIES TEST RESULTS AS PER


IS code
1 Normal consistency 29% 26-33%

2 Initial setting time 40min Not less than 30min

3 Final setting time 190min Not more than 10hrs

4 Specific gravity 3.14 3.15

5 Fineness 4.16% 4.10

4.2 STUDIES ON FINE AGGREGATE (SAND):

The locally available sand is used as a fine aggregate in the present experiment. The
sand is free from clay matter, silt and organic impurities and must be passing through 4.75
sieves.

Table 2: Properties of fine aggregate

S.NO PROPERTIES TEST RESULTS AS PER


IS code
1 Specific gravity 2.72 2.6-2.8

2 Fineness modulus 2.80 2.0-4.0

3 Water absorption 1% 1-1.5%

4 Bulk density 1615kg/m3 1520-1620kg/m3

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Table 3: Sieve analysis of fine aggregate

SL.NO Sieve size in Weight % weight Cumulative % of weight

mm retained in retained % weight passing

gms retained

1 10 0 0 0 100

2 4.75 15 1.5 1.5 98.5

3 2.36 30 3.0 4.5 95.5

4 1.18 315 31.5 36 64

5 0.6 275 27.5 63.5 36.5

6 0.3 210 21.0 84.5 15.5

7 0.15 60 6.0 90.5 9.5

TOTAL =280.5

Fineness modulus=4.3

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STUDIES ON COARSE AGGREGATE

Here we are using coarse aggregate of 20mm

Table 4: Properties of coarse aggregate

SL.NO PROPERTIES TEST RESULTS AS PER


IS Code
1 Specific gravity 2.61 2.88

2 Water absorption 0.36% 3-10%

3 Bulk density 1530kg/m3 1520-1680

4 Aggregate Impact Test 21.65 <30%

5 Crushing value test 18.68 <30%

6 Elongation index 12%


>30%
7 Flakiness index 16%

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Table 5: Sieve analysis of coarse aggregate

S. Sieve size Weight % weight Cumulative Total % Cumulati

NO in mm retained in retained % weight Weight ve

gms retained Passing % weight

passing

1 75 0 0 0 0 0

2 40 0 0 0 100 100

3 20 0 0 0 100 100

4 10 2681 53.62 53.62 46.38 146.38

5 4.75 1364.5 27.28 80.62 19.38 165.76

6 2.36 851.5 17.03 97.65 2.35 165.81

7 1.18 98.5 1.97 99.62 0.38 168.49

8 0.6 3.0 0.06 99.68 0.32 168.81

9 0.3 1.5 0.032 100 0 168.81

10 0.15 0 0 100 0 168.81

Fineness modulus =2.30

4.4 STUDIES ON BETHAMCHERLA STONE DUST

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Bethamcherla stone dust which is used in our investigation is a Bethamcherla floor

slab aggregate dust brought from Bethamcherla of Kurnool district.

Table 6: Properties of Bethamcherla stone dust

SL.NO PROPERTIES TEST RESULTS

1 Specific gravity 2.80

2 Bulk density 1%

4.5 QUALITY OF WATER

The locally available portable water, which is free from concentration of acids and

organic substance, is used for mixing the concrete. If the water is fit for drinking it is

generally accepted as suitable for mixing mortar. Ordinary, there is little difficulty in

obtaining supply which is otherwise suitable, but they can be easily be removing by allowing

them to settle out in suitable tanks or basins. A few general remarks may be made concerning

the effect on mortar of various types of water when used for mixing. The water is used for

mixing and curing of concrete is the water collected from the tap of K.S.R.M College of

engineering campus

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Table 7: Properties of water used in the mixing

SL.NO PARAMETER VALUE

1 PH 7

2 Electrical conductivity 2.5

3 Total organic solids 120

4 Total inorganic solids 820

5 Sulphates 0

6 Dissolved Oxygen 7.5

7 Total alkalinity as CaCo3 82.5

8 Total alkalinity as CaCo3 40.5

9 Chlorides 37.72

10 Total hardness 113

11 Calcium hardness 35

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4.6 STUDIES ON RECYCLED AGGREGATE

