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A- Old English (or Anglo-Saxon) Period (450-1066)


B- Middle English Period (Medieval Literature) (1066-1500)
C- The Renaissance (or Early Modern Period) (1500-1660)
1- Elizabethan Age (1558-1603)
2- Jacobean Age (1603-1625)
3- Caroline Age (1625-1649)
4- Commonwealth Period (or Puritan Interregnum) (1649-1660)
D- The Neo-Classical Period (1660-1785)
1- The Restoration (1660-1700)
2- The Augustan Age (or The Age of Pope) (1700-1745)
3- The Age of Sensibility (or The Age of Johnson) (1745-1785)
E- The Romantic Period (1785-1830)
F- The Victorian Period (1832-1901)
1- The Pre-Raphaelites (1848-1860)
2- Aestheticism and Decadence (1880-1901)
G- The Modern Period (1914-1945)
1- The Edwardian Period (1901-1914)
2- The Georgian Period (1914-1936)
H- Postmodernism (1945-)
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Old English (or Anglo-Saxon) Period (450-


1066)
Caedmon - 680 Hymn Of Caedmon Anglo-Saxon poet. Monk at Whitby.
This is the oldest surviving text
Venerable Bede The Ecclesiastical History of the
English People (between 673-735)
Anonymous Beowulf Epic poem
Middle English Period (Medieval Literature)
(1066-1500)
St. Thomas Aquinas 1225.1274 His work became the origin of the intellectual
movement known as scholasticism
John of Salisbury d- 1180
Marie de France Anglo-Norman
Geoffrey of Monmouth History of the Kingdom of Britain This work offers the earliest account of King
Arthur
Layamon Brut (12th C.) Alliterative work.
He is the ideal medieval author
Geoffrey Chaucer 1340/45-1400 The Book of the Duchess His earliest original poem
The House of Fame
The Parliament of Fowls (c. 1382-3) The third of Chaucers earliest work
Troilus and Criseyde (c.1385)
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In this work he offers an image of medieval


The Legend of the Good Women (c. courtly love
1382-94) Written in heroic couplets, it is incomplete
The Canterbury Tales Chaucer is egarded as the father of English
Literature. He demonstrated the legitimacy of
vernacular language.
The Canterbury Tales is considered one of
the most important works of the Middle Ages
Robert Henryson c. 1424-1505 Fabilis His version of Aesop
The Testament of Cressid His masterpiece
William Dunbar 1456-1513 Lament for the Makirs Scottish courtly poet, religious poet.
John Lydgate 1370-1450
Thomas Hoccleve 1368-1450 Regiment of Princess
John Gower ? 1330-1408 Confession Amantis (The Lovers It is a compilation of 133 moral stories in
Confession) octosyllabic couplets
William Langland ?1330/22-? 1400 Piers Plowman Considered one of the most important works
of the Middle Ages. An allegorical, satirical
poem
Sir Thomas Malory MorteDArthur His theme is the whole universe of chivalric
life
4

William Caxton 1421-1491/2 Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye This is the first book printed in English. It is
a medieval epic retelling
He introduced the Prinitng Press in 1476.

Johann Gutemberg 1400-1468 German goldsmith


The Pearl Poets Sir Gawain and the Green Knights Considered one of the most important works
of the Middle Ages
Anonymous Everyman (1678) Late 15th C. English Morality play. It
represents all mankind. It examines the
question of Christian salvation through the
use of allegorical characters
Mystery and Miracle plays: earliest
developed plays in Medieval Europe. They
are representations of Bible stories.
Morality plays: also known as Interludes.
They are a type of allegory
The Renaissance (or Early Modern Period)
(1500-1660)
Vernacular literature flourished following
the introduction of the Printing Press into
England by William Caxton in 1746
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1- Elizabethan Age (1558-1603)

John Skelton ? 1460-1529 Collyn Clout (1521-2) Attacks the ambition of Cardinal Wolsey

The Tunnyng of ElynourRummyng (? Lively vulgarity


1517)
PhyllypSparowe (? 1509) Delicate ambivalence
The Garlande of Laurell (1523) Lyrics
Speke Parrot (1521) His masterpiece. Its one of the most
important achievements of early Tudor poetry
Desiderius Erasmus 1466-1536
Thomas More 1478-1535 History of King Richard III (1514-18) Important example of Christian humanist
historiography
Utopia (1516) Offers his ideal of a rationally planned and
unchanged state. Utopia is an ideal but
nonexistent country of the mind.
John Bale 1495-1563 King John (1538) Morality play
Republica (1553) This was written from a Roman Catholic
viewpoint in the reign of Mary Tudor
Sir Thomas Wyatt ? 1503-1542
Sir David Lindsay Ane Satire on the ThrieEstatis (1540-
1552-1554)
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Earl of Surrey ? 1517-1574


Nicholas Udall Ralph Roister-Doister (1545-52)
Sir Thomas Elyot ? 1499-1546 The Book Named the Governer (1531) Reveals his knowledge of the thoughts of
Erasmus, Plato and More.
Thomas Kyd The Spanish Tragedy Is is a drama of revenge
William Tyndale d. 1536 The Parable of Wicked Mammon He constantly urged the importance of
(1588) Scriptures written word, a central Protestant
The Obedience of the Christian Man idea
(1588)
Thomas Norton and Thomas Sackville 1532-1584 Gorboduc (1561) A tragedy
1536-1608
Christopher Marlowe 1564-1593 Dr. Faustus (1592) It is about a scientist and magician obsessed
by the thrust of knowledge
Tamburlaine
Edward III
The Jew of Malta (? 1589) It is a savage, cynical and grotesquely comic
satire on the ambitions of groups often
defined by the Elizabethan as unacceptable:
Turks, Catholics and Jews.
Dido, Queen of Carthage (1587-93)
Edward II (1591-3)
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This is Marlowes attempt at the English


chronicle or history play
Edmund Spenser 1552-1599 The Faerie Queene (1590-96) An epic poem and fantastical allegory, the
longest great poem in the language
Amoretti (1595)
Epithalamion (1595)
Prothalamion (1596)
Sir Philip Sydney 1554-1586 Astrophel and Stella (? 1578)
Arcadia (publ. 1590) Pastoral romance, written for Sydneys sister
the Countess of Pembroke. This work is
considered one of the most popular works of
English Protestant humanism
The Defense of Poetry He laid the groundwork of his Protestant and
The Apology for Poetry (? 1581-3) humanist ideal in literature
Michael Drayton 1563-1631 The Mirror for Magistrates Verse chronicles.
Samuel Daniel 1562-1619
Sir Walter Raleigh 1552-1618 History of the World (1614) One of the great if neglected works of the
period.
Thomas Nash 1677-1600 The Unfortunate Traveller (or The Life Rogue or picaresque story
of Jack Wilton) (publ. 1594)
Lenten Stuff (1593)
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Pierce Penniless (1592) Here Nash uses the framework of the seven
deadly sins
Thomas Lodge 1558-1625
Robert Greene 1558-1592
John Lyly 1553/4-1606 Euphues the Anatomy of Wit These books have given the language the
Euphues his England (1580) adjective euphuism, highlighting Lylys
persistent use of similes from natural history
and the classics. It now suggests an excessive
concern with fine phrases and an interest in
alliteration
Mother Bombie (1587-90)
Campaspe (1584)
Endymion (1591)
Gallathea (1585) Here Lyly played with the comic motif of
gender reversal.
Thomas Deloney The Gentle Craft (? 1597-8)
William Shakespeare 1564-1616 Sonnets Perfect use of form, three quatrains and a
couplet
Hamlet Poet and playwright. The worlds greatest
Macbeth dramatist. There are none with whom he may
Romeo and Juliet be compared
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Interludes: shorter moral plays which exhibit


a wide rande of themes and often written
with considerable dramatic inventiveness
2- Jacobean Age (1603-1625)

Ben Johnson 1574-1637 Volpone (1605 o 1606) Leading literary figure of the Jacobean era,
Epicoene (1609) after Shakespeares death. His characters
The Alchemist (1610) embody the Theory of Humours. He remains
Bartholomew Fair (1605 to 1614) a fine writer of lyric, a great satirist and a
Every Man Out of His Humour (1599) major figure in that classical and humorist
Poetaster (1601) tradition of literature. He was considered the
godfather of all the Cavalier poets.
Thomas Heywood ? 1575-1641 The Four Prentices of London (1592-
1600)
If You Know Not Me You Know Nobody
(1605)
Thomas Dekker ? 1572-1632 Old Fortunatus (1599)
The Shoemakers Holiday
Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher 1584/6-1615/6 The Knight of the Burning Pestle A mockery of the rising Middle class
1576/9-1625 (1607)
In their work we see the decline of Jacobean
tragedy
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Thomas Middleton ? 1580-1627 A Trick to Catch the Old One (1605) His city comedies combine the idiom of
A Mad World, my Masters (1605) London life and its pace with realistic satire
A Chaste Maid in Cheapside (1611)
A Game of Chess (1624)
Philip Massinger 1583-1640 A New Way to Pay Old Debts (1621)
Cyril Tourneur ? 1575-1626
John Ford 1586-1639 He is considered by far the best of the
Caroline dramatists.
John Donne 1572-1631 Paradoxes (publ. 1633) Metaphysical poet and theologician. He uses
Songs and Sonnets unconventional or unpoetic figures
The Storm (epistle)
The Calm (epistle)
The Progress of the Soul
The Devotions on Emergent Occasions
(publ. 1624)
George Herbert 1593-1633/2 The Temple (1633) Metaphysical and religious poet. Anglican
minister.
3- Caroline Age (1625-1649)

Sir William Davenant 1605/6-1688 SalmacidaSpolia (1640)


Edmund Waller 1605/6-1687 Heroic couplet. A man writing with a fervent
belief in the divine right of kings
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Sir John Denham 1615-1668/9


