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Thin-Walled Structures
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a r t i c l e in f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: An experimental investigation of concrete-lled aluminum circular hollow section (CHS) stub columns
Received 4 March 2009 is presented in this paper. A series of tests was conducted to investigate the effects of the geometric
Received in revised form dimension of the aluminum CHS and concrete strength on the behavior and strength of concrete-lled
31 March 2009
aluminum CHS stub columns. The structural performance of the concrete-lled aluminum CHS stub
Accepted 31 March 2009
Available online 8 May 2009
columns was investigated using different concrete cylinder strengths of 40, 70 and 100 MPa. The CHS
tubes were fabricated by extrusion using 6061-T6 heat-treated aluminum alloy having nominal 0.2%
Keywords: proof stress of 240 MPa. The diameter-to-thickness ratio of the CHS tubes ranged from 9.7 to 59.7. The
Aluminum tubes column lengths were chosen so that the length-to-diameter ratio generally remained at a constant value
Circular hollow sections
of 3 to prevent overall column buckling. The concrete-lled aluminum CHS specimens were subjected to
Composite columns
uniform axial compression. The column strengths, load-axial shortening relationship, load-axial strain
Concrete
Experimental investigation relationship and failure modes of columns were presented. The test strengths were compared with the
Tubular structures design strengths calculated using the American specications and Australian/New Zealand standards
for aluminum and concrete structures. It is shown that the design strengths are generally conservative
for concrete-lled aluminum CHS stub columns.
& 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
0263-8231/$ - see front matter & 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.tws.2009.03.014
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2.1. Test specimens In Table 1, the column test specimens are labelled such that the
shape of the aluminum tube and nominal concrete cylinder
A series of tests was conducted to study the structural strength could be identied from the label. For example, the label
performance of concrete-lled aluminum circular hollow section CHS6C70-R denes the following specimen:
stub columns. The CHS tubes were fabricated by extrusion using
6061-T6 heat-treated aluminum alloy, hence the residual stresses The rst four letters indicate the shape of aluminum tube and
of the tubes are very small and can be ignored. The test program the test series, where CHS is the circular hollow section. This
consisted of ten test series of CHS tubes (CHS1CHS10). The specimen label denes the specimen belonged to test series
nominal section sizes (D t) of series CHS1, CHS2, CHS3, CHS4, CHS6, with the nominal dimensions of the CHS of
CHS5, CHS6, CHS7, CHS8, CHS9 and CHS10 are 38 4, 50 3, 120 2.5 mm2.
60 2.5, 76 2, 100 2, 120 2.5, 150 2.5, 150 5, 160 4 and The following notation C70 indicates the nominal concrete
180 3.5 mm2, respectively, where D is the diameter and t is the cylinder strength in MPa, where C70 indicates 70 MPa.
thickness of the sections, as shown in Fig. 1. The measured If a test was repeated, then -R indicates the repeated test.
diameter-to-thickness ratio of the CHS tubes ranged from 9.7 to
59.7. The column lengths (L) were chosen so that the length-to-
diameter ratio (L/D) for the concrete-lled aluminum CHS stub 2.3. Material properties of aluminum tubes
columns generally remained at a constant value of 3 to prevent
overall column buckling. The column specimens were tested using The material properties of the aluminum tube specimens were
nominal concrete cylinder strengths of 40, 70 and 100 MPa. The determined by tensile coupon tests as well as stub column tests.
aluminum CHS stub columns without concrete inll were also The tensile coupons were taken from the curved faces of the CHS
tested for reference purposes. The measured dimensions of the tubes in the longitudinal direction. The coupon specimens of
concrete-lled aluminum CHS stub column test specimens are 6 mm wide with a gauge length of 25 mm were extracted from the
shown in Table 1. CHS tubes. Circular holes with a diameter of 8.5 mm were drilled
near both ends of the curved coupons, and the coupons were
tested between two pins in a MTS displacement-controlled testing
machine. This avoids the bending stress that could be introduced
Aluminum tube from the singly-symmetric-shaped coupons during the tests. Two
strain gauges and a calibrated extensometer of 25 mm gauge
t length were used to measure the longitudinal strain. A data
acquisition system was used to record the load and strain at
Concrete regular intervals during tests. The static load was obtained by
pausing the applied straining for 1.5 min near the 0.2% tensile
proof stress and near the ultimate tensile strength. This allowed
stress relaxation associated with plastic straining to take place.
