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Hollow
Section
Joints
BIBLIOTHEEK TU Delft
P 1677 4 2 1 0
C 862831
HOLLOW
SECTION
JOINTS
Proefschrift
T e r verkrijging van d e g r a a d van d o c t o r in
de t e c h n i s c h e w e t e n s c h a p p e n a a n d e
T e c h n i s c h e H o g e s c h o o l Delft,
o p g e z a g van d e rector m a g n i f i c u s
prof.ir. B.P.Th. V e l t m a n ,
voor e e n c o m m i s s i e a a n g e w e z e n d o o r het
c o l l e g e van d e k a n e n te v e r d e d i g e n o p
d o n d e r d a g 2 9 april 1 9 8 2 te 1 4 . 0 0 uur
door
Jacob Wardenier
Civiel Ingenieur,
G e b o r e n te Steenwijkerwold
Delft University P r e s s / 1 9 8 2
Dit proefstuk is goedgekeurd
door de promotor
prof.ir. A.A. van Douwen
INTRODUCTION
Contents
1.1. History
1.2. Terminology
1.2.1. Structural sections
1.2.2. Combinations o f sections
1.2.3. S i n g l e plane joints
1 . 2 . 4 . Three d i m e n s i o n a l joints
1.3. References
1-ii
1-1
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Hi s t o r y
In t h e same c e n t u r y methods
were developed f o r t h e
f a b r i c a t i o n o f tubes o r
c i r c u l a r hollow s e c t i o n s .
The Englishman Whitehouse
Fig. 1 . 2 . Continuous w e l d i n g process s t a r t e d p r o d u c i n g tubes by
3
1-2
5
1-4
by moments i s b r i e f l y d i s c u s s e d . A l t h o u g h the f a t i g u e b e h a v i o u r o f
tubular joints i s another s u b j e c t , a b r i e f d e s c r i p t i o n i s given of
the a v a i l a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n .
1.2.1. Statural.sections
1.2.2. Comtn n a t i o n s _ o f _ s e c t i o n s
cc chapter /.
o o
a n a RR chapter 5
CR chapter 5
o a
o I X CI
chapter 6
I I RI
n CU
o
chapter 7
n RU
Fig. 1 . 1 2 . Combinations o f s e c t i o n s
1.2.3.
8
1-7
p r i m a r i l y t r a n s m i t a x i a l l o a d s through the j o i n i n g t o g e t h e r o f
members, arid those which p r i m a r i l y t r a n s m i t moments.
a . A x i a l l y loaded j o i n t s
9o
;l - /fa* + 7 / +
1
4- + - / - f-
+
IT
tt-
1
c: N - AND K-JOINT d: KT-JOINT
V I S
Fig. 1 . 1 3 . A x i a l l y loaded j o i n t s
definition overlap
9
l a p t o the c h o r d . I f the
L X
c e n t r e l i n e s of the b r a c i n g s
V-!I- -^'-^---^ 4-
.-I . . IJ V- -H V meet o u t s i d e the c e n t r e line
j e = - - j - _ e g . J l _ - j f e
of the chord towards the o u t -
Fig. 1.15. D e f i n i t i o n of e c c e n t r i - s i d e o f the t r u s s , t h e e c c e n -
city tricity i s termed positive
(fig. 1 . 1 5 ) . In the o p p o s i t e
s i t u a t i o n the e c c e n t r i c i t y i s termed negative,
b. Moment c o n n e c t i o n s
P r e d o m i n a n t l y moment c o n n e c t i o n s a r e :
- Vierendeel joints ( f i g . 1.16)
- L-joints ( f i q . 1.17)
E 3 >
1.2.4. Xbree_d^mensional_joints
10
1-9
References
1. W a r d e n i e r , J. Tubulr structures
D e l f t U n i v e r s i t y of T e c h n o l o g y ,
February 1973 ( i n Dutch)
3. B e r a t u n g s s t e l l e fr Rechteckhohlprofile f r den S t a h l b a u
S t a h l Verwendung M e r k b l a t t 224
4. B e r a t u n g s s t e l l e fr R e c h t e c k h o h l p r o f i l e f r den S t a h l b a u
S t a h l Verwendung M e r k b l a t t 387
5 . Wanke, J . Stahlrohrkonstruktionen
S p r i n g e r V e r l a g 1966 ( i n German)
11
1-10
12
2-1
Contents
Symbols
2.1. Geometrical properties
2.1.1. Tolerances in geometry
2.2. Mechanical properties
2.3. Bases f o r design
2.4. Tension
2.5. Compression
2 . 5 . 1 . Member b u c k l i n g
2.5.2. Local buckling
2.5.3. Interaction l o c a l - and member b u c k l i n g
2.5.4. Buckling lengths
2.6. Bending and shear
2.6.1. Elastic design
2.6.2. Plastic design
2.7. Torsion
2.8. Combined l o a d s
2.8.1. Elastic design
2.8.2. Plastic design
2.9. References.
Symbols used i n c h a p t e r 2
A cross-sectional area
\ area e n c l o s e d by t h e mean c o n t o u r o f a s e c t i o n
c r o s s s e c t i o n a l area e f f e c t i v e f o r shear
A
Q
E modulus of elasticity
G shear modulus o f elasticity
I moment of inertia
L t o r s i o n a l moment of inertia
moment of i n e r t i a about y - y axis
yy
moment of i n e r t i a about z - z axis
rotation capacity
rotation capacity at f i r s t yielding
r o t a t i o n capacity at p l a s t i c y i e l d load
L p e r i m e t e r of a s e c t i o n
H moment
bending moment
M
b
bending moment ( z - z axis)
M
bz
bending moment ( y - y axis)
\ p l a s t i c moment c a p a c i t y
reduced p l a s t i c moment c a p a c i t y by shear l o a d
P,Q
n
14
2-iii
squash l o a d c a p a c i t y
reduced squash l o a d c a p a c i t y by shear
shear load
characteristic action (general)
p l a s t i c shear y i e l d c a p a c i t y of a s e c t i o n
r e s i s t a n c e or s t r e n g t h o f an element
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c strength (general)
working force (general)
s t a t i c moment
e x t e r n a l w i d t h o f a RHS
b-2t
equivalent width of a section ( l o c a l buckling)
b-t
external chord w i d t h
e x t e r n a l w i d t h of b r a c i n g 1 o r 2
constant
o u t s i d e diameter o f a CHS
d-2t
d-t
external depth of a RHS
h-2t
h-t
radius of gyration
r a d i u s o f g y r a t i o n about y - y axis
r a d i u s o f g y r a t i o n about z - z axis
local buckling constant
mean c o n t o u r l e n g t h o f a c r o s s section
effective length
system l e n g t h
15
2-i v
corner radius
mean c o r n e r r a d i u s 0 . 5 ( r . + r )
1
1 o'
r.
inner radius
o u t e r radi us
wall thickness
wall t h i c k n e s s o f the chord
a c o e f f i c i e n t f o r b u c k l i n g curves
a shape factor
a stress
X exponent i n i n t e r a c t i o n formulae
auxiliary factor
X sienderness
X non d i m e n s i o n a l s l e n d e r n e s s f o r member b u c k l i n g
X' non d i m e n s i o n a l s l e n d e r n e s s f o r i n t e r a c t i o n between member and
local buckling
E u l e r s l e n d e r n e s s f o r member b u c k l i n g
E u l e r s l e n d e r n e s s f o r i n t e r a c t i o n o f member and l o c a l buckling
X
E
slenderness ratio for local buckling
buckling coefficient.
16
2-1
B e f o r e d i s c u s s i n g the j o i n t s t r e n g t h i t i s u s e f u l to d e s c r i b e a t first
the b a s i c s t r e n g t h p r o p e r t i e s of h o l l o w s e c t i o n s which i s briefly
given in t h i s chapter.
outside 0.5t S r 2t
0
inside 0 . 5 t r. 1.5t
1
Table 2 . 2 .
Mild steels r.
wall thickness n
a c c . Euron 25- 72
t (mm) t
or e q u i v a l e n t
17
2-2
Table 2.1
Sectional
circular hollow sections rectangular hollow sections
properties
z
- r b h
d_ = d - t h = h - t
1
1 h, m=
D D
- t
1
' b m
bh 3
- b. . h | h b - h -Jp
3 3
t-
n
moment o f
<d -d ) 4 4 17
A$
inertia
l
zi' 12 !
yy :
12
TS m
4
- d 4 bh - b
3
i . h? hb - h^b
3 3
elastic
d
T- d .t(l--r-;
2
modulus =
17. 1 5h
<yy
:
5E "
4 m
? 7
plastic (d -d )
3 3
b h - b. . h?
2
hb
-h b r
modulus
"p- d!.t 4
radius of i
gyration 0.35 d yy
yy
torsional 2h . b
2 2
(d -d ) 4 4
torsional
2 b . h . t
constants m m
2.1.1. Tolerances_in_geometry
cation process there are slight differences between hot finished and
vary much between the various fabricators with the exception of the
18
2-3
+ 1% o f o u t s i d e + 1% w i t h a + \% o f d i a m e t e r 1% w i t h a
Outside diameter with a minimum o f ,, w i t h a minimum minimum o f
dimensions minimum o f + 0 , 5 mm ' o f + 0 , 5 mm 0 , 5 mm
+ 0 , 5 mm
Squareness of 90 + 2 90 1
sides
Concavity/
convexity
lt 2
> + 1%
Length (exact) 10 10
i 6 m + Q mm + Q mm
15 15
> 6 m
+ g mm + g mm
Se< t i >n r
r
max
in
external
calc jlations
internal
t is the s p e c i f i e d
NOTE - The v a l u e s o f
thickness.
r ,
m v
have s t i l l t o be a g r e e d and
135 mm | s 160 mm x 80 mrr 3 t 2,5t l,5t are the s u b j e c t o f f u r t h e r
study.
hot f i n i s h e d SHS
19
2-4
The s t r u c t u r a l s t e e l h o l l o w s e c t i o n s are d e l i v e r e d a c c o r d i n g to n a t i o n -
a l or i n t e r n a t i o n a l st a ndards e . g . Euronorm 25-72 [ 1 0 ] . In these s t a n -
dards the mechanical p r o p e r t i e s such as y i e l d s t r e s s , u l t i m a t e s t r e s s
and e l o n g a t i o n are s p e c i f i e d . In the n a t i o n a l codes of p r a c t i c e the
d e s i g n v a l u e s f o r the y i e l d s t r e s s are s p e c i f i e d which g e n e r a l l y agree
w i t h the minimum s p e c i f i e d y i e l d stress.
Due to c o l d forming some s t a n d a r d s a l l o w an i n c r e a s e d y i e l d s t r e s s for
the d e s i g n value of the y i e l d s t r e s s o f c o l d f i n i s h e d h o l l o w s e c t i o n s .
A c c o r d i n g to the D r a f t European Recommendations f o r Thin W a l l e d C o l d
Formed Members [12] and the D r a f t Dutch R e g u l a t i o n s f o r T u b u l a r
Structures RB'78 [18] the d e s i g n y i e l d s t r e n g t h may be c a l c u l a t e d from
the formula of L i n d and S c h r o f f [25].
At each c o r n e r of 90 the y i e l d s t r e n g t h may be i n c r e a s e d to the ulti-
mate s t r e n g t h of the parent m a t e r i a l over a l e n g t h of c = 5 to 7 times
the t h i c k n e s s . The i n c r e a s e of y i e l d s t r e n g t h a t the c o r n e r s i s then
averaged over the c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a .
4.c.t.q .+(L-4.c.t)q
t e
a
e,eq
L = perimeter
a ,0.
e = d e s i g n values f o r the y i e l d s t r e s s and u l t i m a t e s t r e s s of the
parent m a t e r i a l .
20
2-5
N 3 be
s e n H-*^
SE
o cold f i n i s h e d sections
hot f i n i s h e d sections
+ n o r m a l i z e d cold f i n i s h e d
sections
0.5 1.0
b-| + D2
2b n
21
2-6
600
H
E
500
* ;
400 0 /
300
200
-W- - X^J- A
V
3/
/
Z stub
C e
-0"
-o-!
col
e q
100
0
wall 1 2
. ' 'I
Fig. 2.7. Measured v a l u e s of a g and o^. i n a c o l d - f o r m e d r e c t a n g u l a r
h o l l o w s e c t i o n 100 x 100 x 4 mm.
Y
s
or
S J * (2-3)
s Y
where:
a = s t r e s s due to the a c t i o n s
a = v i e l d s t r e s s o f the m a t e r i a l
e
S = working f o r c e
R = s t r e n g t h o f the element
Y S = safety factor.
In t h i s method the s a f e t y f a c t o r covers d i f f e r e n t u n c e r t a i n t i e s which
may be q u i t e d i f f e r e n t i n v a r i o u s s t r u c t u r e s e.g.
- the a c t i o n s :
The u n c e r t a i n t i e s c o n c e r n i n g v a r i a b l e a c t i o n s and permanent a c t i o n s
22
2-7
are e v i d e n t l y different.
- the s t r e n g t h of the e l e m e n t s :
The s t r e n g t h o f the elements depends on the mechanical p r o p e r t i e s of
the m a t e r i a l s , the g e o m e t r i c a l dimensions and the b u i l d i n g p r o c e s s e s .
- the c a l c u l a t i o n methods:
The c a l c u l a t i o n method can be based on e x a c t t h e o r i e s , on s i m u l a t i o n
by approximate t h e o r i e s o r on t e s t s which cause d i f f e r e n t uncertain-
ties. F u r t h e r s i m p l i f i c a t i o n s a r e made sometimes.
Level II : A p r o b a b i l i s t i c a n a l y s i s w i t h some, w e l l d e f i n e d s i m -
p l i f i c a t i o n s i n the a n a l y t i c a l treatment o f the random
variables.
An e x a c t p r o b a b i l i s t i c method, a t l e v e l III, or a s i m p l i f i e d p r o b a b i l -
i s t i c a n a l y s i s , at l e v e l II i s a t t h i s stage not a c t u a l l y usuable for
codes of p r a c t i c e . T h e r e f o r e the ISO [19] and ECSC [12] have adopted
a semi p r o b a b i l i s t i c method, o r l e v e l I. In t h i s method the character-
23
2-8
R.
effect H v Q J 6
T~T { 2 A ]
s K
V Y
c
where:
= characteristic action
R^ = characteristic strength
Y S = enhancement f a c t o r f o r the actions
y = material factor
'm
Y C = f a c t o r t o take account of the nature of the s t r u c t u r e and i t s
behaviour and the s e r i o u s n e s s of a t t a i n i n g a l i m i t state.
ul t i m a t e 10" 5
4.10" 4
serviceability 5.10-3
2-9
Permanent a c t i o n s :
If they i n c r e a s e the e f f e c t produced by v a r i a b l e a c t i o n s y $ = 1.3.
If they decrease the e f f e c t s produced by v a r i a b l e a c t i o n s Y s = 1.0.
V a r i a b l e a c t i o n s : always Y s = 1.5.
F u r t h e r f o r a c c i d e n t a l combinations c e r t a i n r e d u c t i o n f a c t o r s are
given. For the s e r v i c e a b i l i t y l i m i t s t a t e s the l o a d f a c t o r s f o r per-
manent a c t i o n s and v a r i a b l e a c t i o n s are Y s = 1.0.
The Y M f a c t o r t a k e s account of u n c e r t a i n t i e s due to a p o s s i b i l i t y of
unfavourable d e v i a t i o n of the s t r e n g t h s from the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c value,
the p o s s i b i l i t y of a l o s s of s t r e n g t h d u r i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n and the p o s -
s i b i l i t y of a r e d u c t i o n i n s t r e n g t h because o f l o c a l d e f e c t s . For s t e e l
sections a
Y M = 1.0 can be adopted [ 1 2 , 1 9 ] .
In t h i s c h a p t e r 2 the s t r e n g t h p r o p e r t i e s of s e c t i o n s f o r b a s i c l o a d i n g s
are d i s c u s s e d . The s t r e n g t h c o n d i t i o n s given i n t h i s c h a p t e r can be
c o n s i d e r e d as c h a r a c t e r i s t i c v a l u e s f o r f a c t o r e d l o a d i n g d e s i g n .
2.4. Tension
N A.cr or A.a ( - )
2 5
e e,eq
2.5. Compression
25
2-10
2.5.1. Member_buck]_in3
The b u c k l i n g b e h a v i o u r can be d e s c r i b e d by a b u c k l i n g c o e f f i c i e n t ca
and the s l e n d e r n e s s X o f the compression member.
N
(2.6)
X = -Ji (2-7)
l
in which:
N = squash l o a d of the member N = A . a
P P e
= critical buckling load
= effective length
i = r a d i u s of gyration.
26
2-11
(2.10)
27
2-12
Buckling stresses
for' c e n t r a l l y loaded columns S t e e l St 37 S t e e l St 52
r o l l e d tube-shape M, jj:.
Welded tube-shape
1 t - t - In b u c k l i n g
Welded box-shape Bl-37 B2-37 Dl-52 B2-52
. direction
_ t
2
weak-axis
buckling
h/b^r1,2 Cl-52
h/b>l,2 Al-52
strong-axis
buckling
r n h/b< 1,2
flame-cut
flangeplate
strong-axis
buckling
rolled
flange p l a t e
r o l l e d I-shape tj weak-axis
with buckling
1M
welded c o v e r - p l a t e s
strong-axis
buckling
weak-axis
I-shape buckling
HT
annealed
strong-axis
buckling
TTmean of 10 buckling t e s t s
11 w i t h 2 times standard
TT deviation
i
OCHS
e RHS
E
1
1
i E)
200
150 RB'7Jj /
[
1
CCS)
100
rr 2
1.67 : ( e c :cs).
2
20 93 in
- A
Fig. 2.10. RB'78 b u c k l i n g c u r v e f o r h o l l o w s e c t i o n s compared w i t h
t e s t r e s u l t s of c o l d f i n i s h e d SHS.
X 0.2 : N = 1 (2.11)
X > 0.2 :
- N = 1 ( X - 0.2) + A 2
1 v / a ^ ^ - o . Z ) ^ 2
) 2
^ " (2.12)
2 X 2 T
29
2-14
2.5.2. L2?l_!?yckling
The e l a s t i c l o c a l b u c k l i n g b e h a v i o u r o f c i r c u l a r and r e c t a n g u l a r hol-
low s e c t i o n s i s q u i t e d i f f e r e n t . The l i m i t s f o r the d i a m e t e r - w a l l
t h i c k n e s s r a t i o s o f CHS up to which no l o c a l b u c k l i n g o c c u r s , are
h i g h e r than those f o r the w i d t h - w a l l t h i c k n e s s r a t i o s o f RHS. Thin
w a l l e d c i r c u l a r h o l l o w s e c t i o n s behave l i k e s h e l l s and have l e s s post
b u c k l i n g s t r e n g t h whereas t h i n w a l l e d r e c t a n g u l a r h o l l o w sections
behave more l i k e p l a t e s w i t h a b e t t e r post b u c k l i n g behaviour.
W i t h i n the p r a c t i c a l range o f a p p l i c a t i o n most s e c t i o n s are not s e n s i -
tive f o r l o c a l b u c k l i n g . R e c e n t l y more t h i n w a l l e d r e c t a n g u l a r hollow
s e c t i o n s have come on t h e m a r k e t , t h e r e f o r e w i d t h w a l l t h i c k n e s s lim-
itations will be given t o a v o i d l o c a l b u c k l i n g . The l o c a l b u c k l i n g
b e h a v i o u r o f t h i n w a l l e d hollow s e c t i o n s i s more d e t a i l e d d i s c u s s e d i n
the f o l l o w i n g sections.
Theoretically the e l a s t i c l o c a l b u c k l i n g s t r e s s o f an i d e a l s h e l l or
c i r c u l a r h o l l o w s e c t i o n can be expressed by:
a (2.13)
with:
k = 1.21.
(2.14)
30
2-15
1 1 1 1 1- i i
jClassicd. elastic theory
i
1.2
| Plantema AWWA X
j Donnel J / *
'1.0
j u=aooo6\j ^ - ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ " ^
0.8
1 ^^<^ t e d CU Ve
"
0.6 l'rfyC/ ^-Marshall
1 1
/// ^^~~~\_Plaritema A\
Q.i. i |
S M e s t results
0.2 xj
i i i i
10 12 H 16
E.t
cfrd
Fig. 2.11. Local b u c k l i n g curves.
(2.15)
k~o:
31
2-16
Fe 360 j 100
Fe 430 j g 86
Fe 510 4 < 67
f///A EV/2>
compression side
tension side
Otft tft>'A
compression bending
Fig. 2.12. E f f e c t i v e w i d t h a c c o r d i n g to W i n t e r .
(2.16)
32
2-17
(2.17)
A y = 0.8 if
b
eq
t
Fe 360 45
Fe430 42
Fe 510 37
b e g = b [1 - (2.45 | - 50)(^) ] 3
(2.18)
eq
E s p e c i a l l y f o r t h i n w a l l e d s e c t i o n s the c o r n e r s have a c o n s i d e r a b l e i n -
f l u e n c e as they vary c o n s i d e r a b l y depending on the f a b r i c a t i o n method
b r
r
of the h o l l o w s e c t i o n . Checking e q u a t i o n ( 2 . 1 8 ) f o r v a r i o u s j and - ~
r a t i o s shows t h a t f o r r a t i o s - s 3 the e r r o r i s l e s s than 3% by s i m -
plification to:
b = b (2.19)
eq
(with
33
2-18
*" N ,theor.
v
for A
v
i 0. N = 1.0
v
(2.21)
l + c(A -0.8)
v +A v
{l + c ( A - 0 . +A } - 4 A (2.22)
V V
v
2 A 2 A,
with:
c = 0 . 3 5 f o r hot f i n i s h e d h o l l o w sections
c = 0.67 f o r c o l d f i n i s h e d h o l l o w sections.
2-19
0
10 2.0
X v
N v = A . V N v (2.23)
N can be d e r i v e d from f i g u r e 2 . 1 4 . o r e q u a t i o n ( 2 . 2 2 ) as a f u n c t i o n of
c
Section requirements
35
2-20
strut buckling \
plate b u c k l i n g > w l t h o u t
^perfections
b.t = constant
36
2-21
Ni
N = / (2.8)
P
X = - (2.9)
E A
X E = u/p (2.10)
P
- N
k
N 1
(2.24)
v
X' = v r (2.25)
E A
X ^ - T T V ^ (2.26)
N' = 1 + o t
( * ' -0.2) +X' 2
l v V + a ( X ' - 0 . 2 ) + X ' 2
} 2
- 4 X ' 2
(2.27)
2 X 1
2 X'6
37
2-22
0 05 10 15
N = N' . N v (2.28)
2.5.4. Buckjing.lengths
38
2-23
39
2-24
2.6.1. Elastic_design
(2.28)
where:
Mi = bending moment
b
W = e l a s t i c modulus f o r the r e l e v a n t bending axis
e
a = d e s i g n value f o r the y i e l d stress.
e
40
2-25
(2.29)
2I.t T
e n
where:
Q = the shear force
S = the s t a t i c moment about the n e u t r a l a x i s of the area between
the f r e e edge and the plane through the p o i n t under c o n s i d e r a -
tion
I = the moment of i n e r t i a of the whole section
2t = sum o f the two web t h i c k n e s s e s .
41
2-26
Fe 430 86
Fe 510 | 67
42
2-27
2.5 8
E t
0" e
43
2-28
b h
RHS a
t * t
e
N/mm 2
240 45
flange 280 42
(compression) 360 37
240 60 1)
web 280 60 1)
(bending) 360 60 1)
1) f a b r i c a t i o n l i m i t .
2.6.2. Plastic^design
44
2-29
CJ e G e T =C7 /V 3
e e
r
(for R H S s h e a r
only in w e b s )
)
M
p = # e (2-32) 0
Qp = 2
d mt ^
d = d - t N
p = A a
e = 11 d
m t a
e (2-33)
m (2.34)
M
p =
! b
m t a
e (2.35)
e
Q = 2b..t
bm = b -
m t N
p = Aa e = 4 b ta m e (2.36) P /3 m
(2.37)
b
M = b th a + ^ h t a 2
(2.38)
p m m e 2 m e v
'
h 0 n = 2 ht - 1
P
/3
, m = - t N = A a = 2 b t a +2h t a ( 2 . 3 9 )
p
b b
e m e m e '
Q
K
H f m
h
m = h
- *
(2.40)
45
2-30
rectan- 6 b +3 h
m m
gul a r
6 b + 2 h'
m m
46
2-31
2-32
diameter - w a l l t h i c k n e s s or w i d t h - w a l l t h i c k n e s s r a t i o s . In re-
ference [52], Korol proposes a d e f o r m a t i o n c a p a c i t y of 4 and checks
i t for various types of s t r u c t u r e s . In v a r i o u s s t a n d a r d s , the re-
quirements d e v i a t e l a r g e l y due to the d i f f e r e n t required rotation
capacities. Some requirements are summarized i n t a b l e 2.25.
Draft
CHS Korol RB'78 API
and
BS**
compact* 2.09 V
o
e
compact
ear
for E E
L 1 5 / I
o -c plastic a 17.5o 23a
e e
design e
Draft
RHS Korol RB'78 ECCS
BS**
[52] [9] [18] [12]
t
c
A
o *
ci
i/i compact 1.22 \/X 1.11
cu a a
e
s_
c e
E
O compact
u for
pi a s t i c
0.87 V 0.97
e
\P^-
v
a
e
1.08
e
1.08 V
d e s i gn
a
a
e
2.7. Torsion
2.7.1. Qircular_hoilgw_sections
M .d
+ M.
* = t^ ( 2 .41)
rrr t w t e
(2-42)
given i n s e c t i o n 2 . 1 .
49
2-34
2 2 2
4.A . t 4 . h .b . t
I m
a
m m
(2 43)
* h 2
( m
h + b
m) (
'
K = K-^r- = 2 A .t (2.44)
t t 2 A m m v
'
= 2 . h .b . t
m m
with t h
m
;
t b
m
m
i n whi c h :
A = area e n c l o s e d by t h e mean contour a. o f t h e s e c t i o n
m A
= l e n g t h o f t h e mean c o n t o u r .
A
m = m- m- b h r
c ^ < - 2 4 5
)
A = < m 2 h + b
m " ) 2 r
c ( " 4 T T
) ( - 2 4 6
)
r- + r
r c - - L
s r - 2
< - > 2 47
M..S
<J> = Q V (2-48)
wi t h
3 2
t .1. 4A \ t
I. = + (2.49)
* 3 ^
M 2 A
T = - i ( t + ( 2 . 5 0 )
or
2-35
T = (2.51)
with
(2.52)
2 A
m
t +
Combined l o a d s
Ilstic_desig_n
(2.53)
e
51
2-36
1 + W ^ + W ^ e (2-54)
e e
yy zz
General:
Q- S
+ _t s x = _e (2.55)
Z.I.t Wt e ^
Va 2
+ 3T 2
a. (2.56)
2.8.2. Plastic_desirjn
- Axial load
N e N = A.a
P e
52
2-37
Q<Q p
t
M
p = d
m t 0
e (2-32)
J Qn
p =
2
dm
t ^
d m = d - t N
p = A a
e = 11 d
m t a
e (2-33)
m (2.34)
M p = 1 b
m * a e (2.35)
b e
Q = 2b..t
b
m = b
- t N p = Aa e = 4 b t a m fi (2.36) P /3 m
m (2.37)
t
M
P " b
m t h
m e I m
a + h t a
e < - 2 3 8
)
h Q =2h t m
P m
/3
b = b - t
m m
N
P = A a
e = 2 b
m t
e + 2 h
m t a
e( -
2 3 9
)
"m m
h
- t
(2.40)
The e x a c t i n t e r a c t i o n formula i s :
1
M P L V J 2A - AQ
T h i s i n t e r a c t i o n i s shown i n f i g . 2.27.
53
A c c o r d i n g to RB'78 [ 1 8 ] , the i n f l u e n c e of the shear l o a d on the p l a s -
t i c moment can be n e g l e c t e d i f the shear l o a d s a t i s f i e s the following
requirements:
54
2-39
Table 2 . 2 9 .