Richard Crashaw 1613/20-1649/50 Steps to the Temple (1646-48) Second generation of Metaphysical poets.
Andrew Marvell 1620/21-1678 The Definition of Love Second generation of Metaphysical poets.
To His Coy Mistress Poet and controvertionalist.
The Coronet
On a Drop of Dew
Bermudas
The Garden
An Horatian Ode upon Cromwells
Return from Ireland
Upon Appleton House
The First Anniversary of the
Government under his Highness the
Lord Protector
Thomas Traherne 1636/7-1674 Centuries of Meditation Second generation of Metaphysical poets
Henry Vaugham 1621/2-1695 SilexScintillams Second generation of Metaphysical poets. His
ThaliaRediviva (1678) verse is religious
Robert Herrick 1591-1674 Hesperides Cavalier poet. Skilful lyrist
Robert Lovelace 1618-1638 To Lucasta Second generation of Metaphysical poets
To Athea
Thomas Carew 1589-1639 Second generation of Metaphysical poets
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Sir John Suckling 1609-1641 The Ballad Upon a Wedding Second generation of Metaphysical poets
John Cleveland 1613-1658 His love lyrics and elegies were widely
imitated.
Abraham Cowley 1618-1667 Poetical Blossoms (1633)
The Mistress (1647)
John Milton 1608-1674 Paradise Lost (1671) (Religious epic One of the greatest English poets. He remains
poem) regarded as one of the preeminent writers in
LAllegro (1631) the English language. His prose and poetry
IlPenseroso (1634) reflect a passion for freedom and self-
Comus (1638) (a masque) determination. He created the English epic
Lycidas and was the great Puritan poet
Paradise Regained (1671)
Samson Agonistes (1671)
Areopagitica
Sir Thomas Overbury 1581-1613 Characters (1614) (co-operative
anthology)
Francis Bacon 1561-1626 Essays or Counsels, Civil and Moral First issued as ten sequences of aphorisms in
(1625) 1597, and finally enlarged to fifty-eight
pieces.
The Advancement of Learning (1605)
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Thomas Fuller 1608-1661 Biographer, preacher, essayist, wit and


antiquarian
John Aubrey 1626-1697 Antiquarian
Robert Burton 1576/7-1640 The Anatomy of Melancholy (first First appeared as a medical treatise
edition 1621)
Sir Thomas Browne 1605-1682 Religio Medici (publ. 1643) One of the supreme achievements of the 17th
C. English prose.
PseudodoxiaEpidemica (1646)
Christian Morals (publ.1716)
4- The Commonwealth Period (Puritan
Interregnum) (1649-1660)

Jeremy Taylor 1613-1667 Holy Living (1650)


Holy Dying (1651)
John Denham 1615-1669
Edmund Waller 1606-1687
The Neo-classical Period (1660-1785)
Age of literary criticism, use of philosophy,
reason, skepticism, wit and refinement
1- The Restoration (The Age of Reason)
(1660-1700)
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John Dryden 1631-1700 Mac Flecknoe (1682) (a mock heroic) English poet, literary critic, translator and
Absolom and Architophel playwright. He dominated the literary life of
Ode for St. Cecilias Day (lyric poetry) Restoration England to such a point that the
Of Dramatic Poesy (1668) period is known as the Age of Dryden.
He established the heroic couplet and wrote
satires, religious pieces, fables, epigrams,
compliments, prologues and plays with the
heroic couplet. He also introduced the
alexandrine and triplet into the form
Johnson said that Dryden may properly be
considered as the father of English criticism
John Wilmot, Earl of Rochester 1647-1680 Sodom It compared unnatural tyranny to unnatural
vice
His finest satire is social
Timon Literary satire
An Allusion to Horace, the Tenth Satyr
of the First Book (1675/6)
A Satyr against Reason and Mankind A more powerful poem
Samuel Butler 1612-1680 Hudibras (1662-63-80) Satirist
Dillon Wentworth, Earl of Roscommon 1633-1684/5 Essay on Translated Verse (1684)
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Sir George Etherege 1634/6-1691 The Comical Revenge, or Love in a Playwright. With him began the Restoration
Tub (1664) genteel comedy
She Wond if She Coud
The Man of Mode (1676)
Charles Sackville, Earl of Dorset 1637/8-1705/6
Sir Charles Sedley 1639-1701
John Sheffield, Earl of Mulgrave and Duke 1648/9-1720/1 Essay on Satyr (? 1680)
of Buckingham
John Oldham 1653/5-1683 Satyrs on the Jesuits (1679)
A Satyr Addressed to a Friend
Spensers Ghost
Katherine Philips 1631-1664 The poet of romantic and platonic ideas of
friendship. She wrote on philosophic and
religious matters
Dorothy Osborne 1627-1695
Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle 1624-1674 The True Relation of my Birth, Suggests the courage many royalist women
Breeding and Life (1656) showed during the Civil War and Interregnum
The position of women in society and the
The Worlds Olio(1655) general inadequacy of female education
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Alexander Pope 1688-1744 The Rape of the Lock These two works are still the greatest mock-
The Dunciad heroic poems ever written. In The Dunciad
he set out to show the collapse of learning.
He was strongly influenced by Dryden. Role
as Poet Laureate and a Roman Catholic writer
living under considerable social and political
disadvantages
AphraBehn 1640/2-1689 Oroonoko An analysis of colonialism
Love Letters Between a Nobleman and She wrote romance, considered a feminine
his Sister form. She was a novelist and dramatist
The Nun, or The Fair Vow-Breaker Tale embracing the hypocricy of convent life,
passion, bigamy and murder
Thomas Killigrew 1612-1683
Roger Boyle, Earl of Orvery 1621-1678 The General (1662) Heroic play
Mustapha (1665)
Elkanah Settle 1648-1724 Heroic dramas
Nathaniel Lee 1645/55/52-1692 The Rivals Queen Blank verse tragedy
Heroic dramas
Thomas Otway 1651/2-1685 The Orphan (1680) Heroic dramas
Venice Preservd or A Plot Discovered
(1682)
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He combined revenge tragedy, pathos and


comic satire with the themes of love and
honour
William Wycherley ? 1640-1715/6 The Country Life (1675)
The Plain Dealer (1676)
William Congreve 1670-1729 The Way of the World (1700) (a Its one of the greatest English comedies
comedy) The mid-1690s saw a brief second flowering
of the drama, especially comedy
John Vanbrugh 1666-1726 The Relapse (1696) (a comedy)
The Provoked Wife (1697) (a comedy)
Incognita
Love for Love
John Farquhar 1678-1707 The Recruiting Officer (1706)
The Beaux Stratagem (1707)
Richard Steele 1671/2-1729 His dramatic work deals with sentimentality
and middle-class life
Samuel Pepys 1633-1703 He is the supreme English diarist
Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendom 1608/9-1673/4 The History of the Rebellion (1704) It provided the definite interpretation of the
Civil War. It remains a great work of English
historiography
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Gilbert Burnet 1643/5-1715 History of my Own Times (publ. 1724- Account of political events in the reign of the
34) later Stuarts
John Bunyan 1628-1688 The PilgrimProgress (1678) This is an allegory of personal salvation and a
Life and Deathof Mr. Bachman (1680) guide to Christian life.
The Holy War (1682) He was a religious author and allegorist
Absalom and Architophel (1681)
Mac Flecknoe (written 1676-publ.
1682 and 1681)
ReligiosLaici (A Laymans Religion)
2- The Augustan Age (or The Age of
Pope) (1700-1745)

John Locke 1632-1704 The Reasonableness of Christianity He formulated the philosophical grounds of
(1695) religious toleration. He didnt believe in
Letters Concerning Toleration (1690) modern forms of democratic government: the
Two Treatises of Government (written idea of one person, one vote
1679-89, revised 1689, publ. 1690)
James Thomson 1700-1748 The Seasons Melancholy
Castle of Indolence Scotch poet
Edward Young 1684-1765 Night Thoughts
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Daniel Defoe 1660/1-1731 The True Born Englishman (1701) Fictional travels of Alexander Selkirk. With
Shortest Way with Dissenters (1702) these last two Defoe turned to writing
Hymn to the Pillory (1703) fictional criminal lives
A Journal of the Plague Year (1722) Here he recreated great natural disasters
A Tour through the Whole Island of It is an account of the nations life, town and
Great Britain (1724-25-27) commerce
The Complete English Tradesman
(1725)
The Family Intructor (1715-18) Concern with moral values
Robinson Crusoe (1719) It has often been regarded as the prototype of
Roxana (1722) the English novel
Moll Flanders (1722)
Essay Upon Literature (1726)
Mary Astell 1666-1731 Reflections on Marriage
A Serious Proposal to the Ladies
Mary de la RiviereManley 1663-1724 The Secret History of Queen Zarah and She wrote plays, political satire, fiction and
the Zaraians (1705) journalism
Eliza Haywood 1693-1756 The Secret History of the Present In her epistolary novels, the letter itself is
Intrigues of the Court of Caramania developed as a means of analysis
(issued 1727)
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The Disguised Prince, or the Beautiful


Parisian (1728)
The History of Betsy Thoughtless
(1751)
Joseph Addison Philosopher of theimagination
Sir Richard Steele 1672-1729 The Christian Hero (1701)
The Conscious Lovers (1722)
Ambrose Philips 1675-1749 TheDistressdMother (1712)
Thomas Otway TheOrphan (1680)
Nicholas Rowe TheFairPenitent (1703)
George Lillo The London Merchant (1731)
Jonathan Swift 1667-1745 A Tale of a Tub He was strongly influenced by Bunyan. The
Gullivers Travels figure of Harlequin was introduced and
A Modest Proposal pantomime theatre began to be stayed. Opera
The Battle of the Books (a mock-heroic) began to be popular in London
Irish satirist
John Gay 1685-1732 The Beggars Opera (1728)
Fables (1722-1736)
Lady Mary Wortley Montagu 1689-1762 Town Eclogues (1711)
Isaac Watts 1674-1748 Divine Songs for Children (1716)
Hymns and Spiritual Songs (1707)
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The Psalms of David Imitated (1719)


