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Abstract
In practice, concrete-lled steel tubes (CFST) are often subjected to torsion. To date, such a problem however has not been addressed
satisfactorily by design codes. The present study is thus an attempt to study the torsional behaviours of concrete-lled thin-walled steel
tubes. ABAQUS software is used in this paper for the nite element analysis (FEA) of CFST subjected to pure torsion. A comparison of
results calculated using this modelling shows good agreement with test results. The FEA modelling was used to investigate the inuence
of important parameters that determine the ultimate torsional strength of the composite sections. The parametric studies provide
information for the development of formulae to calculate the ultimate torsional strength, as well as the torsional moment versus torsional
strain curves of the composite sections.
r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Concrete-lled steel tubes (CFST); Concrete; Design; Torsion; Bearing capacity; Parametric analysis; Design method
0263-8231/$ - see front matter r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.tws.2007.01.008
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L.-H. Han et al. / Thin-Walled Structures 45 (2007) 2436 25
concrete plays an important role in the torsional resistance and Sivakumaran [16], is adopted in this analysis. In this
of the composite members. The composite members have a model, a cold-formed section is divided into the corner
high strength and good plasticity under torsion. zone and at zone, as shown in Fig. 1. The increase in the
The present study is an attempt to study the torsional yield strength at the corner is considered in the analysis
behaviours of concrete-lled thin-walled steel tubes. The model, which is dependent on the ratio between the
improvements of this research programme compared with ultimate strength (fu) and yield strength (fy) of the virgin
the similar studies carried out by the researches mentioned steel material, the inside bending radius of the corner (r)
above are as followings: and the wall thickness of the at steel sheet (t). An
empirical formula for the yield stress (fy1) at highly worked
(1) CFST with both circular sections and square sections corners presented by Abdel-Rahman and Sivakumaran [16]
were studied. The interaction between the steel tube is given as follows:
and its concrete core was analysed in a detail way;
f y1 0:6Bc r=tm 0:4f y , (1)
(2) a set of torsional capacity calculating formula, which
suitable for CFST with circular and square sections was where Bc 3:69f u =f y 0:819f u =f y 2 1:79 and
suggested based on parametric studies. m 0:192f u =f y 0:068.
The residual stress is considered in the FEA modelling.
ABAQUS software [14] is used in this paper for the For welded steel tubes, a typical residual stress distribution
analysis of CFSTs subjected to pure torsion. The FEA for a steel plate of a section is shown as in Fig. 2 [17], where
modelling was then used to investigate the inuence of srt and src are residual strength in tension and in
important parameters that determine the ultimate torsional compression, respectively. For cold-formed steel tubes,
strength of the composite sections. The parametric studies test results of the residual stresses indicated that exural
provide information for the development of formulae for residual stress is more predominant than membrane
the calculation of the ultimate torsional strength, as well as residual stress [16]. Major longitudinal tensile residual
the torsional moment versus torsional strain curves of the stresses exist on the outside surfaces of sections, and
composite sections. equivalent longitudinal compressive stresses exist on the
The studies presented in this paper provide a basis for inside surfaces of the sections [18]. Even though the
further development of a theoretical modelling of CFSTs longitudinal residual stresses were concentrated around
subjected to combined torsion, such as compressiontor- the corner zone of the sections, the residual stresses also
sion, bendingtorsion or compressionbendingtorsion. exist on the at part, and the magnitudes of these stresses
were dependent on the width of the web plate [16]. Thus, it
2. FEA modelling was proposed by Sivakumaran and Abdel-Rahman [18]
that a residual stress of 0.4fy be used for the corner zones,
It is well know that the interaction between steel tube and a residual stress of (0.240.0006B) fy be used for the
and its core concrete is the key issue to understand the at zone [18]. The residual stress has a linear variation
behaviour of CFST members. In order to analyse the
interaction of CFSTs under torsion conveniently, ABA- 1/2r
QUS software is selected in this paper for the calculation.