M - N i n t e r a c t i o n formulae
S e c t i o n F o r m u 1 a
1.7 M ,
<<40 (2.60)
< 40
L 5
(^) + =i (2.61)
,N , 1 . 7
> 2 (2.62)
M
P
0.5 s ~ & 2 (2.63)
b
P P
rb < -5 (2.64)
P P
55
2-40
where:
A.a o / l - (i-) 2
(2.66)
V Q = d
S- t o
e V l
" i
( ) 2 ( 2
- 6 7 )
Q = 2 d t.-? (2.34)
p m ^
R e c t a n g u l a r hollow sections:
+ 1.0 (2.68)
N
P,Q M
p,Q
For x s e e t a b l e 2 . 2 9 .
where:
M = b .h . t . a + 0 . 5 h . t . a V l - ( E - ) 2 2
(2.70)
p , Q m m e m e Qp' '
n
v v
a
0 = 2.h . t . (2.40)
p m
n
The i n t e r a c t i o n formulae f o r c i r c u l a r hollow s e c t i o n s are as an example
shown g r a p h i c a l l y i n f i g . 2 . 3 0 .
56
2-41
Table 2 . 3 1 .
M n M
CHS ( Y
) + ( Z
) Z
= 1 (2.71)
p,y P,z
M , M , M
y < 2
(2.72)
M - 3 4 ^ ' M _ 1
py p.y p.z
RHS
- M , M
A . 2
3, z .2 y _ , (2.73)
M >
3
p,y P.z p,y
as g i v e n under 2 . 8 . 2 . 4 . [ 5 4 ] .
2.9. References
58
2-43
59
2-44
22. S t r a t i n g , J . The i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of t e s t r e s u l t s f o r a
level I code.
IIW Doc X V - 4 6 2 - 8 0 .
23. V e i t , H . J . Schweissen im B e r e i c h K a l t v e r f o r m t e r
S t h l e m i t Wanddicken von 2 b i s 6 mm.
S c h w e i s z t e c h n i s c h e L e h r - und V e r s u c h s -
a n s t a l t D u i s b u r g , 1977.
28. K o n i n g , C . H . M . de : S t r e s s d i s t r i b u t i o n i n c o l d f i n i s h e d hollow
Wardenier, J. sections (internal TNO-TH r e p o r t ) .
3 1 . B e e r , H. : B i e g e k n i c k e n gerader z e n t r i s c h gedruckter
S c h u l z , G. St'be aus B a u s t a h l . CECM B e r i c h t V I 1 1 - 7 3 - 1 .
: B u c k l i n g s t r e n g t h of hot f i n i s h e d SHS.BSC
Tubes D i v i s i o n , Report CE 73/54/A C i d e c t
32. Yeomans, N.
programme 2D.
: E s s a i s de flambement s u r p r o f i l s creux
formes a f r o i d , c a r r s e t c i r c u l a i r e s
34. G u i a u x , P.
L ' U n i v e r s i t de L i e g e . P r o g r . 2C C i d e c t
1973.
Supplement October 1974.
61
2-46
35. W a r d e n i e r , J . : B u c k l i n g curves f o r h o l l o w s e c t i o n s .
( i n D u t c h ) , Bouwen met S t a a l N r . 3 0 , 1975.
39. P l a n t e m a , J . : C o l l a p s i n g s t r e s s e s of c i r c u l a r cylinders
and round t u b e s . Report 5280 N a t . Lucht-
v a a r t l a b o r a t o r i u m , Amsterdam, 1946.
4 2 . Moxham, K . E . : B u c k l i n g t e s t s on i n d i v i d u a l welded s t e e l
p l a t e s i n c o m p r e s s i o n . Cambridge University.
Report CUED/C-Struct/TR 3 , 1971.
4 9 . S p i r a , E. L a t e r a l b u c k l i n g of t u b u l a r l a t t i c e d g i r d e r s .
Pollner, E. Design M a n u a l . C i d e c t r e p o r t 832/E, 1968.
63
2-48
Appendix II
II-l.l S o l i d beam
It
F i g u r e 11 -1.
2
a = a 2 + .3 T2 (II-l)
a //3
e
;
1 = (^) 2
* (f) 2
e e
(^) 2
(f ) 2
= 1 (II-2)
11-1.2 Rectangul a r _ h o l l o w ^ s e c t i o n
/ 1
/1
/ I
L i
J
1 /
1 /
1 /
Figure II-2.
65
II - 2
Mwebs
u = Mp webs
. \/l - Q
{ -' ) v V
(II-3)
P
M .5.h . t ci
p webs m e
m
0.5.h . t . a + b .h .t o
m e m m e
m m 0
A Q + 2 (A - A ) Q
M
p webs Q A (II-4)
2 A - A
0
S u b s t i t u t i o n o f ( 11-4) i n ( 11-3 ) r e s u l t s i n :
W w e b s
- I. Q A
) v/l - (S-, (II-5)
-Tip- - < 7 T ^ ) V 1
\>
(II-6)
M
= webs M + M
p flanges
S flanges ^ t A ^ e CT
M
0 . 5 . h . t a + b .h .t a
m e m m e
m m m
2(A - A ) Q
Ag + 2(A - A f
p flanges _ . 0A
(II-7)
n - i - 2A - A r
Combination o f ( 1 1 - 5 ) and ( 1 1 - 7 ) g i v e s :
p
- 1 - 1 -\ A- ^ 2A - A Q
(II-8)
v
p
66
II - 3
.3 C i r c u l a r hollow s e c t i o n
rdop
F i g u r e 11 - 3 .
For
t.dm e
Q = 4 (II-9)
x .dc)>.. coscf)
oJ 3"
2d . t . - - sind)
sin<j) (11-10)
t.dm m . .
M = M - 4 ~2 - d ^ . t T g . - ^ sm<j) (11-11)
P
M - c r . t . 0 (1 - cos<j
p m e x
(11-13)
67
II - 4
11-2.1 Solid_beam
1 1
Figure II-4.
M ^ th 2
- |.(2y) -t)2
ae
M
1
-
(H-14)
N = 2 t.y. o-
N _ 2y
C T = (11^15)
M
+ ( N
\ - 1 (11-16)
P P
68
II - 5
B9angu]ar_hgllow_sections
a . For <
c ^
N
w x
bm
F i g u r e 115.
N = 4.y.t. n
s
m e
= 1,
N
(11-17)
C.h
M = M - 1 N 1J5
1
N N A
h
1 ( h
P - T ^ *jV
M 1 - 1/J/ A ^p .
(11-18)
A.a.
69
II
(11-19)
M p
\ ( i - ^ ) h (2
m
1 / N *' ; 11-20)
P
P
T?(2-Tf)
with l t
b. For r >
22 = b r
Figure Il-fi.
N = N p - 2.?.b .t.a m e
(11-21)
(11-22)
* m m e
with (11-19):
(2
M_
M
or
(11-23)
with i > ^
'0
The formulae are g r a p h i c a l l y shown i n f i g . 116 f o r -g v a l u e s of
0.5, 1.0 and 2 . 0 .
1.0
a c c o r d i n g to f o r -
0.8 mulae ( 1 1 - 2 0 ) and
(11-23)
2
L-=io formulae based on
0.6 R o i k ' s formulae
X -1.5-^ :0.5
(see 2 . 8 . 2 . 3 )
X
0.2
71
II - 8
tdu? r
M
I
"5N
I
Figure 11-8.
For tj>
, t.d ij
N = 4 -^S- deb = 2 . d . t . < b . a
N 2
V ^ ^ e afe
(11-24)
N
p ^ V ^ e ' 71
tj> d d r
M = M - 4 I t . - ^ . d*.
p . s i n <>
( . a e
s i n $ d<t>
M p + d m . t . a . cos e
M + d . t . a ( c o s cb - 1)
p m m
e ' v T
d \t.a
m e
= 1 - ^ (1 - cos 4)
p d \t.a
m e
m Q
M
cos (11-25)
72
II - 9
(11-26)
1.7
1.0 (11-27)
M
p \
1.0
1 1 1
0.8
0,6
n-
0.L s
\
\
\
0.2
73
II - 10
Q = T.A
(11-28)
_Q_ - _ L
V y
(-) +(^) 2 2
= 1 (11-29)
or
i_ yl - (j-) 2
flange web
(11-30)
11-3.3 Circ^ir_li2llow_sectiqn
74
GENERAL PRINCIPLES FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE DESIGN STRENGTH OF
PREDOMINANTLY STATICALLY LOADED JOINTS MADE OF HOLLOW SECTIONS
Contents
Symbols
3.1. Introduction
3.2. D e t e r m i n a t i o n of the d e s i g n s t r e n g t h - u l t i m a t e l i m i t s t a t e -
3.2.1. D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t r e n g t h as b a s i s
f o r the d e s i g n strength
3.2.2. D e t e r m i n a t i o n of the j o i n t factors
3.2.3. D e t e r m i n a t i o n of the d e s i g n s t r e n g t h a c c o r d i n g to the
LRFD method
3.2.4. Comparison of ISO/ECCS and LRFD method
3.3. Serviceability l i m i t states
3.4. P r e s e n t a t i o n of formulae f o r the design o f t u b u l a r joints
3.5. References
3-i1
Symbols used i n c h a p t e r 3
D : random v a r i a b l e r e p r e s e n t i n g dead l o a d
: c h a r a c t e r i s t i c v a l u e o f t h e random v a r i a b l e D
D : mean value o f t h e random v a r i a b l e D
m
E[ ] : f u n c t i o n f o r the mean v a l u e o f a v a r i a b l e
F : random v a r i a b l e f o r t h e u n c e r t a i n t i e s in fabrication
L : random v a r i a b l e r e p r e s e n t i n g l i v e load
: c h a r a c t e r i s t i c v a l u e o f t h e random v a r i a b l e L
L : mean v a l u e o f t h e random v a r i a b l e L
m
M : random v a r i a b l e f o r t h e v a r i a t i o n i n m a t e r i a l strength
N : random v a r i a b l e r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e j o i n t s t r e n g t h i n terms of
axial load
N : design value f o r the j o i n t strength
Ny : y i e l d load c a p a c i t y of a j o i n t
: ultimate j o i n t strength (in terms o f a x i a l load)
N : c h a r a c t e r i s t i c value of the j o i n t strength
u
k
N : mean v a l u e of t h e j o i n t strength
m
: j o i n t s t r e n g t h based on a n a l y t i c a l model (yield)
y
N w : d e s i g n v a l u e f o r t h e j o i n t s t r e n g t h at w o r k i n g l o a d
P : random v a r i a b l e f o r t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l uncertainties i n t h e as-
sumptions used i n d e t e r m i n i n g t h e r e s i s t a n c e from d e s i g n models
Q : random v a r i a b l e r e p r e s e n t i n g the l o a d e f f e c t s
: c h a r a c t e r i s t i c v a l u e f o r t h e random v a r i a b l e Q
Q : mean value o f t h e random v a r i a b l e Q
m
v
R : random v a r i a b l e f o r t h e resistance
R : d e s i g n value f o r t h e r e s i s t a n c e R
R^ : c h a r a c t e r i s t i c v a l u e f o r the r e s i s t a n c e R
R : mean v a l u e f o r t h e random v a r i a b l e R
m
R^ : nominal code s p e c i f i e d resistance
V : c o e f f i c i e n t of variation
VAR : v a r i a n c e o f a random v a r i a b l e
b : w i d t h o f RHS s e c t i o n
b : w i d t h o f the chord
o
c D : c o e f f i c i e n t t h a t t r a n s f o r m dead l o a d i n t e n s i t i e s i n l o a d e f f e c t s
c^ : c o e f f i c i e n t t h a t t r a n s f o r m 1 i ve 1 oad i n t e n s i t i e s i n l o a d e f f e c t s
76
3-i i i
d : o u t e r d i a m e t e r o f a CHS s e c t i o n
f( ) : function of variabl e
h : depth o f a RHS s e c t i o n
k : c o e f f i c i e n t depending on p r o b a b i l i t y
m : mean v a l u e (general)
"x. 1
: mean v a l u e o f v a r i a b l e s (general)
V.J
J
: probability
P
P F
: p r o b a b i l i t y of failure
s : standard deviation t e s t results
t : w a l l thickness of a s e c t i o n
t : w a l l t h i c k n e s s o f t h e chord
variables (general)
x
i
numerical constant
numerical constant
safety index
w i d t h r a t i o between b r a c i n g s and chord
load f a c t o r covering the u n c e r t a i n t i e s i n s t r u c t u r a l analysis
l o a d f a c t o r f o r dead l o a d
load f a c t o r f o r l i v e load
material or j o i n t factors
Y
m'^c
load f a c t o r (general)
model factor
mean v a l u e o f model factor
correlation coefficient
resistance factor
resistance factor for connections
s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n random v a r i a b l e
yield stress
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c design v a l u e f o r y i e l d stress
eo y i e l d s t r e s s o f t h e chord
SHS S t r u c t u r a l Hollow S e c t i o n
CHS C i r c u l a r Hollow S e c t i o n
RHS R e c t a n g u l a r Hollow S e c t i o n
77
3-iv
78
3-1
3.1. Introduction
deformation deformation
The u l t i m a t e l i m i t s t a t e s correspond w i t h p o i n t s 5 i n f i g . 3 . 1 . ,
whereas the s e r v i c e a b i l i t y l i m i t s t a t e s correspond w i t h p o i n t s 2 , 3
and 4 i n f i g . 3.1. Internationally t h e r e i s no agreement regarding
the d e f o r m a t i o n l i m i t because t h i s l i m i t depends on the t y o e of
structure. The procedure f o r the d e t e r m i n a t i o n of the d e s i g n strength
based on the u l t i m a t e l i m i t s t a t e i s f i r s t discussed in section 3.2.
L a t e r o n i n s e c t i o n s 3 . 3 some g u i d e l i n e s are given to cover the
serviceability limit state.
Variations in risk level f o r each l i m i t s t a t e w i l l however s t i l l
79
3-2
k R
effect (Y .Q )
s k < rr-f- (3.1)
m' c
y
R
k
R = 7-7- (-)
3 2
'm c
In t h i s method the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t r e n g t h and the j o i n t f a c t o r s have
to be determined as d e s c r i b e d i n s e c t i o n s 3 . 2 . 1 and 3 . 2 . 2 . In the USA
another method proposed by R a v i n d r a and Galambos [7] i s used which
is summarized i n s e c t i o n 3.2.3.
3.2.1. Qtrmination_of_the_characte
9^l9 -treng.th
n
80
3-3
R k = R m -k.s (3.3)
V
In p r e v i o u s p u b l i c a t i o n s by the a u t h o r t h i s procedure was always
f o l l o w e d [ 3 , 4 , 8] . In t u b u l a r j o i n t s the s t r e n g t h generally is
r e l a t e d to the a x i a l l o a d i n the b r a c i n g s . The symbol R i s therefore
r e p l a c e d by N f o r a x i a l l o a d i n the f o l l o w i n g f o r m u l a e .
For the m o d i f i c a t i o n of the s t r e n g t h formulae to d e s i g n v a l u e s the
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t r e n g t h to be used as b a s i s depend on the way i n which
the b a s i c v a r i a b l e s are quoted i n the code. In general the model i s
based on a c t u a l dimensions and a c t u a l mechanical p r o p e r t i e s whereas
the d e s i g n e r uses the nominal (mean) dimensions and the characteristic
( d e s i g n ) values f o r the mechanical p r o p e r t i e s . T h e r e f o r e the b e s t
approach i s not o n l y to take account of the s c a t t e r i n the test
r e s u l t s , the number o f t e s t s , but a l s o o f the v a r i a t i o n s i n dimensions
and mechanical p r o p e r t i e s . Trezos [5] used a p r o b a b i l i s t i c method
based on t h i s p r i n c i p l e f o r the a n a l y s i s of K - j o i n t s in circular
h o l l o w s e c t i o n s , however the procedure i s r a t h e r c o m p l i c a t e d and not
e a s i l y a p p l i c a b l e . A s i m p l i f i e d method i s given by S t r a t i n g [6].
T h i s method i s based on the p r i n c i p l e t h a t the s t r e n g t h functions
c o n s i d e r e d are r e a s o n a b l y l i n e a r around the mean and the coefficients
of v a r i a t i o n of the b a s i c v a r i a b l e s are not too l a r g e . T h i s method
will be b r i e f l y discussed here. In g e n e r a l a s t r e n g t h f u n c t i o n can be
d e s c r i b e d as f o l l o w s :
(3.4)
^u = l * l - f x
2'
I n n 3 f 2
V i 1 =l i j
81
3-4
n n 3f
V[x,.x,] (3.6)
V A R
[N ] i =i j =i
s E
w: 3x.
u
m J m J
v A R
t v = s
x / +
v 2+ +{
k' *f
s +
+ 2 l. af_ s s + 2 i l s . s ... +
3x 1 ' 3x 2
- s
x '
1 x 2 3x x ' 3x p x 1 x n
(3.7)
In t h i s f u n c t i o n s r e p r e s e n t s the s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n o f the v a r i a b l e
consi dered.
I f the c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t p = 0 , e g u a t i o n ( 3 . 6 ) reduces t o :
V A R
[V =^ - S
* / + (
^ - + (
^ ' S
x ) 2 ( 3
- 8 )
1 1 2 2 n n
82
3-5
- y i e l d stress : = 0 075
e
- CHS diameter : = 0 005
V
d.
i
- RHS w i d t h = 0 005
V.
- RHS depth
\ = 0 005
- wall thickness
\ = 0 05
The c h a r a c t e r i s t i c v a l u e f o r N wi 11 be: y
N = N (1 - k . V N ) (3.10)
k m u
has to be r e p l a c e d by a i n the f u n c t i o n o f N .
k m
e
N = a . b -0 5
. t -
1 5
( 0 . 5 + 10.30)6 (3.12)
u eo o o v
'
83
3-6
Nt
1.0
0.09
3N 3N 3N 3N
VAR[N ] = ( g u
u ,2 , u ,2
3t t ' 36 " &'
u o
3b, O 0
l
eo eo o o
s.
= N . (^)
2
{
2
+ (0.5 ^ ) 2
+ (1.5 (3.13)
eo o o
V 2
= V + 0.25 V
2
+ 2.25 V + V 2 2 2
N o b t o
u eo o o
= (0.075) 2
+ 0.25.(0.005) 2
+ 2.25(0.05) 2
+ (0.09) 2
= 0.019 (3.14)
V M =0.14
T h e r e f o r e the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t r e n g t h based on a 5% p r o b a b i l i t y of
84
3-7
lower s t r e n g t h w i l l be:
If f o r the a
the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c v a l u e i s to be used i n d e s i g n and
eo 3
\ - t m \ = - \ 9 l
(- >
3 16
k m m
N = 0 . 9 a .-b - . 0 5
t - ( 0 . 5 + 10.3B)
1 5
(3.17)
u^ eo o k o v
' v
'
V c = 1 0
( -
3 1 8
>
85
3-8
Y Y
m G = 1.25 (3.19)
V e " L 1 ( 3
- 2 0 )
V c = L 2 5 ( 3
- 2 1
>
86
3-9
R
n k ^ s m
Q
< -
3 2 2
)
where:
R n = nominal r e s i s t a n c e
<>
f = resistance factor
Y S = load f a c t o r
Q m = mean l o a d e f f e c t
The p r o b a b i l i t y o f f a i l u r e Pp o f a s t r u c t u r a l element i l l u s t r a t e d i n
fig. 3 . 3 can be g i v e n b y :
P-ln(f)
0
[<LL ~*< ]
1
- m
Fig. 3.3. D e f i n i t i o n o f s a f e t y index .
87
3-10
S = j - ^ (3.24)
ln(Q)
R
m,
in (f)
(3.25)
V
T h i s f u n c t i o n f o r g i s now r e a r r a n g e d i n such a way t h a t the r e s i s t a n -
ce f a c t o r s f o r d i f f e r e n t s t r u c t u r a l elements can be determined i n d e -
p e n d e n t l y of the l o a d i n g u n c e r t a i n t i e s . The design c r i t e r i o n can be
written as:
The a i s a numerical c o n s t a n t .
The r e s i s t a n c e i s assumed t o be a product of f o l l o w i n g variables:
R = R . M . F . P (3.27)
where:
R n : nominal s p e c i f i e d r e s i s t a n c e i n code
M : r e p r e s e n t s the v a r i a t i o n i n m a t e r i a l s t r e n g t h or s t i f f n e s s
F : r e p r e s e n t s the u n c e r t a i n t i e s i n f a b r i c a t i o n i n c l u d i n g variation
in geometrical properties
P : r e f l e c t s the u n c e r t a i n t i e s o f the assumptions used i n d e t e r m i -
n i n g the r e s i s t a n c e from design models i . e . the p r o f e s s i o n a l
factor
approximately a s :
V
R ~- V MV + V
F 2 + V
? < - >
3 28
i n which V , Vp and V
M p are the c o e f f i c i e n t s o f v a r i a t i o n of M, F and
P respectively.
The Y s f a c t o r s a t the l o a d i n g s i d e o f e x p r e s s i o n ( 3 . 2 2 ) reflect
p o t e n t i a l o v e r l o a d s and the u n c e r t a i n t i e s i n the c a l c u l a t i o n o f the
l o a d e f f e c t s . For the l o a d i n g e f f e c t s the mean and the c o e f f i c i e n t
o f v a r i a t i o n can be c a l c u l a t e d i n a s i m i l a r as f o r the r e s i s t a n c e
3-11
t a k i n g account of a l l i n f l u e n c i n g variables.
The value of B must be s p e c i f i e d t o g i v e the d e s i r e d degree of r e l i a b i -
lity. In the LRFD method the value of B i s chosen i n such a way that
the same degree of r e l i a b i l i t y i s a t t a i n e d as i n the e x i s t i n g AISC
design code. T h i s method c a l l e d " c a l i b r a t i o n " has the advantage of
p
<M >Y (Y
n E D c D D m + y L . c L . L m + ) (3.29)
r J
n ' m m
dead and l i v e l o a d e f f e c t s . The r e s i s t a n c e f a c t o r f o l l o w s from eqs.
( 3 . 2 6 ) and ( 3 . 2 9 ) w i t h a = 0 . 5 5 based on a m i n i m i z a t i o n p r o c e s s :
R
dp = exp ( - 0 . 5 5 0 V ) J 2 R (3.30)
n
89
3-12
w i t h as examples:
. = 0.88
Y
t e n s i o n members
d>. =0.86
Y
beams
- 1 Columns
6 5
I " 0 8 5
i . =0.80
T
connectors
T h i s method i s d i f f e r e n t from t h a t used by ISO and ECCS a l t h o u g h it
looks s i m i l a r , t h e r e f o r e i n 3 . 2 . 4 . a q u a l i t a t i v e comparison i s g i v e n .
3.2.4. Comgarison_of_ISO/ECCS_and^
ISO/ECCS ( f o r a r i s k l e v e l 1 0 " ) 5
T n . c n . D k + V c L . L k (3.32)
Y .Y
'm ' c
> 1.3 c n . D k + 1.5 c L . L k
LRFD:
* . R > 1-1(1.1 c
n n . D m + 1.4 c L . LJ
90
3-13
T h i s e x p r e s s i o n d i f f e r s c o n s i d e r a b l y from ( 3 . 3 2 a ) .
Had t h e c o e f f i c i e n t o f v a r i a t i o n o f the random v a r i a b l e f o r t h e t r a n s -
f o r m a t i o n from l i v e l o a d i n t o l i v e l o a d e f f e c t s been assumed t h e same
as f o r t h e dead l o a d t r a n s f o r m a t i o n , thus 0 . 0 4 i n s t e a d of 0 . 2 0 and
L k = 1.22 L m then t h e e x p r e s s i o n ( 3 . 3 3 a ) would have become:
Serviceability l i m i t states
91
3-14
joint parameter
92
3-15
no s t a t i s t i c a l t rea t ment w i l l be a p p l i e d .
In c h a p t e r 9 o f t h i s r e p o r t a l l s t r e n g t h formulae a r e presented as
d e s i g n s t r e n g t h s which i n c l u d e s a l l c o e f f i c i e n t s used t o a r r i v e from
e . g . mean o f t h e t e s t r e s u l t s to t h e d e s i g n strength.
If t h e d e s i g n s t r e n g t h i s based on a n a l y t i c a l y i e l d c r i t e r i a confirmed
by t e s t r e s u l t s the c o e f f i c i e n t w i l l be u n i t y .
N = 1.0 N k (3.37)
y
Where the d e s i g n s t r e n g t h formulae are based on an e m p i r i c a l or s e m i -
empirical analysis:
N = c . N u (3.38)
m
i n which
N = design strength
N. = s t r e n g t h determined a n a l y t i c a l l y , based on y i e l d and c o n f i r m e d
V
J
by t e s t results
N u = s t r e n g t h f u n c t i o n , based on the mean of the t e s t results
c m
= f a c t o r t a k i n g account of the s c a t t e r of the t e s t r e s u l t s and
the v a r i a t i o n o f the parameters (5% p r o b a b i l i t y of o b t a i n i n g
lower r e s u l t s than N^) and an adopted Y - Y M C factor.
X i
c
- \ - ^ i ( 3
- 3 9
In c o u n t r i e s i n which the " p e r m i s s a b l e s t r e s s " method i s used the
a l l o w a b l e l o a d under w o r k i n g l o a d c o n d i t i o n N can be found by
d i v i d i n g the d e s i g n s t r e n g t h N by the a p p r o p r i a t e l o a d f a c t o r y .
\.i = T ( 3
- 4 0 )
93
3-16
3.5. References
2 . ECCS : Recommendations f o r S t e e l c o n s t r u c t i o n
E C C S - E G - 7 6 - 1 E . European Convention for
Constructional Steelwork.
5 . T r e z o s , C. : Etude p r o b a b i l i s t e de l a r e s i s t a n c e u l t i m e
des assemblages soudes en K.
C o n s t r u c t i o n M e t a l l i q u e Nr. 1 , 1978.
6. S t r a t i n g , J. : The i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of t e s t r e s u l t s for a
level I code. IIW Doc. XV-462-80.
94
4-i
Contents
Symbols
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Axially loaded l a t t i c e g i r d e r joints
4 2 1. General
4 2 2. C r i t e r i a of failure
4 2 3. Modes of failure
4 2 4. Test evidence
4 2 5. Analytical models
4 2 6. J o i n t strength formulae
4 2 7. E v a l u a t i o n to d e s i g n criteria
4 2 8. Recommendation and c a l c u l a t i o n r u l e s
4.3. Joints loaded by bending moments
4 3 1. General
4 3 2. C r i t e r i a of failure
4 3 3. Modes of fai1ure
4 3 4. Test evidence
4 3 5. Analytical models
4. 3 6 . J o i n t strength formulae
4. 3 7. Evaluation to d e s i g n criteria
4. 3 8. Recommendation and c a l c u l a t i o n r u l e s
4.4. Interaction between a x i a l l o a d i n g and moments
4.4.1. General
4.4.2. Analytical models
4.4.3. Test evidence
4.4.4. Recommendation and c a l c u l a t i o n rules
4.5. S p e c i a l types of joints
4.5.1. Joints r e l a t e d to X-joints
4.5.2. Joints r e l a t e d to K-joints
4.5.3. J o i n t s w i t h gusset plates
4.5.4. Cropped- and f l a t t e n e d end joints
4.6. References
Appendix IV-1 X-joints loaded i n tension
IV-2 T - j o i n t s loaded i n tension
IV-3 Comparison o f the j o i n t s t r e n g t h formulae f o r a x i a l l y
loaded j o i n t s w i t h some e x i s t i n g recommendations.
95
4-11
Symbols used i n c h a p t e r 4
cross-sectional area
c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l area o f the chord
effective ring length
E modulus o f elasticity
L l e n g t h of t h e chord o f a T- o r X - j o i n t i n the t e s t s
M bendi ng moment
bending moment i n the c r o s s s e c t i o n at the gap
M
o
gap
p l a s t i c bending moment c a p a c i t y o f a c r o s s section
M
P
u l t i m a t e bending moment c a p a c i t y o f a j o i n t
M
u
u l t i m a t e bending moment c a p a c i t y on b r a c i n g 1
M
lu
bending moment on a b r a c i n g
M
b
d e s i g n s t r e n g t h f o r t h e bending moment c a p a c i t y
% d e s i g n s t r e n g t h f o r t h e i n p l a n e bending moment c a p a c i t y
d e s i g n s t r e n g t h f o r the out o f p l a n e bending moment c a p a c i t y .