Matthew Green 1696-1737 The Spleen (1737)
Sarah Fielding 1710-1768 The Adventures of David Simple (1744)
Henry Brooke 1703-1772 The Fool of Quality (1766-72) Novel of sensibility
George Berkeley 1685-1753 Treatise Concerning the Principles of
Human Knowledge
Samuel Richardson 1689-1761 Pamela or Virtue Rewarded (1749) It was a novel intended to counter the effects
of novels.
Clarissa The first great flowering of the English novel
The History of Sir Charles Grandison began in 1740 with Richardsons Pamela
(1753-4)
Henry Fielding 1707-1754 Joseph Andrews (1742) He wrote prose satire ha attacked the
Shamela (publ. 1741) absurdity of Richardsons novels. He defined
Tom Jones (1749) the novel itself as a comic epic poem in
The History of the Life of the Late Mr. prose
Jonathan Wild, the Great (1743)
Amelia (1751) Domestic novel
Henry Mackenzie 1745-1831 The Man of Feeling Indirectly began the sentimental novel
Tobias Smollett 1721-1771 Humphrey Clinker The most important picaresque novelist
Roderick Random (publ. 1748)
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The Adventures of ferdinend, Count


Fathom
Peregrine Pickle
Laurence Sterne 1713-1768 The Life and Opinions of Swiftian novel. Humourist
TristamShandy, Gentleman (1760-67)
Journal to Eliza (1768)
3- The Age of Sensibility (or The Age
of Johnson) (1745-1785)

Samuel Johnson 1709-1784 A Dictionary of the English Language Lexicographer and miscellaneous writer. One
(publ. 1758) of the supreme figures of English literary
Vanity of Human Wishes (1749) history
Rasselas (1759) Oriental tale, a didactic novel
Lives of the Most Eminent English He was the greatest literary figure in England
Poets (1779-81) between 1745 and 1784
David Hume 1771-1776 Treatise of Human Nature (1739-40) He says that the proper study of mankind
Natural History of Religion (1757) remains man himself. He revealed that
Dialogues Concerning Natural theology is necessarily a branch of
Religion (publ. posthumously in 1779) anthropology and psychology and that neither
Enquiry Concerning the Principles of religion nor reason can be an adequate ground
Morals (1751) formorality and moral judgement has to lie in
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the association of virtue with pleasure and


vice with pain
Edmund Burke 1729-1797 A Philosophical Enquiry into the
Origin of our Ideas of the Sublime and
the Beautiful (1757)
James Hervey 1714-1758 Meditations Among the Tombs (1745-
7)
Catherine Macaulay History of England (1763)
Elizabeth Montagu Essay on the Writings and Genius of
Shakespeare (1769)
Hester Chapone Letters on the Improvement of the Mind
(1773)
Hellen Williams 1761-1827
Charlotte Smith 1749-1806 Sonneteer
William Collins 1721-1759
Robert Fergusson 1750-1774 Revival of the Scottish literary culture
Robert Burns 1759-1796 Poems Chefly in the Scottish Dialect One of the greatest 18th C. Scots poet. He
(1786) could fuse feeling with his knowledge of the
older Scots tradition
James Hoggs 1770-1835 The Private Memoirs and Confessions Sentimental Scots songs
of a Justified Sinner (1824)
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James Macpherson 1736-1796 Fragments of Ancient Poetry Collected


in the Highlands of Scotland and
Translated from the Gaelic or Erse
Language (1760)
Fingal, An Ancient Epic Poem in Six
Books: together with several other
poems, composed by Ossian the Son of
Fingal, Translated from the Gaelic
Language
George Crabbe 1754-1832 The Village (1783)
The Parish Register (1803) It is a series of sketches of village manners.
Thomas Gray 1716-1771 Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard Precursor of the Gothic genre. One of the
(1751) Graveyard poets whose works are
The Bard characterized by their gloomy meditations on
Progress of Poesy mortality, skulls, coffins, epitaphs and
worms in the context of the graveyard
William Cowper 1731-1800 John Gilpin (humorous ballad) Graveyard poet
Table-talk
The Task (1785)
Christopher Smart 1722-1770/1 The Hilliad Graveyard poet. One of the greatest and most
A Song to david (1763) original of 18th C. hymns writer
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Jubilate Agno (1759-63, publ. 1939)


Thomas Chatterton 1752-1770 Imitations of the Old English Poetry Graveyard poet
Robert Blair 1699-1746/7 The Grave (1743) (a dull, didactic but Graveyard poet
popular poem)
Edward Young 1683/4-1765 The Complaint, or Night Thoughts on Noted example of the graveyard genre
Life, Death and Immortality (1742-45) Graveyard poet. He developed the graveyard
The Universal Passion (1725-8) meditations, the mixed suggestions of
Christian morality and personal tragedy
Horace Walpole 1717-1797 The Castle of Otranto (1764) Gothic fiction genre with horror and romance
The Mysterious Mother
Oliver Goldsmith ? 1730-1774 Enquiry into the Present State of Polite Descriptive and moralizing mode
Learning (1759)
The traveler (1764)
The Deserted Village (1770)
The Vicar of Wakefield (1766) His only sustained work of prose fiction.
Richard Brinsley Sheridan 1751-1816 The Rivals (1775)
Edward Gibbon 1737-1794 The History of the Decline and Fall of
the Roman Empire (1776-88)
Memoirs of my Life and Writings
(1796)
Fanny Burvey 1752-1840
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Ann Radcliffe 1764-1823 The Mysteries of Udolpho (1795) Gothic novel


The Sicilian Romance (1790) Gothic novelist
The Romance of the Forest (1791)
William Godwin 1756-1836 Caleb Williams This novel is a psychologically novel of
revenge, pursuit and the pursuer pursued
Philosopher and novelist
William Beckford 1760-1844 Vathek (1786) Oriental tale, luxuriant style
Gothic and horror literary genre
Matthew Lewis 1775-1818 The Monk (1796) A fantastic and demoniac tale
Gothic and horror literary genre
The Romantic Period (1785-1830)
Thomas Paine 1737-1809 Common Sense (1776) Exposition of liberal ideas
Jean-Jacques Rousseau 1712-1778 The Social Contract (1762)
William Blake 1757-1827 Poetical Sketches (1783) Elizabethan poet of the 19th C.
Songs of Innocence (1789) Romantic poet
Songs of Experience (1794)
Poetical Sketches
Jerusalem (1820) This is Blakes triumphant assertion of man
over materialism
Samuel Taylor Coleridge 1772-1835 Rime of the Ancient Mariner Lake poets: Wordsworth, Coleridge, Southey
Kubla Khan (1774-1843) and Thomas de Quincey
27

Frost at Midnight Poet and philosopher. He wrote in verse and


Dejection: AnOde in prose
Dejection: A Letter (1802)
Christabel Its his major prose work
Biographia Literaria
William Wordsworth 1770-1850 Michael Much of his verse contains little of real
Lines Composed a Few Miles Above interest but his best is poetry of the very
Tintern Abbey highest type.
Relosution and Independence He remains the focal poetic voice of the
Ode: Intimations of Inmortality from period. In 1834 he was made Poet Laureate
Recollections of Early Childhood
The Prelude
Lyrical Ballads This is probably the best known collaborative
exercise in English Literature (Wordsworth
and Coleridge)
Friedrich Schelling 1775-1854 Kants follower
Johann Christoph von Schiller 1759-1805 Kants follower. Poetic drama
August Wilhelm Schlegel 1767-1845 Kants follower
Elizabeth Inchbald 1753-1821 A Simple Story (1791)
Fanny Burvey 1752-1840 Evelina, or The History of a Young Her novels are important analyses of
Ladys Entrance into the World (1778) womens role in society
28

Early Diary (publ. posthumously in


1889)
Cecilia (1782)
Camilla (1796)
Clara Reeve 1729-1807 The Champion of Virtue, a Gothic
Story (1771)
John Keats 1795-1821 Ode to a Nightingale Poet. A great master of the music of verse
Endymion (1818)
The Eve of Saint Agnes (1820)
Lamia (1820) Narrative poem.
Lord Byron (Gordon George) 1788-1824 Childe Harolds Pilgrimage (1812) A mock-heroic epic of a mans adventure in
Europe
Percy Shelley 1792-1822 The Masque of Anarchy (1819) Non-violence in protest and political action
Prometheus Unbound (1820)
Mary Wolstonecraft Shelley 1797-1851 Frankestein A repulsive but powerful romance. It is one of
the great myths of spiritual isolation, its
ugliness causes it to be ostracized
Vindication of the Rights of Woman
She said that married women were to be
educated as useful members of society, they
29

were to be independent, able to earn their


living
Sir Walter Scott 1771-1832 Waverley (1814) This is considered the first historical novel. It
Ivanhoe is the first of Scotts novels and shows
Scotland in 1745, the year of the Jacobite
rising.
Rob Roy (1817) A Scottish novelist and poet. He is considered
Guy Mannering (1815) the father of the historical novel
The Antiquary (1816)
Old Mortality (1816)
The Heart of Midlothian (1818)
Maria Edgeworth 1767-1849 Castle Rackrent She invented the regional novel. The ideals of
Belinda the enlightenment play an important role in
The Absentee her novels.
Jane Austen 1775-1817 Pride and Prejudice (1813) Dependence of women to marriage to secure
Sense and Sensibility (1811) social and economic security. Her character-
Mansfield Park drawing is strong and realistic. Her novels are
Emma examples of the finest literary art
Persuasion
Northanger Abbey (between 1797 and
1798)
30