For the purposes of reasonable analysis, material proper-
ties for steel and the conned concrete, element type,
element mesh and boundary condition, steel tubeconcrete Flat zone Corner zone
interface must be determined rationally.
r
2.1.1. Steel
Elasticplastic model was used to describe the constitu-
tive behaviour of the steel. The determination of stress Fig. 1. Flat and corner zones of cold-formed square steel tube.
strain relations for steel depends on the types of the steel
tubes. For carbon steel, an elastoplastic stressstrain
relation model, consists of ve stages was used. Detailed Tensile zone
derivations of the stressstrain relationship can be found in
Han et al. [15]. A kind of simplied model, consists of two rt=fy Compressive zone rt=fy
linear stages (i.e. elastic and hardening) was used for high-
strength steel, the hardening modulus was taken as 0.01Es, rc=0.2fy
where Es is the steel modulus of elasticity.
B
For cold-formed steel tube, an idealized multi-linear
stressstrain model, which was developed by Abdel-Rahman Fig. 2. Residual stress distributions across plate of welded steel tube.
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26 L.-H. Han et al. / Thin-Walled Structures 45 (2007) 2436
through the section thickness, with tensile stress on the The initial modulus of elasticity and Poissons ratio were
outer surface, and equal compressive stress on the inside determined according to the recommendations
p in ACI
surface at the same location. Committee 318 [21], given as E c 4730 f 0c and mc 0.2,
It should be noted that, different material models are respectively.
presented for steel tubes in this paper; however, specic For concrete in tension, tensile soften behaviours of
model was selected for the calculation in this paper concrete need to be set for the analysis of CFSTs under
depends on the types of steel tubes used in the tests. torsion in ABAQUS software. A kind of fracture energy
model, which can be invoked by specifying the post failure
2.1.2. Concrete stress as a tabular function of cracking displacement
The damage plasticity model dened in ABAQUS/ suggested by Hillerborg et al. [22] was selected and used
Standard 6.4 is used in the analysis [14]. By using the in the analysis.
nite element method, strength improving at the state of
triaxial loading can be achieved by the denition of the
yielding surface, and the description of the plastic
behaviour coming from the equivalent stressstrain rela- 2.2. Element type, element mesh and boundary condition
tionships of core concrete. The research results in the past
showed that the plasticity of core concrete would increase Both the steel tube and the concrete core of the CFST
due to the passive connement of the steel tube. It includes were modelled using 8-node brick elements (C3D8R), with
two aspects: rst, the strain corresponding to the maximum three translation degrees of freedom at each node.
stress will increase; and second, the descending branch of The nite element meshes for both circular and square
the stressstrain curves tends to even [19]. It was found sections are shown in Fig. 3. Due to symmetry, only 1 s of
that, in general, the increasing of the plastic behaviour the CFST members is taken in the analysis. Fixed
depends on the connement factor x [15,20], the expression boundary conditions are applied to the bottom surfaces
of x is as following: of the members, and the top surfaces of the members are
free boundaries. The uniform torsional loading in the z
As f y fy
x a , (2) direction is applied to the top surfaces as shown in Fig. 4.
Ac f ck f ck
where As and Ac are the cross-sectional areas of the steel a Steel b
and concrete, respectively; a ( As/Ac) is the steel ratio; fy
the yield strength of the steel; and fck the characteristic
strength of the concrete, fck equals to 0.67fcu for normal Steel
strength concrete; and fcu the cube strength of the concrete.
In order to simulate the plastic behaviour of core
concrete in CFSTs under compression, the stressstrain
relations presented in Han et al. [20] was modied based on Concrete Concrete
a large amount of trying calculations on CFST stub
column test results. The equivalent stressstrain model, Fig. 3. A schematic view of the element divisions (a) circular section and
which is suitable for the FEA using ABAQUS software, is (b) square section.
shown as following:
(
2x x2 ; xp1; a Torsional Rotation b Torsional Rotation
y x (3)
Z
b x1 x ; x41;
0
(
2; CFST with circular section;
Z
1:6 1:5x; CFST with square section;
8 7
>
> 2:36 105 0:25x0:5 f 0c 0:5 0:5X0:12;
>
>
>
< CFST with circular section;
b0 0 0:1
f c
>
> p Fixed boundary
>
> 1:2 1x
>
:
CFST with square section Fixed boundary
0
In the above formulae, f c is the cylinder strength of the Fig. 4. A schematic view of CFSTs under torsional moment (a) circular
concrete, in N/mm2. section and (b) square section.