N axial load
N
i l o a d i n member i (0 = c h o r d ; 1 , 2 , 3 i n bracings)
N. ultimate load in bracing i for j o i n t strength (1 = 1 , 2 or 3)
i u
maximum l o a d i n the chord
N. l o a d i n t h e c h o r d c r o s s s e c t i o n a t t h e gap
o
gap
M p r e s t r e s s i n g l o a d i n the chord
P design s t r e n g t h f o r the j o i n t i n member i
^i
design s t r e n g t h f o r t h e a x i a l l o a d c a p a c i t y o f a j o i n t (general )
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c j o i n t strength for axial load
" y i e l d " load capacity of a j o i n t
p l a s t i c a x i a l l o a d c a p a c i t y of a c r o s s section
ultimate axial l o a d c a p a c i t y o f the j o i n t
mean f o r the t e s t r e s u l t s (ultimate axial load capacity)
correlation coefficient
shear load
shear l o a d c a p a c i t y o f a c r o s s section
c o e f f i c i e n t of variation
c o e f f i c i e n t of v a r i a t i o n o f the t e s t results
c o e f f i c i e n t o f v a r i a t i o n o f the a x i a l load capacity
c o e f f i c i e n t o f v a r i a t i o n o f t h e i n p i a n e bendi ng moment c a p a c -
ity
96
4-iii
op
A .a
o eo
6 : a x i a l d e f o r m a t i o n of a j o i n t
6 H : d e f o r m a t i o n of a j o i n t p e r p e n d i c u l a r to the p l a n e .
0. : angle between a b r a c i n g member ( i = 1 , 2 or 3) and the chord
: angle
97
4-iv
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c - o r d e s i g n v a l u e f o r the y i e l d stress
y i e l d s t r e s s o f the chord
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c - o r d e s i g n v a l u e f o r the y i e l d s t r e s s o f the
chord
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c v a l u e f o r the e q u i v a l e n t y i e l d s t r e s s of
cold f i n i s h e d hollow sections
u l t i m a t e m a t e r i a l s t r e s s o f the chord
h
l
cT
4-1
4.1. Introduction
In c h a p t e r 2 i t i s a l r e a d y p o i n t e d out t h a t c i r c u l a r h o l l o w s e c t i o n s
have s e v e r a l advantages over o t h e r r o l l e d shapes as s t r u c t u r a l members.
On the o t h e r hand f o r an economical d e s i g n and f a b r i c a t i o n o f tubular
j o i n t s e x p e r i e n c e d d e s i g n e r s and f a b r i c a t o r s are r e q u i r e d . Nowadays
s t r u c t u r e s o f c i r c u l a r h o l l o w s e c t i o n s are m a i n l y used f o r structures
exposed to wind o r wave a c t i o n and f u r t h e r f o r a e s t h e t i c a l reasons o r f o r
s t r u c t u r e s which must have a low dead w e i g h t .
In t h i s c h a p t e r most a t t e n t i o n w i l l be g i v e n to a x i a l l y loaded s i m p l e
l a t t i c e g i r d e r j o i n t s but a l s o moment l o a d i n g and o t h e r types o f j o i n t s
are r e v i e w e d .
99
4-2
4.2.1. General
T-joint Y- joint
5 ' *
Nil
\Ni
Ai-* 2
eiXA^y^
y Ni
Ni I V
d 2 >3 ^
2/ * d 2
A li I I^V / f i ^0 l 2
3l3
'HI L / 2
-r f
N ; 0 * ~
4.2.2. C r i t e r i a _ o f _ f a i l^ure
In general t h e s t a t i c s t r e n g t h can be c h a r a c t e r i z e d by t h e c r i t e r i a
shown i n f i g . 4 . 2 .
100
4-3
elastic limit
deformation limit
2
o remaining deformation
o limit
crack initiation
ultimate load
deformation
101
4-4
A im c r a c k
m
l 11J initiation [jjl
possible locations of
o
local buckLing
E S3
c) local buckling d) shear failure e) lamellar
tearing
4.2.4. T e s t evidence
102
4-5
4.2.5. A 5 l y t i a ^ jnodel s
n
4.2.5.1. Punching_shear_model
can be c a l c u l a t e d as f o l l o w s :
v (4.1)
103
4-6
1 + sinG-i
^ - F s T n e T <"> 4 2
or
2
N .sin0
i 1 N : 2sin0 1
v
p kg.-rr.d^^
=
TT.d^^ =
l + sin0 ' 4 - 3
^
which r e s u l t s i n 1
1 + s i n0
Ni,.
1H = Vv .. "i r. U. -d. .TLt ..
-
n !T
0
1
(4.4)
2 sin 0j
a
, eo
with v
'P ~ ~/3
In general t h i s c r i t e r i o n w i l l o n l y be c r i t i c a l f o r j o i n t s w i t h small
d
l o d
N,.sinG, d - t
2 m = p
1
2
1
. (l-simp) ( - 9 ^ ) (4.5)
104
4-7
Ni
Ni s i n 8 i - ^ s i n 0!
di-t. 2B
sin6i lUUl^llllUUUllUl
tffttttfftttntffff
B ~3(d -to)
e 0
joint joint
+
B .t2
e o
m
p = 4~ e 0
s i nip B
d - t d
0T 0 0
S u b s t i t u t i o n o f these r e l a t i o n s i n e q . 4 . 5 . g i v e s :
, a . t
1 eo o
N, (4.6)
'lu - - 0 7 smO
105
4-8
% = e o - o t 2
- l ^ ) -
f f
^ ) - 3 (
f 0
) - 4 ( f ) - 5 ^ ) - 6 ^ ) - 7 (
f f f f a
) < ' )
4 7
o o o eo to
2
4.2.5.3. Finite_elments_grogramme
106
Reber [25] based the main parame-
10.0
t e r s on a parameter study o f an
e l a s t i c f i n i t e elements computer
8.0
z z programme. W i t h i n a l i m i t e d range
of parameters he assumed, based on
6.0
5.6 t e s t s , a c o n s t a n t r a t i o between the
load f o r ultimate j o i n t strength
.0
and the l o a d which causes j u s t y i e l d
107
4-10
* 0.8
A
I
o gap
(4.8)
Q < Q
P = 2
" f <V o t
with Q = N . s i n G i i
108
4-11
N IT . d. (4.9)
Ogap P
(4.10)
gap
(4.11)
considerably.
J o i n t strength formulae
109
4-12
4.2.6.1. X ioints
;
110
4-13
theoretical value
as a r i n g w i t h
c o n c e n t r a t e d loads
12
\ 1.0 I
f(n)=1.0 Ni
0.8
%>' N(n) = 1 . 2 2 - 0 . 5 1 n|
l-o
0.6
0.5
-1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 '0.6 0.8 1.0
NOP
A
0 0"eo
Fig. 4.12. Influence p r e s t r e s s i n g chord on the s t r e n g t h of X-joints.
N
l u = 1 - 0;833g e o ' < > f n
< - >4 12
with:
N
lu =
1-0.8123 ( 2 y )
- (
^ }
^eo-S ( 4
" 1 4 )
with v 6 = 0.108
In f i g . 4 . 1 3 . a comparison between t h i s f o r m u l a and the t e s t results
i s g i v e n . As shown i n the f o r m u l a the s t r e n g t h is less sensitive for y
and somewhat to the y i e l d s t r e s s - u l t i m a t e s t r e s s r a t i o . For not right
angled c r o s s j o i n t s only l i t t l e evidence e x i s t s , however based on the
r i n g model and the a v a i l a b l e evidence [33] f o l l o w i n g f u n c t i o n can be u s e d :
4-15
f
W - ^ (4-15)
113
4-16
4.2.6.2. Tr.and_Y-joints
hy-^-Wh^f (4-16)
The formulae g i v e n i n the API [21] and AWS [22] are o r i g i n a l l y based
on the method d e s c r i b e d i n 4 . 2 . 5 . 3 . F u r t h e r the punching shear a p -
proach i s used which o v e r p r e d i c t s the i n f l u e n c e o f the angle G on the
j o i n t s t r e n g t h . T h i s i s compensated i n some areas by o t h e r factors
[15, 16].
l y s i n g the t e s t results.
A r e a n a l y s i s c a r r i e d by Kurobane [18] showed t h a t the t e s t r e s u l t s are
f a i r l y well p r e d i c t e d by:
114
4-17
(4.17)
0 I i i i i i i i 1 1 1
115
4-18
? n 5 d, 1 - 0 . 2 6 c o s ,
h u - ' e o W d+6.52^). _ _ ^ . f ( f - ) . f ( - ) (4.18)
o 1 o
wi t h :
O 0 o
(4.19)
(n )
1
= 1 + 0.23(n' - n' ) 2
for n' < 0
(4.20)
= 1.0 for n 1
5 0
116
4-19
Ni = a . t . f , . f . f , . f . . f , . f ,
2
(4.21)
l u e o 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 9
K
'
with V fi = 0.108
l d
f 1 = 2.57( 1 + 4 . 6 7 -j)
o
, , .0.184
f 2 = (2Y)
1 - 0.343cos G 2
1
f
3 sinGj
1 | 0.00613(2Y) L 4 1
f
4
exp(0.394 9 - 3 - 1 1 _ . 5 2 5 ) + 1' 0
eo -0.757 N
f
6 =
fe'
to
117
4-20
* N C Q l c (kN)
4.2.6.4. KJ:Joints
N
>w* '-w-Wt,-wN
'
(, 22)
118
4-21
2y ~ 35 d = 165,2 m m
0
4 ioo
tests
71-0.44
i ndi cated
9 3 - 0.36
wi t h :
71-0.19
93-0.20
2Y - 3
50
10 20 30 40
5 (mm)
119
4-22
j- - 35 chord d i a m e t e r 165.2 mm
t
o
11
= 71 318.2 mm
" = 93 4 5 7 . 2 mm
2Y<=?35 d 0 =165,2 m m
200
tests
indicated
with:
2y- B
20 30
* - (mm)
Fig. 4.17. Some l o a d - d e f o r m a t i o n diagrammes f o r Y-joints.
120
4-23
2y ~ 35 dj, = 165,2 m m
+0=0.01 do 2y^72 d = 318,5 m m
0
2 y ~ 95 do = 457,2 m m
A 150 tests
i ndi cated
wi t h :
2y - S
20 30 40
25 (mm )
121
4-24
2y - 35 d 0 = 165,2 m m
+5= 0.01 d 0 2Y^71 d 0 = 318,5mm
2Y^90 d 0 = 457,2mm
500
35-0.69
400
f
300
71-0.52
3 5-0.46
yield br. ^71-0.44
^ 9 1 -0.76
fT 3 5
; 0 2 5
yield br
+ji!71-019 90-0.20
10 15 20
+~ 5 ( m m )
122
4-25
4.2.7. E v a l u a t i o n to d e s i g n criteria
o o o eo to
J
1 - 0.343cos e 2
1 1 1
f (9) sine
si ne s i nG ^
3
0.00613(2Y) 1 - 4 1
1.0 1.0
1 +
V 9 ' )
exp.(0.394 ^ 1 1
- 0.525) + l
a 1 . 2 2 - 0 . 5 |n|
1.0 l + 0.303n' - 0 . 2 7 8 n ' 2
, eo,-0.173
a
eo,-0.757
1.0
(
6 (
to )
to to
,-0.450
f (a)
7 1.0 (2a) l.o
R 2
0.93 0.96 0.93
As d e s c r i b e d i n c h a p t e r 3 a t f i r s t the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t r e n g t h func-
t i o n s have to be determined a f t e r which the formulae can be s i m p l i f i e d
for design.
a
eo
N
u = (eo t
f
, d , , 0 , g ^ , n , 6) (4.23)
0 Q s
to
3f
3a
. s ) 2
+ (It- . s._J s ) 2
eo eo
(4.24)
2
{ f
(%m) }
I f many t e s t r e s u l t s a r e a v a i l a b l e :
1 1.64 V, (4.25)
N
k =
V N
B e s i d e s the b a s i c v a r i a b l e s a model f a c t o r 6 i s i n t r o d u c e d r e p r e s e n -
t i n g the v a r i a t i o n o f the t e s t r e s u l t s to the s t r e n g t h model.
The t e s t r e s u l t s are g e n e r a l l y analysed based on a c t u a l dimensions and
a c t u a l m a t e r i a l p r o p e r t i e s whereas i n the codes the nominal dimensions
are used and a d e s i g n v a l u e f o r the y i e l d s t r e s s . The d e s i g n v a l u e for
the y i e l d s t r e s s i s g e n e r a l l y a value which can be r e p r e s e n t e d by the
mean v a l u e mines two standard d e v i a t i o n s . If the y i e l d s t r e s s i s the
o n l y m a t e r i a l parameter i n f l u e n c i n g the s t r e n g t h o f a t u b u l a r joint,
the f u n c t i o n f o r the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c j o i n t s t r e n g t h have to be c o r r e c t e d
by:
(4.26)
(1 - 2V J a
c o e f f . of
mean v a l u e
variation
- CHS diameter d 0.005 1.0 x nominal v a l u e
- wal 1 t h i c k n e s s t 0.05 1.0 x nominal v a l u e
- design y i e l d s t r e s s a 0.075 1.18 x a ^ e
ek
- y i e l d stress ratio 0.66
0.13
a
t
- gap-fabrication (g) 1.0 x nominal v a l u e
- test results 6
see f i g . 4 . 2 0 .
4-27
Type o f joint VN
V
6 U N
k
* S i n c e the s t r e n g t h o f K - j o i n t s i s very s e n s i t i v e f o r v a r i a t i o n s of
the gap g , has been checked u s i n g a s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n of 5 mm.
This resulted in N K = 0.74 N U M [31].
Simplifications
X-joints
The i n f l u e n c e f u n c t i o n s f and f . show t h a t these types of j o i n t s are
^eo
l e s s s e n s i t i v e f o r v a r i a t i o n s o f Y and . The f u n c t i o n f ( v ) varies 0
to a 2
T- and Y-joints
The i n f l u e n c e o f the bending s t r e s s e s i n the chord i s a l r e a d y indirect-
l y taken i n t o account by f u n c t i o n fj(a) f o r 3 4 2a 5.
125
4-28
K- and N-joints
1 + sinG,
f
3< ) ' - T s T n e J
0
< - >
4 27
p l i e d here.
For Q = 45:
l
1 - 0.343 c o s 0 2
1 Q g 3
sin0j sin0j
T h i s c o r r e c t i o n g i v e s a r e d u c t i o n f o r N-type j o i n t s whereas f o r K-
j o i n t s w i t h angles o f 45 the s t r e n g t h remains the same. For the K-
j o i n t s w i t h angles 0 < 45 i n general y i e l d i n g of the members i s c r i t i c a l
126
4-29
I Hy sine^ + Nop_
2 2
N = i,2
0
N
sine 1/2 +N o p
Fig. 4 . 2 1 . P r e s t r e s s i n g load N p. Q
N ?
for n 1
= . p
< 0 : f (n)
c = 1 + 0.3n' - 0.3n'
o eo
(4.28)
f o r n' > 0 : f ( n ' ) = 1.0
a
eo
The f u n c t i o n fg can be s i m p l i f i e d by choosing - = 0 . 6 6 f o r hot r o l l e d
s e c t i o n s . For c o l d r o l l e d s e c t i o n s however the ^ y i e l d s t r e s s ratio
i s a f u n c t i o n o f the d i a m e t e r - w a l l t h i c k n e s s r a t i o o f the c h o r d . It
should t h e r e f o r e be c o n s i d e r e d t o g e t h e r w i t h the y i e l d stress.
The f u n c t i o n f^ f o r the i n f l u e n c e o f the gap i s r a t h e r complicated
therefore f o r s i m p l e r design formulae t h i s f u n c t i o n i n combination w i t h
f u n c t i o n f2 can be presented g r a p h i c a l l y (see f i g . 4 . 2 2 . ) .
F u r t h e r the exponents are rounded o f f which i s compensated by c o r r e c -
t i o n f a c t o r s i n the f u n c t i o n e . g . f o r 15 2y < 3 0 :
(2 ) -
Y
1 4 1
,(2y) 1
- .(30 - -
5
)
0 0 0 9
^ 2
' 0 8
^ L 5
127
4-30
u 0.012 y 1
+
exp(0.39g -0.53)+1
l
1.41 1.5
0.00613(2Y) 0.012Y
(1 + - 1 +
e x p ( 0 . 3 9 4 | ~ - 0.525) + 1 exp(0.39g' - 0.53) + 1
a , , , 1.8,
e,eq k (i + ) oe k ( p a r e n t m a t erial) (4.29)
128
4-31
4.2.7.3. Determination_of_the_design_strength
The j o i n t s c o n s i d e r e d a l l show a d u c t i l e b e h a v i o u r as i l l u s t r a t e d in
4.2.6.5. In c e r t a i n cases under t e n s i l e l o a d i n g the T- and X-joints
can show f o r high B r a t i o s a lower d e f o r m a t i o n c a p a c i t y but then an
e x t r a margin of about 1.5 e x i s t s between the s t r e n g t h s here determined
and the a c t u a l u l t i m a t e s t r e n g t h , see Appendices I V - 1 and IV-2 which
means t h a t at o t h e r l o c a t i o n s y i e l d i n g w i l l o c c u r l e a d i n g to redistrib-
ution.
N = j^j (4.30)
129
4-32
4.2.8. BQ2DQdation_ 0 ^ . c a l c u l a t | o n _ r u l e s
'nT ' c
130
4-33
131
4-34
J
eo k f(t ) 0
f() f(e) f(Y)f(g') f(n)
0.2
Ni = 'eo k
(2.8 + U . 2 ) 2
sin 6 i -Y f(n)
J 1
9
5.2
f(n)
s 1-0.81 P sin 6 ,
Ni
K,N gap or o v e r l a p
2
e J
eok 2.1 + 9 . 8
1
4) sin 6 i % g ' ) f(n')
do
sin G T
Ni sin 82
Punching shear check for
T, Y , X and K, N, KT
j o i n t s w i t h gap ' \ 0
' 2sin e,
2
= 1.2 or 3
1.5
0.2 0.012Y
f(Y. 9') = (Y) 1 +
exp. ( 0 . 3 9 g ' - 0.53) 77]
d. d,
Validity range 0.25 -g 1.0 2T"25 Y25 - 0 . 5 5 < | - < +0.25
o *~ i
132
4-35
General
133
4-36
Lfff
4.3.2. Criteria_of_failure
135
4-38
0 5 10 15 20
2
l^d-xlO"
When the members are not c r i t i c a l and the welds are s t r o n g enough in
p r i n c i p l e two main modes o f f a i l u r e e x i s t as shown i n f i g . 4 . 2 8 .
a. P l a s t i c f a i l u r e of the chord f a c e or chord c r o s s section.
b. C r a c k i n g l e a d i n g to r u p t u r e o f the b r a c i n g from the c h o r d .
In general f a i l u r e mode a . o ccu rs but f o r j o i n t s made o f high strength
s t e e l s or j o i n t s w i t h p a r t i c u l a r j o i n t parameters mode b. can o c c u r .
F o r moment c o n n e c t i o n s mode b. i s not l i k e l y to o c c u r w i t h o u t enough
rotation capacity therefore l i m i t a t i o n s are g i v e n l a t e r o n i n the re-
commendati o n s .
For very t h i n w a l l e d s e c t i o n s l o c a l b u c k l i n g i n the members i n the re-
g i o n o f the j o i n t may o c c u r . T h i s can be a v o i d e d by a proper limita-
t i o n o f the d i a m e t e r - w a l l t h i c k n e s s r a t i o s . For very t h i c k w a l l e d s e c -
tions (e.g. i n offshore) good m a t e r i a l p r o p e r t i e s and s u i t a b l e w e l d i n g
processes are i m p o r t a n t to a v o i d l a m e l l a r t e a r i n g .
136
4-39
a : plastification chord
4.3.4. Test_eyidence
4.3.5. Analytical_models
137
4-40
A M
P A M o p
plastic distribution
138
4-41
M b = 2 v
p-("4 s i n i
P)-dA
l d d
l
V .simp . * . sinip . t . -K . dip
nnax
7T . d. . t .V
4 1 o p,max
For V = 0.58a
p eo
maxp
M = 0.46 . df . t . a (4.32)
b 1 o eo
P l a s t i c stress d i s t r i b u t i o n ( f i g . 4.29b)
M, = 2 r V
V .(-J
d
i i
. sinip).^ . t
d
dipj
J p
max
di . t .V
l o p r
rr
or
M. = 0 . 5 8 . d , . t .a (4.32)
b 1 o eo
M, = C . d , . t . ;J (4.33)
b 1 o eo
M. = 2C . a . t . d . . I.y (4.33a)
b eo o 1
Q
where C i s a c o n s t a n t .
139
4-42
i+Jsine ( 4 > 3 4 )
4sin^9
- Bending out o f p l a n e :
k b = ^ (4.35)
D
4snn G
4.3.5.2. Bl 9_ 2 !
n m d
140
4-43
a. ~ b. + c.
141
4-44
, .2 . -0.5
(4.36)
M
M = 3 d. . t . Y c
u^ 1 o eo
1
validity range:
14 i 2Y e 60
E q u a t i o n ( 4 . 3 6 ) can be r e w r i t t e n as:
M
u = 6 a
eo i Y
'
5 8
l
d
( -
4 3 6 a
)
iP
- Bending i n p l a n e :
o .t 2
V =- 8 d
l ^TnGT < - 3 4 + 1 9
^ < -4 3 7
)
iP 1
- Bending out o f p l a n e :
a .t 2
\ p = - 8 d
l -sTne^^ - 3 4 +
( -
4 3 8
)
where Q = 1.0 f o r 8 0 . 6
g
n - 0-3
g
B 8(1 - 0.838) f o r
3 > 0.6
Further_analysis
143
4-46
N30
N90
1.0
* x
-meonvalue
0.8 0 0 X
.
in
u
o
01 o 0.6
CL
+-> CL
-
b Gibstein
X 0.4 - x Sparrow ( o n l y Y 1 6 )
o Akiyama
0.2 * Y u r a (N - j o i n t s )
i i i i i i i i
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
M (4.39)
1 l(X-joint)
op
C = 0.68
mean
V,, = 0.098
o
1.0
Y 30
0.8
K90U*M30
z T3 m v o
0.6 x
0 *K30
*K90
0M o Akiyama
x Y u r a (T-joints)
0.2 T Yura (Y-joints)
* Yura (K-joints)
0 i i i i i i i i i i
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
*-
Fig. 4.33. R e l a t i o n between the u l t i m a t e out o f plane bending moment
c a p a c i t y and the d e s i g n s t r e n g t h f o r a x i a l l y loaded X - j o i n t s .
145
4-48
4.3.6.3. Joint_stiffness
Bending i n p l a n e :
C = 0.43 E ( - ^ ) . ( ^ - 0 . 0 1 ) -
3
2 3 5 - 1
- 5 3
(4.40)
Bending out of p l a n e :
3 2 , 4 5 - 1 , 6 5
C = 0.0016 E ( ^ ) . ( 2 1 5 - 1358)(-i - 0 . 0 2 ) (4.41)
0.33 ^ 6 e 0.8
10 i y z 30
146
4-49
4-50
4.3.7. Evaluation_to_design
M = 0.61.d,.N,, . (4.44a)
op 1 l(X-jomt) '
v
v
4.3.8. Bcommendation_and_cal c u l ^ t i _ o n _ r u l e s
148
4-51
T,Y,X |
M. = 4 . 8 5 o .t .y- .B 2 5
.d,.-t(5j-
JSLdi ip eo o ' k
p
1 sm0 1
T.Y.X.K.N
M - a t
2
-3 2 f
(")
P 6
k O
'l-0.81B 2
' s i n 0
l
eq. (4.44)
4.4.1. Genera]
4.4.2. Analytical_models
149
4-52
4.4.3. I-t_evidence
MT
1u
Fig. 4.38. Interaction diagram f o r a x i a l l o a d and bending i n plane
(T-joint, 6 = 0.42).
1.00
+ 2Y = 18
0
2Y = 21 fj , 0 . 6 7
x
2Y = 23
a 2Y = 32
0.80
0.60
N
V
0.40
0.20
x 0
151
4-54
N M. M
_ + _l i.o (4.45)
N M, Pi
ip op
152
4-55
4.5.1. J2iDts_rlated_to_X;joints
Nj.sinSj + ^ . s i n G ^ ^ sin0^
(N. from X - j o i n t )
153
4-56
4.5.2. J2D5_reXated_to_K-oints
Ni * N, (K-joint)
+
general punching s h e a r check
+
check on shear c a p a c i t y o f cross
section 1-1.
4.5.3. J2G5_with_gusset_glates
Various c o n f i g u r a t i o n s are p o s s i b l e f o r j o i n t s w i t h g u s s e t p l a t e s as
shown i n f i g s . 4 . 4 4 . to 4 . 5 2 . w h i l e the t e s t r e s u l t s are recorded in
t a b l e s 4 - 3 and 4 - 4 . The j o i n t s can be d i v i d e d i n t o two b a s i c groups,
those w i t h g u s s e t p l a t e s s y m m e t r i c a l l y welded a t the o p p o s i t e s i d e s of
the chord ( X P - j o i n t s ) and those w i t h g u s s e t p l a t e s o n l y welded a t one
s i d e of the chord (TP-joints).
The X P - j o i n t s show a b e h a v i o u r comparable to t h a t of X - j o i n t s whereas
the T P - j o i n t s can be r e l a t e d to T - j o i n t s . E s p e c i a l l y those joints
with a plate i n longitudinal d i r e c t i o n show very h i g h d e f o r m a t i o n s at
the maximum l o a d c a p a c i t y .
The l o a d d e f o r m a t i o n diagrammes of these j o i n t s show a more pronounced
y i e l d l o a d c a p a c i t y than t u b u l a r j o i n t s . Although the d e f o r m a t i o n s at
t h i s " y i e l d load capacity" can s t i l l be c o n s i d e r a b l e t h e s e are used i n
the a n a l y s i s . When d e f o r m a t i o n s are i m p o r t a n t i t i s e s s e n t i a l to c o n -
s i d e r the l o a d - d e f o r m a t i o n b e h a v i o u r (e.g. by use of computer program-
mes o r a v a i l a b l e t e s t evidence
More d e t a i l e d i n f o r m a t i o n r e g a r d i n g the l o a d - d e f o r m a t i o n b e h a v i o u r is
given in [ 13].
154
4-57
Fig.4.44 X P 1 - joint
i Ni N
l = a
eo -Vn"-"0V8Te)
k f ( r > )
Jd |0
eq. (4.49)
Ni
Fig.4.45 XP2-joint
fi
l-eo 5-( -
t s 2 + Z r
(") f
h n
eq. (4.50)
Fig.4.46 XP3-joint
r St N
l 'eo - o-(l-0:8lp)k
t
f ( n )
r t 0
M
I 1 ~~
<l
eq. (4.49)
Fig.4.47 X P 4 - j o i n t
2 5.2(l+0.25n)
+ */ n N
1
N
l = a
e o - V (1-0.816)
k f ( n )
r*0
f
ii n 4 eq. (4.51)
Fig.4.48 X P 5 - joint
tft
hi '-
K
p i i
id
"do r,
1 i i if
eq. (4.52)
t Ni
155
4-58
h = a
eo,- - t2
0
5 - 2 + 2 n
(n) f
(4-47)
1
k 0
i . 0.816
b
l
where 6 = - r (6 = 0 f o r the X P - 2 j o i n t )
o
h
l
(1 + 0.25n) (4.48)
n < 4
156
4-59
F i g i . 4 9 - . T P 1 - joint
J. $t *l"eo ^ o ^ - 2 + 2 L 3 p 2 )
f ( n )
eq. (4.53)
t t
F i g . A . 5 0 : T P 2 - joint
tft
I eq. (4.54)
i !
F i g . . 5 1 : TP 3 - j o i n t
fi
l = CT
eo 5 ' ( - t 4 2 + Z 1
- P )
3 2
- (n)
f
]
eq. (4.53)
1 t
Fig..52 : T P - j o i n t
N x = CT . t . ( 4 . 2 + 2 1 . 3 3 ) ( l + 0.25n) .
2 2
f( )
n
t n 4 eq. (4.55)
a b
l h
l
=
^o n
157
4-60
Fig.4.53
M
i P = h
r i(xp-i)
N
* b1
F i g . 4.54
M
i P = n
r (TP-i)
N
M i p = 6 . 4 . hj (4.56)
4-61
Fig.4.55
l
i l l
1
~\) ! 1 1 Tf
eq. (4.56)
159
4-62
4.5.4. Cropped- a n d _ f l ^ t t e n e d _ e n d _ j o i n t s
4.6. References
160
4-63
6. N a t a r a j a n , M. S t u d i e s on t u b u l a r j o i n t s i n Japan.
Toprac, A.A. Review o f r e s e a r c h reports.
U n i v . o f T e x a s , June 1968.