Susan Ferrier (Scottish) 1782-1854 Marriage (publ. 1818) Scotch novelist


The Inheritance (1824)
John Galt (Scottish) 1779-1839 Annals of the Parish (1821) He has carefully drawn Scotch provincial and
The Provost (1822) peasant life
The Entail (1823)
Michael Scott (Scottish) 1789-1835 Tom Cringles Log (publ. 1833) Novelist
John Lockhart 1794-1854 Adam Blair (1822)
Matthew Wald (1824)
James Hogg 1770-1835 The Private Memoirs and Confessions Scotch poet. His style is diffuse but graceful
of a Justified Sinner (1824) and imaginative
The Queens Wake
John Clare 1793-1864 Poems Deascriptive of Rural Life
(1820)
The Village Minstrel (1821)
The Shepherds Calendar (1827) Dedicated to the English countryside
Thomas Love Peacock 1785-1866 Head Long Hall (1816) He wrote satirical fiction
Maid Marian Pastoral, historical romance
Crochet Castle
Gryel Grange
Nightmare Abbey (1818) Satire on the English romantic movement
31

William Hazlitt 1778-1830 Characters of Shakespeares Plays He constructs a canon that reflects his high
(1817) regard for Pope, Swift and Samuel Butler. He
The English Comic Writers (1819) is among the greatest of critical writers.
The dramatic Literature of the Age of
Elizabeth (1820)
Lectures on the English Poets (1818)
The Spirit of the Age (1825)
The Round Table (1817)
Table Talk (1821-2)
The Plain Speaker (1826)
Literary Remains (1836)
Thomas de Quincey 1785-1859 Confessions of an English Opium Eater This book is a classic of drug literature
The Literature of Knowledge and the
Literature of Power
On the Knocking at the Gate of
Macbeth (essay)
Murder considered as One of the Fine A more ironic concern with horror
Arts
Charles Lamb 1775-1834 Rosamund Gray (1798)
John Woodvil (1802)
32

Specimens of English Dramatic Poets


who Lived about the Time of It deprecates the elaborate and illusionistic
Shakespeare (1808) stage performances in favour of private
On the Tragedies of Shakespeare reading and meditation on the text
(essay)
Mary Russell Mitford 1787-1855 Our Village (1824-1832) It is a warm and delightful minor masterpiece
of rural description, of weather, work and
characters
She was the prose-painter of the countryside
Gilbert White 1720-1793
Walter Savage Landor 1775-1864 Imaginary Conversation (1824-29)
William Cobbett ? 1763-1835 Cottage Economy (1822) He wrote about the social problems of the age
Rural Rides (1830)
Political Register (1802-1835)
Jeremy Bentham 1748-1832
The Victorian Period (1832-1901)

1- The Pre-Raphaelites (1848-1860)


2- Aestheticism and Decadence (1880-
1901)
33

Thomas Carlyle 1795-1881 Signs of the Times (1828) Here he enveighedagains an industrial culture
which seemed to have mechanized the mind
It may be translated as The Tailor
SartusResartus (1833-4) Refashioned, a metaphor derived from
Swifts A Tale of the Tub
Victorian thinker
The French Revolution (1837) (A
social criticism) Calling the attention of all to the condition-
Chartism (essay) of-England-question
He chose six types as representatives of his
Heroes, Hero-workship and the Heroic ideal: gods, prophets, poets, priests, men of
in History (1841) letters and the king
He painted with vivid imagination the crisis
Past and Present (1843) of mass unemployment amid abundance
An attack on the effects of banning the slave
trade
Occasional Discourse on the Nigger
His great work of his last years
Question (1849)
Reminiscences (1881)
The History of Frederick the Great
(1858-65)
34

John Henry Newman 1801-1890 Tracts for the Times (1833-41) He defended the church against secular
encroachment
An Essay in Aid of a Grammar of
Assent (1870)
Essay on the Development of Christian
Doctrine (1845)
Loss and Gain (1848)
Charles Kingsley 1819-1875 Andromeda Novelist and poet
Hypatia (1853) It was conceived as an attack on Roman
Catholics
The Water Babies (1863) This is the finest of his writings for children
John Stuart Mill 1806-1873 Bentham (essay)
Coleridge (essay)
Utilitarianism (essay)
System of Logic (1843)
Principles of political Economy (1848)
On the Subjection of Women (publ. in
1869)
On Liberty (1859)(essay) It marks a high point of Victorian liberal
thought
Thomas Babington Macaulay 1800-1859 Lays of Ancient Rome (1842)
35

History of England from the Accession It was his most assured popular success
of James II (1849-61) (unfinished)
Harriet Martineau 1802-1876
Charlotte Elizabeth, MrsTonna 1790-1846 Helen Fleetwood (1841) Here she campaigned against abuses in the
employment of women and children
Michael Armstrong, the Factory Boy She presents here a horrific picture of child
(1939-40) exploitation

Frances Trollope 1780-1863 Jessie Phillips (1842-3)


Harrison Ainsworth 1805-1882 Patriotic novelist
Benjamin Disraeli 1804-1881 Vivian Grey Novelist and stateman. He turned his literary
Endymion attention to the condition-of-England-
Coningsby (1844) Question
Frederick Marryat 1782-1848 Peter Simple Marine novelist
Edward Bulwer-Lytton 1803-1873 The Caxton(1849) A gentle saga of domestic family life.
My Novel (1853) Novelist and poet
The Last Days of Pompeii (1834)
Paul Clifford (1850) A novel with a purpose
Zanoni (1842) Occult fantasies
The Haunted and the Haunters (1859) Ghost stories
36

Charles Dickens 1812-1870 Sketches by Boz (1836) Social novels (London life and struggles of
Pickwick Papers the poor)
Oliver Twist (1837-8) All his novels and tales bear marks of genius
Nicholas Nickleby (1839) and originality
The Old Curiosity Shop (1841)
Barnaby Rudge (1841) Historical novel on the Gordon Riots of 1780

A Christmas Carol (1843)


Dombey and Son (1846-8)
Great Expectations (1860-1)
Martin Chuzzlewit (1844)
The Cricket on the Hearth (1845)
David Copperfield (1850)
Hard Times (1854)
A Tale of Two Cities (1859)
Our Mutual Friend (1865)
Bleak House (1852-3)
Little Dorrit (1855-7)
Our Mutual Friend (1864-5)
William Makepeace Thackeray 1811-1863 Vanity Fair (1847) Serial publication
Barry Lyndon (1856) Here he attempted a rogues tale in the
Catherine (1839) manner of Fieldings Jonathan Wild
37

The Book of Snobs (1848)


The Virginians (1859)
Edward Lear 1812-1888 A Book of Nonsense (846)
Nonsense Songs (1871)
Laughable Lyrics (1877)
Charlotte Bront 1816-1855 Jane Eyre (1847) A writer of great power and originality. She
Villette (1853) develops feminist views that are at once
The Professor (publ. posthumously in pessimistic and defiant
1857)
Shirley (1849)
Emily Bront 1819-1848 Wuthering Heights (1847) Her novel shows great power but as a whole
is strained and unnatural. It is considered the
most remarkable of all the major works of
Victorian fiction
Anne Bront 1820-1849 Agnes grey (1847)
The Tenant of Wildfell Hall (1848)
Elizabeth Gaskell 1810-1865 Mary Barton (publ. 1848) Novelist and biographer. Her books are
North and South (1855) earnest and well-written. Her Life of
Cranford (1853) Charlotte Bront is a much admired
Wives and Daughters (1864-6) biography. She presents a finely observed
Life of Charlotte Bront (1857) view of the working people, her work was an
38

Ruth (1853) important contribution to the condition-of-


Sylvias Lovers (1863) England-question
Charlotte Yonge 1823-1901 Heartsease Novelist. Her work is all careful, well
The heir of Redclyffe intentioned and strongly High Church in
The Daisy Chain character
Anthony Trollope 1815-1882 The Warden (1855) Professional classes of early Victorian
Barchester Towers (1857) England. His stories are never dull, the
The Way We Live Now (1875) current of the narrative flows easily and the
Phinneas Finn characters are well sketched, but the English
The Eustace Diamonds is sometimes a little careless.
The Small House at Allington
The Last Chronicle of Barset
He Knew He Was Right
The Prime Minister
Charles Reade 1814- It Is Never Too Late to Mend (1856) Novelist. A writer of strong genius, whose
Foul Play (1869) style is piquant and aggressive.
Put Yourself in This Place (1870)
The Cloister and the Hearth (1861)
George Meredith 1828-1909 The Ordeal of Richard Feverel (1859) He is a figure of great importance in the
The Idea of Comedy (essay) development of the English novel
39

The Adventures of Harry Richmond


(1871)
Evan Harrington (1861)
Beauchamps Career (1876)
Diana of the Crossways (1885)
The Egoist (1879)
Robert Smith Surtees 1803-1864
George Borrow 1803-1881 Gipsies of Spain
Bible in Spain
Henry Kingsley 1830-1876 Ravenshoe Novelist. Charles brother
Austin Elliott
Wilkie Collins 1824-1889 The Moonstone (1868) Detective and sensation novel. He excels all
The Woman in White other novelist in the construction of plot.
George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans) 1819-1880 Adam Bede (publ. between 1858-1861) Literary realism. Novelist and poet. The
Middlemarch (publ. between 1871- strength of her novels lies in their wonderful
1872) delineations of character. Her style is strongly
Scenes of Clerical Life (publ. between marked, often picturesque and her
1858-1861) descriptions are clear and distinct.
The Mill on the Floss (publ. between
1858-1861)
40

Silas Marner (publ. between 1858-


1861)
Romola (publ. 1864)
Felix Holt the Radical (publ. 1866)
Daniel Deronda (publ. 1876)
John Ruskin 1819-1900 The King of the Golden River (1851) He emerged as the apologist of the great
Practerita (1885-9) English artist Turner. What he admired in
Modern Painters (1843) Turner was the creation of accurate
The Seven Lamps of Architecture descriptions of landscape
(1849)
The Stones of Venice (1851-3)
Time and Tide (1867) This work advocates state education and state
care for the elderly and the poor
Unto This Last (1862)
Thomas Hardy 1840-1928 Far From the Madding Crowd (1874) He wrote about the declining rural society. He
The Major of Casterbridge (1886) was also a lyric poet.
Tess of the dUrbervilles (1891) His character-drawing is sharp and incisive,
Jude the Obscure (1895) his studies of peasant life truthful and
Desperate Remedies (publ. 1871) sympathetic, and his descriptive passages
The Hand of Ethelberta (1876) masterly
The Trumpet-Major (1880)
The Return of the Native (publ. 1878)
41

