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N. Krishna Murthy, 2 N. Aruna, 3 A.V.Narasimha Rao,3 I.V.Ramana Reddy,
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B .Madhusudana Reddy, 4 M.Vijaya Sekhar Reddy
ABSTRACT
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International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976
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I. INTRODUCTION
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slump cone, is the most common testing method for flow ability (or filling ability). During
the test, the final slump flow diameter and T50 (time needed for concrete to reach a
spread diameter of 50 cm are recorded. The U-Box, L-Box are used for the evaluation of
passing ability. These fresh properties are governed by the rheological properties of the
material and some studies have been conducted in the lab to investigate the L-box test.
Segregation resistance is another important issue for SCC. Surface settlement test and the
penetration test are two methods to evaluate the resistance to segregation of SCC in the field.
The objective of this paper is to study a set of test method and performance based
specifications for the workability of structural SCC that can be used for casting
highly restricted or congested sections. Proven combinations of test methods to assess
filling capacity and stability are proposed and should be of interest to engineers and
contractors using SCC.
The link between flow properties and the formulation is actually one of the key-issues
for the design of self-compacting concretes (SCC). As an integral part of a SCC, self-
compacting mortars (SCMs) may serve as a basis for the design of concrete since the
measurement of the rheological properties of SCCs is often impractical due to the need for
complex equipment.
This paper discusses the properties of SCC with mineral admixtures. Ordinary
Portland cement (OPC), Metakaolin (MK), and fly ash (FA) were used in binary (two-
component) and ternary (three-component) cementititios blends. SCC were tested by using
Abrams Slump Cone Test, V-funnel, L-Box ratio. Moreover, development in the
compressive strength and Split Tensile Strength of the hardened SCC were determined at 7,
28, 90 and 180 days. Test results have shown in Table.1,2 and 3. The incorporation of FA
and MK in the ternary blends improved the fresh properties and rheology of the mixtures
when compared to those containing binary blends.
According to SCC mix design with the available materials. 0%, 5%,10% 15%,
20%,25% and 30% of replacement of cement with Metakaolin, 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% ,and
40% of replaced with class f fly ash and combinations of both Metakaolin and fly ash with
(MK15+FA10) (MK10+FA20), (MK5+30FA) and (MK20+FA20) water/cementitious ratios
by weight (w/cm) 0.36 and 0.9% by weight of SP cum retarder. It is observed that for the
same cementitious proportions, the optimum dosage of SP cum retarder is the same for the
mixes having w/cm 0.36. In this study, an experimental program was conducted to
investigate the effects of mineral admixtures used in binary (two components), ternary (three
components), cementations blends on the transport and mechanical properties of self
compacting concretes. The fresh properties of the produced self compacting concretes were
observed through slump flow diameter, slump flow time, V-funnel flow time, L-box height
ratio.
The hardened concretes were tested for the compressive strength, splitting tensile
strength, for the evaluation of mechanical properties. The test results revealed that it is
possible to produce SCC blends of Metakaolin and fly ash improved the fresh properties
Metakaolin had adverse effect on the fresh properties. Mechanical properties of produced
SCCs improved with Metakaolin but decreased with FA. It was observed that use of mineral
admixtures as binary and ternary blends.
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This section will present the chemical and physical properties of the ingredients.
Bureau of Indian Standards (IS) and American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
procedures were followed for determining the properties of the ingredients in this
investigation.
3.1. CEMENT
Ordinary Portland Cement 43 grade of Zuari brand was used corresponding to IS-
8112(1989).The specific gravity of cement is 3.15.
3.6. WATER
Potable water is used for mixing and curing of the SCC mixes
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3.7. METAKAOLIN
Metakaolin manufactured from pure raw material to strict quality standards.
Metakaolin is a high quality pozzolanic material, which blended with Portland cement in
order to improve the strength and durability of concrete and mortars. Metakaolin removes
chemically reactive calcium hydroxide from the hardened cement paste. It reduces the
porosity of hardened concrete. Metakaolin densified and reduces the thickness of the
interfacial zone, this improving the adhesion between the hardened cement paste and
particles of sand or aggregate.
3. 9. Fly Ash
Flyash, known also as pulverizedfuel ash, is the ash precipitated electro-statically
from the exhaust fumes of coal-fired power stations, and is the most common artificial
pozzolana. Flyash is the most commonly used pozzolana with cement. Class F fly ash from
Rayalaseema Thermal Power Plant (RTPP), Muddanur, A.P, India is used as an additives
according to ASTM C 618 cement is replaced by weight of material. The specific gravity of
fly ash is 2.12
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Fig.3. Surface finishes of NVC and SCC Fig.4. Different Types of Mix Designs
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Fig :6. Abrams Slump Cone Spread Fig :7. SCC Spread with high viscosity
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Fig :14. L-Box Flow Fig.15 .Performing L-Box Ratio Fig16. .Blocking Of SCC in L-Box
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4.1. Fresh properties (workability Tests): Slump flow, V-funnel at 5 minutes, L-box
tests were performed in the laboratory according to EFNARC specifications on fresh
SCC mixes to find filling ability, passing ability and segregation resistance. The fresh state
properties of SCC mixes are shown in Table 1. Fresh properties of SCC mixes were carried
out in this investigation . There are 15 types of mixes has been performed and compared
with with SCC Controlled Mix as 0% replacements of mineral admixtures . Replacements
with Metakaolin from 5% to 30% , Fly ash from 10% to 40% and combination of both
Metakaolin and fly ash taken up as shown in table.1 Fresh properties of concrete obtained
from the tests such as slump test, T50 Time, L-Box, V-Funnel test are given in table 1. The
values have been compared with the recommended values.