8. N a t a r a j a n , M. S t u d i e s on t u b u l a r j o i n t s in U.S.A.
Toprac, A.A. Review o f r e s e a r c h reports.
U n i v . o f T e x a s , May 1969.
9. Hlavacek, V. S t r e n g t h o f welded t u b u l a r j o i n t s in
lattice girders. (Translation from
Italian)
C o n s t r u c t i o n i M e t a l l i c h e , n r . 6 - 1970.
Otake, F.
161
4-64
162
4-65
28. W a s h i o , K. E x p e r i m e n t a l study on l o c a l f a i l u r e of
Togo, T. chords i n t u b u l a r t r u s s joints.
Mitsui, N. P a r t s I and II
Technology Reports o f Osaka University
Vol. 18 No. 850 (1968) and V o l . 19 No.
874 ( 1 9 6 9 ) .
163
4-66
44. F e s s l e r , H. Experimental d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f s t i f f n e s s
Spooner, H. of t u b u l a r joints.
Conf. " I n t e g r i t y of offshore structures"
Glasgow, J u l y 1981.
165
4-68
Mu
0 o "1 "I u
Ref. test Remarks
mm mm mm mm N/mm k.Nm 4.36a
4 219.1 6.3 71.6 18.5 90" 320 0.327 17.39 8.4 1,12 tests 1 to 3
5 219.1 8.9 71.6 18.5 430 0.327 12.31 18.1 1.08 f a i l e d in
6 298.5 7.2 101.6 16.0 300 0.340 20.73 14.6 1.00 member
7 219.1 5.5 311 19.92 11.9 1.00
3 8.4 374 13.04 26.3 0.98 t e s t s 7 t o 10
9 10.0 375 10.96 35.6 1.01 checked with
10 12.3 101.6 16.0 412 0.340 8.9 55.0 1.04 Gibstein.
37 11 6.0 139.7 17.5 320 0.638 18.26 26.3 1.00 a e onot
12 8.8 430 12.45 60.0 0.95 correctly
13 219.1 12.3 139.7 17.5 400 0.638 8.9 90.0 0.93 recorded in
14 298.5 7.3 193.7 7.1 302 0.649 20.44 54.5 0.99 reference.
15 10.0 300 14.93 80.0 1.00
16 298.5 10.0 193.7 7.1 300 0.649 14.93 87.3 1.00
17 219.1 5.9 177.8 16.0 320 0.812 18.57 41.3 1.02
8.6 430 12.74 100.0 1.03
18
219.1 12.5 177.8 16.0 90" 400 0.812 8.76 164.0
19
A,K - 90" 507.2 11.4 326.4 90 350 0.644 22.2 272.3 1.01
38 N - j o i nt
K - 30 5 0 7 . 2 11.4 455.9 30 c
350 0.899 22.2 693.9 1.32
d
o t 0
d
l h e a
eo i Y M
u u H
166
Table 4 . 3 . XP-joints [14] Table 4 . 4 . TP-joints [14]
t
d
o b
l h
l G
eo N
lu lu according d
o 0 b
l h
l a
eo N
lu Nj according
Specimen Specimen 2
. i 2
\
mm mm mm mm N/mm kN equation mm mm mm mm N/mm equation
1
XP-1-1 165.2 5.2 82.6 314 94.8 1.28 TP-1-1 165. 2 5 2 82 5 _ 314 124 1 54*'
0 115.6 126.3 1.24 (4.49) 2 115 5 174 5 1 08
3 148.7 191.0 1.17 3 148 5 11 256 9 1 36
4 139. 8 3 34 97 3 350 107 5 1 38 .
148.7 (
3 318 5 4 46 100.0 436 56 6 1
28
2 ") 190.5 1.17
4 4 48 200.0 433 67 1 1
28 (4.54)
3 114.3 4.16 9 9 . 1 (114.3) 376 113.5 1.00 (4.49)
4 3.91 99.1 (228.6) 104.0 1.04
5 4 43 300.0 418 80 1 1 40
6 457. 2 4 91 150.0 445 62 8 1 13
7 450.0 11 92 8 1 22
XP-4-1 165.2 5.2 115.6 247.8 314 182.5 1.30 8 250.0 72 1 15
2 148.7 270.0 1.21
3 132.2 165.2 215.5 1.38
TP-3-1 165 2 5 2 115 6 ( 3 3 0 . 4 ) 314 193 5 1 58
4 132.2 200.5 1.28 (4.51)
2 132 2 ( 1 6 5 . 2 ) 210 5 1 4 0
5 114.3 4.28 99.1 114.3 376 100.0 1.20
6 114.3 4.05 99.1 228.6 376 195.0 1.21
TP-4-1 165 2 5 2 115 6 3 3 0 . 4 314 265 5 1 4 3 (A RR ^
2 132 2 1 6 5 . 2 290 5 1 5 4 ^4.OD)
XP-5-1 114.3 4.39 91.4 85.7 384 151.5 1.08
2 171.5 200.5 1.16 (4.52)
3 342.9 306.0 1.30 Remarks: The mean v a l u e for T-ioints of tubular sections is
"1
N
lu
Remark: The mean v a l u e for X-joints of tubular sections is
N
(1 - 1.64.V )1.18
1
N u
T h e s e t e s t s show c o n s i d e r a b l e h i g h e r s t r e n g t h s than
(1-1.64 V )1.18 *
Nu
l l 2 8
c o m p a r a b l e s p e c i m e n s . No d e t a i l e d t e s t e v i d e n c e is
a v a i l a b l e f o r an a d e q u a t e e x p l a n a t i o n .
4-70
168
IV-1
Appendix IV
deformation 6
169
IV-2
170
IV-3
2 . 1 7 0.345 ,L>0.24
N (2Y) t .c (IV-1)
lu
2
1-0.812B o eo
w i t h v^ = 0.206.
The t e s t r e s u l t s are g r a p h i c a l l y shown i n f i g . I V - 4 .
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
> 1.0
cr
0.8
z~
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
171
IV-4
V N = 0.24 (IV-2)
lu
wi t h
As shown i n e q . ( I V - 2 ) t h e c o e f f i c i e n t o f v a r i a t i o n appears t o be r a t h e r
high. For the e v a l u a t i o n t o a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t r e n g t h L = 5 d i s s u b - Q
% = a
eo k
0
" 1
- 0-813 Y
" iTnef- ( " )
I V 4
Comparison o f t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t r e n g t h w i t h t h a t f o r j o i n t s loaded
i n compression g i v e s f o l l o w i n g relation:
N
l = 0-5lY- 3 5
N. dV-51
Intension k(compression)
This r e l a t i o n i s g r a p h i c a l l y shown i n f i g . I V - 5 .
Comparison o f the d e s i g n l o a d e q u a t i o n s worked o u t by Makino [ 4 9 ] f o r
X-joints o f c o l d f i n i s h e d h o l l o w s e c t i o n s and those f o r t h e X - j o i n t s
l o a d e d i n compression by Kurobane [18] g i v e s :
Vension) = 0.55 - Y
3 4 2
, 0 .54 - Y
3 5
(IV-6
172
IV-5
eq.(IV-5)
0 20 0 60 80 100
* 2 Y = f
1
0
Fig. IV-5. Comparison o f the design s t r e n g t h s i n t e n s i o n and i n com-
pression (X-joints).
- \
N, = (IV-7)
1 Y Y
'm ' c
In c h o o s i n g the Y - Y M C f a c t o r i t has t o be c o n s i d e r e d t h a t c r a c k initia-
t i o n appears b e f o r e f a i l u r e ; t h e d e f o r m a t i o n can be c o n s i d e r a b l e f o r
j o i n t s w i t h a low 3 and a high y r a t i o w h i l e on the o t h e r hand t h e d e -
f o r m a t i o n c a p a c i t y f o r j o i n t s w i t h (3 - 1.0 and high y r a t i o s can be
s m a l l . These f a c t s can be c o n s i d e r e d by d i f f e r e n t c r i t e r i a , a l i m i t e d
range o f v a l i d i t y o r by v a r y i n g Y - Y M C factors.
173
IV-6
N 1 ( J = 1.61(1 + 4 . 9 4 e ) . ( 2 ) -
2
Y
7 6 5
.(^f -
0 4 5
.t 2
. a e o (IV-8)
o
w i t h V. = 0 . 1 9 1 .
o
The t e s t r e s u l t s are g r a p h i c a l l y shown i n f i g . I V - 7 .
With e x c e p t i o n o f the i n f l u e n c e o f y e q . ( I V - 8 ) i s s i m i l a r to that for
T-joints loaded i n c o m p r e s s i o n . The s c a t t e r however, is considerably
larger. Using the same c o e f f i c i e n t s o f v a r i a t i o n f o r the dimensions and
the mechanical p r o p e r t i e s as given i n 4 . 2 . 7 . , results i n :
174
IV-7
\
> AIJ[51]
, A P I 198C
* P
175
IV-8
V =0.21 (IV-9)
lu
wi th
\ = - 7 7 N
lu(mean) ( I V
" 1 0
)
\ = 1
- 2
% - t
o ( 1 + 4
- 9 4 3 2 )
- Y
' 7 6 5
- i l ^ ( I V
' U )
Comparison o f t h i s e q u a t i o n w i t h the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t r e n g t h of
T-joints loaded i n compression g i v e s following relation:
N
l, . > = 0.42 Y - 0 5 2 4
N, (IV-12)
pension) ^(compression)
- 0.44 Y ' 5
(IV-12a)
T h i s r e l a t i o n i s g r a p h i c a l l y shown i n f i g . IV-8.
Makino worked out such a r e l a t i o n f o r T - j o i n t s made o f c o l d f i n i s h e d
h o l l o w s e c t i o n s and came to n e a r l y the same r e l a t i o n s h i p as g i v e n i n
eq. (IV-12).
Due to the l a r g e r i n f l u e n c e o f membrane a c t i o n the parameter y i s more
i m p o r t a n t than f o r T - j o i n t s l o a d e d i n c o m p r e s s i o n . In [49] i t is stated
t h a t the design s t r e n g t h o b t a i n e d a c c o r d i n g e q . (IV-12) f a l l s in
general on a p o i n t between the " y i e l d l o a d " and the l o a d a t c r a c k ini-
tiation.
C o n s i d e r i n g the f a c t t h a t f o r j o i n t s w i t h a low 6 r a t i o the deforma-
tion increases rapidly with increasing y r a t i o while for j o i n t s with a
high 3 r a t i o (B - 1.0) the d e f o r m a t i o n c a p a c i t y d e c r e a s e s , n e c e s s i t a t e s
a greater reserve i n s t r e n g t h o r a d d i t i o n a l c r i t e r i a . Based on t h e s e
arguments i t i s a l s o here proposed to use b a s i c a l l y f o r j o i n t s loaded
i n t e n s i o n the same s t r e n g t h as f o r j o i n t s loaded i n c o m p r e s s i o n .
IV-9
IV-3.1. Comgarison_with_the_DNV_r
177
IV-10
Proposed: l o a d f a c t o r x p a r t i a l s a f e t y coefficient
- ( 1 . 3 to 1.5) x 1.1 1.65
T- and Y - j o i n t s i n compression
0.3
6.85.6 . y
DNV
(IV-13)
proposed ( 2 . 8 + 14.26
X-joints i n compression
K- and N-joints
0.5
1.63(1+6.16) Y l+sin0 2.4+1.8 g / d
DNV
1 Q
(IV-15)
proposed (2.1+9.! f(Y.g') 2 ' 2.4+7g/d
DNV
proposed f o r m u l a
T Y X
178
IV-11
DNV
proposed f o r m u l a
parameter Y = 7.5 Y = 25
g = o 1.26 1.07
S = 0.4
g = 0.3d Q 0.90 1.21
g = 0 1.29 1.10
3 = 0.6
g = 0.3d Q 0.92 1.24
g = 0 1.31 1.11
3 = 0.85
g = 0.3d o 0.93 1.26
IV-3.2. Comgarison_with_the_API_form
179
IV-12
I V - 3 . 2 . 1 . Cgmgarison_with_the_Yura
Yura [ 3 8 ] g i v e s u l t i m a t e s t r e n g t h e q u a t i o n s f o r which a f a c t o r 1 . 8
is proposed f o r working l o a d c o n d i t i o n s . T h i s means t h a t f o r c o m p a r i -
son w i t h t h e proposed e q u a t i o n s f o r d e s i g n s t r e n g t h t h e Yura formulae
1 5
have t o be m u l t i p l i e d by = 0.833. Suppose i n the comparison
f(n) = 1.0.
T- and Y - j o i n t s i n compression
Y | I , 0 . 8 3 3 ( 3 . 4 + 1 9 6)
T - 0 7 2 < I V
" 1 6
)
proposed ( 2 . 8+ 14.26 ) Y
X-joints i n compression
6 0 . 6
(3.4 + 198 ) ( 1 - 0 . 8 1 8 )
Yura
(IV-17)
proposed 6 . 2 4
6 > 0 . 6
(3.4 + 196 ) ( 1 - 0 . 8 1 B )
Yura
(IV-18)
proposed 2 0 . 8 6 ( 1 - 0.8333
K- and N - j o i n t s
Y U R A 0 . 8 3 3 ( 3 . 4 + 1 9 6) . ( 1 . 8 - 0 . 8 g/dj)
(IV-19)
proposed ( 2 . 1 + 9 . 8 6 ).f(v.g')
180
IV-13
Yura
proposed formula
T , Y X
Yura
proposed f o r m u l a
K- and N - j o i n t s (all G)
parameter Y = 7.5 Y = 25
g = 0 1.58 0.74
1 = 0.4
9 = d. 0.98 0.81
g = o 1.60 0.76
6 = 0.6
g = x
1.02 0.81
g = o 1.63 0.76
8 = 1.0
g = dj
181
IV-14
IV-3.3. P^he^_recomme^d^tions
182
JOINTS WITH A RECTANGULAR HOLLOW SECTION CHORD AND RECTANGULAR OR
CIRCULAR HOLLOW SECTION BRACINGS
Contents
Symbols
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Axially loaded l a t t i c e g i r d e r joints
5 2 1. General
5 2 2. C r i t e r i a of failure
5 2 3. Modes of failure
5 2 4. T e s t evidence
5 2 5. Analytical models
5 2 6. J o i n t strength formulae
5 2 7. E v a l u a t i o n t o design criteria
5 2 8. Recommendation and c a l c u l a t i o n r u l e s
J o i n t loaded by bending moments
5 3 1. General
5 3 2. C r i t e r i a of failure
5 3 3. Modes of failure
5 3 4. T e s t evidence
5 3 5. Analytical models
5 3 6. Design s t r e n g t h formulae
5 3 7. Recommendation and c a l c u l a t i o n r u l e s
5.4. Interaction between a x i a l l o a d i n g and moments
5.4.1. General
5.4.2. Analytical models
5.4.3. Test evidence
5.4.4. Recommendation and c a l c u l a t i o n rules
5.5. S p e c i a l types of joints
5.5.1. Joints r e l a t e d to X-joints
5.5.2. Joints r e l a t e d to K-joints
5.5.3. J o i n t s w i t h gusset plates
5.5.4. Beam to RHS column connections
5.5.5. Joints in t r i a n g u l a r girders
5.5.6. Double chord joints
5.5.7. J o i n t s with s t i f f e n i n g plates
5.5.8. Knee joints
5-ii
5.6. References
Appendix V - l . Y i e l d l i n e models
V-2. I n f l u e n c e membrane a c t i o n
V-3. E f f e c t i v e w i d t h f o r p l a t e to RHS chord
connections
V-4. S i m p l i f i e d design rules f o r axially
loaded j o i n t s of square h o l l o w sections
184
5-iii
Symbols used i n c h a p t e r 5
p l a s t i c moment c a p a c i t y of a member
i n plane bending moment on a member
m o d i f i e d u l t i m a t e l o a d N^ u f o r small weld s i z e s ( {
N
u
=
^ i )
N
u
l o a d i n the chord
l o a d i n the chord c r o s s s e c t i o n a t the gap
185
5-i V
shear l o a d c a p a c i t y of a c r o s s section
c o e f f i c i e n t of variation
c o e f f i c i e n t of v a r i a t i o n of the t e s t results
c o e f f i c i e n t of v a r i a t i o n of the a x i a l load capacity
Nu
modulus o f b r a c i n g 1 ( g e n e r a l )
e l a s t i c modulus of b r a c i n g 1
el
p l a s t i c modulus of b r a c i n g 1
Vi
t h r o a t t h i c k n e s s o f a weld
width
e f f e c t i v e w i d t h of a c r o s s w a l l (bracing)
e f f e c t i v e w i d t h f o r punching shear
e f f e c t i v e w i d t h of a weld
D
e(ov) e f f e c t i v e w i d t h of a b r a c i n g c r o s s w a l l connected to an o v e r -
lapped b r a c i n g
e f f e c t i v e b e a r i n g w i d t h of the chord s i d e w a l l
e x t e r n a l w i d t h of member i (0 = c h o r d , 1 , 2 , 3)
e x t e r n a l w i d t h o f the chord
c coefficient
c o e f f i c i e n t used f o r e f f e c t i v e width
c
t
o u t e r diameter of b r a c i n g member i ( 1 , 2 , 3 are bracings)
d
i
e e c c e n t r i c i t y between system l i n e s
f function
g gap
9i. g 2
gaps i n a K T - j o i n t
g' gap d i v i d e d by chord w a l l thickness
h depth
h. external depth of member i ( 1 , 2 , 3 are bracings)
i
external depth of the chord
h
o
i r a d i u s of gyration
k spring stiffness
1 length
\ ,1 , 2
l e n g t h of a y i e l d line
h
e f f e c t i v e p e r i m e t e r l e n g t h f o r the b r a c i n g e f f e c t i v e width
criterion
186
5-v
op
T.a
o eo
ov i n t e g e r f o r o v e r l a p p e d b r a c i n g member
o u t e r c o r n e r r a d i u s of the chord
r
o
s standard deviation
S
6 standard d e v i a t i o n of the t e s t results
standard d e v i a t i o n o f the y i e l d s t r e s s of the chord
eo
s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n of the chord w i d t h
t t h i ckness
plate thickness
w a l l t h i c k n e s s of b r a c i n g member i ( 1 , 2 , 3 are bracings)
t
i
w a l l t h i c k n e s s of the chord
d e f l e c t i o n s i n p o i n t B and C r e s p e c t i v e l y
e
angle between two members
e
i angle between b r a c i n g i ( i = 1 , 2 or 3) and the chord
yield function
r o t a t i o n of a y i e l d l i n e i
b r a c i n g depth d i v i d e d by the chord width
exponent
187
5-vi
X : slenderness
A : s c a l e parameter
g : e f f i c i e n c y c o e f f i c i e n t f o r the b r a c i n g based on the j o i n t
strength
a . : y i e l d stress in bracing i (i = 1 , 2 o r 3)
a : y i e l d s t r e s s of the chord
eo
a : c h a r a c t e r i s t i c - or d e s i g n value f o r the y i e l d s t r e s s of
k
bracing i (i = 1 , 2 o r 3)
a
eo ' c n a r a c
'teristic- o r d e s i g n value f o r the y i e l d s t r e s s of
* the chord
: c r i t i c a l l o c a l b u c k l i n g s t r e s s i n the s i d e w a l l s of the chord
a k n : c r i t i c a l b u c k l i n g s t r e s s a c c o r d i n g to the ECCS b u c k l i n g curve
"a".
188
5-1
5.1. Introduction
R e c t a n g u l a r h o l l o w s e c t i o n s combine e x c e l l e n t s t r e n g t h properties
w i t h easy j o i n t i n g p o s s i b i l i t i e s . These s e c t i o n s are w i d e l y used f o r
the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f l a t t i c e frameworks i n b u i l d i n g d e s i g n , b r i d g e s ,
jibs, c r a n e s , t o w e r s , masts e t c . The f i r s t p r e l i m i n a r y t e s t s were
c a r r i e d but by Stewarts and L l o y d s (now B r i t i s h S t e e l C o r p o r a t i o n ) [1].
These t e s t s were f o l l o w e d i n the s i x t i e s by more i n v e s t i g a t i o n s i n the
U.K. [2] and Germany [3].
A t the b e g i n n i n g o f the s e v e n t i e s the f i r s t e m p i r i c a l d e s i g n e q u a t i o n s
f o r K- and N - j o i n t s were p u b l i s h e d by Eastwood and Wood [ 4 ] . Based on
a r e a n a l y s i s o f the t e s t r e s u l t s these e q u a t i o n s were improved by
Davie and G i d d i n g s [ 5 ] . A l l these e q u a t i o n s were based on t e s t results
from t e s t s i n which the a c t u a l dimensions and the a c t u a l p r o p e r t i e s of
the s e c t i o n s were not measured. F u r t h e r these e q u a t i o n s showed a s c a l e
e f f e c t which i s not l i k e l y f o r the s t a t i c s t r e n g t h . T h i s was the r e a -
son t h a t i n 1973 an e x t e n s i v e r e s e a r c h programme was prepared by the
studygroup SG-TC-18 of the Dutch S t e e l A s s o c i a t i o n (Staalbouwkundig
Genootschap). In t h i s programme a l l parameters were s t u d i e d which i n -
f l u e n c e the s t a t i c s t r e n g t h . The programme covered i s o l a t e d T - , X - , K-
N- and KT- j o i n t s w h i l e l a t e r o n a d d i t i o n a l g i r d e r t e s t s were carried
o u t . T h i s programme was c a r r i e d out at the I n s t i t u t e f o r B u i l d i n g
M a t e r i a l s and B u i l d i n g S t r u c t u r e s IBBC-TNO i n R i j s w i j k and the
S t e v i n L a b o r a t o r y o f the D e l f t U n i v e r s i t y o f T e c h n o l o g y . A l l the r e -
s u l t s o f t h i s programme were r e p o r t e d i n many i n t e r i m r e p o r t s which
have been summarized i n [ 7 , 8 ] .
In the s e v e n t i e s a l s o o t h e r programmes were c a r r i e d out e . g . girder
t e s t s i n P i s a w i t h i d e n t i c a l i s o l a t e d j o i n t t e s t s i n Corby U.K. [9].
F u r t h e r t h e o r e t i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s based on the y i e l d l i n e method of
Johansen [10] and the work o f Redwood [11] were c a r r i e d out by P a t e l
[ 1 2 ] , Davies and Roper [ 1 3 ] , Mouty [ 1 4 ] , and Packer [ 1 5 ] . Mang e t . a l .
[16] developed a method based on a s p r i n g model whereas a p l a s t i c
f i n i t e elements method was used by Korol e t . al. [17].
Research work i s now a l s o going on i n Poland by Brodka e t . al. [18].
Not o n l y a x i a l l y loaded j o i n t s i n plane g i r d e r s are s t u d i e d but a l s o
moment c o n n e c t i o n s [19. 2 0 , 2 1 ] .
189
5-2
In t h i s c h a p t e r most a t t e n t i o n i s g i v e n to a x i a l l y loaded s i m p l e l a t -
tice girder joints but a l s o moment l o a d i n g and o t h e r types o f joints
are r e v i e w e d .
5.2.1. General
5.2.2. Qriteria_of_failyre
S i m i l a r to j o i n t s i n c i r c u l a r h o l l o w s e c t i o n s the j o i n t s t r e n g t h can
be c h a r a c t e r i z e d by the c r i t e r i a shown i n f i g . 5 . 2 .
- ultimate load capacity (5)
- d e f o r m a t i o n c r i t e r i a (2) o r (3)
- v i s u a l l y observed crack i n i t i a t i o n (4).
The u l t i m a t e l o a d c a p a c i t y i s a l s o here used as the c r i t e r i o n o f fail-
u r e . The range o f v a l i d i t y o f the d e s i g n f o r m u l a e i s g e n e r a l l y limited
i n such a way t h a t the d e f o r m a t i o n c r i t e r i a do not become d e c i s i v e u n -
der s e r v i c e l o a d c o n d i t i o n . In j o i n t s w i t h l a r g e d e f l e c t i o n s i . e . T-,
190
5-3
1 = elastic limit
tension
2 s deformation limit
compression
3 = remaining deformation
limit
A = crdck initiation
5 - ultimate load
deformation
192
5-5
193
5-6
5.2.4. Test_evjdence
Canada Mc Master U n i v . *
U n i v . of K a r l s r u h e
Germany Uni v. of K a r l s r u h e Mannesmann Res.
Inst.
Italy U n i v . of P i s a
U n i v . of Tokyo
Japan Kobe U n i v e r s i t y *
D e l f t Univ. of D e l f t Univ. of D e l f t Univ. of
N e t h e r l ands Technology Technology Technology
TNO-IBBC TNO-IBBC TNO-IBBC
Poland Mostostal
Univ. of U n i v . of S h e f f i e l d
U.K. Nottingham
B r i t i s h Steel Corp. B r i t i s h S t e e l Corp.
Bending i n p l a n e .
194
5-7
5.2.5. A n a l y t i c a l models
5.2.5.1. Yield_line_model
195
5-8
hi
46
bi
bo
in
bo
NpSinQj. = I (5.1)
Pi
with
t .a
2
o eo
m .
Pi
2a .t
N .sin0
1 1 = gg 0
{ JJ -
i 5 + ( l - B ) c o t g a + tga} (5.2)
(5.4)
A K - j o i n t can be s i m p l i f i e d t o a p u s h - p u l l j o i n t as shown i n f i g . 5 . 6 .
sin 9, sin 02
(5.5)
197
5-10
combined
bending
N i membrane/
variable Longitudinal
spring stiffness
rigid plastic
collapse line
for s i m p l y s u p p o r t
beam
membrane only
/ N l u
Uff- 2 + 2b )
e
sin6i
^ sine,
c) plan
198
5-11
eo CT
1
N, = . t . I . -J^r- (5.6)
lu yj o eff.p sinQj 1
'
a
eo
w i t h an assumed y i e l d punching shear o f and
^o'^eff p =
^ sinG + 2 b
e ^ = e
^ e c t
'' v e
punching shear area o f the
* P chord w a i l f o r a T - , Y- o r X-joint.
f e c t i v e . For j o i n t s w i t h h i g h e r T - r a t i o s the e f f e c t i v e n e s s a l s o
o L
5.2.5.3. Effectiv_widthbracings
N
lu = e l H eff l
b (->
5 7
wi th
tj . & b = t j ( 2 h j - 4 t j + 2 b ) = e f f e c t i v e area b r a c i n g f o r a T - ,
g Y-
or X-joint
b
The e f f e c t i v e w i d t h becomes l a r g e r when - r - decreases or when a t the
s t i f f p a r t s o f the i n t e r s e c t i o n s u f f i c i e n t d e f o r m a t i o n can o c c u r by
yielding.
5.2.5.4. Chord_wal1_bearing_or_l^
199
5-12
sin 61
) elevation b ) cross-section
By e q u a t i n g t h i s to the E u l e r b u c k l i n g s t r e n g t h of a p i n ended s t r u t
of l e n g t h (h - 2 t ) and w i d t h b m an e f f e c t i v e width of p l a t e i s o b -
tained:
3
Et 2
N ^ ' 0
' v E A
(5.10)
C r
(h -2t )
0 Q " 12(1-v ) 2
~ "(h -2t ) (l-v )
o Q
2 2
wi th
b .t
0
3
m
~T2~
200
5-13
hn-2t o
b = - . (Ir - 2 t ) (5.11)
m o o '
m
v
IT
h - 2t h - 2t
Using a slenderness r a t i o X = - ^ - g - 3.46(r
Q -)t the b u c k l i n g
o o
s t r e n g t h can be determined by:
N c r = 2b .t .a
m Q k (5.12)
201
5-14
N y - -
___ / x
eg ui v a l e nt
w i d t h of
frame
J o i n t s w i t h a high b r a c i n g to chord w i d t h or j o i n t s w i t h a r e c t a n g u l a r
chord s e c t i o n h < b can a l s o f a i l by chord s i d e w a l l shear,
o o J
202
5-15
-Is
^eo
The b a s i c y i e l d shear l o a d i n a c r o s s s e c t i o n i s g i v e n b y :
0 - A (5.13)
with
A = 2t .(h - t ) (5.14)
Q o o
n
o' v
A = 2 t (h + 2t ) (5.15)
Q o o o
n
l y
(5.16)
p,Q v
o Q' eo Q eo v
Q p
(TrM - 1 5
(/-) = 1.0 (5.17)
P,Q P,Q
wi th :
203
5-16
M = (A - A ) . ( h - t j a + 0.5(h - t ) . A . c r . / 1 - (5-) 2
(5.18)
p,Q o n
0/ o o ' eo ^ o n
o ' Q eo
v
n n
v
'
a = y z i = r ( 5 . 1 9 )
3 t
o
An = 2 t ( h - t ) + a . b . t + 2 t ^
Q O 0 o' v
0 0 0
An = A - ( 2 - a) b . t + 2tl
Q o ' o o v
o
A = 2.h.t + a b .t (5.20)
Q o o o o '
n
K
5.2.6. J2iG_strength_formulae
204
5-17
5.2.6.1. I;i_Y-_and_X-igints
2 t 2
a
N
ly - (l-B).sin Q l {
T T W I
+ 2 /
^ }
< - )
5 4
* - c a l c u la ted
206
5-19
' l
h
(5.8)
ly eo o 'sine + 5
V-Tn
1
0.