Under the Greenwood Tree (1872)


Life (1928-30)
The Woodlanders (1887)
The Trumpet-Major (1880) It is his epic drama of the war with
The Dynasts (1904-8) Napoleon
Thomas Hughes 1822-1896 Tom Browns Schooldays (1857)
Frederick Farrar 1831-1903 Eric, or Little by Little (1858)
Frederick Marryat 1792-1845
R. M. Ballantyne 1825-1894 The Coral Island (1858)
G. A. Henty 1832-1902
George Mac Donald 1824-1905 The Prince and the Goblin (1870-71) A work of great psychological interest
Phantastes (1858) He developed the modern fantasy genre.
Scotch novelist and poet
J. M. Barrie 1860-1937 Peter Pan (1904)
Kenneth Grahame 1859-1932 The Wind in the Willows (1908)
Henry James 1843-1916 The Turn of the Screw
The Portrait of a Lady (1881)
Roderick Hudson
The Wings of the Dove (1902)
The Golden Bowl (1904)
The Ambassadors (1903)
42

The Spoils of Poynton (1897)


The Bostonians (1886)
The Princess of Casamassima (1886)
What Maisie Knew (1898)
Edgar Allan Poe (American) 1809-1849 Detective story and short story writer
Nathaniel Hawthorne (American) 1804-1864 Twice Told Tales
The Scarlet Letter
Herman Melville (American) 1819-1891 Moby Dick (1851) Adventurous whaling voyage
Billy Budd (1850)
Mark Twain (American) 1835-1910
Ralph Waldo Emerson (American) 1803-1882 Essayist
Henry David Thoreau (American) 1817-1862 Essayist
Sheridan Le Fanu 1814-1873/4 Uncle Silas (1865) Ghost story writer. The first Victorian writer
Carmilla (1872) whose finest work is all in a supernatural or
The House by the Churchyard (1863) occult mode
Bram Stoker Dracula (1897) Horror story
Arthur Conan Doyle 1859-1930 A Study in Scarlet (1887) Featured Sherlock Holmes in four novels and
fifty six short stories
He wrote profusely in the fields of historical
fiction
43

H. Ridder Haggard 1856-1925 Kings Salomons Mines (1885) Archaeological discoveries by imperial
adventures
He introduced the Lost World literary genre
Arthur Hugh Clough 1819-1861
Anna Sewell 1820-1878
Coventry Patmore 1823-1896
Samuel Butler 1825-1902 The Way of All Flesh (publ. 1903, a
year after his death)
Anthony Hope The Prisoner of Zenda (1894) Ruritanian adventure novel
Joseph Conrad 1857-1925 Heart of Darkness (1902) (short story) Polish-born
Lord Jim (1900)
Almayers Folly (publ. 1895)
Under Western Eyes (1911)
Chance (1914)
The Nigger of the Narcissus (1897)
Nostromo (1904)
The Secret Agent (1907)
Lewis Carroll (the pen-name of Charles 1832-1898 Alices Adventures in Wonderland This work contains the most exhilarating and
Lutwidge Dodgson) (1865) challenging series of puns and word games

Through the Looking-Glass


44

Sylvie and Bruno (1899) Literature for children. His fictions are
The Hunting of the Snark (1876) largely free from the didactic purposes behind
much Victorian writing for children
George Borrow 1803-1881 The Bible in Spain (1843) A work which shows his profound interest in
languages and his gift for describing vivid
incidents and picturesque personalities
Robert Louis Stevenson (Scottish) 1850-1894 The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Adventure novels
Hyde (1886)
Kidnapped (1886) Fast-paced historical novel
Treasure Island (1883) Pirate adventure
The Master of Ballantrae (1889)
Wier of Hermiston (1897) Unfinished at his death, it survives as a
fragment
Beatrix Potter 1866-1943 The Tale of Peter Rabbit (1902) Childrens books featuring animal characters.
She is considered the greatest creator of the
animal world for the children of the late 19th
C.
Alfred, Lord Tennyson 1809-1892 Idyls of the King (publ. between 1859 Poet Laureate during Queens Victorias
and 1885) reign
The Princess (1847) Dramatic monologue
In Memorian
45

Maud (1855)
Enoch Arden
Poems by Two Brothers (1827)
Poems (1833)
Robert Browning 1812-1889 Poems (1833) Dramatic monologue
Men and Women (1855) Serious approach to religious problems is
evident in this collection of poems
Pauline (1833)
Paracelsus (1835) Paracelsus is a Faust-like figure aspiring to
universal knowledge
Sordello (1840) It marks his first complete success with the
dramatic monologue
My Last Duchess (1846)
Dramatis Personae (1864) This is his triumphant vindication of the
dramatic monologue
The Ring and the Book (1868-9)
Elizabeth Barret Browning 1806/9-1861 Sonnets from the Portuguese (1850) Her verse appeals to a limited class of readers
(publ. in Poems) She used the sonnet form
Casa Guidi Windows (1851) Verse novel. It discusses issues of gender,
Aurora Leigh (1857) class and the relation of art to politics
46

Matthew Arnold 1822-1888 Culture and Anarchy (1869) Here he discussed social and political issues
It is essentially a series of dramatic
Empedocles on Edna (1852) monologues
Poet and essayist
The Scholar Gipsy
Essays on Criticism (1865)
Mixed Essays (1879)
The Study of Poetry
St Paul and Protestantism (1870)
Literature and Dogma (1873)
God and the Bible (1875)
Dante Gabriel Rossetti 1828-1882 Sister Helen He wrote sonnets. He belongs to the Pre-
Poems (1870) Raphaelite Brotherhood. Their name
Ballads and Sonnets (1881) suggests their interest in the Gothic
The House of Life
Rose Mary
William Morris 1834-1896 The Defence of Guenevere and Other It remains a highly original contribution to
Poems (1858) Victorian Gothic
The Life and Death of Jason (1867)
The Story of the Glittering Plain (1891)
The Earthly Paradise (1868-70)
47

News fron Nowhere (1890) Twenty-four verse narratives collected in this


work
It was offered as a Utopian vision of English
life after the socialist revolution. It portrays a
society where the state has been abolished
and men and women live in equality
The Well at the Worlds End (1896) He became an early convert to what remains
one of he greatest indictments of the
Victorian industrial world
Mannered prose and fantastic, allegorical
quests
Christina Rossetti 1830-1894 Goblin Market (1862) She is one of the most interesting Victorian
woman poets
W. S. Gilbert 1836-1911 H. M. S. Pinafore He wrote comic operas. Dramatist and
The Pirates of Penzance humorous poet
The Mikado
Gerard Manley Hopkins 1844-1889 Poems (publ. posthumously in 1918) In his work Victorian religious poetry finds
its most magnificent expression
Apologia
Algernon Charles Swinburne 1837-1909 Atalanta in Calydon (1865) A work modeled on Greek tragedy
Poems and Ballads (1866)
48

He was associated with Morris and the Pre-


Raphaelites
Walter Pater 1839-1894 Studies in the History of the He gave the generation of the 1890s the
Renaissance (1873) central doctrine of the Aesthetic Movement
Marius the Epicurean (1885)
Ernest Dowson 1867-1900
A. E. Housman 1859-1936 A Shropshire Lad (1896)
Last Poems (1922)
More Poems (1936)
W. H. Auden
Dylan Thomas
Charles Wright (American)
Emily Dickinson (American) 1830-1886 Little of her work was published during her
lifetime
Walt Whitman (American) 1819-1892
Oscar Wilde 1854-1900 The Importance of Being Earnest Irish poet
(1895)
The Picture of Dorian Gray (1891) His only novel, it builds on popular
psychological melodrama and the pursuit of
hedonism
Salome (1893)
49

A Woman of No Importance (1893) Leading poet and dramatist of the late


An Ideal Husband (1895) Victorian period. He became a central symbol
De Profundis (1897) of the English fin de siecle
The Ballad of Reading Gaol (1898)
A powerful picture of human isolation
George Bernard Shaw 1856-1950 Pygmalion Irish playwright
The Modern Period (1914-1945)

1- The Edwardian Period (1901-1914)


2- The Georgian Period (1910-1936)

Edward Marsh 1872-1953


J. C. Squire 1884-1953
John Masefield 1878-1967
W. H. Davies 1871-1940
Edward Thomas 1878-1917 Rural poet
Rupert Brooke 1887-1915
Walter de la Mare 1873-1956
Edmund Blunden 1896-1974 Undertones of War (1928) Georgian poet
Ivor Gurvey 1890-1937
Isaac Rosenberg 1890-1918
Wilfrid Owen 1893-1918
50

Siegfrid Sassoon 1886-1967 The Old Huntsman (1917) Satirical works


Counter-Attack and Other Poems
(1918)
Memoirs of Heorge Sherston (1928-36)
Robert Graves 1895-1985 Goodbye to All That (1929) Comedy of humours
W. B. Yeats (Irish) 1865-1939 The Tower (1928) One of the foremost figures of the 20th C.
The Winding Stair and Other Poems literature. His poetry becomes a response to
(1929) one of the greatest of modern issues: the
The Trembling of the Veil (1922) problem of finding spiritual value in a world
Fairy and Folk Tales of the Irish without God
Peasantry (1888)
The Wandering of Oisin (1889) Concern with the opposition between
Christianity and paganism
The Countess Cathleen (1892) Yeats work as a playwright, reminiscent of
Jacobean drama
The Rose His research into the occult
The Celtic Twilight (1893) Folk magic
The Wind Among the Reeds (1899) A Prayer for my Daughter remains one of
Cathleen in Houlilan (acted 1902) the supreme creations of twentieth-century
The Unicorn from the Stars (acted poetry
1907)
Purgatory (1938)
51

