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What is a research design?

A researchers overall plan for obtaining answers to the research questions or for testing the
research hypotheses is referred to as the research design.

Aspects of research design


Intervention
Comparison
Controls of extraneous variables
Timing of data collection
Research sites and settings
Communication with the study participants

1. Studying time-related processes - Eg. Healing, earning, growth etc


2. Determining time sequences - Eg. Infertility results in depression
3. Developing comparisons - Eg. Smoking and lung
4. Enhancing research control - Eg. Two groups with alternative interventions

Characteristics of good design


1. Appropriateness to the research question
2. Lack of bias
3. Precision
4. Power

Tips on designing research


1. Make a written list of the pros and cons of each
2. Balance a number of considerations, such as time, cost, ethical issues and the integrity of the
study. Anticipate alternative findings and consider whether design adjustments might affect the
results.
3. Seek the advice of research experts in deciding the design
4. Write out a rationale for your choices one you have made your design decisions

Reasons for under taking non-experimental research in nursing


Human characteristics are inherently not subject to experimental manipulation (eg. blood type
personality etc) and the effects of these characteristics on some phenomenon of interest cannot be
studied experimentally.
o For ethical reasons.
o Not practical to conduct a true experiment
o Experimental design is not appropriate to some research questions

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