0.4
X-joints Poland 1.8 V
^pC75 mm
0.2 based on lesser of hi
x T -joints Holland
and 75mm"
10 20 30 AO
Hfl.
to
207
5-20
h
X = 3.46 ( ^ - 2) _ (5.22)
o / s i n0 j
in estimating in
N
l y = Z-VViTSq V i T ^ + 5
^ > 21
s i n c e f o r e l a s t i c b u c k l i n g the c r i t i c a l b u c k l i n g s t r e s s i s a f u n c t i o n
of * Tests i n d i c a t e t h a t e q s . ( 5 . 2 1 ) or ( 5 . 2 2 ) are c o n s e r v a t i v e for
A h
l
the case o f j o i n t s w i t h g ^ n Q < h Q or f o r r e c t a n g u l a r c h o r d s , however
. f ^ ) . b r f ( 8 ) (5.23)
^ e r V
a .t a . t
er l t a z
eV l
cr .t
1 < i 2 (5.25)
(5.27)
b^t" b
l
o o
N =o t .[2h - 4t + 2b ] (5.7a)
lu
e r 1 1 x e
2h
1 1
N, = - * . t . ifr~ + 2b (5.6a)
lu o
e
e
n sine-, p sine,
l
600
theoretical
x bracing failure
punching shear failure
+ chord bearing
211
5-24
* N l u theory ( k N )
punching shear
3 80 x bracing failure
O
<u
f t f failure
B-1
70 first cracking
60
50
B-4
0
30
20
10 V
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 08 0.9 1.0
212
5-25
N, theory (kN)
u
213
5-26
5.2.6.2. K : _ a n d _ N ; j o i n t s _ w i th_gap_
s e q u e n t l y the s t r e n g t h i s a f u n c t i o n o f :
hu-^eo-i-^/-^ -
(5 28)
214
5-27
T h i s can be e x p l a i n e d as f o l l o w s . J o i n t s w i t h a h i g h 6 r a t i o f a i l by
shear y i e l d o f the chord which i s a f u n c t i o n o f a .h . t . For joints
eo o o
w i t h t h i c k w a l l e d chords the s t r e n g t h i s i n c r e a s e d by s t r a i n h a r d e n i n g
w h i l e f o r t h i n w a l l e d chords the shear s t r e n g t h o f the chord w a l l s is
reduced by i n t e r a c t i o n w i t h l o c a l b u c k l i n g . As a r e s u l t a f u n c t i o n
o -v
h
a .n . t .(-) g i v e s w i t h i n a c e r t a i n range a r e a s o n a b l e a p p r o x i m a -
A
o
t i o n and t h i s f u n c t i o n i s f o r square chords the same as e q . (5.28).
The i n f l u e n c e o f 6 i s g i v e n by a s t r a i g h t l i n e w h i l e a c c o r d i n g t o the
y i e l d l i n e model i t i s a c u r v e . T h i s i s e f f e c t e d by the membrane a c -
t i o n which i s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h l a r g e r d e f l e c t i o n s . T h i s membrane a c t i o n
becomes more i m p o r t a n t w i t h d e c r e a s i n g & r a t i o s . For j o i n t s w i t h large
6 r a t i o s the t h e o r e t i c a l curve f o r chord f a c e f a i l u r e i s c u t o f f by
the chord shear c r i t e r i o n w h i l e f o r v e r y small 8 r a t i o s i t is cutt off
by the punching shear c r i t e r i o n [ 7 ] which r e s u l t s a p p r o x i m a t e l y i n a
l i n e a r f u n c t i o n f o r B between 0 . 4 6 S 1 . 0 . In j o i n t s o f rectangular
h o l l o w s e c t i o n s v a r i o u s j o i n t c o n f i g u r a t i o n s are p o s s i b l e as shown i n
f i g . 5.22.
215
5-28
1 + sin,
f
( )
0
= -Ts-The^ < -
5 2 9
>
f > = 0 - 5
(5-30)
o o
w i t h as maximum 1 . 0 .
For chord f a c e f a i l u r e s the i n f l u e n c e of the gap i s small due to i n -
t e r a c t i v e e f f e c t s of the f a i l u r e modes. Based on the y i e l d l i n e model
the s t r e n g t h i n c r e a s e s w i t h d e c r e a s i n g gap however t h i s i s l i m i t e d by
the punching shear c r i t e r i o n . In j o i n t s w i t h l a r g e r gaps the influence
o f membrane a c t i o n i s s t r o n g e r . In [ 7 ] i t i s shown t h a t assuming
f(g) = 1.0 g i v e s a good a p p r o x i m a t i o n which was, based on an a n a l y t i -
c a l l y study, also concluded by P a c k e r [ 1 5 ] .
216
5-29
wi th
N
11 n op
A .a
o eo
f(n) = 1.3 - M | |
n (5.32)
f(n) 1.0
with
N
o
n
= TTTo
o eo
1.4
12
hN oN
N m
1.0
1 { + oN
0.8 o LN/+ o
2y ~
2y ~
o o 20
"+N
0.6 25
/ + i-au + 2 y - 33
P 'Oeo'
0.4
f (n ) 3-0.4
N= N - t y p e
0.2
others
K-type
0
1.0-0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 + 0.2 +0.4 +0.6 +0.8 +1.0
A
oOe o
,2,Vo.5 ,
1+ S i n 0
' V W U
-
,. ,
. ( 0 . 4 + 8 . C n5 6 ) . - ^ ^ .
l c l \ o,
f(n).f(^)
h
(5.33)
N
lu
o 1 o
with
h h
For 0 . 5 t < 1.5 and 15 -j c 35 the chord shear can be covered
0 0
4-U
with:
ffep) = (^)' 5
(5-30)
o o
( 0 . 4 + 8 . 5 g ) a 9B (5.34)
t
2
. Jo)- . _ J _
(
3
(5.35)
o H sine. ; v
'
o 1
218
5-31
T h i s f u n c t i o n g i v e s a s l i g h t l y b e t t e r c o r r e l a t i o n w i t h the t e s t re-
s u l t s on N-type j o i n t s w i t h t h i n w a l l e d chords d e r i v e d i n the U.K. and
P i s a but l a r g e l y u n d e r p r e d i c t s the t h i n w a l l e d K - j o i n t s t e s t e d by
Mang [ 3 5 ] . A f t e r a thorough d i s c u s s i o n i n C i d e c t and IIW w o r k i n g groups
i t was decided to adopt e q . ( 5 . 3 3 ) f o r chord f a c e f a i l u r e s w i t h a m o d i -
f i c a t i o n f o r the angle f u n c t i o n to accomodate the lower r e s u l t s for
N-type j o i n t s t e s t e d i n the U.K. and P i s a .
1 +
l
S i n 6
0.86 ,,
ZiThG^ * sTnGj" ( 5
- 3 6 )
As a r e s u l t f o l l o w i n g e q u a t i o n f o r chord f a c e f a i l u r e s i s a d o p t e d :
o l
219
5-32
o o b b
N . = (5.13a)
y / ~ 3 . s i nG.
N
ogap = (A v
o
- AJa + A .a V I
0/ eo
x
Q eo
n - i
Q
p
n
v
(5.16)
'
wi th
A
Q < o 2 h +
*V*0 ( 5
- 1 5 )
Q =A .^ n
P /3Q
Q = N .sinQi i (i = 1 or 2)
o o L L
500
(5.20)
(5.19)
221
5-34
N- = ^
n e r t .(2h
1 i -4t. + b . + b ) e (5.38)
(i = 1 o r 2)
In case o f punching s h e a r :
2"i 1
N, . t (5.39)
1
/3~ ' S i n G
i +
^ + b e
p ) s i n 0
i ( 1 - 1 o r 2)
1
J" ^ rl
TT^
oil ^J JA |
5.2.6.3. KT-joints_with_gap
T h i s r e l a t i o n i s s i m i l a r t o t h a t f o r j o i n t s of c i r c u l a r h o l l o w s e c -
t i o n s . B e s i d e s e q . ( 5 . 4 1 ) the punching s h e a r - and b r a c i n g e f f e c t i v e
w i d t h have to be s a t i s f i e d .
N = a - . t . ( 2 h . - 4 t - + b. + b , J (5.42)
IU ei v l l n e(ovV v
'
(i=lor2)
with:
223
5-36
(a . . t , )
b c i i l ^ H . b (5.43)
e(ov) (b./t.) o v o ..t.
e i
140
120
100'
80
60
40
10 20 30 40
b 2
224
5-37
N
iy = ei- 2 h
i " 4 t
i + b
e(ov) + b
e) (5-44)
J
(I = 1 o r 2)
b
e(ov) a c c
- e q
- ^ -
5 4 3 )
b g a c c . e q . (5.23)
Joints_with_circu^ar_bracing_members
225
5-38
To o b t a i n s u f f i c i e n t p l a s t i f i c a t i o n i t i s a d v i c e d to l i m i t the w i d t h
r a t i o i n such a way t h a t these c r i t e r i a do not become c r i t i c a l com-
pared to the b a s i c c r i t e r i a f o r chord face p l a s t i f i c a t i o n and chord
shear or t h a t the chord c r o s s s e c t i o n can deform s u f f i c i e n t l y i n combi-
i
d
n a t i o n w i t h l o c a l y i e l d i n g i n the b r a c i n g i . e . T < 0 . 8 .
o
D
5.2.6.6. Joint_stiffness
226
5-39
16-1X
400
300
}
;1.0/ bo
to
/'
1
1
1
1
1 35-1.0 16-0.4 - +
1. -25-0.7
100
b = 10C) mm
4' 0
h =16 to 35
35-0.7
i 3 =1.0
75-OA p =0.7
35 MIA p = 0.4
0 1 5 10 15 20 25
6 in % b 0
p r
T = 1 100%
I / M .
90. P0.6
\- /- (3alQ_
N
. p= 0.6 I P=1.0
/ S
/ 80 P0_6 /
/ \
i
l i
;/
i /
70
\
\
\ i 1/
VI 60
\\
\
/
1
\ I
l
1
40
^4
l \
o 6 i
i
30
1
4 3 - i 20 . 4- \ 43-1
g = 0.2 b 0
i g =02 b 0
l _bo_
-^~25 10 r33
to 1 to
I I J L
0 1
f
5 m % b 0 in % b 0
^ S 35
r
o
b. d.
ci and gJ- s 0 . 4
o o
5.2.7. Eval^uation_to_design_cri t e r i a
As d e s c r i b e d i n c h a p t e r 3 at f i r s t the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t r e n g t h func-
t i o n have t o be determined a f t e r which the formulae are e v a l u a t e d t o
d e s i g n c r i t e r i a . Here o n l y the main s t e p s i n the procedure w i l l be
recalled.
5.2.7.1. Determination_of_the_char
N
u = ' eof a
' ol
' b
o ' 6
' 0
' 6 ) ( 5
- 4 5 )
, f \2 3f .2 ^ ,9f ,2c
3 a ~ -
{ S
o J + (
3 V to) S +
<36 6>
S
V ,,2
= 5 2 _ (5.46)
u {f(N )}
N u (1 - 1.64 V ) N (5.47)
m u
229
5-42
e
(5.48)
k
(1 " 2V
coeff. of mean v a l u e
variation
5.2.7.2. Determination_of_the_design_strength
r, N
k (5.49)
Y Y
'm' c
The f a c t o r Y Y M C depends on the mode o f f a i l u r e and the way i n which
the s t r e n g t h f u n c t i o n s are d e t e r m i n e d . I f t h i s i s based on a t h e o r e t i -
c a l model based on y i e l d and j u s t i f i e d by t e s t s which show s u f f i c i e n t
d u c t i l i t y a Y Y = 1 . 0 can be chosen.
J
mc
230
5-43
i n Y - Y can be i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t h e c r i t i c a l b u c k l i n g s t r e s s
M C by
using = a^ n f o r T- and Y - j o i n t s and = 0.8a^ n for X-joints.
231
5-44
5.2.8. B2 ?!]dtion_and_cal c u l a t i o n _ r u l e s
mm
232
5-45
233
5-46
Fig. 5.32. Basic design strength equations for RR- and CR-joints.
T y p e of j o i n t Design strength
For < 0 85
2h, 1 1
D, 'eo 4(1 -) } 5
1)
k
b 0 sinG, (1-B) s i n e ,
b,
ho For B = 1.0
2h, 1
IP* to + 10 t 0
sinG,
2)
IN1
sirred
>0.4
'HE* Ni =
vTsine,
1 or 2
5)
2
N (a"o ,j ( A
0 0 - AQ ) e 0 k + A Q - e0k Vl-(-a- ) p
K N, overlap |
y
E f f e c t i v e w i d t h c r i t e r i a only.
Effective width and See fig .5.33
punching shear criterion
yek
5) A Q - 2.h .t0 o + a.b .t o 0
/3
wi t h a ^..sinO.)
4g? i v.max.
1 +
w2
234
5-47
T, Y, x No check
B < 0.85
a .t
T, V, X N. = o . . t . . p 2 h . - 4 t . + 2b I eo, o .
l ei^ l L l l eJ . c k . b.
0.85 < gi 1.0
"eo^o 2b,
N
i =
/TTsTRT L l f i W : + 2 b
e ]
l i p
K, N with gap (a . . t . )
fi
1 -"Y*iC 2 h
1 " 4 t
i f b
i + b
e] c
1
e i l'ov
k
b
e ( o v T (b./t.) "a . . t . - i
b
k' e o
r i t o 2 h
i
v
' v
l I'OV ei^ l
N
i =
737iTH:- LsTnGT + b
i + b
e J p
overlap
figs. 5 . 3 2 . and 5 . 3 3 .
T, Y, X S 0.25 --
K and N h.
i 0.4 <: 35 i o . g V ^ < 35 0.5 i ^ i 2 -- 0.5(1-6) < I - i 1.5(1-6)
with gap 1 0
K and N
5 0.25 >0.75 30% < 0 < 100%
V
with overlap
- 0.8
Note i = 1, 2 or 3
235
5-48
5.3.1. General
It i s a l r e a d y s t a t e d i n c h a p t e r 4 . 3 f o r j o i n t s of c i r c u l a r h o l l o w s e c -
t i o n s t h a t the moments which occur i n the members o f l a t t i c e girders
should be d i s t i n g u i s h e d i n primary bending moments needed f o r the
e q u i l i b r i u m of l o a d i n g and "secundary bending moments due t o deforma-
t i o n s i n the s t r u c t u r a l system or due t o the j o i n t s t i f f n e s s e s . The
same i s v a l i d f o r l a t t i c e g i r d e r s o f r e c t a n g u l a r hollow s e c t i o n s . Also
here the "secundary" bending moments can g e n e r a l l y be omitted i n s t a t i c
design f o r the c a l c u l a t i o n of the members and the j o i n t s . The lattice
g i r d e r s can be d e s i g n e d , assuming pin ended j o i n t s provided t h a t suf-
f i c i e n t d e f o r m a t i o n - and r o t a t i o n - capacity exists i n the critical
parts i . e . the j o i n t s or the members. F i g . 5 . 3 5 . i l l u s t r a t e s the mea-
sured "secundary" bending s t r e s s e s i n a b r a c i n g of a K - j o i n t i n rela-
t i o n t o the a p p l i e d a x i a l load. It i s shown t h a t at low l o a d s the
bending s t r e s s e s are r a t h e r high.
236
5-49
2
- C r i t e r i a _ o f _ f a i l ure
S i m i l a r to a x i a l l y loaded j o i n t s t h e s t r e n g t h can be c h a r a c t e r i z e d by
the u l t i m a t e b e a r i n g c a p a c i t y o r by a d e f o r m a t i o n or r o t a t i o n limit.
E s p e c i a l l y f o r j o i n t s w i t h a r e c t a n g u l a r chord and loaded by bending
moments the s t i f f n e s s may be d e c i s i v e i n many c a s e s . Only j o i n t s w i t h
b 0
3. M o d e s _ o f _ f a i l ure
237
5-50
i =p-b
In t h i n w a l l e d s e c t i o n s a l s o 1 o c a l b u c k l i n g o f t h e b r a c i n g can o c c u r . T h i s
bi
5.3.4. It_evidence
5.3.5. Analytical_models
5.3.5.1. Y i e l d l i n e model
When the b r a c i n g w i d t h t o chord w i d t h r a t i o i s not t o o high the
s t r e n g t h can be based on the s i m p l i f i e d y i e l d l i n e model shown in
fig. 5.37.
N e g l e c t i n g the i n f l u e n c e o f membrane e f f e c t s and s t r a i n h a r d e n i n g the
moment c a p a c i t y i s g i v e n by:
M
io "
K
^ e c r ^ o +
%&&!!+
sinej
}
( 1 - 3 ) . s i n Gj
(5<50)
239
5-52
M
ip = e r { W
l - ^ - B7) b t .(h
r 1 1 - t l ) (5.51)
or
M . ^a
1 p e l .{W -(l-^)b .h .t )
1 1 1 1 (5.51a)
240
5-53
"1
251 0
sin 9i
2.5t 0
;h, i
Jf-
hi + 5t
sin 9 .
M
ip " - 5
- V V s - T n \ + 5
V 2
< - >
5 52
241
5-54
242
5-55
Chord f a c e p l a s t i f i c a t i o n , 9 = 90:
E f f e c t i v e bracing width:
% ei - k
{ w
i " < " l
^ > - b
i - h
r i
t 1
( -
5 5 1 b
)
^1 =
^pi f o r c o m
P a c t
s e c t i o n s and = W ^ f o r semi compact s e c t i o n s .
g
Web c r i p p l i n g , 8 = 90 : $ * 1.0
M i p = 0.5a .t (h k Q 1 + 5t ) Q
2
(5.52a)
wi th
b a c c o r d i n g f i g . 5 . 3 3 . page 5-47
a
k = CT
kn ^ "J
o r T
|< kn i
'"-J "' s w i t h
n t s a
. n d = 0 - 8 a f o r 0 nt
M. = O ^ h . - N , + a .t . 2
Jb (5.54)
lp 1 1 eo, o dr)
243
5-57
h
o o=
lb
l = h
T: * = b
g t h a c c o r d i n g to the chord web
a n d 2 5 t h e s t r e n
% a 1 2
-eo - o- l k
t h
< - 5 5 6
)
M p l -l'5b2. t l .a e l (5.57)
thus
a _ .t.
^ - - ^ r - ^ r s ( 5
- 5 8 )
pi o el^ l o
o k' b a e o t o
k
e
Chord web l o c a l b u c k l i n g , 8 - 1 . 0 :
h + 5 t h ( 5 5 9 )
% -<vV< i o ) - ( i - H> -
245
5-58
or
M Q p = 0.5h .N 1 1 (5.59b)
w i t h a. s i m i l a r as f o r a x i a l l y loaded j o i n t s ; see f i g . 5 . 3 2 .
Bracing e f f e c t i v e width:
f o r compact s e c t i o n s :
(5.60a)
% - el - k
{ W
pl " ' ( l -
5 b b
e) ' l
2 t }
f o r semi compact s e c t i o n s :
"op e l k
{ W
e l " - 3 3
< l -
b b
e) -V
2
( '
5 6 0 b
>
Bcommendation_and_calculation_ryles
246
5-59
For ^ 0 . 8 5 f
0!
'M;,
eq.(5.50)
eq.(5.52 ) a
M i p ^ O e ^ . j W p T - d - ^ b r h r t ! !
eq.(5.51 ) b
'Mi,
M op
M p = k . t . ( h i + 5 t ) . b i
0 0 0
eq.(5.59 ) a
3l.O
M p ^ e1 .|w i -0.5(1- ^
0 k p )h-t
2
J-
eq. ( 5 . 6 0 )a
o L
J
eok c = 1 0 . 8 f o r Fe 360
7 b
l c = 9.2 f o r Fe 510
1.0 s: ..." g 2 . 0
"elk'*!
bo
35 and ~ ^ 0 . 9 U - i -
x ^ 35 ti ti V elk
Validity range a
0 ! = 90 " 1
247
5-60
5.4.1. Genera]
5.4.2. Analytica]_mode2s
- Chord web s t r e n g t h
When the chord web s t r e n g t h i s c r i t i c a l the e f f e c t i v e c r o s s section
c o n s i s t s of two p l a t e s f o r which i n p r i n c i p l e f o r a x i a l l o a d and
bending i n plane the i n t e r a c t i o n formulae c . f . Appendix I I - 2 . 1 . can
be used.
248
5-61
- Chord f a c e p l a s t i f i c a t i o n
Depending on the type of j o i n t and the l o a d i n g combination a d e c i -
sive y i e l d l i n e pattern w i l l occur which may r e s u l t i n d i f f e r e n t in-
teraction relations.
5.4.3. !t_evidence
5.4.4. Recommendation_and_calculati^
N. M. M
_L + _i + JiEL i.o (5.61)
N. M. M.
i IP IP
5.5.1. Joints_re]ated_to_X3joints
249
5-62
250
5-63
(5.62a)
A
r el
a
k ./TT.b /t o 0
3 = 0 4 12 9
3 = 0 5 11 3
e = 0 6 10 5
= 0 7 10 4
e = 0 8 11 2
251
5-64
. t . ( 2 t , + lOt,
- (5.63)
eo^ o v
1
a . .t.. b (5.64)
el, 1 e
k
- the chord punching shear c r i t e r i o n ( o n l y f o r b^ < b Q 2t Q and
2b, (5.65)
*1 = - 5 8 C T
eo,-V 2 t
l +
h n h
f- i 30 f o r T - j o i n t s and 20 f o r X-joints.
I
*1
r e l a t e d to t h a t f o r p l a t e to
RHS chord c o n n e c t i o n s by m u l -
t i p l y i n g the d e s i g n strength
0
f o r the a x i a l l o a d c a p a c i t y of
lUjd the p l a t e ( f l a n g e ) w i t h the
beam depth h^.
Fig. 5.46. Beam to RHS column
connection.
5.5.5. JoiO^.iQ-QQgyllC.gllL'ders
252
5-65
\ N 1 N 2
N
oMp_v2 ,Q
1.0 (5.66)
P
with:
= maximum a x i a l l o a d i n the chord at the gap l o c a t i o n
V
gap
A .a
o eo k
2N .sin0
1 1
A . -
P 0
71
Double chord_joints
253
5-66
welded t o g e t h e r as shown i n f i g . 5 . 4 9 .
Il ii
l These j o i n t s may be s t r o n g e r than
I | j o i n t s w i t h a s i n g l e chord but seem
Li_l from a p r a c t i c a l p o i n t of view not
a t t r a c t i v e compared w i t h s i n g l e chord
* * ' j o i n t s or j o i n t s w i t h double chords
Fig. 5 . 4 9 . Double chord j o i n t . a c c o r d i n g to f i g . 5 . 4 8 .
254
5-67
5.5.8. Knee_iolnts
Unstiffened joints:
N M
^ + w l. .aa (5.67)
i ei k
(i = 1 o r 2)
255
5-68
f4 (5.68)
P
For l a r g e r shear f o r c e s the c o m b i n a t i o n of a l l s t r e s s e s should be
checked a c c o r d i n g to the Huber Hencky-Von Mises c r i t e r i o n , t a k i n g a c -
count of times the a x i a l - and bending stresses.
a
Stiffened joints:
t s 1.5t- (i = 1 o r 2)
p l v
'
General
256
5-69
References
3. B e t t z i e c h e , P. K o n s t r u k t i e v e G e s t a l t u n g von
Knotenpunkten aus V i e r k a n t h o h l p r o f i 1 en.
S t u d i e n h e f t e zum F e r t i g b a u , 1969, Nr. 12.
Vulkan V e r l a g , E s s e n .
i. K o n i n g , C H . M . de T e s t s onwelded j o i n t s i n complete g i r d -
Wardenier, J. ers made of square hollow s e c t i o n s .
S t e v i n r e p o r t 6 - 7 9 - 4 , TNO-IBBC report
Nr. 79-19/0063.4.3471.
259
5-72
260
5-73
26. G r o e n e v e l d , H. R i g i d p l a s t i c 2nd o r d e r c a l c u l a t i o n o f
horizontally r e s t r a i n t beams and p l a t e s
(in Dutch).
Masters s t u d y , D e l f t U n i v e r s i t y of
Technology, 1981.
261
5-74
38. K o n i n g , C H . M . de Supplement on r e f . 7. T e s t r e s u l t s of
Wardenier, J. welded j o i n t s in structural hollow sec-
t i o n s w i t h a r e c t a n g u l a r boom.
TNO-IBBC r e p o r t B I - 7 6 122/35.3.51210.
262
5-75
263
5-76
264
V-l
Appendix V
V-l Y i e l d l i n e models
V - l . 1. Yield_line_model^_for_a_chord^
(V-l)
265
V-2
266
V-3
y i e l d l i n e s 1: 2b.,, , ? . .m 2
= tga.6.
4
m
J
o (b - b ^ c o t g a p 1-6 p
" 2
^r^-b^cotga - p m
p
il II
3 : 2
( s i ^ + 2
- ^ c o t
9 a
) b ^ - m
p = {
(l-B)sin e i
+ 4 c o t
g a } A m
p
2^L.l h
- 4:
sTFi^ . '"p
m "= ( l - 6 ) s i nn0 . '-"'p
6.m
1
" " 5 :
^ 5 - ( l ^ +
I-^tg?i)- p m
= 4(tga + cotga)6.n, p
a .t 2
with m p = ^
8.m
2a t 2
N 1 . S i n e = - ^ { t g a
1 + - ^ + i J _ } (V-3)
T h i s i s a minimum f o r :
dN
tgct = (V-5)
\ E
T ? r ^ + 4 m i
l ( v
" 6 )
267
V-4
b + 2a/ 2 h, + 2 a / 2
+ fgH" f
rh Ni sin 6
lii
03:
- V
a
Symmetrical Warren type
The r e s u l t i n g y i e l d l o a d c a p a c i t y f o r a symmetrical K - j o i n t i s g i v e n
by:
N
l = Tqr 1
^ +
M + 2
^ }
I T n e - <>
268
V-5
b
l
Depending on the r a t i o the whole or an e f f e c t i v e p a r t o f the cross
w a l l o f the compression b r a c i n g t o g e t h e r w i t h a p a r t of the s i d e w a l l s
i s assumed to y i e l d . Due to the d e f o r m a t i o n f u r t h e r a y i e l d l i n e pattern
i s assumed i n the chord face under the compression b r a c i n g . In [37]
some t e s t r e s u l t s have been compared w i t h the r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d from
t h i s model which show a f a i r l y good agreement, however i t has not y e t
been checked over the whole p r a c t i c a l range.
It i s c l e a r t h a t t h e energy used f o r the deformation o f the b r a c i n g s
will be c o n s i d e r a b l y more than t h a t used f o r the y i e l d l i n e p a t t e r n in
the c h o r d . The design r u l e s given i n f i g . 5 . 3 2 . are t h e r e f o r e only
based on the e f f e c t i v e b r a c i n g w i d t h .