The Words in the Window-Pane (acted


1930)
The Green Helmet (1910)
Responsibilities (1914)
The Wild Swans at Coole (1919)
Michael Robartes and the Dancer
(1921)
A Vision (1925-37)
New Poems (1938)
Last Poems (1939)
J. M. Synge 1871-1909 The Playboy of the Western World
(1907)
Riders to the Sea (1904)
Deirdre of the Sorrows (1910) Unfinished
Sean OCasey 1884-1964 Juno and the Paycock (1925)
The Plough and the Stars (1926)
Noel Coward 1899-1973 Hay Fever (1925) Considered one of the masters of English
Private Lives (1930) light verse
Design for Living (1932)
Present Laughter (1942)
Blithe Spirit (1941)
52

T. S. Eliot 1888-1965 Sweeney Agonistes (1932) Poetic drama (unfinished)


The Rock (1934) American poet. In 1927 he became a British
Murder in the Cathedral (1935) citizen and was received into the Anglican
Family Reunion (1939) church
The Cocktail Party (1950) Verse play, it shows the church in action
The Confidential Clerk (1954) Verse drama
The Elder Statesman (1958)
The Waste Land (1921)
Four Quartets (1935-42)
After Strange Gods (1934) He continued publishing significant work
The Hollow Men (1925) during the next period (the 21st Century)
Here he suggested that to deny God was to
commit a form of spiritual suicide. It portrays
Ash Wednesday (1930) the hell of those who have abandoned hope

The Use of Poetry and the Use of


Criticism (1933)
Thought after Lambeth (1931)
The Idea of a Christian Society (1939)
Rudyard Kipling 1865-1936 The Jungle Book (1894-5) Poet, not considered modernist
53

The Man Who Would Be King (1901) Popular writer of the early years of the 20th C.
Kim (1901) Poem
If (1895)
George Douglas Brown (Scottish) The House with the Green Shutters
(publ. 1902)
Mark Rutherford (real name: William Hale 1831-1913 The Autobiography of mark Rutherford
White) (publ. 1881)
George Gissing 1857-1903 The Private Papers of Henry Ryecroft
(1903)
New Grub Street (1891)
The Unclassed (1884)
Thyrza (1887)
Isabel Clarendon (1886)
The Nether World (1889)
Born in Exile (1892)
The Odd Women (1893)
In the Year of the Jubilee (1894)
A Lifes Morning (1885)
George Moore (Irish) 1852-1933 Esther Waters (1894)
A Mummers Wife (1885)
Confessions of a Young Man (1888)
54

Hail and Farewell


The Brook Kerith (1916)
Hloise and Ablard (1921)
The Nether World (1889) A work written after the sordid death of his
alcoholic wife
Arthur Morrison 1863-1845 A Child of the Jago (1896)
The Hole in the Wall (1902)
H. G. Wells 1866-1946 The War of the Worlds All written in the 1890s
The Time Machine
The Invisible Man
The Island of Dr. Moreau
Kipps (1905) He wrote science fiction novels
Mr. Polly (1910)
The First Men in the Moon (1901)
Love and Mr Lewisham (1900)
Tono-Buney (1909)
Ann Veronica (1909)
John Galsworthy 1867-1933 The Forsyte Saga (1906-21)
Arnold Bennet 1867-1931 The Old Wives Tale (1908)
Anna of the Five Towns (1902)
Clayhanger (1910) The Clayhanger novels
55

Hilda Lessways (1911)


These Twains (1916)
G. K. Chesterton 1874-1936 The Innocence of Father Brown His best known character is a priest detective,
The Wisdom of Father Brown Father Brown
The Man Who Was Thursday (publ.
1908)
Charles Dickens: A Critical Study His non-fiction work
(1906)
William Somerset Maugham Liza of Lambeth (1897)
Cakes and Ale (1930)
Of Human Bondage (1915)
Ford Madox Ford 1837-1939 Fifth Queen (Trilogy on Katherine
Howard and Henry VIII)
The Good Soldier (1915) Novel of upper-middle-class adultery
Some Do Not (between 1924 and 1928)
Parades End (1924-8)
No More Parades (between 1924 and
1928)
A Man Should Stand Up (between 1924
and 1928)
Last Post (between 1924 and 1928)
56

The Benefactor (1905)


William de Morgan 1839-1917 Joseph Vance (publ. 1906)
F. W. Rolfe 1860-1913 Hadrian the Seventh (1934)
H. H. Munro (Saki) 1870-1916 The Unbearable Bassington (1912)
E. M. Forster 1879-1970 A Passage to India (1924) His study on imperialism
A Room With a View (1908) His work is frequently regarded as containing
both modernist and Victorian elements
In this novel, Forster essayed a condition-of-
Howards End (1910) England novel

Where Angels Fear to Tread (1905)


The Longest Journey (1907)
Maurice (written 1913-4, publ.
posthumously in 1971) Short stories
The Celestial Omnibus (1914) Short stories
The Eternal Moment (1928) Volume of essays
Pharos and Pharillion (appeared
1923) Essays
Abinger Harvest (1936) Essays
Two Cheers for Democracy (1951) Literary criticism
Aspects of the Novel (1927)
57

The Life to Come and Other Stories Short stories


(publ. posthumously in 1972)
Ezra Pound 1885-1972 Hugh Selwyn Mauberley (1920) American poet
William Carlos Williams 1883-1963 American poet
Robert Frost 1874-1963
Gertrude Stein 1874-1946
Marianne Moore 1887-1972
Dorothy Richardson 1873-1957 Pointed Roof (1915) She uses the stream of consciousness
technique . The beginning of a dozen novels
which together compose the single work
Pilgrimage, completed in 1935.
The Stream of Consciousness technique is a
method of rendering consciousness in itself
as it flows from moment to moment. The
readers are the cutting-edge of the
characters mind, the readers share the
continuous present of their consciousness.
There is immense gain in intimacy and
immediacy
58

D. H. Lawrence 1885-1930 The Rainbow (1915) Fundamental Lawrentian idea: the belief that
Lady Chatterleys Lover (1928) modern men and women are ruinously
The Plumed Serpent (1926) trapped between nature and civilization
Kangaroo (19239
Aarons Rod Autobiographical masterpiece
Sons and Lovers (1913) Conflict, transcendence and the hope of
The White Peacock (1910) spiritual fulfilment become central
Women in Love Lawrentian themes
The Trespasser (1912)
Mr Noon (publ. 1984) Wonderful volume of verse
Look! We Have Come Through! (1917)
Study of Thomas Hardy (written 1914)
Psychoanalysis of the Unconscious
(1921)
Fantasia of the Unconscious (1922)
Sea and Sardinia (1921)
Birds, Beasts and Flowers (1923)
Last Poems (1932) Magnificent collection of poems
Apocalypse (1931)
James Joyce 1882-1941 Ulysses (publ. 1922) He uses the stream of consciousness
Finnegans Wake (1939) technique
Autobiographical novel
59

A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man


(1916) Collection of short stories
Dubliners (issued in 1914) Play
Exiles (1918)
Virginia Woolf 1882-1941 Mrs. Dalloway (1925) She uses the stream of consciousness
To the Lighthouse (1927) technique. Member of the Bloomsbury group
Essay
A Room of Ones Own (1929) Her first experimental novel
Jacobs Room (1922)
The Waves
Mr. Bennet and Mrs. Brown Non-fiction
Orlando (1928)
The Waves (1931)
The Years (1937) Published posthumously
Between the Acts (1941)
Lytton Strachey 1880-1932 Eminent Victorians (1918)
Queen Victoria (1921)
Elizabeth and Essex (1928)
Mary Sinclair 1863-1946 Life and Death of Harriet Frean (1922)
Rebecca West 1892-1983 The Judge (1922)
60

William Faulkner The Sound and the Fury (1929) He uses the stream of consciousness
technique
Nobel Prize in 1949
Ronald Firbank 1886-1926 Concerning the Eccentricities of
Cardinal Pirelli (1926)
Norman Douglas 1868-1952 South Wind (1917) Conversational novels
David Garnett Lady into Fox (1922)
Edith Sitwell 1887-1964 Faade (1922)
Percy Wyndham Lewis 1882-1957 Tarr (1918)
Eugene ONeill 1888-1953 Anna Christie Pulitzer Prize in 1922
Desire Under the Elms (1924)
Strange Interlude Pulitzer Prize in 1928
Mourning Becomes Electra (1931)
F. R. Leavis 1895-1978 Culture and Environment (1933) Collaboration of Denys Thompson
Bearings in English Poetry (1932)
Revaluation (1936)
Many major critics and important critical
works emerged from these decades, and
English literature was now beginning to
attract some of the finest academic minds of
the time
61

Charles Williams 1886-1945


J. B. Priestley 1894-1984 English Journey (1933) Playwright, novelist and broadcaster
William Empson 1906-1984 Seven Types of Ambiguity (1930) Poet and critic
James Reeves 1909-1978
W. H. Auden 1907-1973 Look, Stranger! (1936) His verse is brilliant and troubling. He
The Orators (1932) continued publishing significant work well
The Dance of Death (1933) into the second half of the century
The Dog beneath the Skin (1935) In some of his dramas he shows interest in the
The Ascent of F6 (1936) psychology of Freud and his followers
New Year Letter (1941)
The Age of Anxiety (1948)
Nones (1951)
The Shield of Achilles (1959)
Stephen Spender 1909-
John Betjeman 1906-1984 Summoned by Bells (1960) Autobiographical
He became one of the most widely read of
modern English poets
Cecil Day-Lewis 1904-1972
Roy Campbell 1901-1957
John Lehmann 1907-
62