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L.-H. Han et al. / Thin-Walled Structures 45 (2007) 2436 27
2.3. Steel tube-concrete interface 2.4. Comparisons between predicted and measured results
A surface-based interaction, with a contact pressure The torsional capacities predicted using the FEA
model in the normal direction, and a Coulomb friction modelling described as above are compared with 12
modelling [14] in the tangential direction between surfaces priviously published test results in Beck and Kiyomiya
of steel tube and core concrete was used in the FEA [8], Gong [10], Han and Zhong [9] and Zhou [13]. The
modelling. detailed information for these tests is given in Table 1.
According to the Coulomb friction model, the surfaces Seamless steel tubes were used in the specimens presented
can transfer the shear stress until the shear stress is greater in Gong [10], Han and Zhong [9], and Zhou [13].
than the limit value (tcrit). After the relative slip is formed The predicted torsional moment (T) versus rotation
between the surfaces, the shear force is taken as a constant angle (y) and shearing strain (g) curves, are compared with
(tcrit). The value of tcrit is dependent on the connement the measured curves (plotted in dashed lines) in Figs. 5 and
stress (p) between the surfaces of steel tube and core 6, respectively. It can be found that, generally good
concrete. tcrit can be expressed as agreement is obtained between the predicted and tested
results.
tcrit mpXtbond , (4)
where m is the frictional factor and taken as 0.6 in this 3. Analysis and discussions
analysis; and tbond is the average surface bond stress, for
CFST with circular sections [23]: 3.1. Complete curve analysis
tbond 2:314 0:0195D=t, (5) A typical curve of torsional moment versus torsional
rotation curve was calculated and is shown in Fig. 7. It can
in which D is the outside diameter of the circular steel tube be seen that, generally, the curve can be generally divided
and t the thickness of the steel tube. into three stages, i.e.
The bond stress of CFST with square sections is about
0.75 times of that of circular sections [24,25], and can be
Stage 1: Elastic stage (from point O to point A). During
expressed as
this stage, steel and concrete bear load independently.
tbond 0:752:314 0:0195B=t, (6) The yielding of steel occurs at point A.
Stage 2: Elasticplastic stage (from point A to point B).
in which B is the outside dimension of the square steel tube. During this stage, with the increasing of the torsional
A kind of gap element with high stiffness in the moment, the concrete core will crack and begin to
normal direction was adopted to simulate the contact and increase in volume, and then lead to the connement
separation between surfaces of steel tube and core concrete. increase provided by the outer steel tube. The conne-
The well-known NewtonRaphson incremental-iterative ment enhances as the torsional deformation increases. It
solution method is used to determine the response of CFST was found that, generally, the shearing strain reaches the
subjected to pure torsion. The displacement control value of 0.01 or so at point B.