269
V-6
V-1.4. Yiel^d_l i n e _ m o d e l _ f o r _ c h g r d _ f ^
2 a n d 2' : % ^ - 6 . m p
3 a n d 3
' : {
(l-3)sin6 1 + 4 c o t
9 a } 6
- p
m
. 4(1-6)sin,
4 a n d 4
' : {
(1-B)sin9 1
+
n } 6
' m
p
M. M sinG,
ip h 1 1
270
V-7
Thus:
a t h 2
(1-6).sine
M '_ ' rtga , 1 , n , 1
(V-8)
G E O 1
ip snnG 1
l
T 0r
tgct ( l - S ) s i n G'1
- ~27T
T h i s i s a minimum f o r :
(l-B)sinS,
2 2
(V-10)
M
ip = a
eo- o- l ^= (l-6)sin0
t h { +
1 2n sinG.
or
2 (1-6). sine,
M. =a . t . b {-2TJ + 2
2 - sinG, (V-10a)
Tp eo o o 1
/TT6 (1-B)sin0 1
(v-ii)
M. > 0.5h..N,
V-l.5. Y i e l d _ l i n e _ m o d e l _ f o r _ c h o r d _ s i d e _ w a l ] _ f a i l ure
/
/
/
X
1 /I /
r
271
V-8
V-1.6. Remarks
V-2 I n f l u e n c e membrane a c t i o n
272
V-9
^ L 1 A
_ L -
V-2.1. Prl5lly_Ltrained_beam
273
V-10
A
C B
4
I
d(A</>). M p
d(AL).Np
Equil ibrium:
4M 4 N
" c S
N = + (V-13)
c I I
,N ^2
r - 1 =0 (V-14)
Flow r u l e
1
d(A<(>) = l ^ . d A =
"o -dX (V-15a)
P
2N
d(A) = ||.d>. = -dX (V-15b)
Ki nemati cs
46
(V-16a)
6 R = - ( { , + A,)COSc)>
274
V-ll
26 2
M =
~r ' 6
B (V-16b)
The f l o w r u l e o r a l s o c a l l e d n o r m a l i t y r u l e s t a t e s t h a t the v e c t o r of
p l a s t i c s t r a i n increments (d(A<(>), d ( A ) } must be p e r p e n d i c u l a r to the
y i e l d s u r f a c e as shown i n f i g . V-9d.
The s c a l e parameter A i n the f l o w r u l e can be e l i m i n a t e d :
2
N N
mi p = i \ (v-i5)
In [26] these c o n d i t i o n s are worked out to an d i f f e r e n t i a l equation
which i s s o l v e d and worked out f o r v a r i o u s s p r i n g s t i f f n e s s e s . In this
appendix V-2 o n l y the beam w i t h f i x e d end s u p p o r t s w i l l be d e s c r i b e d ,
thus f
o r 6g = 0 and s p r i n g s t i f f n e s s k = > .
From e q s . (V-16a) and (V-16b) follows:
d(6J
4 ~
d A*)
j - (V-16)
d A)
46 .d(6 )
c c
l = 2
4r (v-)
P
l - 1 - - f (V-18)
P h
4M 46 2
N c = (1 + | ) (V-19)
h
275
V-12
4N .6
N c = SjS (V-20)
- 7 /
7/
k l = oo
k l = 200 N p
/ k l = 50 N D
h_
/ L 30
/ a) bending+membrane action
b) membrane action only
/
277
V-14
278
V-15
279
V-16
ti
1+
bo
3xh( h = 180mm
180x180 RHS
0
0 *
X IK
bi
280
V-17
V-3.1. Weld f a i l u r e
b = 2t + ct
e, , o o
Q
(w)
N
lu = L 5 b
e, V e l ( -
V 2 2
)
w
r
N l u = 1.5 { 2 ( t Q + r ) 0 + 5t ).2a.a
0 e l (V-23)
= c .t .2a.0t Q e l (V-23a)
w i t h c^ = 1 3 . 5 .
N l u = b .t a e r e l (V-24)
wi th
b e = c .t t Q (V-25)
C. = 13.5 f o r Fe 360.
N
, = ~
h . N, .
lu 2a lu
281
V-18
b e = c .t ..f<B)
t 0 (V-26)
o
with
l o o el 1
a .t
A l i n e a r i n f l u e n c e of 6 0
i seems not to be j u s t i f i e d w i t h o u t limita-
a
el l - t
Cel^l
In [31] as a c o n s e r v a t i v e lower bound i t i s proposed to u s e :
(V-24)
N
lu = e ' V e lb
V-19
C. O . t
t eo o
o o el l
D D
<
V-3.3. P c h i n g _ s h e a r _ f a i l_ure
u n
283
V-20
b e .b f(B)
r (V-32)
p o o
A l s o here f ( B ) = 1.0 i s assumed i n [31] b e i n g a lower bound.
V-3.4. Other_criteria
N
ly = ^eo^l + 5 t
o) ( "
V 3 3
>
V-3.5. Remarks
284
V-21
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Overall def I e c t i o n ( m m )
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Overall d e f l e c t i o n (mm)
285
V-22
= 13.5
= 20
X = 30
= 35
punching
shear
V-3.6. Design_eguations
E f f e c t i v e width bracing:
(V-34)
1 e 1 el,
N =1.15(t
1 1 + b ).t .a
0 e (V-35)
P k
Chord w a l l b e a r i n g ( o n l y f o r b j > b Q - 2t )Q
(V-36)
h - ^ 1 +
"o-V^ao.
286
V-23
wi th
a .t
b A _ ^1 b
(V-30)
(V-32)
= _13J> f F e 3 6 Q
t y'm . Y' c
(V-37)
c + = - i i ^ for Fe 510
t Y .Y
'm ' c
Y -Y m c = 1-25 i s proposed.
1 I r _ y ^ _ 9 ^ _ ^ ; J 2 i t s _ o f _ s g u a r e _ h o l low_sections
n n
. "l - V ' 0
{ 2B + 4(l-3)- 5
} t , V 3 8 .
287
V-24
a .t
e 0
k 0
(V-38b)
A
r ei,
a
'1 * a e l .t 1
0| t 2h, + l O t
k o 1 o
(V-39)
rei
a . . t, 2 h + 2b
x x
A
el k1
or with h b, = b = In
l o o
V-25
N
i 2 s k e o
k' 0
- ((0.5 + ). ^ J L } . ( v _ 3 g a )
1 el k o' o eo k el k 1
r, a .t
7 r ^ - = ? 2 . ^ 7 4 - (V-39b)
1 el.
el.' 1
a
k h
The e f f i c i e n c y c o e f f i c i e n t o n
ly depends on and i s given in
fig. V-20. 0
eo, o
k
, = 1.0).
e l
k 1
289
V-26
\ h
i + b
e
(V-40)
A
r e Lk " h
l + b
l
For = b| :
N, r eo, o
"
a - t
n
T^^-S+FTT-
1 el o' o -TTV
el^tj k
(V 4 A)
A,.a : ~ a {
7t~ b It ' g ..t,
1 el^ eo o o o el 1
S e o
k' t o
V ei a
k
B ? 3
' ^1^1 ( V
" 4 0 b )
The e f f i c i e n c y c o e f f i c i e n t 1 S
given i n f i g . V - 2 1 as a f u n c t i o n o f
h b eo. o - t
o o i k
-7- = rr- and - r - .
t t a , . t.
0 o el 1 k
2t
For j o i n t s w i t h 0 . 8 5 < 3 < 1 . 0 r f o r which a s h e a r area can be
o D
A,.a . =
~ a I . t , 2h. + 2b n
( V
~ 4 1
)
1 el k el 1 1 1k
N, , eo CT
^o
a 0 . 5 8 { o.5 + F V } ^ - V - (V-41a)
A
rel, V o e r l a x
N a
eo ^ o
1 el k el 1
with C 4 0.58.
290
V-27
0.2
0 10 20 30 40
bo ho
0.8
a a1
c in
en
0.2 a
o o CD o
VI VI VI VI
m
0 10 20 30 40
bo
*U
291
V-28
0 10 20 30 0
bp _ hp
to =
to
T h i s e f f i c i e n c y c o e f f i c i e n t c i s g i v e n i n f i g . V-22 as a f u n c t i o n o f j-
4
b u c k l i n g s t r e n g t h c-
2 Joints with 8 1 - ^ ^ may f a i l by punching
s h e a r . The punching s h e a r s t r e n g t h however, i s g r e a t e r than the s t r e n g t h
2
for 8 = 1 - k c a l c u l a t e d by l i n e a r i n t e r p o l a t i o n between the d e c i s i v e
s t r e n g t h f o r 6 = 1.0 and t h a t f o r 8 = 0 . 8 5 ( ^ J .
For j o i n t s l o a d e d i n t e n s i o n t h e b r a c i n g e f f e c t i v e w i d t h c r i t e r i o n (c,^)
eo -t
a
k 0
k
by the ? 3 curves c u t o f f by the curve f o r C 2 f o r tension loading.
T h i s can be compensated to a c e r t a i n extend by an a d d i t i o n a l statement
t h a t the e f f i c i e n c y f o r j o i n t s w i t h 8 = 1.0 loaded i n t e n s i o n have not
to be taken s m a l l e r than 0 . 6 .
Summarized the e f f i c i e n c y f o r T - , Y- and X - j o i n t s w i t h 0^ = 90 and
square members can be g i v e n by:
N CT
eo ^o
v i r =
C
V T T ( V
~ 4 2 )
1 el k el -tk l
8 = 1.0 (? )
2
The r e s u l t i n g cu rv es f o r C a r e g i v e n i n f i g . V - 2 4 .
a .t
eo,
o
For v a l u e s , > 2.0 the v a l u e s s h o u l d be l i m i t e d a c c o r d i n g t o
a , .t, 3 3
k
o h
eo - o k
t
h ~ e
v t o 8 - 9
(
b
V 5
m. (V43)
^ ~ VL^T ' 4 b
i (
( v
" 4 3 )
Ni
1 i ci
b
i1 + D
o
2
b
n c
/ Ox-U.b f(n)
0
e o . k^ o ,., , , x
7 ^ " - S T ^ ^ (V^a)
b 0
eo. - t
o ' l
3 +
^2
angle 9 , , and K
f (only . and f ( n ) are not included).
294
V-31
elk'tl
er . t .
ciency f a c t o r = 1.0. This r e s u l t s i n0 k n
e 0 0 b
:
For example f o r a j o i n t w i t h 9 , = 45 , r - = 2 and ^ = 2 0 t h e e f f i -
a
el,, 1 o z
N b + b
1.0 V 1
. f(n) (V-44)
A
l' el
0
2b
u a .t
(V-43b)
A
rel k
5
' s i n 0
l ' CT
el - l
k
t
Ni eo, " o 2h + ab (-
1 o o 0.58
n
K
(V-45)
A, . a . a , .t. 4b, ' sine,
1 el k el k1 1 1
295
V-32
2 + 0.145 H ' 1 0
(V-45a)
' sine, a , .t,
1 el 1
k k
1 + J
3t
o
J L
with (V-46)
g
tn = ( 1
" B )
<
o o
Eq. (V-45a) i s now w r i t t e n a s :
eo o k
= C, (V-45b)
A, .a , ^6 ' s i n Q , ' a , . t ,
1 el k 1 el 1 k b
than 14. 0
N, 2 h . + b. + b
l l i e (V-47)
A, .a I 2 h + 2"LY
1 el, 1
S o t
(V-47a)
b /t a , .t,
A
rei o o el k 1
296
V-33
0.7
ho /to
0.6 10
15
2
2S,
35
0.5
\ \ ^5 f r
=
1
V \
v s
f o r f a =15
J52.20
0.4
5
I for =
to
0.3
0 La
10.
0.7 0.9
a .t
Ni eo o
1
k
(V-47b)
7 " ! -
TtT
A
r ei,
a
e l
k 1
wi th
a . . t.
k 10
e l 1
= 0 . 2 5 (3 + -K^V- (V-48)
7 . t b/t
7
a
eo^ o o o
2 h
l
'eo^o iTTiT + b
l + b
e 1
= 0.58 (V-49)
A, .a , Zb + 2b s i nQ 1
1 el, el, -l
z
1
1
297
V-34
0.58 y - 0 . 2 5 ^ -0 )
(? + +T
O
sine.
(V-49a)
or
a .t
eo o
'1
N, k
1 (V-49b)
A
r ei 0
k " ? 8
" s i n 0
l ' "el^ 1
The e f f i c i e n c y c o e f f i c i e n t g i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n f i g . V - 2 7 . as a f u n c -
t i o n of b /t and 0 , .
o o i
1.0
3.8
: 30
0.6 = 5
\ e = 90
I
0.4
- - A ,IT - -
Cc minimum for P =0.9
\
\
L.
0.2
20 30 40
bo
S fi provided that b ?
does not exceed 1.3 f o r 0 = 90 and 1.6 for
0 = 45. 1
298
V-35
h b
= > 15
0 0
0 . 5 ( 1 - 6) i -jL i 1.5(1 - S)
o
holds because shear f a i l u r e o c c u r s o n l y f o r h i g h B r a t i o s .
a
eO| -to <
servative f o r r- v a l u e s g r e a t e r than 2 .
ke l 1
1.0
\ eo^ l
o
\
0.8
\
\
I
N \
\
0.6 \ S
\
\ X
\ "S
s 6 = 30
\
\
X f(n) =1.0
OA
N ^ ' bl = b 2
= 1.0
~~ ~ J
e1k 'tl
0.2
20 30
bo
299
V-36
N, b, + b c, , eo, - t
o
1 _ r L 2 f
.(") k
fV-43b)
1 el k 1 1 el k 1
wi th
f(n) = 1.0 f o r a t e n s i o n f o r c e i n the chord
f(n) ( 1.0
b
l + b
2 o
2 b
z
,< 1.3 f o r 0 j = 90
b. + b ?
2 b s 1.6 f o r 0 = 45
N, b, + b
r 41r e Lk =
e f f
- - T B
^ 7l
D
1
f ( n ) ( V
" 4 4 a )
V-4.3. Joints_with_circular_bracings_and_a_
d
l 2
- ^ 0 . 8 .
o
300
6-i
Contents
Symbols
6.1. Introduction
6.2. C r i t e r i a of failure
6.3. Modes of failure
6.4. Test evidence
6.5. A n a l y t i c a l c r i t e r i a and beam column c o n n e c t i o n criteria
6.5.1. P l a s t i f i c a t i o n o f the chord c r o s s section
6.5.2. Chord web f a i l u r e
6.5.3. F a i l u r e by c r a c k i n g of the bracings
6.5.4. Restrictions
6.6. Joints loaded by moments
6.7. E v a l u a t i o n to d e s i g n criteria
6.8. Recommendation and c a l c u l a t i o n rules
6.9. References
301
6-ii
a t h r o a t t h i c k n e s s of the welds
b w i d t h of a s e c t i o n (general)
b. w i d t h of b r a c i n g i t r a n s v e r s e to the chord (i = 1 o r 2)
l
w i d t h of t h e c h o r d flange
e f f e c t i v e width for e f f e c t i v e width criterion
e f f e c t i v e w i d t h o f a b r a c i n g cross w a l l connected to an o v e r -
u
e(ov)
1apped member
m e f f e c t i v e w i d t h f o r chord web c r i t e r i o n
c, c
constant
]
Co
302
6-i i i
d\ : diameter of b r a c i n g i (i = 1 o r 2)
e : eccentricity between system l i n e s
g : gap between b r a c i n g (measured between t h e toes of the bracings)
g 1
: gap between b r a c i ngs di vi ded by the chord f l ange t h i c k n e s s (JL)
h.j : depth o f b r a c i n g i ( i = 1 o r 2)
h Q : depth o f the chord
h : depth o f t h e web (h - 2t - 2r )
W r v
0 O 0'
h : h e i g h t between e f f e c t i v e areas
i : i n t e g e r used to denote member o f j o i n t , i = 0 designates chord
and i = 1-3 t h e b r a c i n g members. Normally i = 1 r e f e r s to the
compression b r a c i n g and i = 2 to the t e n s i o n bracing.
k : constant
ov : i n t e g e r f o r o v e r l a p p e d b r a c i n g member
r Q : r a d i u s between web and f l a n g e o f the chord
t- : wall thickness of bracing i (i = 1 or 2)
t : t h i c k n e s s of the f l a n g e o f t h e c h o r d
t, : w a l l t h i c k n e s s o f the web o f the chord
w
x : f a c t o r a c c o r d i n g w e l d i n g recommendation
_ o r ^ resp. or
0 0 0 0
b
0
2 t
o
m a t e r i a l and j o i n t p a r t i a l safety factors
angle between compression b r a c i n g and c h o r d
a n g l e between t e n s i o n b r a c i n g and chord
y i e l d stress (actual)
design value f o r the y i e l d stress
y i e l d s t r e s s of b r a c i n g i (i = 1 or 2)
y i e l d stress chord
design v a l u e f o r t h e y i e l d s t r e s s o f b r a c i n g i (i = 1 o r 2)
d e s i g n v a l u e f o r the y i e l d s t r e s s o f the chord
shear y i e l d s t r e s s chord
c i r c u l a r hollow section
r e c t a n g u l a r hollow section
structural hollow section
303
6-i V
304
6-1
Introduction
hi
h
-l b 1
T- joint Y-joint
305
6-2
C r i t e r i a of failure
b.chord w e b f a i l u r e
307
6-4
308
6-5
6.5.1. P J a s t i f ication_of_the_chord_cross_sec
P ,ob
1 /p- -
L- ,
i
N c r o s s s e c t i o n a l area A Q
W w for s h e a r load.
Q 1
Wreduced cross sectional
a r e a for a x i a l load
Fig. 6.5. D e t e r m i n a t i o n of the shear y i e l d l o a d of the c h o r d .
(6.1)
Q
p = V eo T
309
6-6
eo (6.2)
Vweb = ( A
o " 2 b
o-V /3
bo
k
- (web)
For a f l a n g e f o l l o w i n g e q u a t i o n i s valid:
Q -9 f
(6.3)
M 2 Q f 2
(6.4)
p,f l
'p,f
a .b .tr
eo o o
(6.5)
'P,f
b .t > (6.6)
o o ^
f _ v
f 2g (6.7)
310
6-7
Q
f ./ 1
TT^ =
V~ t
2"
W 1 + 4gf
3t
-o (6.8a
A g = A Q -2(1 - a ) b . t o o (6.9)
A = (A - 2b t ) + a . b . t + (t + 2r )t
Q o oo o o w o'o
n
v ; v
= A - (2 - a)b . t + (t + 2r ) t (6.10)
0 v
' 0 0 v
W 0' 0 \ i
A comparison o f the a v a i l a b l e t e s t r e s u l t s w i t h e q u a t i o n s ( 6 . 9 ) and
( 6 . 1 0 ) f o r gap j o i n t s w i t h square b r a c i n g s and IPe 160 and HE 200 A
chords i s shown i n f i g s . 6 . 7 . and 6 . 8 .
As i l l u s t r a t e d the t e s t r e s u l t s are g e n e r a l l y somewhat h i g h e r than
p r e d i c t e d by e q . ( 6 . 1 0 ) . The t e s t r e s u l t s w i t h an e r r o r r e p r e s e n t tests
i n which the squash 1 oad of one o f the members was critical.
311
6-8
Fig. . 6.7
7.. Compari son o f e q . 6 . 1 0 . w i t h t e s t r e s u l t s f o r R I - j o i n t s (chord
IPe 1 6 0 ) .
1. 0
0.9
RI-joints
0.8 eq. (S.9) . chord : H E 2 0 0 A
i y i e l d member
o 0.7
< e c .(6.10 )
I
0.6
0.5
0.A
f
0. 3 Mi.fK.Ml f n r CI = D
0. 2
Feq.6.2
r
0.1
0
0 1 2 3 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
312
6-9
A
RI - j o i n t s
500
*i 400
300
c
/
200 | yield member
6? x
+
IPe
IPe
120
160
100 o HE 100A
HE 120A
a HE 200A
t yield member
x IPe 120
t IPe 160
o HE 100 A
o HE 120A
HE 200 A
313
6-10
(6.11)
with
6.5.1.1. E f f e c t s of moments
314
6-11
( 1 T ^ ) 1
- 2
+ / - = 1 . 0 (6.12)
P,Q P,Q
i n which
N
p,Q = (A
o " V eo +
A
Q eo ^ " (J-)* (6-13}
'P
2
M
p,Q= <^T^> o - V - e o
h +
i- Q- o-eo
A h
^ j ^ ' <- >
6 14
K- and N - j o i n t s _ w i t h oyeHapj
315
6-12
hi
1:2.5 i l; 2.5
ft
"ffrnTyrrrffrH
| t , + 5 ( t o + fo) I
N,.sinG, = b . t .a (6.15)
1 1 m w eo
316
6-13
with
2
- 1 h + 5
(t 0 + r ) Q (6.16)
b
m*?nr0: + 5
(t 0 + r o )
(6.17)
Note:
1
v These X- and T - j o i n t s
have o n l y been i n v e s t i -
gated f o r 3 s 0 . 6
317
6-14
(6.18)
(6.19)
N a . . t . (2t + 7t ) (6.20)
ei 2 w o'
v
318
6-15
a b
Fig. 6.14. E f f e c t i v e w i d t h c r i t e r i o n f o r the b r a c i n g s .
319
6-16
N. = 2 . a . . t . ( 2 t + 1-5 x . t ) (6.21)
l ei i * w o'
Tension 7 6 5
Compression 10 9 7
y
1.4
1.2 1
1
1
y
1
K
1.0
0.8
CHS
0.6 R H S h=b
R H S h^fcb
yielc brae ngs
0.4 P
,i HE 100A chord
de c i s i v e
y=yield b r a c i n g s
0.2
-4
R
i - ^ e r * ! < w2t + k
- 7 T 7 \) (6-22)
321
6-18
with:
k = 0.017 f o r compression
k = 0.012 for tension.
1 - 0.015 -r^
o
(2t, + k . ~ . t )
b. d.
( 25 o r x - 30 respectively b
i *
(i = 1 o r 2)
or
f- * 20 - 28
d, i (2t, + k . ~ . t )
l TT w a . o'
ei
b d
0 . 7 5 ^ T-- ^ 1.33 or 0 . 7 5 g -A $ 1.33
t>2 &2
(6.23)
N ff
i - ei"*1 2 h
i " 4 t
i + b
i + b
e(ov)
[i = 1 or 2)
322
6-19
with
'1 ov
b .b. (6.24)
e(ov) - JF7]t~) l
ov
13.5
1
for Fe 360 (y Y m c = 1.25)
Y -Y
m
m
1
c
(a . . t . )
1.0 i JISI
e l
< 2.0
In case o f j o i n t s w i t h p a r t i a l l y o v e r l a p p e d b r a c i n g s a l s o a s i m i l a r
approach can be f o l l o w e d as f o r j o i n t s w i t h a r e c t a n g u l a r chord o n l y
the e f f e c t i v e w i d t h o f t h e b r a c i n g c r o s s w a l l connected t o t h e chord
have now t o be based on e q . ( 6 . 2 1 ) .
N. = a . . t . 2h. - 4 t , + b + b , , (6.25)
i en i l l e e(ov)
b
e(ov) a c c o r d
"i 9
n e
q- ( -
6 2 4
)
2t, + c . t (6.26)
w 2 o
9
c 2 = 10.5 f o r Fe 360
c 2 = 7 . 5 f o r Fe 510
As a c o n s e r v a t i v e a p p r o x i m a t i o n f o l l o w i n g s i m p l i f i e d e f f e c t i v e
w i d t h can be used:
b , , = c .t., ,
e(ov) i(ov)
(6.27)
b = c.t
e o
c = 1 0 . 5 f o r Fe 360
c = 8 . 5 f o r Fe 510
323
6-20
6.5.4. 8Eii2DI
- The welds should have a s u f f i c i e n t t h r o a t t h i c k n e s s to guarantee
redistribution of s t r e s s e s i n accordance w i t h [11].
In t u b u l a r s t r u c t u r e s it i s normal to choose the t h r o a t thickness
a t l e a s t equal to the w a l l t h i c k n e s s of the connected b r a c i n g for
Fe 360 and 1 . 2 t f o r Fe 510.
- To prevent e a r l y c r a c k s i n the b r a c i n g s near the weld the s t e e l ma-
terial s h o u l d have a s u f f i c i e n t ductility.
- To prevent f a i l u r e of the chord f l a n g e due to i m p e r f e c t i o n s i n the
f l a n g e o f t h e I - s e c t i o n or l a m e l l a r t e a r i n g the c h o i c e o f the mate-
rial grade and q u a l i t y needs more c o n s i d e r a t i o n w i t h i n c r e a s i n g
chord f l a n g e t h i c k n e s s .
In the t e s t s c a r r i e d out these f a i l u r e s d i d not o c c u r whereas the
m a t e r i a l grade of the chords was Fe 360 - A a c c o r d i n g to Euronorm
25 - 72 [ 2 , 3] but the chord f l a n g e t h i c k n e s s was l i m i t e d to 10 mm.
For t h i c k w a l l e d chords i t i s p r e f e r a b l e to choose o v e r l a p joints
i n which case the f l a n g e s have a s m a l l e r l o a d i n t h i c k n e s s d i r e c t i o n .
- For recommendations s t r i c t l i m i t a t i o n s f o r the range of validity
have to be d e f i n e d , see formula (6.23).
IorH
SHS
324
6-21
M = b . t, . a . h (6.28)
m w eo 1
n
wi th
b = t. + 5 ft + r )
m l v
o o'
(6.29)
h
g ^ + 2.5 ( t . o + r )
Q
M
= e
b
h el z h
(6.30)
with
b = 2 t + k. (6.31)
e w a e l
k according to (6.22)
h z = d i s t a n c e between e f f e c t i v e areas as shown i n f i g . 6 . 1 7 .
~y
m
iii
I
Fig. 6.17. E f f e c t i v e w i d t h f o r moment l o a d i n g .
325
6-22
6.7. E v a l u a t i o n to d e s i g n criteria
326
6-23
bo N
1 = m- w-Oeo -b t
k ^
N
K N gap j i 2
Ni D
m- x
w Oeo - k s i n 0 1
Ni = eok Q A
V T . s i n 0j
Nogap=( 0 A
-A )Oao +A .a \/H^]
Q k Q e0k
2
K, N overlap
7
Only effective width check
see f i g . 6 . 1 9 ; page 6 - 2 4
b .<2ti I 10 ( t r )
C I - j o i nts
m o Q
m YTne7 b = + 5 + r
o)
(N^sinG^max
A
Q- eo
J
k
/3
A A - ( 2 - a ) b . t + ( t + 2 r )t
o ' o o
v
w o' o v
a = 0 f o r CHS branches
1
^ f o r RHS branches
3tf
327
6-24
Type of j o i n t Design s t r e n g t h
b = 2 t + 1 0 . 5 t f o r Fe 360
T, Y, X e w o
"l = 2 a
e V b
e
b = 2 t + 7 . 5 t f o r Fe 510
V
e w o
Kand N w i t h No check r e q u i r e d i f w i t h i n Be l-0.03y
d
l
gap parameter l i m i t a t i o n s , o t h e r -
g ' s 20 - 286 0.75(-A( 1.33
wise l i k e T, Y and X - j o i n t s
b
l
(a . . t . )
ke ( o ^ (h/t,)./ aei . v o v " i
b b
c 1 e i t i
k
Kand N w i t h wi th :
305U 0vl00% 2 h . - 4 t . + b +b , , c = 10.8 f o r Fe 360, Fe 430
<%i- -t. k
i l e e(ov)
o v e r l ap c = 9 . 2 f o r Fe 510
1.0< e l
J o v
2.0
a . .t.
ei i
Type of j o i nt J o i n t parameters ( i = 1 o r 2)
b. y t .
i h
i ty'l h
i
FT w
b
l
V ) compression tension w
h
b
i
T, Y, X A "
x * 0.9
1
r c
h '\ i \
l
Kand N w i t h
gap
-- 1.0
d. with:
d
i
1.2 c = 1.2 f o r X j o i n t s
K and N w i t h
0 . TT* 5 0
C 1.5 f o r T, Y, K and
50.75 e l
k
overlap N joints
328
6-25
6.9. References
329
6-26
330
6-27
17. B e r g f e i t A. S t u d i e s and t e s t s on s l e n d e r p l a t e
g i r d e r s w i t h o u t s t i f f e n e r s . Shear s t r e n g t h
and l o c a l web c r i p p l i n g .
C o l l o g i u m AIPC "Design o f p l a t e and box
girders for ultimate strength".
E d i t o r s : Massonnet, Rockey and B e e d l e .
London, 1971.