Christopher Isherwood 1904-1986 All the Conspirators (1928) His early novels also deal with the effects of
The Memorial (1932) totalitarianism. These two first novels present
the emotional paralysis, the sense of personal
and social neurosis
Norris Changes Trains (1935) Evokes the underlying violence of a country
racked by unemployment
Goodbye to Berlin (1939) A corrupt society preparing for war and the
extermination camps is portrayed
Prater Violet (1946) Contains visions of a carastrophic horror of a
nation corrupted by a cult based upon the
most complex system of dogmas concerning
the real nature of the Fuehrer
Ivy Compton-Burnett 1892-1969 Men and Wives (1931) She suggests the emotional suffocation of
Parents and Children (1941) women in love
Rosamund Lehmann 1901- Dusty Answer (1927)
The Echoing Grove (1953)
Elizabeth Bowen 1899-1973 The Death of the Heart (1938)
Henry Green (pseudonym of Henry Vincent 1905-1973 Party Going (publ. in the month that
Yorke) the Second World War broke out)
Blindness (1926)
Living (1929)
63

Anthony Powell 1905- A Dance to the Music of Time Twelve-volume cycle of novels
Afternoon Men (1931)
Venusburg (1932) Here political and social insecurity and the
sense of a decayed culture is portrayed
Theodore Dreiser An American Tragedy American
Dos Passos American novelist
Ernest Hemingway American novelist
Scott Fitzgerald The Great Gatsby (1925) American novelist
John Steinbeck American novelist
Hugh Mac Diarmid (Christopher Murray 1892-1978 Sangschaw (1925) Scottish poet
Grieve)
Hugh Walpole Mr. Perrin and Mr. Traill (1911)
Compton Mackenzie Sinister Street (appeared in 1913-14)
J. D. Beresford The History of Jacob Stahl (appeared
in 1911)
Evelyn Waugh 1903-1966 Decline and Fall (1928) Pre-war novels
Vile Bodies (1930) It captures the desperate hedonism of the
decade
Black Mischief (1932) She continued publishing significant work
A Handful of Dust (1934) during the next period (the 21st Century)
Brideshead Revisited (1945)
64

P. G. Wodehouse 1881-1975 Considered a master of the English light


novel
Aldous Huxley 1894-1963 Brave New World (1932) Here he portrayed a third dystopia and a
traffic affirmation of human freedom amid
the tyranny of scientific bureaucracy
Crome Yellow (1920)
Antic Hay (1923)
Those Barren Leaves (1925)
John Cowper Powys 1872-1963 Wolf Solent (1929) Novel of rural life
Weymouth Sands (1934)
A Glastonbury Romance (1932)
Joyce Cary 1888-1957 Mister Johnson (1939) African novels
Charley is my Darling (1940)
Herself Surprised (1941) These three conform a trilogy that take three
To Be a Pilgrim (1942) representative lives to portray English society
The Horses Mouth (1944) between the close of the 19th century and the
outbreak of the Second World War
Henry Miller Tropic of Cancer (1934)
Graham Greene 1904-1991 Brighton Rock (1938) His first major novel, a thriller and murder
story
The Power of the Glory (1940)
65

His study of the struggle between Marxism


The Heart of the Matter (1948) and Christianity
A Burn-Out Case (1961) His novels of the early 1930s rehearse the
The Human Factor (1978) great themes of the period strikes,
The End of the Affair (1951) international finance, the Spanish Civil War,
religion and Marxism and do so in Greenes
typical manner. His novels frequently use
such popular genres as the spy story and the
political thriller
Postmodernism (1945-)
Dylan Thomas 1914-1953 Under Milk Wood (1954)
Portrait of the Artist as a Young Dog
(1940)
Cyril Connolly 1903-1974 Enemies of Promise (1938)
Samuel Beckett 1906-1989 Waiting for Godot (1955) Pessimistic philosophy of nothing to be
done. The action of continuous inaction
Murphy (1938)
Watt (1944)
Molloy (1951)
Malone Dies (1952)
The Unnameable (1960)
66

Endgame (1958)
Krapps Last Tape (1959)
Happy Days (1960) Perhaps his greatest theatrical invention
Daphne du Maurier 1907-1989 Rebecca (1938)
Jamaica Inn (1937)
The Loving Spirit (1931)
My Cousin Rachel (1951)
Vernon Watkins 1906- Has written about the landscapes and people
of Wales
R. S. Thomas 1913- Has also written about Wales
John Heath-Stubbs 1918-
George Barker 1913-
David Gascoyne 1916-
Edwin Muir 1887-1959
Andrew Young 1885-1971 Poetry
Kathleen Raine 1908-
David Jones 1895-1974 The Anathemata (1952)
Lawrence Durrell 1912-1991 The Alexandria Quartet (1957-60)
Bernard Spencer 1909-
Terence Teller 1916-
67

Robert Graves I, Claudius (publ. 1934) For these novels, he invented the imaginary
Claudius the God (publ. 1934) historical autobiography
Wife to Mr Milton (1943) Example of stylistic pastiche and literary
criticism
The Greek Myths (1955) He wrote some of the finest love poetry of the
The White Goddess (1948) 20th century. For him, writing poetry was thus
Poems 1938-45 a central spiritual exercise
Alun Lewis 1915-1944 Poet of the Second World War
Keith Douglas 1920-1943
Sydney Keyes 1922-1943
Richard Hughes 1900-1976 The Human Predicament (1961-73) Unfinished series
The Fox in the Attic (1961) These two are among the greatest
The Wooden Shepherdess (1973)
achievement of post-war British fiction
A High Wind in Jamaica (1929)
In Hazzard (1938) His first novel
Olivia Manning 1908-1980 The Balkan Trilogy (1960-65)
The Levant Trilogy (1977-80)
J. G. Farrell 1935-1979 The Siege of Krishnapur (1970) Deals with Britain retrest from her imperial
role and her relation to India
Paul Scott 1920-1978 The Raj Quartet (1966-75)
Staying On (1977)
L. P. Hartley 1895-1972 Eustace and Hilda (1944-7) A trilogy
68

The Hireling (1957)


The Go-Between (1950)
Elizabeth Taylor 1912-1975 A Wreath of Roses (1950) Gift for pathos
Mrs Palfrey at the Claremont (1972)
Barbara Pym 1913-1980 Observer of provincial and Anglican life
among the middle classes
Pamela Hansford Johnson 1912-1981
Rose Macaulay 1881-1958 The Towers of Trebizond (1956)
Angus Wilson 1913-1991 The Wrong Set (1949) Collection of short stories
Such Darling Dodos (1959)
Hemlock and After (1952)
Anglo-Saxon Attitudes (1956)
The Middle Age of Mrs Eliot (1958)
The Old Men at the Zoo (1961) Futuristic fable
Late Call (1964)
Malcolm Lowry 1909-1957 Under the Volcano (publ. 1947)
George Orwell (pseudonym of Eric Blair) 1903-1950 Burmese Days (1934) His first novel
Animal Farm An exposure of Stalinist totalitarianism,
couched in the form of a beast fable
1984 (publ. 1949) The annihilation of the individual in the
totalitarian state
69

Down and Out in Paris and London


(1933)
The Road to Wigan Pier
Homage to Catalonia (1938)
William Cooper Scenes from Provincial Life Naturalistic work
Kingsley Amis Lucky Jim (1954) Academic satire
Comic novelist
William Golding 1911- Lord of the Flies (1954) Allegorical novel
The Spire (1964) He is one of the greatest inventors of moral
allegory since Bunyan
The Inheritors (1965) Evocation of the life of Neanderthal man and
the Fall
Pincher Martin (1956)
Darkness Visible (1979)
Rites of Passage (1980) These three form a trilogy
Close Quartets (1987)
Fire Down Below (1989)
Iris Murdoch 1919- Under the Net (1954) Philosopher
A Severe Head (1961)
The Black Prince (1973)
The Green Knight (1993)
70

The Nice and the Good (1968)


A Fairly Honourable Defeat (1970)
Muriel Spark 1918- The Comforters (1957) Scottish writer
The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (1961) Frustration leading with Fascism
The Girls of Slender Means (1963) The operation of evil and grace
The Drivers Seat (1970)
Anthony Burgess 1917- A Clockwork Orange (1962) Dystopian novel. It has become his most
notorious work
The Malayan Trilogy (1972) One of the most interesting analysis of
imperial decline
Earthly Powers (1980) It suggests that the forces of evil and
destruction are more likely to triumph than
those of good
Nothing Like the Sun (1964)

The Wanting Seed (1962)


MF (1971)
Mervyn Peake 1911-1968 Gormenghast (1946-59) Allegory of a bureaucratic post-war society
Gothic fantasy genre
Alan Sillitoe 1928-2010 The Loneliness of the Long Distance
Runner (1959)
71

Saturday Night and Sunday Morning


(1958)
Richard Hoggart 1918- The Uses of Literacy (1957)
John Wain 1925- Hurry On Down (1954)
John Braine 1922- Room at the Top (1957)
Terence Rattigan 1911-1977
Christopher Fry 1907-
Doris Lessing (from Southern Rhodesia 1919- The Grass is Singing (1950)
now Zimbabwe) Children of Violence (1952-69) Sequence of five novels, set in Rhodesia
before independence
The Golden Notebook (1962)
The Good Terrorist (1985)
Canopus in Argos: Archives (1979-83) A sequence of five science fiction novels
Olive Schreiner The Story of an African Farm (publ.
1883)
Shelagh Delaney 1939- A Taste of Honey (1958) Combination of tenderness and bitterness
John Arden 1930- Live Like Pigs (1958)
Arnold Wesker 1932- Roots (1959)
Brendan Behan 1923-1964 The Hostage (1958)
Anne Jellicoe 1927- The Sport of my Mad Mother (1958,
revised 1964)
72

John Whiting 1917-1963 The Devils (1961)