technique is used to trace the loading paths. The Stage 3: Strain hardening stage (from point B to point
displacements are applied in incremental steps, the C). During this stage, due to the connement provided
response of CFST after each step is calculated from the by the outer steel tube, the cracked concrete can
equilibrium equations. still resist torsional moment. Also, due to the strain
Table 1
Test data of CFST members under pure torsion
Specimen Sectional dimension fy (MPa) fcu (MPa) Tue Tuc Tuc/Tue Test data
number D t L (mm) resources
TCB1-1 133 4.5 450 324.34 33.3 28.95 25.8 0.892 [9]
TCB2-1 130 3 450 324.34 33.3 17.35 17.6 1.014
TB1-1 133 4.5 2000 324.34 30.4 28.23 24.8 0.878
TB2-1 130 3 2000 324.34 30.4 17.2 16.78 0.976
CS1 114 4.5 387 280 33.1 19.66 17.41 0.886 [10]
CSS6 114 4.5 800 301.9 21.9 19 16.72 0.880 [13]
CSM6 114 4.5 1480 301.9 20.6 18.5 16.52 0.893
CSL6 114 4.5 2280 301.9 22.2 17.8 16.72 0.939
CH35 139.8 3.5 1000 322.9 36.3 33.4 23.75 0.711 [8]
CH45 139.8 4.5 1000 348.2 31.8 40.1 30.9 0.771
CH40 139.8 4 1000 340.3 38.2 42 28.88 0.688
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28 L.-H. Han et al. / Thin-Walled Structures 45 (2007) 2436
a 40 b 30 c 40 d 25
30 20
30
T (kN.m)
T (kN.m)
20
T (kN.m)
T (kN.m)
15
20 Measured 20
Measured 10 Measured
(Han and Zhong, 1995) 10 (Han and Zhong, 1995) Measured
10 10 (Han and Zhong, 1995)
Predicted Predicted (Han and Zhong, 1995) 5 Predicted
Predicted
0 0 0 0
0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
() () () ()
30
e 30 f 30 g h 30
20
T (kN.m)
T (kN.m)
20
T (kN.m)
20
T (kN.m)
20
Measured Measured
Measured 10 10 Measured
10 10 (Zhou, 1990) (Zhou, 1990)
(Gong, 1989) (Zhou, 1990)
Predicted Predicted
Predicted Predicted
0 0 0 0
0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 5 10 15 20
() () () ()
i 40
j 60
30
T (kN.m)
45
T (kN.m)
20 30
Measured Measured
10 (Beck and Kiyomiya,2003) 15 (Beck and Kiyomiya,2003)
Predicted Predicted
0 0
0 0.15 0.3 0.45 0 0.15 0.3 0.45
Twist Angle(rad) Twist Angle(rad)
k 60 Measured
(Beck and Kiyomiya,2003)
T (kN.m)
40 Predicted
20
0
0 0.15 0.3 0.45
Twist Angle(rad)
Fig. 5. T versus y or twist angle curves (a) TCB1-1, (b) TCB2-1, (c)TB1-1, (d) TB2-1, (e) CS1, (f) CSS6 [13], (g) CSM6 [13], (h) CSL6 [13],
(i) CH35, (j) CH45, and (k) CH40.
a 40 b 30
30 800
20
T (kN.m)
T (kN.m)
20
Measured Measured
(Han and Zhong, 1995) 10
(Han and Zhong, 1995)
C
10 B
Predicted Predicted 600
0 0
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 0 10000 20000 30000 40000
T (kN.m)
() ()
25 400
c d 40
20
30
A
T (kN.m)
T (kN.m)
15
20 200
10
Measured Measured
5 (Han and Zhong, 1995) 10 (Han and Zhong, 1995) DtL=4009.31200mm
Predicted Predicted fy=345MPa; fcu=60MPa
0 0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 0
() ()
0 2 4 6 8 10
()
Fig. 6. T versus g curves (test data resource: [9]): (a) TCB1-1, (b) TCB2-1,
(c) TB1-1, and (d) TB2-1. Fig. 7. Typical torsional moment (T) versus torsional rotation (y) curve.
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L.-H. Han et al. / Thin-Walled Structures 45 (2007) 2436 29
(MPa)
(MPa)
4
10
4
Fig. 8 shows the distributions of the shearing stress (S13
5
in the graphs) in the cross sections of the steel tubes and 2
concrete core when the ber of the outer steel tubes reaches
0 0
yielding point (ty). 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8
The calculating conditions are: D(B) 400 mm, () ()
L 1200 mm, t 9.3 mm, fy 345 MPa, fcu 50 MPa.