331
6-28
chord bracings
200 W-RI I P E - 1 2 0 119.3 64 2 6.2 4.4 7 1310 273 357.6 66.3 0 7J37.8-3.89 531 335 178 151 153 215
II II I
201 W-RI " H " " 48.4 0 V" 5 6 - 3 . 8 2 711 311 221 167 169 238
202 W-RI " " " " " " " 30.5 0 064.2-3.24 801 352 282 173 180 252
II tl I
203 N-RI M " 6.4 +14.3 ^56 - 3 . 8 2 711 311 221 161 221 167
II li
204 W-CI " " " " 48.1 0 051.3-3.13 430 365 157 136 140 196
I li
205 N-CI 6.4 + 8.6 051.3-3.13 430 365 157 106 149 109
206 W-RI IPE-160 159.8 82. 8 7.3 5.2 9 2025 316 639.9 88.4 0 050.4-4.69 877 324 284 261 272 370
li I II
207 W-RI " " " 11 " 70.5 0 0 6 3 . 4 - 4 . 7 5 1116 344 384 283 284 403
I I
208 W-RI " " " 11 " " 52.6 0 0 7 6 - 4 . 8 1 1382 296 409 314 305 442
tl li II
209 N-RI " 8.2 + 4.6 0 6 3 . 4 - 4 . 7 5 1116 344 384 263 368 283
it
210 W-CI " " " " 70.5 0 063.5-4.25 759 295 224 205 208 290
II
211 N-CI " " " 8.2 + 4.6 $ 63.5-4.25 759 295 224 155 216 161
212 W-RI H E - 1 2 0 A 116.6 119. 9 8.2 5 12 2 5 9 2 278 720.6 42.4 0 050.4-4.69 877 324 284 269.5 280 382
II II II II
213 W-RI " " II II
24.5 0 063.4-4.75 1116 344 384 337 343 476
II li li II
214 W-RI " 12 + 1 076 - 4 . 8 1 1382 296 409 364.5 374.5 510
II
215 W-RI " " " 11 " 12 + 3.68 088.2-5.02 1668 295 492 385 380 543
II II II II
216 N-RI 11 12 +29.9 063.4-4.75 1116 344 384 249 354 269
II II tl li II
217 W-CI
II II " 24.5 0 063.5-4.25 759 295 224 216 219 303
" " " "
218 N-CI 11
12 +29.9 063.5-4.25 759 295 224 135.5 198 144
219 W-RI H E - 2 0 0 A 188.8 201. 3 9 . 8 6 . 7 20 5 4 2 7 261 1416 82.6 0 076.2-5.87 1650 342 564 478 486 700
II II I II It
220 W-RI 11 11 64.7 0 088.4-6.04 2029 347 704 557 537 810
II II
221 W-RI
" " 11
it
11 "
I
"
II
46.8 0 01OL3-6.18 2349 298 700 603 573 870
222 W-RI "
II
" li
20 +40.6 0127.6-6.31 2996 285 854 654 619 948
223 N-RI " 20 +67.1 088.4-6.04 2029 347 704 473 670 523
224 W-CI
II
" I
it II
64.7 0 089.7-6.9 1692 279 472 437 441 640
II it
225 N-CI " " 11 " 20 +68.7 089.7-6.9 1692 279 472 315 446 345
Table 6-la TEST RESULTS OF FRENCH RESEARCH PROGRAMME [2]
chord bracings
No. (mm )
(mm )
2
(N/irni ) ( k N ) g tricity sions*^ 2
(N/mrn ) (kN) (kN) (kN)
Section t
h
o b
o *o w
r
o
(mm) e(mm) (mm)
3101 W-CI HE-100 A 96 100 8 5 12 2 1 2 0 275 583 10 -1.82 0 60.3-4.5 789 310 244.6 204.8 290.5
3102 W-CI 256 543 -11 +2.44 0 76.1-4.5 1010 240 242.4 218.8 310.4
3103 W-CI " 243 515 -29 +0.78 0 88.9-5.4 1410 277 390.6 385 546.1
3104 W-RI 244 517 11 -3.48 0 60 -5.0 1080 316 341.3 332.5 471.6
3105 W-RI 247 524 - 3 -5.25 0 70 -5.0 1280 315 403.2 367.5 521.3
3107 W-RI " 240 509 -31 -3.05 0 90 -6.0 1996 263 524.9 402.5 570.9
3201 W-CI HE-ZOO A 190 200 10 6.5 18 5380 240 1291 82 -4.85 0 76.1-4.5 1010 260 262.6 274.8 389.7
3202 W-CI " 266 1431 64 +0.71 0 88.9-5.4 1410 266 375.1 402.5 570.9
3203 W-CI " 358 1926 46 +2.53 0101.6-7.1 2110 291 614 570.5 809.2
3205 W-CI " 347 1867 0 +4.05 0139.7-7.1 2960 250 740 700 992.9
3206 W-CI " 308 1657 -43 -0.84 0168.3-7.1 3600 278 1000.8 840 1191.5
3207 W-RI " 250 1345 77 -1.88 0 80 - 6 . 0 1760 263 462.8 402.5 570.9
3208 W-RI 278 1496 63 + 1.04 0 90 - 6 . 0 1996 239 477 472.5 670.2
3209 W-RI 326 1754 49 +2.07 0100 -7.0 2580 254 655.3 665 943.3
3210 W-RI 310 1668 0 +2.31 0135 -7.0 3560 257 914.9 892.5 1265.9
*) Nominal dimensions
Table 6-2 TEST RESULTS
b
l+
2 b
200 W-RI 0.59 9.7 10.7 0.85 0.86 0.60 107.2 660 104.1 650 177.5
201 W-RI 0.87 14.7 7.8 0.76 0.76 0.67 118.6 672 105.9 638 174.2
202 W-RI 1.00 19.8 4.9 0.61 0.64 0.70 122.8 697 109.8 1.12 613 167.4
203 N-RI 0.87 14.7 1.03| 0.73 1.0 0.47 161 884 139.3 >1.16 426 116.3
204 W-CI 0.80 16.4 7.8 0.87 0.89 0.55 96.6 628 99.0 0.98 682 186.2
205 N-CI 0.80 16.4 1.031 0.68 0.95 0.30 106 628 99.0 >1.07 682 186.2
206 W-RI 0.61 10.8 12.1 0.92 0.58 185.3 1037 189.2 >0.98 312.2
207 W-RI 0.77 13.4 9.7 0.74 0.63 200.9 1048 191.1 1.05 977 308.7
208 W-RI 0.92 15.8 7.2 0.77 0.69 222.9 1066 194.4 1.15 959 303.0
209 N-RI 0.77 13.4 1.12| 0.68 0.44 263 1361 248.3 >1.06 664 209.8
210 W-CI 0.77 14.9 9.7 0.92 0.45 145.6 994 181.4 0.80 1031 325.8
211 N-CI 0.77 14.9 1.121 0.69 0.25 155 994 181.4 0.85 1031 325.8
212 W-RI 0.42 10.8 5.2 0.95 0.53 191.3 1026 164.6 1566 430.7
213 W-RI 0.53 13.4 3.0 0.88 0.66 239.3 1137 182.5 1455 400.1
214 W-RI 0.63 15.8 1.46 0.89 0.71 258.8 1364 218.9 1228 337.7
215 W-RI 0.74 17.6 1.46 0.78 0.75 273.4 1364 218.9 1228 337.7
216 N-RI 0.53 13.4 1.46 0.65 0.37 249 1364 218.9 1228 337.7
217 W-CI 0.53 14.9 3.0 0.96 0.42 153.4 863 138.6 1729 475.5
218 N-CI 0.53 14.9 1.46 0.60 0.20 135.5 863 138.6 1729 475.5
219 W-RI 0.38 13.0 8.4 0.85 0.49 339.4 2140 322.5 3287 857.9
220 W-RI 0.44 14.6 6.6 0.79 0.57 395.5 2196 330.9 3231 843.3
221 W-RI 0.50 16.4 4.8 0.86 0.61 428.1 2292 345.3 1.24 3135 818.2
222 W-RI 0.63 20.2 2.1 0.77 0.67 464.3 2711 408.4 1.14 2716 708.9
223 N-RI 0.44 14.6 2.1 0.67 0.37 473 2711 408.4 >1.16 2716 708.9
224 W-CI 0.45 13.0 6.6 0.93 0.45 310.3 1939 292.2 1.06 3488 910.4
225 N-CI 0.45 13.0 2.041 0.67 0.24 315 1939 292.2 1.08 3488 910.4
(2-ct)b . t + (t + 2r )t
v
' o o W v
0' 0
CO
to
CD
N l u .sin 0j
b
l + b
2 b
l
Test
\ TT
n
O R
N
lu N
2u
N
0
N l u .cos 6j
Shear Shear yield
N l u .sin 0j
reduced area
N .cos
l u e 1
No.
V d
2 d
2 \ A
rei Ve2 V a
e o
(kN) (mm^) (kN)
V eo T o Q 2
l o a d (mm ) (kN)
' o Q' e o
h
3101 W-CI 0.6 13.4 1.25 0.84 0.84 0.50 144.8 752 119.4 1.21 1368 376.2 0.39
3102 W-CI 0.76 16.9 o v e r l ap 0.90 0.90 0.57 154.7
3103 W-CI 0.89 16.5 overlap 0.99 0,99 1.06 272.2
3104 W-RI 0.6 12 1.37 0.97 0.97 0.91 235.1 1178 166.0 >1.42 942 229.9 1.02
3105 W-RI 0.7 14 overlap 0.91 0.91 0.99 259.8
3107 W-RI 0.9 15 o v e r l ap 0.77 0.77 1.12 284.6
3201 W-CI 0.38 16.9 8.2 ^1.0 %1.0 0.30 194.3 1805 250.1 >0.78 3575 858,0 0.23
3202 W-CI 0.45 16.5 6.4 vl.O vl.O 0.40 284.6 1805 277.2 >1.03 3575 951.0 0.30
3203 W-CI 0.51 14.3 4.6 0.93 0.93 0.42 403.3 1805 373.1 1.08 3575 1279.9 0.32
3205 W-CI 0.7 19.7 0 0.95 0.95 0.53 494.9 1805 361.6 1.37 3575 1240.5 0.40
3206 W-CI 0.84 13.7 overlap 0.84 0.84 0.72 593.9
3207 W-RI 0.4 13.3 7.7 0.87 0.87 0.42 284.6 2029 292.9 0.97 3351 837.8 0.34
3208 W-RI 0.45 15 6.3 0.99 0.99 0.45 334.1 2077 333.4 >1.01 3303 918.2 0.36
3209 W-RI 0.5 14.3 4.9 era vl.O 0.54 470.2 2153 405.2 >1.16 3227 1052.2 0.45
3310 W-RI 0.68 19.3 0 0.98 0.98 0.76 631 3791 678.5 >0.93 1589 492.6 1.28
A. = A -(2-a)b .t + (t +2r )t
Q o K
' o o w o' o v
7-i
Contents
Symbol s
7.1. Introduction
7.2. C r i t e r i a of failure
7 . 3 . Modes o f failure
7.4. T e s t evidence
7.5. Analytical criteria
7.5.1. P l a s t i f i c a t i o n o f the chord c r o s s section
7.5.2. P l a s t i f i c a t i o n of the chord f a c e
7.5.3. E f f e c t i v e width criterion
7.5.4. Punching shear o f the chord face
7.5.5. E f f e c t s o f moments
7.5.6. Experimental verification
7.6. J o i n t s with overlap
7.7. E v a l u a t i o n to d e s i g n criteria
7.8. Recommendation and c a l c u l a t i o n r u l e s
7.9. References
337
7-ii
Symbols used i n c h a p t e r 7
d e s i g n s t r e n g t h i n t e r m s o f l o a d i n b r a c i n g memberi ( i = 1 o r 2)
load n the chord
1 oad n the chord a t the gap l o c a t i o n
o gap
l o a d i n the compression b r a c i n g
N 2
l o a d i n the t e n s i o n b r a c i n g
l o a d i n member i
N
i
N- l o a d i n b r a c i n g member i a t f a i l u r e o f the j o i n t
i u
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t r e n g t h of a j o i n t i n terms of 1 oad i n member i
%
squash l o a d i n a c r o s s s e c t i o n o f member i
N
pi
reduced squash l o a d of member i by shear
a t h r o a t t h i c k n e s s of the welds
b. w i d t h o f a member i
I
b
o w i d t h o f the chord flange
b* b - 2(t + r )
o v
w o'
o
b, width o f the compression b r a c i n g t r a n s v e r s e to the chord
w i d t h of t e n s i o n b r a c i n g t r a n s v e r s e t o the chord
effective width
e ov e f f e c t i v e w i d t h i n an o v e r l a p joint
e f f e c t i v e w i d t h f o r punching shear
constant
338
7-i i i
e c c e n t r i c i t y between system l i n e s
gap between b r a c i n g s (measured between the toes o f the
bracings)
depth o f a member i
depth o f the chord
depth o f the compression b r a c i n g
depth o f the t e n s i o n b r a c i n g
i n t e g e r used to denote member of j o i n t , i = 0 designates
chord and n o r m a l l y i = 1 the compression b r a c i n g and i = 2
the t e n s i o n b r a c i n g
ov i n t e g e r f o r o v e r l a p p e d b r a c i n g member
i n n e r r a d i u s between web and f l a n g e of the channel section
w a l l t h i c k n e s s of a member i
t h i c k n e s s of the chord flange
w a l l t h i c k n e s s o f the compression b r a c i n g
w a l l t h i c k n e s s o f the t e n s i o n b r a c i n g
mean f l a n g e t h i c k n e s s of the UNP s e c t i o n (webs of chord)
b
l + b
2
b
l + b
2
2b*
exponent i n i n t e r a c t i o n formula
a n g l e between a member i and the chord
Q
i
angle between compression b r a c i n g and the chord
angle between t e n s i o n b r a c i n g and the chord
y i e l d s t r e s s o f a member i
"ei
design value f o r the y i e l d s t r e s s o f member i
en i
y i e l d s t r e s s of the chord
"eo
y i e l d s t r e s s of the compression b r a c i n g
J
el
y i e l d s t r e s s o f the t e n s i o n b r a c i n g
u l t i m a t e m a t e r i a l s t r e s s of a member i
J
ti
shear y i e l d s t r e s s chord
eo
339
7-iv
340
7-1
7.1. Introduction
W a r r e n - t y p e joint w i t h P r a t t - t y p e joint w i t h
RHSbrocmgs (K-type) R H S bracings (N-type)
7.2. C r i t e r i a of failure
341
7-2
n i
11
1
i! i
4# i4t it'
- !
i
chord y/i///// rz^ chord
J 3
-t, |
The a n a l y t i c a l c r i t e r i a w i l l be d e s c r i b e d a t f i r s t f o r j o i n t s w i t h no
eccentricity. L a t e r o n t h e e f f e c t o f bending moments due t o e c c e n t r i c -
ity will be d i s c u s s e d .
7.5.1. Blsti^ication_of _ t h e _ ^
343
7-4
h 0
A.T (7.1)
Q eo
In a s i m i l a r way as d e s c r i b e d f o r j o i n t s w i t h I o r H-chords the ef-
x
f e c t i v e n e s s o f the chord face can be given by a . b . t Q o (see chapter
6.5.1.) where:
1
a = (7.2)
3 t
o
b* = b - 2(t + r )
O 0 v
W 0'
A A - (1 - a) b*.t (7.3)
0 0 v
' 0 0
344
7-5
N * (A - - S - ) . a (7.4)
o o T eo \ !
gap eo l
The UNP s e c t i o n s do not have a bottem chord and most o f the shear
area i s l o c a t e d at the top o f the s i d e w a l l s t h e r e f o r e another inter-
a c t i o n f o r m u l a must be used compared to j o i n t s w i t h I o r RHS chord
sections.
N-,.sin6, N,.cos0,
o eo o eo
A more general p r e s e n t a t i o n is:
5 - * 1.0 (7.1a)
N
(f . Jfi) + 1.0 (7.4a)
P
Q
o
A N
P Q
345
7-6
b -2(t +rj
0 w
2h.
1
+ -SL
N.. , s i n 0 . b*.sine.
o 1 o . _o + _ 2 (7.6)
77" 1 - 4
b*
2g
(1-
bi , 0 . 5
o eo o
i n which:
1 or 2
b - 2(t + r
w 0'
b
l = b
2
= h 1 = h 2
=0, =0.
i 1 " "2
2-e + JL
N..sin . 0
s i n 0
i b* b* , . 0 5
o eo
with:
3 * = V 2 = V 2 =
b
l + b
2
b* b* 2b*
346
7-7
347
7-8
Fig. 7.6. E f f e c t i v e w i d t h c r i t e r i o n f o r j o i n t s w i t h b. = b .
where :
i = 1 or 2
c a .t
eo o
h (7.9)
a -.t. i D
ei
b
o 7 t
o
and
a .t
1.0 _ <: 2 . 0 (7.10)
b
In R R - j o i n t s the e f f e c t i v e o .... . ...
a l s o be done f o r RU-joints
r e c t e d due to the r e l a t i v e t h i c k chord s i d e w a l l s . Using the c^ values
d e r i v e d f o r R R - j o i n t s and r e l a t i n g the e f f e c t i v e width to the
b*
-rP- r a t i o g i v e s f o r l a r g e UNP chord s e c t i o n s s i m i l a r r e s u l t s as a c o r -
0
o b
a 2h. ,
\--f- 'a ( i T n i : + b
i + b
e > ( - 7 1 2
)
k /3 l p i
wi t h :
i = 1 or 2
V ^ - b
< ( 7
- 1 3 )
F
o o
c according (7.11)
7.5.5. Effects_of_moments
349
7-10
axial stress
changed
s y s t e m Line
-'co-
VT
axial stress bending stress shear s t r e s s
y
eo
tTfttTTTtfaxiaL stress
J
eo Oeo I H Oeo
* TFT
1
11 11
i li V3 Oeo
changed
system
a
eo l i n e
N
i X M
i (7.14)
p< Pi
350
7-11
in which:
i = 1 or 2
X = 1.5 f o r 0 . 5 e ~ a 2
h
i
and w a l l t h i c k n e s s t _ . This r e s u l t s in:
s i nO.
N. . s i n e .
1.0 (7.15)
b.h. .t
+ b.)t . T 1 1 o
v o eo
L2sin 0
Z +
t.T
sin0. 0 e
1 or 2
351
7-12
X = 1.2 f o r _^-<0.5
F o r an economical d e s i g n i t i s e s s e n c i a l to l i m i t the c r i t e r i a or to
s i m p l i f y them.
7.5.6. Experimental . v e r i f i c a t i o n
N.
i
<. 1.0 (7.16)
A..a .
i ei
i = 0 , 1 or 2
F u r t h e r the members are checked on the combined e f f e c t s of a x i a l load
and moment u s i n g e q . (7.14):
N. M.
+ (jf-) 1.0 (7.14)
Pi Pi
where:
i = 0 , 1 or 2
X = 2.0 f o r s o l i d square sections
h.
1.5 f o r 0 . 5 * 7- * 2
b
i
h.
i (7.15)
1.2 f o r < 0.5
F
i
352
7-13
o eo o eo
Ni.sinG. A
4 - ^ . 0 . 5 8 / (7.18)
o eo o
353
7-14
/~3".N,.sin0, N,.cos0,
vi L f l . Q (7.19)
A .a A .a v
'
o eo o eo
P I a s t i f i c a t i o n of the chord f a c e , e q . ( 7 . 6 a ) or e q . ( 7 . 7 ) . The
s e c t i o n s c o n s i d e r e d are r e l a t i v e l y t h i c k w a l l e d which r e s u l t s in
small d e f l e c t i o n s . T h i s means no l i m i t of B or 3* i s necessary
w i t h regard to d e f l e c t i o n s i n the j o i n t . F u r t h e r the o t h e r crite-
r i a g i v e n are y i e l d c r i t e r i a . It seems to be b e t t e r t h e r e f o r e to
base the p i a s t i f i c a t i o n of the chord f a c e f o r the s e c t i o n s c o n -
s i d e r e d on the y i e l d l i n e m o d e l , which g i v e s f o r a symmetrical
K-joint:
* -. J.
t
N
l
1 1 23* + J L ) + ^ + 2 ( 1 _ B * -
r
5
5 (7.20)
*c^o~ (1-3*) sine i b* 2g sine.
354
7-15
case 1 2 3 4a x
) 5
b .t - 1 5
b. b - t b.
45 A
o , O O 1
0.71 0.52 in o 0 0 1
3.96
p f i
. , _
K-joints
E
0.82
O 0
V o b
b .t I- 5
b. b .t b.
90/45 0 A
1.0 0.58 0 O 1 o O O 1
N-joints 0.58^
o v
* 0
- 5
' b
n
2
- 3 2
A "IT
O O
0 O
b.
UNP 50 0.71 0.77 0.52 1 62
1 1 33
b
l
b
o
to
b.
4J- b
l
o UNP 100 0.71 0.69 0.52 1 64 1 91
0
b. b
l
UNP 140 0.71 0.64 0.52 1 88 i 2 34
b~ TT
0 0
b. b
l
UNP 50 1.0 0.55 0.58 1 34 i 0 78
b
\ 0
C/l b.
-p l b
l
c: UNP 100 1.0 0.48 0.58 1 35 1 12
o tr b
o
( 0
b. b
l
UNP 140 1.0 0.45 0.58 1 55 i
1 37 1
tr TT
0 0
355
Fig. 7.1Q Comparison o f the t e s t r e s u l t s w i t h various a n a l y t i c a l j o i n t s t r e n g t h c r i t e r i a .
7-17
357
7-18
i
0
N. = a . . t . [2h, 4t + b. + b (7.23)
4
e(ov)
where
i = 1 or 2
b i 'ov b. (7.24)
c t = 1 3 . 5 f o r Fe 360
c t = 1 1 . 5 f o r Fe 510
7-19
\ = 0
e1-*1 [ 2 h
i ' 4 t
i + b
e + b
e(ov)l ( -
7 2 5
)
where:
b g a c c . e q . ( 7 . 9 ) w i t h c^ v a l u e s a c c o r d i n g to e q . (7.11).
b
e(ov) a c c
- ( - ? 2 4
)"
The j o i n t s have to be checked i f the o v e r l a p i s s u f f i c i e n t which i s
always the case if these j o i n t s do not have a p o s s i t i v e eccentricity
o f n o d i n g . S i m i l a r to j o i n t s w i t h h o l l o w s e c t i o n chords the moment due
to e c c e n t r i c i t y of noding can be n e g l e c t e d f o r j o i n t d e s i g n but have
to be taken i n t o account f o r member d e s i g n . In general the e c c e n t r i c i -
t i e s are small i n j o i n t s w i t h overlap.
7.7. E v a l u a t i o n to d e s i g n c r i t e r i a
359
7-20
Gap j o i n t s :
1. P l a s t i c f a i l u r e o f the chord c r o s s s e c t i o n due t o shear l o a d and
axial load.
2. Chord f a c e p i a s t i f i c a t i o n .
3. E f f e c t i v e width bracings.
4. Punching s h e a r .
By l i m i t i n g the a p p l i c a t i o n to gap j o i n t s w i t h chord s e c t i o n s of
UNP 140 o r s m a l l e r and B >, 0 . 4 o n l y the f i r s t two c r i t e r i a have to be
c o n s i d e r e d . The use of l a r g e r chord s e c t i o n s i n gap j o i n t s gives un-
economical designs and c o m p l i c a t e s the d e s i g n procedure considerably.
Overlap joints
Overlap j o i n t s can be designed i n a s i m i l a r way as j o i n t s w i t h a r e c -
tangular hollow s e c t i o n chord.
360
7-21
2
x r 2
iti
Ni =
a
eoi< A Q
30% <: O V 1 0 0 % 3)
A =A -(l-o0.b*.t
Q 0 0 Q =
v
(N..sin0.)
i l'max
V e o k
/3
1
0 f o r CHS branches
Validity
see f i g . 7 . 1 3 ; page 7-22
range
361
7-22
J o i n t parameters ( i = 1 o r 2)
Type o f j o i n t
b.
i max. chord
6 gap/overlap
dimension
b
i(ov)
K, N w i t h
50.25 > 0.75 30 < 0 * 100% UNP 400
overlap
y
b./t. h./t.
h. r l V*1
l
b
i compression t e n s i o n compression t e n s i o n
h.
general 0.5 4 < 2 i 35 < 50
362
7-23
. 9. References
363
Table 7 . 1 .
UNP sections
mass
moment o f i n e r t i a
e l a s t i c s e c t i o n modulus
radius of giration
Dimensions
UNP b h t t =r A A m e I W i I W i
0 0 0 w 0 0 q z ez z y ey y
2 4 4 3 3
no. mm mm mm mm mm^ kg/m mm 10 rnnT mm 10 mm
4 4
10 mm
3 3
mm
mm l o - W
30 30 33 5.0 7.0 540 530 4.27 13 1 6.4 4.3 10.8 5.3 2.68 9.9
40 40 35 5.0 7.0 620 560 4.87 13 3 14.1 7.1 15.0 6.7 3.08 10.4
50 50 38 5.0 7.0 710 600 5.59 13 7 26.4 10.6 19.2 9.1 3.75 11.3
65 65 42 5.5 7.5 900 708 7.09 14 2 57.5 17.7 25.2 14.1 5.07 12.5
80 80 45 6.0 8.0 1100 812 8.64 14 5 106.0 26.5 31.0 19.4 6,36 13.3
100 100 50 6.0 8.5 1350 954 10.6 15 5 206.0 41.2 39.1 29.3 8.49 14.7
120 120 55 7.0 9.0 1700 1112 13.4 16 0 364.0 60.7 46.2 43.2 11.10 15,9
140 140 60 7.0 10.0 2040 1240 16.0 17 5 605.0 86.4 54.5 62.7 14.80 17.5
160 160 65 7.5 10.5 2400 1515 18.80 18 4 925.0 116.0 62.1 85.3 18.30 18.9
180 180 70 8.0 11.0 2800 1712 22.00 19 2 1350.0 150.0 69.5 114.0 22.40 20.2
200 200 75 8.5 11.5 3220 1911 25.3 20 1 1910.0 191.0 77.0 148.0 27.00 21.4
220 220 80 9.0 12.5 3740 2210 29.4 21 4 2690.0 245.0 84.8 197.0 33.60 23.0
240 240 85 9.5 13.0 4230 2444 32.2 22 3 3600.0 300.0 92.2 248.0 39.60 24.2
260 260 90 10.0 14.0 4830 2790 37.9 23 6 4820.0 371.0 99.9 317.0 47.70 25.6
280 280 95 10.0 15.0 5330 3130 41.8 25 .3 6280.0 448.0 109.0 399.0 57.20 27.4
300 300 100 10.0 16.0 5880 3520 46.2 27 .0 8030.0 535.0 117.0 495.0 67.80 29.0
320 320 100 14.0 17.5 7580 4080 59.5 26 .0 10870.0 679.0 121.0 597.0 80.60 28.1
350 350 100 14.0 16.0 7730 3726 60.6 24 .0 12840.0 734.0 129.0 570.0 75.00 27.2
380 380 102 13.5 16,0 8040 3704 63.1 23 .8 15760.0 829.0 140.0 615.0 78.70 27.7
110 14.0 18.0 9150 4558 71.8 26 .5 20350.0 1020.0 149.0 846.0 102.00 30.4
400 400
Table 7 . 2 . Dimensions of the t e s t specimens.
Chore compression bracing tension bracing
Test spec. Type Chord Meas red imenslons (mm) Measured Measured
No. section .A
o "eo
dimensions (mm) A A n dimensions (mm) A A ~ Ecc
b
l + 2 b
h t r 0 eo A
1 a
el "1 " e l b - tj "2 e2 2 e2 A
K 8, , e 2 o
b
o 0l
l - 1 2
Z b
co
01
CO
CD
en
Contents
Symbols
8.1. Introduction
8.1.1. Loading
8.1.2. The j o i n t d e t a i l
8.1.3. M a t e r i a l grade
8.1.4. Environment
8.2. Methods o f a n a l y s i s
8.2.1. Hot spot s t r e s s method
8.2.2. C l a s s i f i c a t i o n method
8.2.3. F a i l u r e c r i t e r i o n method
8 . 2 . 4 . Punching shear method
8.2.5. Relation to s t a t i c strength
8 . 2 . 6 . F r a c t u r e mechanics
8.3. C i r c u l a r hollow s e c t i o n l a t t i c e g i r d e r joints
8.3.1. Hot spot s t r e s s method
8.3.2. F a i l u r e c r i t e r i o n method
8.3.3. Punching shear method
8.4. Square h o l l o w s e c t i o n l a t t i c e g i r d e r joints
8.4.1. Hot spot s t r e s s method
8.4.2. C l a s s i f i c a t i o n method
8.5. End to end c o n n e c t i o n s
8.6. Other types o f joints
8.7. Cumulative f a t i g u e design
8.8. Comparison w i t h s t a t i c strength
8.9. P r e l i m i n a r y recommended design methods
8.10. References
367
8-i i
Symbols used i n c h a p t e r 8
moment
SCF, nominal s t r e s s range i n the b r a c i n g due to an out o f p l a n e
op
nom. bending moment
SNCF s t r a i n concentration factor
c o e f f i c i e n t o f v a r i a t i o n f o r the s t a t i c j o i n t strength
V
Nu
368
b : width
: w i d t h o f the chord
b
o
: w i d t h of one o f b r a c i n g s (i = 1 or 2)
i b
d : diameter
diameter o f the chord
d
o
diameter o f one of the b r a c i n g s (i = 1 or 2)
d
i
d.j - t- ( b r a c i n g s i = 1 or 2)
d
im
d d - t
om 0 0
f frequency
9 gap
h depth o f a s e c t i o n
depth of the chord
h
o
depth o f one o f the b r a c i n g s (i = 1 or 2)
h
i
\ l e n g t h o f chord between two j o i n t s o r the p o i n t s o f contra
flexure
m slope
exponents (i = 1 to 5)
n
i
r correlation coefficient
o u t s i d e r a d i u s o f the chord
r
o
o u t s i d e r a d i u s of a b r a c i n g 1
r
l
s : s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n i n number o f cycles
t : wall thickness
wall t h i c k n e s s of the chord
t. : w a l l t h i c k n e s s of one o f the b r a c i n g s (i = 1 or 2)
punching shear s t r e s s i n the chord
d
im i d b
i
g s i m p l i f i e d to -j a l s o used for
om o
d d
om . i , o
TJY" s i m p l i f i e d to jr~ a l s o used for
o o
m a t e r i a l and j o i n t p a r t i a l s a f e t y factors
load factor
369
8-i v
370
8-1
Introduction
i i i
8 7 1
2.10 10 2.10
* log n u m b e r of c y c l e s N
371
8-2
8.1.1. Loading
of c y c l e s to f a i l u r e decreases as shown i n f i g . 8 . 1 .