Here we are using recycled aggregate of size 20mm

Table 8: Properties of recycled aggregate

S.NO PROPERTIES TEST RESULTS

1 Specific gravity 2.61

2 Water absorption 0.38%

3 Bulk density 1540kg/m3

4 Aggregate Impact test 22.36

5 Crushing value test 19.35

6 Elongation index 14%

7 Flakiness index 18%

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CHAPTER- 5

MIX DESIGN OF CONCRETE

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5.1 MIX DESIGN OF CONCRETE

A) Design stipulation

1. Characteristic compressive strength required in the field at 28 days is 20 N/mm2

2. Maximum size of aggregate 20mm

3. Degree of quality control good

4. Degree of workability 0.94 compaction factor

5. Types of exposure mild

B) Tests for materials

1. Specific gravity of cement 3.14

2. Specific gravity of materials

a) Coarse aggregate 2.62

b) Fine aggregate 2.72

3. Water absorption

a) Coarse aggregate 0.40

b) Fine aggregate 1%

4. Free (surface) moisture

a) Coarse aggregate nill

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b) Fine aggregate -

5.1.1 DESIGN PROCEDURE

5.1.2 Target mean strength of concrete

For a tolerance factor of 1.65 and using table 1, the target mean strength for the

specified characteristic is 20+1.65*4 = 26.6 N/mm2

5.1.2Selection of water cement ratio

From fig1 the water cement ratio required for the target mean strength of 26.6N/mm2 is

0.5 this is lower than the maximum value of 0.60 prescribed for mild exposure.

5.1.3Selction of water cement ratio

From table 3, for 20mm nominal maximum size aggregate and size conforming to

grading zone 2 water content for cubic meter of concrete is equal to 186kg and sand content

as % of aggregate by absolute volume is equal to 35%

For change in value s in water ratio, compaction factor and belong to zone -2 the

following adjustment is required.

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Table 9: Adjustment in weight

CHANGE IN CONDITION ADJUSTMENT SAND IN TOTAL

REQUIRED IN WATER AGGREAGTE

CONTENT

For decrease in water 0 -2.00

content ratio by 0.6-0.5

I.e., 0.1

For increasing in +3 0

compaction factor (0.9

-0.8) i.e., 0.10

For sand conforming to zone-2 0 -1.5

of table 4, IS;383-1970

TOTAL +3 -3.5

Therefore the required sand content as % of total aggregate by volume = 35-3.5=31.5%

Required water content = 186+5.58 = 191.61lt/m3

5.1.4 Determination of water content

W/C ratio = 0.50

Water = 191.6lts

Cement =191.05/0.5

This cement content is adequate for mild exposure condition (see table -2)

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5.1.5 Determination of coarse and fine aggregate:

For specific maximum size of aggregate of 20mm the amount of entrapped air in the wet

concrete

Is 2%. Taking this is account and applying equation.

0.98= [191.6+383/3.14+1/0.314*fa /2.72]*(1/1000)

0.98= [191.6+383/3.15+1/0.685*ca/2.62]*(1/1000)

F a = 569 kg/m3

C a = 1197 kg/m

The mix proportion then become

Table 10: Mix proportion

Water Cement Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate

191.6 liters 383 569 1197

0.5 1 1.54 3.12

5.1.6 Actual quantities required for mix for bag of cement

The mix is, 0.5:1:1.54:3.12 (by mass) or 50kg of cement the quantity of material are worked

out as below:

1. Cement = 50kg

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2. Sand = 77kg

3. Coarse aggregate = 156kg

a). ( fraction1 = 62.4k

b). ( fraction 2 = 93.6kg

4. Water

a) For w/c ratio = 0.50, quantity = 25 litres

b) For quantity of water to be added for absorption in the case of CA at 0.44%

mass =0.624 litres

c) Quantity of water to be deducted for moisture present in sand at 2% by mass = 1.54

litres

d) Actual quantity of water required to be added = 25+0.624-1.54 =24.084 litres

5. Actual quantity of sand required after allowing for mass of free moisture

= 71+1.54 = 72.042kg

6. Actual quantity of CA required

a) Fraction 1 = 93.6-0.374= 93.226kg

b) Fraction 2 = 624.4-0.249= 62.15kg

Therefore, the actual quantities of different constituents required for one bag mix are

Water: 24.0 litres

Cement: 50kg

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Sand: 78.54kg

CA Fraction 1: 93.226kgs

Fraction 2: 62.15kgs

5.2 MIX PROPORTION AND QUANTITY OF COARSE AGGREAGTE AND FINE

AGGREAGTE FOR CONCRETE ( BY USING BETHAMCHERLA STONE DUST)

Cement content is same as that to normal density concrete.