Fig. 9. Shearing stress (t) versus rotation angle (y) relations: (a) circular
It can be found from these gures that, generally, the section and (b) square section.
features of the shearing stress distributions across the
sections can be summarized as: (1) circular sections are
more uniform than those of the square sections. (2) For clearly show that, in the initial stage of loadings, the
square sections, CFST with cold formed steel tube used are shearing stress increases fast. In the elasticplastic stage,
more uniform than those of the welded steel tubes. This can the shearing stress has moderate increase. For circular
contribute that, for circular sections, the interaction sections, the feature of shearing stress distribution during
between the steel tube and its core concrete is more the loading is that the shearing stress increases with the
sufcient than that of the square sections. For square increase of the distance from the centre of the section.
sections with cold formed steel tubes, due to the existing of CFST with square sections has the same feature, except
the circular corners, the interaction can be more suf- that there is a declining trend in the elasticplastic stage.
cient than that of the welded steel tubes. This is attributed to the fact that square steel tube can not
Fig. 9(a) and (b) show shearing stress (t) versus rotation provide enough connement to its concrete core when the
angle (y) curves for typical torsion members with circular wrapping deformation is very large.
sections and square sections respectively. These gures
3.3. Interaction between the steel tubes and the core concrete
Fig. 13(a) shows interaction stress (p) versus torsional It can be found from Figs. 12 and 13 that, the interaction
angle (y) curves along the perimeter of the composite stress mainly exists in section whose inclination with axial
sections. It can be found that, for members with circular line is 451 for circular CFST. However, for square section,
sections, p in the symmetrical positions of the sections the interaction stress mainly concentrates at the corners of
(points 1 and 3, points 2 and 4 shown as in Fig. 9(a)) have the section.
comparative values, and p versus y curves have no falling
stage. Fig. 13(b) shows interaction stress (p) versus
torsional angle (y) curves in section corner position and 3.4. Parametric analysis on the torsional moment versus
section centre position (points 1 and 2 shown as in torsional deformation
Fig. 9(b), respectively) for a CFST with square section.
The possible parameters affecting the load versus
deformation relationship of torsional members are steel
yield strength (fy), concrete strength (fcu), and steel ratio
1 (a). Hereinafter, the inuences of the parameters men-
a b tioned as above on torsion moment (T) versus sectional
maximum shearing strain (g) are analysed, shown as in
Fig. 14. The basic calculating conditions of the examples in
Fig. 14 are: D(B) 400 mm, L 1200 mm, a 0.1,
fy 345 MPa, fcu 60 MPa.
2
a b
3.4.1. Steel yield strength (fy)
Fig. 14(1) shows T versus g curves of circular and square
sections with different steel yield strength (fy). It can be
seen from Fig. 14(1) that the inuence of fy on the
composite members with circular and square sections are
Fig. 10. Typical failure modes: (1) circular section(a) CFST, (b) hollow very similar. fy has only a moderate inuence on the
steel tube; (2) square section(a) CFST, (b) hollow steel tube. rigidity in the elastic stage of T versus g curves. It can also
a 800 b 800 a 6 b8
600 600 6
4
T (kN.m)
T (kN.m)
p (MPa)
p (MPa)
CFST
400 400 Steel tube 4
CFST Steel tube Point 1 Mid-width
2 Point 2
200 200 2 Corner
Concrete core Concrete core Point 3
Point 4
0 0 0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 5 10 15 20 0 2 4 6 8 10
() () () ()
Fig. 11. Torsional moment (T) versus torsional angle (y) relations: (a) Fig. 13. p versus torsional angle (y) relations: (a) circular section and
circular section and (b) square section. (b) square section.
Fig. 12. Interactive stress between steel tube and concrete core: (a) circular section and (b) square section.
