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Bridge deck analysis through the use of
grillage models
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Bridge deck analysis through Luca Sgambi

the use of grillage models

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A corrective coefficient is considered valid when max min max 1,6

min max min 0,6
f f' min max max 1,2
* 100 1
f min min min 0,7
min min max 1,3
where
f vertical displacement of the FE analysis Table 2. Corrective coefficients for distorsion.
f' vertical displacement of the grillage analysis w width of cell
h height of cell
Drawing a diagram of the variations of the correc- t ratio between depth of web and flange:
tive coefficients as to the different parameters, the t = s web / s flange
curve obtained can be considered about constant for
the parameter l / lo and about linear for the other pa-
rameters. Its so possible to trust distortion depend 2.4 Warping
only from width, height, depth of cell. Warping is an out of plane displacement of point of
Likewise shear lag case, its believed to create a cross-section. Its composed of two different com-
field containing the corrective coefficients of all the ponents, torsional warping displacement, associated
analyzed cases; these coefficients depend from the to a rigid twist of cross-section, and distortional
ones obtained in the conditions h / h o, w / wo, t / to warping displacement, associated to a distortion of
max and min which are multiplied by some func-
tions describing their linear curve in the field. As for cross section.normal
longitudinal Both these components
stresses give riseistocon-
when warping the
a three-dimensional field, these functions are the strained (Maisel & Roll 1974).
beam functions of a 3D 8 nodes element; their ex- In this paper only torsional warping is considered.
pressions is It is not an immediate operation to introduce the ef-
Ni (,,) = (1/8)(1+i)(1+i)(1+i) fects of the no uniform torsion in a grillage analysis.
A grillage model is avoid of the d.o.f. in warping di-
where rection and so is missing a parameter directly linked
to warping displacement.
, , represent the coordinate system of a
Its believed to introduce the phenomenon by op-
4D field
erating on the terms of the torsion equation
i, i, i are the nodal coordinates or the
extremes of the field EKxy IV GK = ep
t
II

A coordinate transformation from a generic to a where

master field must be preventively done in order to torsion

use this simple expression. The transformation is p distributed load across span
similar to the one used in shear lag case. Once the e loading eccentricity
corrective coefficients of the 8 extremes of the field GKt primary torsional rigidity
are known, its possible to obtain the corrective co- EKxy secondary torsional rigidity
efficient for any point of the field by using the rela-
tionship Its possible to obtain for this equation an approxi-
8 mate solution (Raithel, 1977). Its considered
d = d(, , ) = N (, , )d
i=1
i i known, for a generic loading condition, the elastic
line equation in the form
If a grillage analysis is used, its so possible to con-
(z) = f(z)
sider the distortional effects correcting the inertia of
the grillage transverse members through these coef- where is the displacement of a particular section,
ficients. The equivalent inertia is z = , arbitrary, where f(z) = 1.
I equivalent = I geometric / d Its considered in the form
(z) = f(z)
In Tab.2 the corrective coefficients d for the ex-
Its supposed that approximately an analogy be-
 In Tab.2 the corrective coefficients d for the ex-
tremes of the field are given. Its supposed that approximately an analogy be-
tween (z) e (z) exists. The value of the torsion
h/ho w/wo t/to d is so the only one unknown of the problem. It can be
max max max 0,8 obtained minimizing as to the functional expres-
sion composed of the elastic deformation energy
max max min 1,6
and the loading work.
max min max 0,95

l
EI EKxy GKt
= 2 x
+
II 2

2
+ II 2

2
p ep dz
I2

=
Ktequivalent
=
1
o
eEI x
o
Ktgeometric Ktgeometric G
1

By making an integral as to z, neglecting the terms

in (constant as to ) and imposing the following 1 eEIx
equalities = o

Ktgeometric eEIx o

G
l l l
EKxy + GKtgeometric

f II 2
dz = II
f dz = I2 I

pfdz = P

o o o
and
Its possible to obtain the value of EK xy
=1+
1 GK
= o 2
( EKxy + GK ) e
II
t
I o P tgeometric

2 So therefore

= ( EKxy II + GKt I ) e P = 0
o

=1 if Kxy = 0
e >1 if Kxy 0
= o

P
EKxy II + GKt I
Once the section properties and the coefficient
Being equal the external and the internal work are known, its possible to calculate the coefficient
l l l correcting torsional rigidities of grillage longitudinal
1 1
= P

o
pfdz =
o
O
pdz =
o
EI x
o
II 2
dz = EI x
o

II members. As for , a good approximation of this

coefficient is
Substituting P expression in one, is =
l2
10
eEI x I
=o o

where = where l is the span of deck.

EKxy + GK
In a grillage analysis is usually considered only
the uniform torsion contribution. To neglect the
secondary rigidity associated to the no uniform
torsion, let to overestimate the value of.
If both uniform and no uniform torsional contrib-
utes are considered, the value of is
eEI x
=o o
t
II
3 AN APPLICATION
Its related the study of a multi-cellular deck in c.a.
with a span of 30 metres. The deck is subjected to a
vertical load distributed across the outside wall of 50
kg/cm and to a vertical load of 180 ton concentrated
in mid-span for the same wall (Fig. 4).