Specific gravity of Bethamcherla stone = 2.8

Determination of coarse and fine aggregate content:

From table 5, the specific maximum size of aggregate of 20mm, the amount of an trapped air

in the wet concrete is 2%. Talking this into account & applying equations 2&3

0.98 = [191.6+383/3.12+1/0.315*f a/2.62]*(1/1000)

0.98 = [191.6+383/3.15+1/0.685*c a/2.8]*(1/1000)

F a = 548kg/m3

C a = 1275kg/m3

The mix proportions then become:

Table 11: Mix proportions for adjustments

Water Cement Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate

191.6 litres 383 548kg 1275kg

0.5 1 1.48 3.14

Mix proportion for normal density concrete =1:1.54:3.12

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Mix proportion for concrete using Bethamcherla stone dust =1:1.48:3.14

5.3 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

To find out the compressive strength of concrete, cubes of size 150mm width 150mm

depth and 150mm length were casted. For each mix proportion 6 no. of cubes were casted. To

assess 7 days compressive strength for 3 cubes were tested and the remaining 3 cubes were

tested on 28 days for 0% 6 cubes, for 15% 6 cubes , for 30% 6 cubes , for 45% cubes , 60%

cubes , 75% , total 36 cubes are prepared. In this case replacement of Bethamcherla stone dust

and 10% replacement of recycled aggregate instead of coarse aggregate.

5.4 CASTING OF CUBES

The standard size of cubes 150mm*150mm*150mm size are cast iron; strong enough to

prevent distortion are used. They are made in such a way so that they can be easily removed.

The inside of the mould is given a thin coating of oil to prevent adhesion easily.

After placed the vibration table in order to get perfect compaction for 30 sec mixing the

concrete as per the procedure, the concrete placed in cubes in 3 layers by compacting each

alyer with a tamping rod of 16mm diameter, 60cm long with bullet pointed edges with 25

times. After manual compaction is completed this are first the cement arrived from the mix

design procedure is added to the fine and mixed thoroughly. The dry mix is then added to

coarse aggregate.

The total mix is thoroughly mixed in dry condition using manual. After ensuring thoroughly

mixing. The required water is added on thoroughly mixed again. After achieving complete

mixing the concrete is placed in cubes in 3 layers. After filling of the cubes, cubes are placed in

vibration motion and vibrate it for 2 min excess concrete is removed by steel scale.

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After 24hrs of casting, the cubes are removed and dry weight of all 36 cubes is found out.

5.5 CURING AND TESTING

All the 36 cubes are kept in curing tank for 28 days. In one curing tank volume of water is

taken as 500 litres. After 28 days are over, all the cubes are taken from the curing tank and

surface is cleaned using a waste cloth. All these 36 cubes are weighted in a weighting machine

and wet weight of each cube is found out. For each percentage 3 cubes are tested on 7 days and

remaining 3 cubes are tested on 28 days and average value of compressive strength is found

out.

5.5.1 FOR CUBES:

MIX PROPORTION OF DIFFERENT IN GRADIENTS USED AS PER MIX DESIGN:

Table 12: Mix proportion of different ingredients used for cubes

S.NO % % W/c Cement Sand Coarse Recycled Betamcherla Water


RRCCA
RBSFA Ratio (kg) (kg) Aggreagte Aggreagte stone dust (lit)

(kg) (kg) (kg)

1 0 10 0.5 9.96 14.74 31.30 - - 5

2 15 10 0.5 9.96 12.53 28.17 3.13 2.21 5

3 30 10 0.5 9.96 10.31 28.17 3.13 4.42 5

4 45 10 0.5 9.96 8.10 28.17 3.13 6.63 5

5 60 10 0.5 9.96 5.89 28.17 3.13 8.84 5

6 75 10 0.5 9.96 3.68 28.17 3.13 11.05 5

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Table 13: values of slump and compaction factor