The material properties obtained from the tensile coupon tests are
summarized in Table 2, which includes the static 0.2% tensile
proof stress (s0.2), static tensile strength (su), initial Youngs
modulus (Eo) and elongation after fracture (ef) based on a gauge
length of 50 mm. The typical stressstrain curves obtained from
the tensile coupon tests for compact section of CHS2 and
D relatively slender section of CHS9 are shown in Figs 2(a) and (b),
respectively.
Fig. 1. Denition of symbols for concrete-lled aluminum circular hollow section The stub column tests of the aluminum CHS tubes were
(CHS) specimens. conducted to determine the material properties of the complete
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Table 1
Measured test specimen dimensions of circular hollow sections (CHS).
Specimen Diameter, D (mm) Thickness, t (mm) D/t Length, L (mm) L/D Aluminum area, Aa (mm2) Concrete area, Ac (mm2)
cross-section. The stub column test strengths were also obtained. The material properties of concrete were determined from
The measured cross-section dimension and column length of standard cylinder tests. The concrete cylinder dimensions and test
the stub column specimens without concrete inll are shown in procedure conformed to the American Specication [8] for
Table 1. A servo-controlled hydraulic testing machine was used to concrete testing. The three nominal concrete strengths of C40,
apply compressive axial force to the test specimens. Displacement C70 and C100 were produced using commercially available
control was used to drive the hydraulic actuator at a constant materials with normal mixing and curing techniques. The
speed of 0.2 mm/min for all test specimens. The use of dis- concrete mix design is shown in Table 4. A total of twenty-nine
placement control allowed the tests to be continued into the concrete cylinder tests were conducted. The mean values of the
post-ultimate range. A data acquisition system was used to record measured compressive concrete cylinder strength are 44.8, 70.2
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200
2.5. Column testing procedure
150
A typical concrete-lled aluminum CHS stub column test is
shown in Fig. 3. A servo-controlled hydraulic testing machine was
100
Tensile coupon test used to apply compressive axial force to the column specimens.
Stub column test Prior to testing, both ends of the columns were milled at, and
50
then strengthened by ber reinforced polymer (FRP). Hence, the
column failure would not occur at the ends of the columns.
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 Strengthening the ends of the columns by FRP has been used by
Strain (%) Zhou and Young [5] for concrete-lled aluminum SHS and RHS
columns. The ends of the columns were then cast in plaster to
ensure the load was applied uniformly on the column specimens.
300 The load was applied on the columns by uniform axial
compression over the concrete and aluminum tube, as shown in
250 Fig. 3. Displacement control was used to drive the hydraulic
actuator at a constant speed of 0.2 mm/min. This allowed the
tests to be continued in the post-ultimate range. Three
200 displacement transducers were used to measure the axial
Stress (MPa)
Table 3
Measured material properties obtained from stub column tests. 2.6. Test results
Table 4
Concrete mix design.
Nominal concrete strength (MPa) Water/cement ratio Mix proportions (to the weight of cement)
a
CSF condensed silica fume.
b
SP super plasticizer.
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Table 5 Table 6
Measured concrete cylinder strengths. Comparison of test strengths with design strengths for concrete-lled aluminum
circular hollow section (CHS) columns.