EKxy + GK t

Call this value 1 and the corresponding primary ri-

gidity Kt geometric.
If the no uniform rigidity is neglected (Kxy = 0),
the value of is

eEI x
=o o

GKt

Call this value 2 and the corresponding primary ri-

gidity Kt equivalent.
Its clearly 2 > 1. If now Kt geometric is considered Figure 4. Multi-cellular deck: cross-section and loading condi-
known and Kt equivalent unknown, from the equality tion.
2 = 1 itspossible to obtain the value of primary
Using the geometrical and loading symmetry,
torsional rigidity which includes no uniform tor- only one half of the deck is studied with a grillage
sional contribute. Its so possible to assign to the
mesh composed of 4 longitudinal members corre-
grillage longitudinal members the torsional constant
sponding to the webs of deck and of 10 transverse
Kt equivalent = Kt geometric* members with a step of 150 cm (Fig. 5).

where is a corrective coefficient subsequently

shown.

Corrective coefficients
k 0,71496
d 1,33611
1,067

Table 3. Corrective coefficients.

Beam Longitudinal Transverse

Internal External Internal External
I 2*E8 1,09*E8 5,05*E5 2,52*E5
C 4,34*E8 2,17*E8 1,3*E6 6,7*E5
A 6*E3 6*E3 4,5*E3 2,25*E5
Figure 5. Grillage mesh: geometry and equivalent nodal loads.
Table 4. Correct rigidities.
In the following tables (Tab.1-4), the equivalent Its possible to note how a grillage analysis which
nodal loads, the corrective coefficients, the elemen- considered the effects of shear lag, distortion and
tary and correct rigidities are shown. Its also shown warping, gives results which approximate accurately
a comparison of the longitudinal deformation for the ones obtained from a FE analysis.
loaded wall obtained with the different analysis (Fig. Particularly, the error of the vertical displacement
6). in mid-span is reduced from a 13,91% for an ele-
mentary grillage analysis, to the 1,37% for a
Equivalent nodal loads correct grillage analysis in which secondary de-
V1 3750 formation modes are included.
V2 7500
Note
V3 93750
The values are expressed in kg-cm. In Figure 6
Table 1. Equivalent nodal loads. one half of the deformation is shown; the section 1
corresponds to the bearing, the section 11 corre-
Beam Longitudinal Transverse sponds to mid-span.
Internal External Internal External
I 2*E8 1,5*E8 6,7*E5 3,35*E5
C 4,32*E8 2,16*E8 1,3*E6 6,75*E5
A 6*E3 6*E3 4,5*E3 2,25*E5

Table 2. Elementary rigidities.

FE analysis elementary grillage analysis correct grillage analysis

Section
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
0
0,1
n
e
m 0,2
e
c
a
l 0,3
p
s
i 0,4
d
l
a
c
i 0,5
t
r
e
V 0,6

0,7
0,8

Figure 6. Longitudinal deformation of the loaded wall.

4 CONCLUSIONS Maisel, B.I. & Roll, F. 1974. Techical Report: Methods of

The object of this paper is the study of the represen-
tation of the grillage models with which different
types of bridge decks can be represented. The pur-
pose of the work is to contribute to this type of ap-
proach through the introduction of the effects of
Bridge
shear lag,deck analysis
distortion through
and warping, the use
usually of grillage
neglected.
The introduction of these effects in a grillage analy-
sis is obtained by applying a series of corrective co-
efficients to the elementary rigidities of the grillage
members. These coefficients are obtained through
theoretical considerations and comparisons with
other techniques of modelling.
From the effected analysis, its appeared how the
analysis and design of concrete boxbeams with side can-
tivelers, November.
Malerba, P.G & Toniolo, G. ed 1991. Metodi di discretizzazio-
ne dellanalisi strutturale, Masson Italia Editore, Milano.
Martinez y Cabrera, F., Gentile., C. & Malerba, P.G. 1999.
Ponti e Viadotti: concezione, progetto, analisi, gestio,atti
dei Corsi di Aggiornamento, Pitagora Editrice, Bologna, 29
giugno-3 luglio 1998, 28 giugno-2 luglio.
models
Pietrangeli, M.P. & Zechini, A. Sul calcolo dei ponti a cassone
D O W N LO A D
unicellulare con pareti sottili.
Raithel, A., ed. 1977. Costuzioni di ponti, Liguori, Napoli.
Roark, R.J. & Young, C., ed. 1975. Formulas for stress and
strain, McGraw-Hill, Kogakusha, Tokio.
Sawko, F. 1968. Recent developments in the analysis of steel
bridges using electronic computers, Proceedings of the
Conference on Steel Bridges, BCSA.
 From the effected analysis, its appeared how the West, Raccomandations on the use of grillage analysis for
use of these coefficients reinforce the physical slab and pseudo-slab bridge decks.
equivalence between the real structure and the gril-
lage model; particularly, a correct grillage analysis
gives results in terms of stresses and displacements,
comparable to the ones obtained from a FE analysis.
The accuracy of the results, the application of this
kind of approach also to complex structures, the lim-
ited number of d.o.f. and so of dates, the direct use
of the results, expressed in terms of generalized
stresses (V, M, T), in design procedures, all these
factors constitute the main advantages of this model-
ling.

5 REFERENCES

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Absi, E.,Thorie des Equivalences. Application au genie civil,
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Cedolin, L., ed.1996. Torsione e taglio di travi in parete sotti-
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appoggiate sul contorno.Il Cemento, No. 1-10, 1911
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Kanok-Nukulchai, W. 1992. Mathematical Modelling of Ca-
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Keogh, D.L & OBrien, E.J. 1996. Reccomandations on the

use
turalofEngineering
a 3-D grillage modelVol.8,
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No. 4,deck analysis, Struc-
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