Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Chapter Objectives
Involuntary control
Preganglionic
Postganglionic
Neurotransmitters
Preganglionic acetylcholine
Postganglionic acetylcholine (parasympathetic and sympathetic to sweat glands (except on
palms and soles), blood vessels in skeletal muscle and arrector pili muscles) or
flight response
Pupils dilate
Airways dilate
Blood vessels to skeletal muscles, cardiac muscle, liver and adipose tissue dilate
Anatomical Differences between the Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Divisions (Table 15.3)
Characteristics Parasympathetic Sympathetic
Origin (Fig 15.2 & 15.3) Craniosacral outflow: Thoracolumnar outflow:
brainstem nuclei of cranial lateral horn of gray matter of
nerves III, VII, IX and X; spinal cord segments T1-L2
spinal cord segments S2-S4
Location of ganglia Ganglia in (intramural= Ganglia within a few cm of
terminal) or close to visceral CNS: alongside vertebral
organ served column (paravertebral
ganglia=chain) and anterior to
vertebral column (prevertebral
ganglia)
Relative length of pre- and Long preganglionic; short Short preganglionic; long
postganglionic fibers postganglionic postganglionic
Innervate organs above the diaphragm like the heart and lungs
Prevertebral ganglia surround the following arteries that branch from the aorta
Nicotinic receptor
postganglionic neurons, the motor end plate in the neuromuscular junction and
Is mimicked by nicotine
Muscarinic receptor
Found in all parasympathetic target organs (excitatory in all but cardiac muscle where it
is inhibitory), sweat glands (activation) and some blood vessels in skeletal muscle
hepatocytes (glycogenolysis)
Small and Large Intestines Paravertebral Slows digestion, stops secretions and contracts
sphincters
Urinary Bladder Paravertebral Contracts sphincter
Adrenal Medulla Stimulates release of norepinephrine and
epinephrine
Parasympathetic Responses