S.NO % % SLUMP VALUE COMPACTION

RBFSA RRCCA IN (CM) FACTOR

1 0 10 7.8 0.935

2 15 10 8.1 0.932

3 30 10 8.4 0.928

4 45 10 8.7 0.925

5 60 10 9.0 0.92

6 75 10 9.2 0.91

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CHAPTER - 6

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

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TABLES

Table14: 7 days curing of cubes with partial replacement of Bethamcherla stone dust

and recycled aggregate in natural aggregate

S.NO % NO. Average Average Average

Replacement Of weight of 3 Compressive Compressive

Days cubes-(gms) Load of 3 Strength of 3

Dry Wet Cubes-(KN) Cubes (Mpa)

weight weight

1 0% 7 8271 8343 560 25.0

2 15% 7 8218 8304 695 30.0

3 30% 7 8256 8345 700 31.0

4 45% 7 8147 8242 630 28.0

5 60% 7 7738 7830 560 25.0

6 75% 7 7772 7996 300 15.0

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Table15: 28 days curing of cubes with partial replacement of Bethamcherla stone dust

and recycled aggregate in natural aggregate

S.NO % No. Average Average Average

Replacement Of Weight of 3 Compressive Compressive

Days cubes-(gms) Load of 3 Strength of 3

Dry Wet Cubes-(KN) Cubes-(Mpa)

weight weight

1 0% 28 8220 8230 745 33.0

2 15% 28 8082 8165 774 34.0

3 30% 28 8042 8135 870 38.0

4 45% 28 7840 7870 630 28.0

5 60% 28 7880 7900 620 27.5

6 75% 28 7650 7730 600 26.5

Table16: Average dry and wet weight of cubes at 7 days

S.NO % Of Average Dry Weights Average Wet

Replacement In (gms) Weight In (gms)

1 0% 8271 8343

2 15% 8218 8304

3 30% 8256 8345

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4 45% 8147 8242

5 60% 7738 7830

6 75% 7772 7996

Table17: Average dry and wet weights of cubes at 28 days

S.NO % Of Average Dry Average Wet

Replacement Weights In (gms) Weight In (gms)

1 0% 8220 8230

2 15% 8082 8165

3 30% 8042 8135

4 45% 7840 7870

5 60% 7880 7900

6 75% 7650 7730

Table18: Compressive strength of cubes at 7 days strength

S.NO % Of Compressive Strength

Replacement For 7 Days (Mpa)

1 0% 25.0

2 15% 30.0

3 30% 31.0

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4 45% 28.0

5 60% 25.0

6 75% 15.0

Table19: Compressive strength of cubes at 28 days

S.NO % Compressive

Replacement Strength For 28 days

(Mpa)

1 0% 33.0

2 15% 34.0

3 30% 38.0

4 45% 28.0

5 60% 27.5

6 75% 26.5

Table 20:Average Compressive strength of 7 and 28 days

S.NO Nomenclature 7 days 28days % difference % difference


Of the Average Average on the 7 on the 28
specimen Compressive Compressive days days
Strength in Strength in compressive compressive
MPa MPa strength strength
1 NGFA-0 25.00 33.00 - -

2 RBSFA -15 30.00 34.00 +20.0 +3.03

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3 RBSFA-30 31.00 38.00 +19.36 +15.15

4 RBSFA-45 28.00 28.00 +12.0 -15.15

5 RBSFA-60 25.00 27.50 0 -16.66

6 RBSFA-75 15.00 26.50 -40.0 -19.70

GRAPHS

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35
Average compressive strength (Mpa)

30

25

20

15

10

0
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

% Replacement

Graph 1: Compressive strength of concrete cubes at 7 days

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Average compressive strength (Mpa) 35

30

25

20

15

10

0
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

% Replacement
Graph 2: Compressive strength of concrete cubes at 28 days

40

35

30

25

20 7days

15 28days

10

0
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

Graph 3: Compressive strength of concrete cubes at 7 days and 28 days

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8600
Dry weightWet weight
8400
Wet weight
8200

8000

7800

7600

7400

7200
0% 15% 30% 45% 60% 75%

Graph 6: Dry and wet weight of concrete cubes at 7 days

8400
Dry weight wet weight
Wet weight
8200

8000

7800

7600

7400

7200
0% 15% 30% 45% 60% 75%

Graph 7: Dry and wet weight of concrete cubes at 28 days

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9.5

8.5

Slump
8

7.5

7
0% 15% 30% 45% 60% 75%

Graph 9: Slump values for concrete cubes

0.93

0.925

0.92
compaction factor
0.915

0.91

0.905

0.9

0.895

0.89

0.885
0% 15% 30% 45% 60% 75%

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Graph 10: Compaction factor values for concrete cubes