Nominal concrete Mean value of measured Coefcient of Number of
strength (MPa) concrete strength (MPa) variation (COV) concrete cylinder Specimen PExp (kN) PExp/PAA1 PExp/PAS/NZS1 PExp/PAA2 PExp/PAS/NZS2 PExp/P3
tests
CHS1C0 114.5 1.13 1.26 1.48 1.65 1.00
C40 44.8 0.033 6 CHS1C40 158.9 1.27 1.39 1.56 1.70 1.14
C70 70.2 0.018 11 CHS1C70 167.2 1.16 1.26 1.39 1.50 1.06
C100 106.0 0.039 12 CHS1C100 171.5 1.06 1.13 1.24 1.32 0.98
CHS2C0 141.2 1.28 1.44 1.16 1.30 1.00
CHS2C40 217.0 1.35 1.45 1.26 1.36 1.13
CHS2C70 238.9 1.20 1.28 1.13 1.21 1.04
CHS2C100 327.5 1.38 1.45 1.31 1.39 1.22
CHS3C0 121.3 1.12 1.26 1.10 1.23 1.00
CHS3C40 244.1 1.29 1.37 1.27 1.36 1.21
CHS3C70 292.4 1.17 1.23 1.16 1.22 1.11
CHS3C100 412.6 1.33 1.39 1.33 1.38 1.28
CHS4C0 113.4 1.04 1.12 1.06 1.15 1.00
CHS4C40 329.9 1.33 1.38 1.34 1.39 1.31
CHS4C70 415.7 1.19 1.21 1.19 1.22 1.17
CHS4C100 611.4 1.35 1.37 1.35 1.38 1.33
CHS5C0 162.7 1.17 1.20 1.00
CHS5C0-R 160.4 1.17 1.20 0.99
CHS5C40 543.6 1.42 1.43 1.34
CHS5C70 712.0 1.25 1.26 1.21
CHS5C100 995.8 1.32 1.32 1.28
CHS6C0 264.5 1.20 1.25 1.10 1.13 1.00
CHS6C40 822.8 1.45 1.47 1.40 1.41 1.33
CHS6C70 1010.3 1.21 1.22 1.18 1.19 1.15
CHS6C70-R 1004.0 1.21 1.22 1.18 1.19 1.14
CHS6C100 1388.7 1.27 1.28 1.24 1.25 1.21
CHS7C0 283.9 1.04 1.04 1.00
CHS7C40 1111.1 1.33 1.33 1.31
CHS7C70 1496.4 1.19 1.19 1.18
CHS7C100 2057.8 1.23 1.23 1.22
CHS8C0 525.8 1.07 1.19 1.25 1.40 1.00
CHS8C40 1481.9 1.45 1.53 1.56 1.64 1.41
CHS8C70 1740.6 1.23 1.28 1.30 1.34 1.21
CHS8C100 2666.1 1.48 1.52 1.54 1.58 1.45
CHS9C0 456.1 0.96 1.02 1.09 1.17 1.00
CHS9C40 1494.1 1.37 1.40 1.44 1.48 1.39
CHS9C70 1974.4 1.26 1.28 1.31 1.33 1.28
CHS9C100 2797.3 1.38 1.40 1.42 1.44 1.39
CHS10C0 482.8 0.95 0.98 1.00
CHS10C40 1690.2 1.30 1.32 1.32
CHS10C70 2274.2 1.20 1.21 1.21
CHS10C100 3139.2 1.25 1.26 1.27
350 2500
CHS7C0
300
CHS7C40
2000 CHS7C70
250 CHS7C100
Load (kN)
200 1500
Load (kN)
150
1000
100 CHS2C0
CHS2C40
50 CHS2C70 500
CHS2C100
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 0
(mm) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
(mm)
350
2500
300
CHS7C0
CHS7C40
250 2000 CHS7C70
CHS7C100
Load (kN)
200
1500
Load (kN)
150
Fig. 5. The concrete-lled aluminum column test curves for relatively slender
section of CHS7: (a) load versus axial shortening and (b) load versus strain.