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4.2. Abrams Slump cone Test: These test results has provided some typical values as
dosage of SP cum retarder was used constantly. When the replacement levels of Metakaolin
is increases the slump flow spread is decreases as it is known, its presence makes the
mixtures less workable On the contrary, incorporating of FA originates higher workability. If
increases the dosage of Fly ash the slump flow spread are increases. In practice one can say
that the synergic effect of these two additions complement each other as FA provide a
mitigating effect of using MK.
4.3. V-funnel Test: It is used to measure the flowability and dynamic stability of the SCC
mixture. The test consists of a V-shaped funnel capabl of holding 12 litres of SCC and
equipped with a gate on the bottom of the device. The funnel is filled with SCC and the
time required for the material to follow out is recorded.
The test can also be completed with a second sample held in the funnel for 5
minutes and the result V- funnel time can be compared to the initial reading. This test
method evaluates the viscosity of the SCC and its ability to flow through a restricted opening
without segregation. This test method is typically used for product prequalification. As
performed the L-Box ratio MK dosages are up to 20% are in the specified limit beyond this
the EFNARC are not supported. In case of FA up to 30 % of replacements are within the
limit beyond this cannot supported the guidelines as shown in in table.1
4.4. L-box ratio test: This test method is used to evaluate the flow properties and passing
ability of SCC when confined by formwork and forced to flow around reinforcing steel. The
test method consists of placing SCC inside the upper portion of an L- shaped box and
measuring the height of the concrete once the gate is opened and the SCC flows around
the rebar and 800 mm down the bottom of the L-box. This test method is only used for
product prequalification as given in table.1 according to the L-box test MK dosage can be
considered up to 20% beyond this it lead to blocking of concrete. The FA dosages can be
considered up to 30% beyond this it has bleeding and segregation. The combination of both
may be up to MK5+FA30 and MK20+FA20 are economical mix but there is some adverse
effect on L-box ratio as shown in table.1.
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74 7days
72 28 Days
70 90 Days
68 180 Days
66
64
62
60
Pa
58
thinM
56
54
52
treng
50
48
ressiveS
46
44
42
40
mp
38
o
36
C
34
SCC(Controlled Mix) MK15+FA10 MK10+FA20 MK5+FA30
Designation Of Mix
Fig.22. Compressive Strength of SCC mixes for 7, 28, 90 and180 Days curing
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Fig.23. Test Set Up of Split Tensile Strength and its Failure Patterns of Specimens
6.0
5.8 28Days
5.6
90 Days
180 Days
5.4
Split TensileStrengthinMPa
5.2
5.0
4.8
4.6
4.4
4.2
4.0
3.8
3.6
3.4
3.2
3.0
SCC(Controlled Mix) MK15+FA10 MK10+FA20 MK5+FA30
Designationof Mix
Fig.24. Split Tensile Strength of SCC mixes for 7, 28, 90 and180 Days curing
IV. CONCLUSIONS
Based on the experimental investigation the test results can taking into account of
findings from this study, the following conclusions can be drawn:
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4. When Metakaolin which has a lower loss on ignition value compared to OPC is used
to partially replacement of OPC, It resistance to water permeability is substantially
improved. This is due to the fact that MK is finer than OPC and producing of an
additional calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gel, blocking existing pores and altering
pore structures.
5. Metakaolin helps in enhancing the early age mechanical properties as well as long-
term properties of cement paste/mortar/concrete. Partial replacement of cement
with MK reduces the water penetration into concrete by capillary action.
6. The increase in workability is primarily due to the high surface area of the fly-ash.
Fresh concrete containing fly-ash is more cohesive and less prone to segregation. As
the fly-ash content increased, the concrete may appear to become sticky.
7. Concrete containing fly-ash normally does not segregate appreciably because of
the fineness of the fly-ash and the use of HRWRA. Concrete containing fly-ash shows
significantly reduced bleeding. This effect is primarily by the high surface area of the
fly-ash to be wetted, there is very little water left in the mixture for bleeding.
8. The colors of the fresh and hardened concretes containing fly-ash are generally
darker than the conventional concrete. Statistical experimental design can be used to
systematically investigate the selected range of combination of ingredients for the
desired characteristics.
9. The compressive strength and Split tensile strengths of all ternary blends performed
better than SCC controlled concrete except 35% of MK5+FA30 due to higher dosage
of FA. Moreover, the ternary use of MK and FA improved the deficiencies of SCC
with binary blends of FA.
10. The combination of MK and FA can be fixed based on the synergic effect of mineral
additives such as MK content increases and FA content is decreasing manner due
to as per IS specifications should not exceed 35 % of powder and also not permitted
the EFNARC guidelines for mortar tests .So, that the mixes has been taken
MK15%+FA10%.
11. There is a good synergic effect between MK and FA on the mechanical and transport
properties of SCC. According to the results obtained controlled concrete shows
higher slump flow and other mixes are continuously decreases its slump spread in
mm due to effect of additive of Metakaolin. In other hand initial time taken for
spread in diameter. It is observed that when the spread decreases time will be
increases based on the mineral additive.
12. Compressive strength reduces when cement replaced by fly ash. As fly ash
percentage increases compressive strength and split tensile strength is decreases.
13. Use of fly ash in concrete can save the coal & thermal industry disposal costs and
produceagreenerconcrete for construction.
14. The cost analysis indicates that percent cement reduction decreases cost of
concrete, but at the same time strength also decreases.
15. This research concludes that Metakaolin and fly ash can be innovative supplementary
cementitious materials but judicious decisions are to be taken by the engineers.
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