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L.-H. Han et al. / Thin-Walled Structures 45 (2007) 2436 31
4. Simplied model
1 1000 a
1200
b
750 fy=420MPa fy=420MPa
900
4.1. Torsional yield strength
T (kN.m)
T (kN.m)
500 fy=345MPa 600 fy=345MPa
250
fy=235MPa
300
fy=235MPa For convenience of analysis, nominal shearing stress, i.e.,
t T=W sct of the composite sections subjected to pure
0 0
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 0 10000 20000 30000 40000
torsion is dened in this paper, where Wsct is torsional
() () modulus of intertia of the compsite sections, given by pD3/
1000 16 and 0.208B3 for the composite members with circular
2 900
a b fcu=90MPa and square sections, respectively.
fcu=90MPa 750
600 Fig. 15 shows the typical relationship between nominal
T (kN.m)
T (kN.m)
fcu=30MPa
fcu=30MPa 500 shearing stress (t T/Wsct) and shearing strain (g) of the
fcu=60MPa
fcu=60MPa
300
250
composite sections under pure torsion.
The shearing stress corresponding to the shearing strain
0
0 gscy (Point B0 in Fig. 15) is chosen as the nominal yield
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 0 10000 20000 30000 40000
() () strength (tscy) of the composite sections. At point B0 in
Fig. 15, the steel reaches its shear yield strength (ty). gscy is
3 1200 a =0.2
1500
b =0.2 dened and can be expressed as follows:
900
=0.15 =0.15
1000 p
T (kN.m)
T (kN.m)
B'
3.4.3. Steel ratio (a) scy
Fig. 14(3) shows T versus g curves of circular and square max=10000
sections with different steel ratio (a). It can be seen from
Fig. 14(3) that the inuence of a for circular and square
sections are very similar. It can also be seen that the elastic
rigidity of T versus g curves and tosional strength of scp A
members increases as a increases.
From analysis results hereinbefore, it was found that steel
yield strength (fy) concrete strength (fcu) and steel ratio (a) only
have inuence on the numerical value of T versus g curves, but
have no obvious inuence on the shape of curves. Within the
O scp scy
parameter limitations of the analysis, T versus g curves of
CFST subjected to pure torsion have no falling stage. Fig. 15. Typical tsc versus torsional strain (g) relations.
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32 L.-H. Han et al. / Thin-Walled Structures 45 (2007) 2436
a 1 b 1
fy=235MPa
Equation (9b)
0.75 fy=345MPa 0.75
fy=420MPa
cy/fscy
cy/fscy
0.5 0.5
fy=235MPa
0.25 Equation (9a) 0.25 fy=345MPa
fy=420MPa
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4
Fig. 16. gt( tscy/fscy) versus x relations(a) circular section and (b) square section.
For the composite members with circular sections, The inuences of the parameters in Fig. 17 can be
summarized as: the higher the steel ratio (a) or the steel
tscy 0:422 0:313a2:33 x0:134 f scy . (9a) yielding strength (fy), the lower the T u =T ps ; the bigger the
For the composite members with square sections, concrete strength (fcu), the higher the ratio of T u =T ps . Since
higher steel ratio (a) or steel yielding strength (fy) mean
tscy 0:455 0:313a2:33 x0:25 f scy , (9b) bigger contribution of the steel tube in CFST under
torsional loading, in this case, the value of T ps increases
where f scy 1:14 1:02xf ck for circular sections and
faster than Tu with the increasing of a or fy, and thus leads
f scy 1:18 0:85xf ck for square sections [20,26].
to a reduction of the ratio of T u =T ps . Additionally, bigger
f cu means bigger concrete modulus, which can lead to
4.2. Torsional strength higher torsional capacity of the CFST and thus a higher
ratio of T u =T ps .