Peter Terson 1932- Zigger-Zagger (1964) Depiction of football hoologanism
Joe Orton 1933-1967 Entertaining Mr Sloane (1964)
Loot (1965)
David Rudkin 1936- Afore Night Come (1962) Evokes ritual murder
Robert Bolt 1924- A Man for All Seasons (1960)
Peter Shaffer 1926- The Royal Hunt of the Sun (1965)
Edward Bond 1934- Saved (1965)
Narrow Road to the Deep North (1968)
Bingo (1971)
Austin Clarke 1896-1974 Influenced by the Irish poetic tradition and by
myth
David Jones 1895-1974 The Tribunes Visitation (1969)
Basil Bunting 1900-1985 The Spoils (1951)
Briggflats (1966)
George Baker 1913- Lament and Triumph (1940)
Eros and Dogma (1944)
The True Confessions of George Baker
(1965)
Stevie Smith 1902-1971
Geoffrey Grigson 1905-1985
73

Roy Fuller 1912-


Donald Davie 1922- Purity of Diction in English Verse
(1952)
Robert Conquest 1917- New Lines 2 (1967)
D. J. Enright 1920-
Elizabeth Jennings 1926- Collected Poems (1967)
Philip Larkin 1922-1985 The North Ship (1945, revised 1966) Poet
The Less Deceived (1955)
The Whitsun Weddings (1964)
High Windows (1974)
Thon Gunn 1929- Fighting Terms (1954)
The Sense of Movement (1959)
My Sad Captains (1961)
Touch (1967)
Moly (1971)
Jack Straws Castle (1976)
The Passages of Joy (1982)
Philip Hobsbaum 1932-
Edward Lucie-Smith 1935-
74

Peter Porter 1929- A poet of wide cultural reference, a satirist


influenced by Latin poetry and the
Elizabethans as well
George Macbeth 1932- Poems from Oby (1982) Finely achieved meditations on love
Alan Brownjohn 1931- Poet
Edwin Brock 1927- Poet
Peter Redgrove 1932- Poet occasionally of the grotesque
Ted Hughes 1930- The Hawk in the Rain (1957) Poems on animals
Lupercal (1960)
Crow (1970)
Gaudete (1977)
Season Songs (1976)
Remains of Elmet (1979)
Moortown (1979)
Patrick White 1912-1990
Katherine Mansfield (New Zealander) In a German Pension (1911) A collection of short stories
R. K. Narayan (from the Indian sub-
continent wrote in English)
Jean Rhys (Caribbean writer) Wide Sargasso Sea (publ. 1966)
Alan Paton Cry, the Beloved Country (1948)
Chinua Achebe (Nigerian - wrote in English) Things Fall Apart (1958) Novelist
75

Wole Soyinka (Nigerian - wrote in English) Playwright


Buchi Emecheta (Nigerian - wrote in Novelist
English)
Nadine Gardiner (South African) Novelist
J. M. Coetzee (South African) Novelist
Athol Fugard (South African) Playwright
Ngugiwa Thiongo (from Kenya) Writes novels, plays and short stories
Derek Walcott (from St. Lucia in the Poet
Caribbean wrote in English)
Les Murray (Australian) Poet
Paul Muldoon (from Northern Ireland)
James Kelman (from Scotland) How Late it Was, How Late
A. L. Kennedy (from Scotland) Day
Alasdair Grey (from Scotland) Lanar K: A Life in Four Books Dystopian fantasy
Margaret Atwood (Canadian) Novelist and poet
Leonard Cohen (Canadian) Poet, song writer and novelist
Alice Munro (Canadian) Short story writer
Anne Carson (Canadian) Poet
Michael Ondaatje (Canadian born in Sri Novelist and poet
Lanka)
76

John Osborne Look Back in Anger (1956) Angry young men: members of an artistic
movement using a style of social realism
which depicts the domestic lives of the
working class and explores social and
political issues.
Harold Pinter 1930- The Birthday Party (1958) Influenced by Samuel Beckett
The Dumb Waiter (publ. 1960)
The Caretaker (publ. 1960)
A Night Out (1961)
Landscape (1968)
No Mans Land (1975)
Tom Stoppard 1937- Rosencranty and Guildenstern are Influenced by Samuel Beckett
Dead (1966)
Michael Frayn 1933- Playwright and novelist
Caryl Churchill Top Girls (1982) Playwright
Alan Ayckbourn Absurd Person Singular (1972)
Seamus Heaney 1939- Death of a Naturalist (1966) Poet
Wintering Out (1972)
North (1975)
Field Work (1979)
Station Island (1984) Eponymous verses
77

J. H. Prynne British poetry revival: it embraces


performance, sound and concrete poetry
Eric Mottrom
Tom Raworth
Denise Riley
Lee Harwood
R. S. Thomas (from Wales) 20th Century poet
Geoffrey Hill 1932- For the Unfallen (1959) Considered one of the most distinguished
English poets of his generation
Mercian Hymns (1971) Prose-poems
Tenebrae (1976) Here the poems are fundamentally religious.
One of the great achievements of post-war
British poetry
Charles Tomlinson 20th Century poet
Carol Ann Duffy
Richard Adams Watership Down (1972) Heroic fantasy
John Fowles The French Lieutenants Woman Made a film in 1981
(1969)
Angela Carter 1940-1992 The Infernal Desire Machines of Novelist and journalist
Doctor Hoffman (1972)
Night at the Circus (1984)
78

Margaret Drabble 1939- Novelist, biographer and critic


Salman Rushdie (from the former British Midnight Children (1981)
colonies) The Satanic Verses (1989)
Muhammad V. S. Naipaul (born in Trinidad) 1932- A House for Mr. Biswas (1961)
A Bend in the River (1979)
George Lamming (from the West Indies) 1927- In the Castle of the Skin (1953)
HanifKureshi (from Pakistan) 1954- the Buddha of Suburbia (1990) Playwright, screenwriter, film maker,
novelist and short story writer
Kazoo Ishiguro (born in Japan) 1954- The Remains of the Day (1989)
Never Let Me Go (2005)
Martin Amis 1949- Money (1984) Prominent contemporary British novelist
London Fields (1989)
Ian Mc Ewan 1948- The Cement Garden (1978) English novelist
Enduring Love (1997)
Julian Barnes 1946- The Sense of an Ending
Flauberts Parrot (1984)
England, England (1998)
Arthur and George (2005)
John Bauville (Irish) 1945- The Book of Evidence
The Sea
79

Colm Tibn (Irish) 1955- Novelist, short story writer, essayist,


playwright, journalist, critic and poet
American
From 1940 into the 21st Century, American
playwrights, poets and novelists have
continued to be internationally prominent
Vladimir Nabokov (Russian-born) Lolita (1956) Novelist
John Updike Rabbit Run (1969) Novelist
Thomas Pynchon V (1963) Novelist
Richard Ford Mainly short stories
Eudora Welty
Richard Wright Novelist
James Baldwin Go Tell it on the Mountain (1953) Novelist
Saul Bellow Herzog (1964) Novelist. Nobel Prize winner
Bernard Malamud The Fixer (1967) Novelist
Joyce Carol Oates Novelist
Cynthia Ozyck Novelist
Toni Morrison Novelist. Nobel Prize winner
Philip Roth Portnoys Complaint (1969) Novelist
Don De Lillo Novelist
Jane Smiley Novelist
80

David Foster Wallace Novelist


Isaac Bashevis Singer Novelist. Nobel Prize winner
Arthur Miller 1915- Death of a Salesman (1949) Playwright
Tennessee Williams A Streetcar Named Desire (1947) Playwright
Edward Albee Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf? Playwright
(1962)
David Mamet Playwright
John Ashberry Poet
Robert Lowell Life Studies (1959) Poet
Charles Olson Poet
Louise Gluk Poet
Elizabeth Bishop North and South (1946) Poet
Alan Ginsberg Howl (1956) Poet
Robert Bly Silence in the Snowy Fields (1962) Poet
Richard Wilbur Poet
Sylvia Plath Ariel (1965) Poet
Amy Clampitt Poet
Robert Pinsky Poet
Mary Oliver Poet
James Wright Poet
Billy Collins Poet
81

20th Century genre Literature


Agatha Christie 1890-1976 Murder on the Orient Express Crime writer of novels, short stories and
Death on the Nile plays. She featured the detectives Hercule
And Then There Were None Poirot or Miss Marple.
Golden age of detective fiction
Dorothy L. Sayers 1893-1957
Ruth Rendell
P. D. James
Scot Ian Rankin
Erskine Childers The Riddle of the Sands (1903) Spy novel
John Le Carr Writer of spy novels
Ian Fleming Casino Royale (1953) Thriller writer. He created the character
Live and Let Die (1954) James Bond 007 in 1952 and chronicled
Dr. No (1958) Bonds adventures in twelve novels and nine
Goldfinger (1959) short stories
Thunder Ball (1961)
Emma Orczy (Hungarian born baronese) 1865-1947 The Scarlet Pimpernel She wrote a number of sequels for her
reckless daredevil over the next thirty five
years
John Buchan 1875-1940 The Thirty-nine Steps (1915) Adventure novel
Georgette Hayer She created the historical romance genre
82

J. M. Barrie 1869-1937 Peter Pan (1904) An idealized version of society. He brought


fantasy and folklore back into fashion
Kenneth Grahame 1859-1932 The Wind in the Willows (1908) Childrens classic
C. S. Lewis The Chronicles of Narnia Fantasy novelist
J. R. R. Tolkien The Hobbit Fantasy novelist
The Lord of the Rings
Alan Garner Elidor (1965)
Terry Pratchett Fantasy writer
Roald Dahl James and the Giant Peach Childrens fantasy novels
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory
J. K. Rowling Harry Potter (series) Fantasy novels for young readers
Philip Pullman His Dark Materials (trilogy) Fantasy novels for young readers
Arthur C. Clarke 2001: A Space Odyssey Science fiction genre
Isaac Asimov
Ursula Le Guin
Michael Moorcock
Kim Stanley Robinson
Douglas Adams The Hitchhikers Guide to the Universe Comic science fiction work
Ian M. Banks (Scottish) Writer of traditional and science fiction
novels

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