P Aa F L 0:85Ac f c (1)
where Aa is the full cross-section area of aluminum tube, FL is the
limit state stress calculated using Sections 3.4.7 through 3.4.10
and Sections 4.7.2 and 4.7.4 of the American (AA) Specication [7],
and Sections 3.4.8 through 3.4.11 and Sections 4.7.2 and 4.7.4
of the Australian/New Zealand Standard [9], Ac is the area of
concrete and fc is the concrete cylinder strength. The design rules
in the AS/NZS Standard [9] for calculating the design strengths of
aluminum columns are generally identical to those in the AA
Specication [7], except that the AS/NZS Standard reduces the
yield load of the column using a coefcient kc which is not
included in the AA Specication. The American Specication [8]
and the Australian Standard [10] for concrete structures generally
use the same formula to calculate the strength of the concrete
inll.
Three design approaches were investigated in the calculation
of the concrete-lled aluminum CHS tube column strengths using
Eq. (1). The calculated unfactored design strengths are denoted by
P1, P2 and P3 for the three design approaches. Fig. 6. Failure mode of column specimen CHS5C40.
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1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
PExp / P
1.0 AA-1
AS/NZS-1
0.8 AA-2
AS/NZS-2
0.6 Approach 3
In this approach, the term AaFL in Eq. (1) is replaced by the test
strengths of the aluminum CHS tubes without concrete inll for 1.8
each test series. Hence, the strengths of the aluminum tubes are
114.5, 141.2, 121.3, 113.4, 162.7, 264.5, 283.9, 525.8, 456.1 and 1.6
482.8 kN for series CHS1, CHS2, CHS3, CHS4, CHS5, CHS6, CHS7,
CHS8, CHS9 and CHS10, respectively. Once again, the strength of 1.4
the concrete inll is calculated in the same way as the design
PExp / P
1.8 1.8
1.6 1.6
1.4 1.4
PExp / P
1.2 1.2
PExp / P
1.0 1.0
AA-1 AA-1
AS/NZS-1 AS/NZS-1
0.8 0.8
AA-2 AA-2
AS/NZS-2 AS/NZS-2
0.6 0.6
Approach 3 Approach 3
0.4 0.4
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Concrete strength (MPa) Concrete strength (MPa)
Fig. 11. Comparison of test strengths with design strengths for concrete-lled Fig. 14. Comparison of test strengths with design strengths for concrete-lled
specimens of series CHS4. specimens of series CHS7.
1.8 1.8
1.6 1.6
1.4 1.4
1.2 1.2
PExp / P
PExp / P
1.0 1.0
AA-1 AA-1
AS/NZS-1 AS/NZS-1
0.8 0.8
AA-2 AA-2
AS/NZS-2 AS/NZS-2
0.6 0.6
Approach 3 Approach 3
0.4 0.4
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Concrete strength (MPa) Concrete strength (MPa)
Fig. 12. Comparison of test strengths with design strengths for concrete-lled Fig. 15. Comparison of test strengths with design strengths for concrete-lled
specimens of series CHS5. specimens of series CHS8.
1.8 1.8
1.6 1.6
1.4 1.4
1.2 1.2
PExp / P
PExp / P
1.0 1.0
AA-1 AA-1
AS/NZS-1 AS/NZS-1
0.8 0.8
AA-2 AA-2
0.6 AS/NZS-2 0.6 AS/NZS-2
Approach 3 Approach 3
0.4 0.4
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Concrete strength (MPa) Concrete strength (MPa)
Fig. 13. Comparison of test strengths with design strengths for concrete-lled Fig. 16. Comparison of test strengths with design strengths for concrete-lled
specimens of series CHS6. specimens of series CHS9.
3, the mean value of the PExp/P3 ratio is 1.17 with the The comparison of the composite column test strengths (PExp)
corresponding COV of 0.122 for the concrete-lled aluminum with design strengths (P1, P2 and P3) are also plotted against
CHS stub columns. the measured concrete cylinder strengths, as shown in Figs. 817.
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