For practical considerations, the moment corresponding It can be also seen from Fig. 17 that, the ultimate
to the maximum bre strain of 0.01 was dened as the torsional moment increment of circular sections is larger
torsional capacity (Tu) of the composite section (point B in than that of square sections with same calculated
Fig. 15) in this paper. It was found that after the maximum parameters. Within the limitation of the parameters in this
bre strain reaches 0.01, the torsional moment tends to paper, for circular sections, the maximum torsional
stabilize. The torsional capacities (Tue) of the tested strength of CFST is roughly 1075% higher than the
specimens determined were listed in Table 1, and compared plastic torsional strength of hollow steel tube; for square
with these of calculated torsional capacities (Tuc) of the sections, the maximum torsional strength increment is
FEM modelling presented previously in this paper. From roughly 650%. It is thus expected that CFST is a good
the comparisons, it can be found that, generally, the option in achieving higher torsional strength than that of
predicted results are lower than those of the measured using unlled tubes.
torsional capacities (Tue), among them, the difference For convenience of analysis, the strength index of the
between the calculated torsional capacities (Tuc) and the composite sections (SI) is dened as following:
measured torsional capacities (Tue) from Beck and
Tu
Kiyomiya [8] is relatively bigger. In general, good agree- SI . (10)
ment is obtained between the predicted and tested results. tscy W sct
Fig. 17 shows that T u =T ps versus a curves of circular and in which Tu is the torsional capacity of the composite
square sections with different steel yield strength and members; Wsct the torsional modulus of intertia of the
concrete strength. In Fig. 17, T ps is the plastic torsional compsite sections, given by pD3/16 and 0.208B3 for the
strength of hollow steel tube (for circular section, composite members with circular and square sections,
3
T ps 23 pty r3s r3c ;pfor p 1 3
square section, T s 3 ty B b , respectively.
in which, ty f y = 3, rs and rc are the outer and inner radii The strength index of the composite sections so
for circular tube, respectively, B and b are outer and inner determined according to the FEA modelling in this paper
widths for square tube, respectively). It can be found that is plotted in Fig. 18 against the connement factor (x). It
the features of T u =T ps versus a curves with circular and can be seen from Fig. 18 that the SI ratio increases when
square sections are very similar. Due to the existing core the connement factor (x) increases. Formulae for SI can
concrete, Tu is larger than T ps . The enhanced structural be obtained by using the regression analysis method, i.e.
behaviour of the CFST members can be explained in terms For CFST members with circular sections:
of composite action between the steel tube and its
concrete core. SI 1:294 0:267 lnx. (11a)
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L.-H. Han et al. / Thin-Walled Structures 45 (2007) 2436 33
1 2 1.6
1.8
a fcu=30MPa b fcu=30MPa
fcu=60MPa fcu=60MPa
fcu=90MPa 1.4 fcu=90MPa
1.6
Tu/Tsp
Tu/Tsp
1.4
1.2
1.2
1 1
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
2 1.8 1.5
a fcu=30MPa b fcu=30MPa
fcu=60MPa 1.4 fcu=60MPa
1.6
fcu=90MPa fcu=90MPa
1.3
Tu/Tsp
Tu/Tsp
1.4
1.2
1.2
1.1
1 1
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
3 1.5 1.4
1.4
a fcu=30MPa b fcu=30MPa
fcu=60MPa fcu=60MPa
1.3
fcu=90MPa fcu=90MPa
1.3
Tu/Tsp
Tu/Tsp
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.1
1 1
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
Fig. 17. Inuences of parameters on Tu/Tps versus a relations: (1) f y 235 MPa(a) circular sections, (b) square sections; (2) f y 345 MPa(a) circular
sections, (b) square sections; (3) f y 420 MPa(a) circular sections, (b) square sections.
a 3 b 3
fy=235MPa fy=235MPa
2.5 2.5
fy=345MPa fy=345MPa
2 fy=420MPa 2 fy=420MPa
1.5
SI
1.5
SI
1 1
Equation (11a) Equation (11b)
0.5 0.5
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 5
Fig. 18. SI versus x relations: (a) circular sections and (b) square sections.