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PLATES

Mixing concrete ingredients

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RECYCLED AGGREGATE

Slump test

Compaction factor test

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Casting of cubes

Cubes before placed in the curing tank

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Cubes are dipped in water

Cubes before testing in compression machine

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Compression testing machine with specimen

Failure of cube

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PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF NATURAL AGGREGATE WITH BETHAMCHERLA STONE DUST AND
RECYCLED AGGREGATE

CHAPTER-7

CONCLUSION
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PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF NATURAL AGGREGATE WITH BETHAMCHERLA STONE DUST AND
RECYCLED AGGREGATE

7. CONCLUSION

From the above study, the following conclusions are obtained:

7.1 CUBES (7 Days):

For 15% replacement of Bethamcherla stone dust in fine aggregate and 10%

replacement of recycled aggregate in coarse aggregate, the compressive strength is

increased by 20% as compared to the normal compressive strength.

For 30% replacement of Bethamcherla stone dust in fine aggregate and 10%

replacement of recycled aggregate in coarse aggregate, the compressive strength is

increased by 19.63% as compared to the normal compressive strength.

For 45% replacement of Bethamcherla stone dust in fine aggregate and 10%

replacement of recycled aggregate in coarse aggregate, the compressive strength is

increased by 12% as compared to the normal compressive strength.

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PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF NATURAL AGGREGATE WITH BETHAMCHERLA STONE DUST AND
RECYCLED AGGREGATE

For 60% replacement of Bethamcherla stone dust in fine aggregate and 10%

replacement of recycled aggregate in coarse aggregate, the compressive strength is

same % as compared to the normal compressive strength.

For 75% replacement of Bethamcherla stone dust in fine aggregate and 10%

replacement of recycled aggregate in coarse aggregate, the compressive strength is

decreased by -40% as compared to the normal compressive strength.

7.2 CUBES (28 Days):

For 15% replacement of Bethamcherla stone dust in fine aggregate and 10%

replacement of recycled aggregate in coarse aggregate, the compressive strength is

increased by 3.03% as compared to the normal compressive strength.

For 30% replacement of Bethamcherla stone dust in fine aggregate and 10%

replacement of recycled aggregate in coarse aggregate, the compressive strength is

increased by +15.15 as compared to the normal compressive strength.

For 45% replacement of Bethamcherla stone dust in fine aggregate and 10%

replacement of recycled aggregate in coarse aggregate, the compressive strength is

decreased by -15.15% as compared to the normal compressive strength.

For 60% replacement of Bethamcherla stone dust in fine aggregate and 10%

replacement of recycled aggregate in coarse aggregate, the compressive strength is

decreased by -16.66% as compared to the normal compressive strength.

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PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF NATURAL AGGREGATE WITH BETHAMCHERLA STONE DUST AND
RECYCLED AGGREGATE

For 75% replacement of Bethamcherla stone dust in fine aggregate and 10%

replacement of recycled aggregate in coarse aggregate, the compressive strength is

decreased by -19.70% as compared to the normal compressive strength.

Finally results shows that the Bethamcherla stone dust should replace in the natural

fine aggregate up to 30% is suitable for compressive strength of concrete.

Replacement of Bethamcherla stone dust in natural fine aggregate up to 30% should

give the more strength as compared to the normal concrete.

Replacement of 10% recycled aggregate in natural coarse aggregate should give the

more strength as compared the normal concrete.

CHAPTER-8

BIBILOGRAPHY

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PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF NATURAL AGGREGATE WITH BETHAMCHERLA STONE DUST AND
RECYCLED AGGREGATE

8. REFERENCES

Concrete technology by M.S.Shetty

Design of concrete mix by N. Krishna Raju

Concrete technology by G.L. Gambhir

Concrete constituents and mix proposition by B.W. Shack Lock.

IS 383-1970 specification of coarse aggregate and fine aggregate

IS 516-1965 method of test for strength of concrete

Concrete micro structures, properties and material by P.K. Mehta and T.J.M.Monteiro

A.M.Neville by concrete technology

Steven.Hkosmatka and William by design and control of concrete mixtures.

Lyndon Fd by concrete mix design

Plain and reinforced concrete code of practice IS:456-2000

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PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF NATURAL AGGREGATE WITH BETHAMCHERLA STONE DUST AND
RECYCLED AGGREGATE

Compressive strength of concrete method of test IS:5816:1999

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