For CFST members with square sections: The validity limits of Eq. (12) are: a 0.040.2;
fy 235420 MPa, and fcu 3090 MPa. The torsional
SI 1:431 0:242 lnx. (11b) strengths of CFSTs using formula (12) are compared
From Eqs (10) and (11), the torsional strength of the with the test results in Fig. 19. It can be found that, similar
composite section can be expressed as to the comparisons between the calculated torsional capacities
of the FEM modelling and those of the measured torsional
T u gt tscy W sct . (12) capacities (shown as in Table 1), the accuracy with which the
ARTICLE IN PRESS
34 L.-H. Han et al. / Thin-Walled Structures 45 (2007) 2436
30
Based on the numerical model mentioned above,
according to regression analysis method, the tg relations
shown in Fig. 15 can be expressed as
15
a 800 a 800
600 600
T (kN.m)
T (kN.m)
400 400
Theoretical model
Theoretical model
200 200 Simplified model
Simplified model
0 0
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 0 10000 20000 30000 40000
() ()
b 800 b 800
600 600
T (kN.m)
T (kN.m)
400 400
0 0
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 0 10000 20000 30000 40000
() ()
c 800 c 800
600 600
T (kN.m)
T (kN.m)
400 400
Theoretical model Theoretical model
200 Simplified model 200 Simplified model
0 0
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 0 10000 20000 30000 40000
() ()
Fig. 20. Comparisons of predicted T versus g curves between theoretical Fig. 21. Comparisons of predicted T versus g curves between theoretical
model and simplied model (circular section: D t L 400 model and simplied model (square section: B t L 400
9.3 1200 mm): (a) fy 345MPa (b) fcu 60 MPa, (c) a 0.1. 9.3 1200 mm): (a) TCB1-1, (b) TCB2-1, (c) TB1-1, and (d) TB2-1.
ARTICLE IN PRESS
L.-H. Han et al. / Thin-Walled Structures 45 (2007) 2436 35
a 40 b 30
30
20
T (kN.m)
T (kN.m)
20
Measured(Han and Measured(Han and
10
Zhong,1995) Zhong,1995)
10
Simplified model Simplified model
0 0
0 15000 30000 45000 60000 0 15000 30000 45000 60000
() ()
c 40 d 30
30
20
T (kN.m)
T (kN.m)
20
Measured(Han and Measured(Han and
10
10 Zhong,1995) Zhong,1995)
Simplified model Simplified model
0 0
0 15000 30000 45000 60000 0 15000 30000 45000 60000
() ()
Fig. 22. Comparisons of predicted T versus g curves between test results and simplied model.
tscp and gscp are the shear stress and strain d g2scp at2scp bgscp ctscp ;
corresponding to point A in Fig. 15, and can be given
as
tscyy tscp Gsc gscy gscp
fy e ;
tscp 0:149 0:322 G sc G sch
235
" # )
fy 2 fy 0:933
0:842 1:775 0:933 a b 2g
235 235 G sct ;
2at c
0:032
30 where tscyy SI tscy ; Gsch is the tangent modulus in
tscy , 15
f cu the hardening stage. For CFST with circular sections:
G sch 220a 200 MPa. (18a)
f y 0:07f cu 30 For CFST with square sections:
gscp 0:595 , (16)
Es Ec G sch 220a 150 MPa.
2
where the unit for fy and fcu is N/mm .
(2) Stage AB (gscpogp0.01): In this stage, tg can be (3) Harding stage BC (g40.01):
given as
t tscyy G sch g 0:01. (19)
g2 at2 bg ct d 0, (17)
Figs. 2022 compare some of the Tg curves
in which
between the tests, the curves calculated by the
0:01 gscp 2 2e0:01 gscp mechanics model and the simplied model. It can be
a ; seen that generally good agreement is achieved.
t2scyy t2scp 0:01 gscp 2tscp G sc
e2tscyy G sch 2tscp G sc
b 2gscp 2atscp G sc cG sc ;
5. Conclusions
2gscy gscp 2tscyy Gsch 2tscp Gsc a The present study is an attempt to study the torsional
c ;
Gsc G sch behaviours of CFST. The following observations and
ARTICLE IN PRESS
36 L.-H. Han et al. / Thin-Walled Structures 45 (2007) 2436
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