From the parameters d e s c r i b e d the s t r e s s range i s the most i m p o r t a n t
one. This i s due to the f a c t s t h a t i n s t r u c t u r a l details suchaswelded
j o i n t s , w e l d i n g s t r e s s e s e x i s t and notches which cause s t r e s s concen-
trations. Due to these f a c t s the f i r s t l o a d c y c l e can a l r e a d y result
i n y i e l d i n g and a f t e r r e l o a d i n g a new system of s t r e s s e s o c c u r s . From
now on the r e a l s t r e s s r a t i o i s d i f f e r e n t from the l o a d i n g r a t i o and
the a p p l i e d s t r e s s range i s thought to determine more the r e a l varia-
t i o n i n s t r e s s e s . The i n f l u e n c e of the mean s t r e s s and the maximum a p -
p l i e d nominal s t r e s s depend on the e f f e c t i v e c r a c k o p e n i n g . Especially
i n j o i n t s w i t h low r e s i d u a l s t r e s s e s the c r a c k opening oc c u r s not
d u r i n g the whole s t r e s s range and at low R r a t i o s the crack i s closed
d u r i n g a p a r t of the s t r e s s c y c l e . T h i s makes t h a t the i n f 1 uence of the
R-ratio depends on the r e s i d u a l s t r e s s e s i n the j o i n t s . J o i n t s of small
sections generally have lower r e s i d u a l s t r e s s e s than those o f b i g s e c -
t i o n s t h e r e f o r e a g r e a t e r i n f l u e n c e o f the R r a t i o i s found f o r the
smaller j o i n t s . There are i n d i c a t i o n s t h a t a l s o the g e o m e t r i c a l stress
c o n c e n t r a t i o n f a c t o r has an i n f l u e n c e however, more r e s e a r c h i s needed
to s p e c i f i y the i n f l u e n c e of the s t r e s s r a t i o R more p r e c i s e l y in re-
l a t i o n t o r e s i d u a l s t r e s s e s , w a l l t h i c k n e s s and g e o m e t r i c a l s t r e s s or
s t r a i n concentration factors.
372
8-3
10 3
tog N I n t h e
9 cu-
e x i s t i n
m u l a t i v e damage
Fig. 8.3. I n f l u e n c e l o a d spectrum on r u l e s the l o a d i n g s e -
fatigue l i f e . quence i s not taken
i n t o account [ 2 , 3 , 4].
T e s t s have shown [5] t h a t the i n f l u e n c e o f the l o a d i n g sequence can
be c o n s i d e r a b l e .
In notched specimens e . g . joints it i s assumed t h a t f a v o u r a b l e and un-
f a v o u r a b l e e f f e c t s due to t h e passed on l o a d c y c l e w i l l a l t e r n a t e un-
der random l o a d i n g .
Jh_iiDt_detai1
In p r e d o m i n a n t l y s t a t i c a l l y loaded j o i n t s l o c a l s t r e s s or s t r a i n con-
centrations are o f minor importance due t o r e d i s t r i b u t i o n of stresses
by l o c a l y i e l d i n g o f a d u c t i l e m a t e r i a l , however, under f a t i gue l o a d i n g
the s t r e s s - or s t r a i n c o n c e n t r a t i o n i s the dominant factor.
373
8-4
L
l
tF-\ f AF 2
1 X AF 2
AF.
f i g . 8.4a. w i t h SCF s 3 (8.1)
S
r = S C F
'TT
max. n
A n = (b-d)t
AF 2
8.1.3. !^teria]__grade
8.1.4. Environment
375
8-6
600
8.2. Methods o f a n a l y s i s
376
8-7
h o l l o w s e c t i o n s loaded i n f a t i g u e [ 3 1 , 32] a l l a v a i l a b l e t e s t e v i d e n c e
has been c o l l e c t e d and a n a l y z e d i n a c o n s i s t e n t way. Due to the fact
t h a t f o r many o f the f a t i g u e t e s t s c a r r i e d out on j o i n t s o f circular
hollow s e c t i o n i n s u f f i c i e n t measurements were taken the t e s t results
cannot d i r e c t l y be used f o r a l l methods o f a n a l y s i s . An urgent c o l -
l e c t i o n and a n a l y s i s o f j o i n t s i n c i r c u l a r h o l l o w s e c t i o n s i s now r e -
q u i r e d i n the same way as p r e v i o u s l y c a r r i e d out f o r j o i n t s i n square
hollow sections [31, 32].
8.2.1. Hot_sp_ot_stress
377
8-8
378
8-9
8.2.2. CI a s s i f i _ cation_method
379
8-10
8.2.4. Py 9hin2_shear_method
n
8.2.5. Bltign_to_static_strength
380
8-11
8.2.6. F r a c t u r e mechanics
8.3.1. Hot_sgot_stress_method
381
8-12
c y c l e s of l o a d N
Id
ii AWS-
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 e
cycles
hot spot strain adjacent to w e l d
3000
2000
! 1000
500
300
number of cycles (end of test)
It i s c l e a r l y shown t h a t a s c a l e e f f e c t e x i s t s . At t h i s stage i t is
not p o s s i b l e to determine whether t h i s s c a l e e f f e c t i s due to an
overall i n c r e a s e o f the dimensions o f the j o i n t s or p u r e l y to an i n -
crease i n chord w a l l t h i c k n e s s although f o r l a r g e r j o i n t s the w a l l -
t h i c k n e s s seems to be the main i n f l u e n c i n g parameter.
383
8-14
384
8-15
n. n ? n ? n. n
in which:
K = constant n^ = exponents
2 l
o
om
d
lm
om
d
om
385
8-16
J L 1 A X I A L LOAD B R A C I N G
1
A X I A L LOAD CHORD
B.I.P. C H O R D
1 * * * B.I.P. B R A C I N G
1 B L P . : h o r d = br
EJBj'-
1 B . I . P . = b e n d i n g in p l a n e
i X >
y =15
t =0.5
e = 90
Q2 0.3 OA 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
j. P
i n f l u e n c e B = -r - L
1
0.9
0.8 f f
0.7 1 rf
0.6 1 If //
Li.
0.5 1
1
o
CO 0.4 I >;
"J 0.3 1
0.2
0.1
10 15
25 20 30 30 45 60 90
-*Y influence 0 e
influence Y =n
10
L,i rhor'd= b r a c i n g
r r - l . . 1
1
/ B.I.F . cho- rd = b r a c i n g
K, 0.9 :/.
i 0.8
LO
H
;' *^***^ o
"D 0.7
jt> bra _J
0.6
u
LO 0.5
7f
'J
o
- 0.4
0.3
u
LO
0.2
0.1
387
8-18
-- +
f f e
r
,ax.l.chor
W
y =15
x =0.5
.
i b' i . p c ///
/// e =45
1 VA
m y.
1
U
CD
1.0 4c
b.i
giias!g
p. b r e c i n g CJ
1.0
1
i-**
0.3 0.2
10 20 30 30 45 60 e
90 e
influence y =
influence 9
o
II 1.2 r
, a x .1 b r a e i n .
o I X . l . :hor<
13
1.0
"Si
IL.
A "c b i. p . c l a r d = bra< i n g
u 0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
en
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 Q9 1.0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0 8 0.9 1.0
7* t iL
influence x = to influence -- d
do
Fig. 8.12. Diagrammes f o r the d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e SCF i n K- and N-type
j o i n t s a c c o r d i n g t o Kuang, P o t v i n and L e i c k (EPR) [ 4 7 ] .
388
8-19
389
8-20
4_ F
- A q u i c k i n d i c a t i o n of the c o n c e n t r a t i o n f a c t o r f o r s i m p l e j o i n t s .
^2. trilyir_2rii!rl2D_[!??i!22 J c
391
8-22
S = T sine
ax.
Ml (-5 V
ip
) +
<I S
r
op
)
(8.6)
r
vp
392
8-23
1 / the b r a c i n g has to be
~ 100
C L c h e c k e d . For these
>
y=18 TO 2Ui the curves 0 ' and E 1
shown i n f i g s . 8 . 6 .
O
are g i v e n . The D 1
11
10
curve f o r u n r e i n -
en
c
f o r c e d j o i n t s and
u
c
gap j o i n t s w i t h f u l 1
penetration welds;
_L the curve E' f o r fil-
10 2
10 3
10^ 105 10 6
10 7
108 l e t welded j o i n t s or
cycles
complex j o i n t s such
Fig. 8.17. Punching shear f a t i g u e strength as j o i n t s w i t h stiff-
of K-connections [10]. e n i n g r i n g s , but a l s o
o v e r l a p j o i n t s are i n
this category.
The curves D' and E' comply w i t h a s t r e s s c o n c e n t r a t i o n f a c t o r o f 2 . 5
and 4 r e s p e c t i v e l y to the X-X c u r v e .
393
8-24
S = x.sinG a.S + V( S r ) 2
+ (| S ) 2 (8.7)
vp ax. ip op
with
T =
t 0
394
8-25
8.4.1. Hot_sgot_stress_method
(|i mm/mm)
100oo-
hot spot strains -
R H S - N - t y p e joints
+ R=-1gap
7B0
* R=-1 lap
*R=0.1 lap
oR = 01gap
5000
5 0 % survival Line for CHS-joints R = 0.1 lap
0158mm from ECSC Offshore chord b =100 mm
research programme = 0.6
T = 1.0 to 2.0
3000 Y= 12.5 to 25
2000
1500
95% survival line for RN-joints /
395
Fig. 8.18. Survey of joints for which SNCF values are measured [30].
S :S
gap determined
Type of
e ,e chord
bracings r
ax. r
bending
overlap
by
location SNCF Ref.
joint V 2 members ^ members 2
k
0 mm mm
!N
90 100x100x6,3 60x60x3,2 1 : 0.5 100% c h a i n s of in diag.
s t r a i n gaug. at the ~ 2 . 0 *
45 b0x60x3,2 1 : 0,1
(steel weld toe
model) with vert.
11 in vertical
- 1.95
at the weld
in vertical
11
at the weld ~3.0
toe
*At t h e s e locations the crack dit not start due to t h e more severe change o v e r f r o m weld toe t o vertical. The concentration
8.4.2. C]^!ification_method
b
1 b
n fc
n n
S C F = f
(r r r f > 9
<-)
88
o z
o 1 D
l
J o i n t s w i t h unequal dimensions f o r the b r a c i n g s o r w i t h rectangular
b r a c i n g s show an even more c o m p l i c a t e d f u n c t i o n .
397
8-28
398
8-29
Sr ( N/mm )2
8.4.2.2. I n f l u e n c e of l o a d i n g parameters
399
8-30
T S ( N/mm') r
axial + bending
300
tension -
1 I I 111111
_ in chord
RHS N - joints M compression
200 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 J in chord
100
\! \ ^
- compression
tension X t ~~^.,/jn chord
in chord
o\
Wlcycles)
1 1 1 M i l l 1 1 1 1 1 1 11
10 4
10 s
S (N/mm )
r
2
300
. R = -1 Fe 360
E \/ + R = 0.1 Fe 360
o R = 0.7 Fe 360
RHS K-joints
200
b,
06
bo "
- Js- 1.0
ti
gap = 0.42bi
100 chord:
100 x 100 4
^^-<R =- 1
bracings:
60 x 60 4
+ ^ - - ^
50
- ^ . R r 0.7 ^ \
S .
N (cycles)
' 1 ' 1 ! 1 1 1 1 I 1 i i r~v. i i 11
10 4
10 5
10 6
10 7
400
8-31
c o n c e r n e d , the i n f l u e n c e o f i s n e a r l y l i n e a r as i l l u s t r a t e d f o r gap
b, i r
j o i n t s w i t h j j i = 0 . 6 i n f i g . 8, 24.
o
2
S (N/mm )
r
axigt + bending
= 1.0 X = 1.0
1
= 2.17 x=
2.17
1
*L r2.76 x-
*i 2.76
b,
= 0.6
bo
gap r 0.42 b,
Fe 360
R = 0.1
RK : test series
RK m o d are the lines
forRK.modified by
m u l t i p l y i n g S by X .
r
N (cycles)
t b.
Fig. 8.24. Influence f o r a gap j o i n t w i t h = 0 . 6 .
i t b
o
401
8-32
SrlN/mrr? )
300
* J gap = 0.42 bi
\ /
RHS K-joints
J 100% overlap
200
\. A
\. O bo
:06
A X .
in =1.0
ti
is. o
+ Fe 360, Fe 510
R = -1
a
ovirlop chord :
100 100 4
bracings :
60x60x4
50
/V( c y c l e s )
i i i i iii i i i i i iii i ! 1 1 1 1 1 I 1
1
W- 10' 10" 10'
t
Fig. 8.25. I n f l u e n c e gap v . s . o v e r l a p f o r = 1 . 0 , Fe 360 and Fe 51tt
i
402
8-33
axial + bending
300
R = 0.1
RHS K - a n d N-type
joints with gap 0.6 ^ ^ - 1 . 0
bo ^
Ml
^^^.^ compression
l o a d i n g in t h e
chord:
modified by ^
^Sj^ ,50% s u r v i tal l i n e s
\ rious series
x ^ \ ^ * > K X
W(cycLes)
i i i i i i ii i i i i i i i i
s
yres = s V / _ 1
- r 2
< - )
8 9
where:
s = s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n i n number o f c y c l e s
r = correlation coefficient.
T* S ( N / m m )
r
2
axiaL+ bending
R = 0.1
RHS K-and N-type
joints with gap 0.6 < ^ - 1 . 0
bo
( failure)
200 -
test results
- plotted against
- X S With
r
o N -joints
K -joints
O O
;- .
0
% o o
B 8
50
\
-
404
8-35
I Sr(N/mm ) 2
xigl+ bending
300
R = 0.1
RHS K - a n d - N -type
joints with gap 0.6 L < 1.0
bo
( crack initiation)
200
test results
plotted against
x-S with
r
to
100
N (cycles
_1 I I i i i i i J I 1 i i i M _] I i i i i i
c u r v e D o f t h e A W S ( f i g . 8 . 6 . ) , which a p p l i e s to s i m i l a r l o a d i n g c a s e s .
In new i n t e r n a t i o n a l recommendations, f a t i g u e l i m i t s between 2.10^ and
g
2.10 c y c l e s a r e i n d i s c u s s i o n . As no t e s t evidence i s a v a i l a b l e f o r
N > 1 0 i t i s p r e l i m i n a r y proposed to use 1 0 c y c l e s f o r t h e f a t i g u e
7 7
g
l i m i t f o r c o n s t a n t a m p l i t u d e l o a d i n g and 2 . 1 0 f o r spectrum l o a d i n g .
405
J
S r (N/mm
Recommended 9 5 % survival S - N r
bracing checklcurves A . B . C ) :
f ) - <
l
i
1 i mi t
CO
I
b i n mm)
o
Values f o r t /t-
Q limit
Sr l o t S Sr .f(S)
x
Note:
S = s
tot (axial + bending)
>. nominal
5 6 7 8 9 10 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 6
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 A/ (cycles)
40 - 90
0
1
0 2 40 - 90
b
i i
h b
i = h
i
b * 450 mm
b
o 0
b
o
^ 25
z
o
bj , b 2 D
l * 2 b
0 . 5 & * 1.0
0
Fe Fe 3 6 0 , Fe 5 1 0 , St E 4 7 , S t E 70
Further: - 1 * R * +0.2.
Some a d d i t i o n a l remarks
t
- For 6 = 0 . 6 , the l i m i t i n g v a l u e s f o r f(j~) may be h i g h e r f o r the gap
i
as w e l l as o v e r l a p j o i n t s but more t e s t s are needed to j u s t i f y a
h i g h e r l i m i t . F u r t h e r these S^-N curves are c o n s e r v a t i v e f o r joints
w i t h a 50% o v e r l a p .
- Due to the nonuniform s t i f f n e s s d i s t r i b u t i o n i n K- and N-type j o i n t s
made o f square h o l l o w s e c t i o n s the bending s t r e s s e s i n the d i a g o n a l s
s h o u l d be assumed as f o l l o w s :
407
8-38
408
8-39
300
Sr ;
V-
J
\ ,
butt welded
-
X V
s
s,
v s Y
s >
\
v 1
MI = t Tt
N V fillet welded
\
S
N
S >>
s.
s
s s butt weld o mm
butt weld i mm
k
s 1 Sk / / fillet weld S mm -
VS X / / f i l l e t weld 4mm
s. {-
Vs
\
} s
N,
Ns s
Ns
>
)
s
KT 2 3 * 5 6 7 8910* 2 3 * 5 6 7 910* 2 3 * 5 6 7 S 910'
N (cyclts)
n e c t i o n s o f square h o l l o w sections.
d < U R
76.3X2.7 -1 o e]
114.3X4.0 0 c!
X4.5 A .)
A b)
1000 139.8X4.0 1 b
0 n b
88.9X5.0 0.1
X
b)
b)
P r o p e r l y designed H . S . F . G . b o l t e d c o n n e c t i o n s g e n e r a l l y have a b e t t e r
f a t i g u e behaviour than welded c o n n e c t i o n s between h o l l o w s e c t i o n s and
plates. For a b o l t e d c o n n e c t i o n , p l a t e s or p a r t s o f open s e c t i o n s are
always used which are welded to the h o l l o w s e c t i o n s . In H . S . F . G . b o l t e d
c o n n e c t i o n s the c o n t a c t f a c e should be l o c a t e d as c l o s e as p o s s i b l e to
the components i n which the t e n s i l e f o r c e i s a c t i n g [ 4 6 ] . In t h i s case
variations in external t e n s i l e f o r c e has l i t t l e o r no i n f l u e n c e on the
b o l t l o a d i n g but o n l y produces a r e d u c t i o n i n c o n t a c t p r e s s u r e .
Z J- * 1.0 (8.10)
41 1
8-42
Comparison w i t h s t a t i c strength
- mean of t e s t r e s u l t s : N u
- c h a r a c t e r i s t i c strength : = N (1-1.64
u V^ )
u
(95% s u r v i v a l )
- design strength N = 1.0 < y m-Y c 1 - 2 5
P r e l i m i n a r y recommended d e s i g n methods
413
8-44
,10. References
3. Hai b a c h , E. : M o d i f i z i e r t e L i n e a i r e Sehartensakkumulation
Hypothese z u r B e r c k s i c h t i g u n g des
D a u e r f e s t i g k e i t s a b f a l l s mit F o r t s c h r e i t e n -
der S c h d i g u n g .
L.&F. Technische M i t t e i l u n g e n T.M. Nr; 50/70.
Back, J . de : F r a c t u r e M e c h a n i c s , F a t i g u e and B r i t t l e
Fracture (PDOB c ou r s e i n Dutch) 1979.
414
8-45
B a c k , J . de T e s t i n g o f T u b u l a r j o i n t s , Report o f WG.
Ill o f the ECSC o f f s h o r e Programme,
Cambridge S e m i n a r , 1978.
415
8-46
24. D u t t a , D. The f a t i g u e b e h a v i o u r o f h o l l o w s e c t i o n
Mang, F. joints. C i d e c t Monograph N r . 7. To be
Wardenier, J. p u b l i s h e d , 1981.
416
8-47
417
8-48
418
8-49
419
!
8-50
420
8-51
loading condition
N-joint EPR
Loyds
421
Table 8 . 2 . SCF f o r m u l a e f o r T- and Y - j o i n t s according t o DNV [27]*
0.4
<
<
Y < 30
< 1.0
T T
3.5 <|<8.0
10 < Y < 30
SCF = [ 1 . 0 9 - 1 . 9 3 ( M . 5 ) ] . Y -
2
7 6
.(T) - 0 5 7
.(f) - 0 1 2
.5in - 1 9 4
B
0.47 < T < 1.0
10 < y < 30
SCF [ 1 . 6 5 - l . l ( - 0 . 4 2 ) ] . Y -
2
0 3 8
.(T) - 1 0 5
.sin- 5 7
e
0.4 < T < 1.0
\
3.5 < w < 8.0
10 < Y < 30
SCF = [ 0 . 9 5 - 0 . 6 5 ( - 0 . 4 1 ) ] . Y - 2
0 3 9
.(T)- 2 9
.sin - 0 2 1
e
0.47 1 X 1 1.0
10 < Y 30
SCF = [ 1 . 0 1 - 3 . 3 6 ( - 0 . 6 4 ) ] . Y
2 0 - 9 5
.(x) -
1 1 8
.sin -
1 5 6
8
0.4 < T < 1.0
10 1 Y 1 30
SCF = [0.76-1.92(-0.72) ].y- .(T)- .sin - e
2 8 9 4 7 2 0 3
3.5 <f<8.0
The influence f o r the angle 6 i s taken from the EPR formulae for T- and Y - j o i n t s
ro
Table 8 . 3 . SCF f o r m u l a e f o r T - , Y- and X - j o i n t s a c c o r d i n g to L l o y d s [28],
general
Load application SCF formulae
validity range
m
T
(g-^)-(|-sTfie)- s i n f l
E B
K/'= 1.05+t 3 0
' 1
.(1.2-B).(cos e+0.15)] 4
30 < e < 90
or
8 < a < 40
SCF = 1 + 0 . 6 3 SCF
chord:
it
SCF - 1.7y.T.6(2.42-2.288 2 - 2
)sin 6
( 1 5
- 1 4
- B)4
6
brace :
SCF = 1+0.63.SCF,
Table 8.3. Continued.
chord:
TT-S >
4
SCF =
C 0.75 Y
0
- .T - .(1.66-
6 0 8 2 5
-0.7g }s1n( - - - 2 1 5 1 6 B
)e
brace:
4 - - 4
1 i SCF = l+0.63.SCF c
1
\
chord:
2
SCF =
s Y .T.g.(1.6-1.156 ).sin 5 ( 1
- 3 5 + B
\
i see above
brace:
4 - - 4
i -
SCF = 1+0.63.SCF S
chord:
1 SCF =
S Y .x.B.(1.56-1.46B ).sin 5 B 2
-( 1 5
- 1 4
- 4 B
)e
r
-1-
4 - " i f brace:
1
SCF = 1+0.63.SCF S
4=
Note: R e c e n t l y a l s o SCF formulae f o r K- and N - j o i n t s have been
p u b l i s h e d by Wordsworth [29].
Table 8.4. EPR f o r m u l a e f o r e s t i m a t i n g SCF's i n simple non-reinforced tubular joints [47].
chord:
_ , q . 0.057 -1.2B 0.808 1.333 , 1 . 6 9 4 . 3
m SCF j y - l . y o l . a . e
S
.y .1 .sin 6 c
brace
, , 0.12 - 1 . 3 5 6 0.55 . 1.94
SCF = 3.751 .
r t : 7 M
. e .y .x.sin e c
T,Y
T v a
F
chord :
general:
brace
7 a S 40
5CF = 0.920 . S " -
K
0 4 4 1
.y ' " . "
0 1 0 5 6 0
. ( g / d o ) 0.058_ 1.448s1ne e 0.3 B S 0.8
8 < Y S 33
30 4 8 4 90
vertical :
-0.396 0.123 0.672 ,V 2,0.159
9
chord:
err n 7n?
SCF-r y =0. AI* . - - 0 4 . Y0-6 . T0.86 . S.i n0.57
n
brace
T,Y
F
chord:
err
SLr^ 1 099 -
= 1.82? D
0 6
. Y
- 3 8
. T
- 9 4
. s<i n -
r
0 9
13 brace:
<;rF
S o o,-, .
U ^ = 2.827 O-0.35 . t 0.35 . s i, n0 . 5 8.
see above
chord: (0.3 s i 0.55)
0.787 1.014 0.
SCF = 1.024 .
T . Y T - s i n.1.557
-
r7&
chord: (0.55 < < 0.75)
err n AC9 " 0 . 6 1 9 1.014 O.F. '.sin ' 8
SCF-|- = 0.4o2. a
. Y T 1 5 5 7
-si
8-58
428
VIII-1
Appendix VIII
VIII-1.1 Determination_of_the_hot_sgot_stress
429
VI11-2
t h e hot spot s t r e s s o r s t r a i n .
430
VI11-3
- API-code [45]:
In general the d e s i g n f a t i g u e l i f e o f each j o i n t and member s h o u l d
be t w i c e t h e i n t e n d e d s e r v i c e l i f e o f the s t r u c t u r e . For the design
f a t i g u e l i f e t h e Miners sum s h o u l d not exceed unity.
431
VI11-4
A S r ( N / m m 2
)
600
-
400
- . \ , D oE-T
200
100
AWS-X1
\
50
API - X ' > X AAWP SI ^- XX2.
nprotectec
D o E - T C j n seawate
20 1 1 1 1
10 ;
10- 10* 10 7
10 8
T0 !
N(cycles)
DoE-code [50]:
The design S - N curves are based on the mean minus two s t a n d a r d de-
v i a t i o n s curves of r e l e v a n t e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a . For a c r i t i c a l member
whose s o l e f a i l u r e would be c a t a s t r o p h i c , an a d d i t i o n a l f a c t o r on
l i v e s h o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d . For u n p r o t e c t e d j o i n t s exposed to sea
water the b a s i c S^-N c u r v e i s reduced by a f a c t o r o f 2 on l i v e . The
b a s i c S^-N curve i s given f o r 32 mm w a l l t h i c k n e s s . For w a l l thick-
nesses from 22 to 100 mm a c o r r e c t i o n or s t r e s s range has to be
used, being:
,32,0.25
(VIII-1)
r
( 3 2 mm) o
with t i n ran.
o
432
VI11-5
In the AWS and API codes two c u r v e s are g i v e n i . e . i n the AWS code and
X2 and i n the API code X a n d X ' . The c u r v e s X-^ and X a r e f o r improved weld
p r o f i l e s which merges smoothly w i t h the a d j o i n i n g base m e t a l , o b t a i n e d
by g r i n d i n g , d r e s s i n g o f use o f s p e c i a l e l e c t r o d e s . The and X'
curves are g i v e n f o r j o i n t s w i t h o u t an improved weld p r o f i l e .
501 I I I I | _ | L J
io A
10 5
10 6
, .10 7
10 8
Endurance (cycles)
433
VI11-6
2.4
0.6 I ' l - J - 1
_i i i i
10
100
thickness, m m
VI11-5. I n f l u e n c e o f the w a l l t h i c k n e s s on t h e f a t i g u e s t r e n g t h .
434
VI11-7
r r
i s g e n e r a l l y g i v e n by m-2 i n which m i s the s l o p e f o r N < 5 . 1 0 . For
6 8
s i m p l i c i t y , f o r N > 5.10 up to a f a t i g u e l i m i t N = 2.10 a s l o p e o f
- 5 i s used f o r a l l w a l l t h i c k n e s s e s . As a r e s u l t the T - c u r v e s g i v e n i n
fig. VI11-6 are o b t a i n e d . These curves have been checked w i t h the
a v a i l a b l e t e s t r e s u l t s f o r j o i n t s w i t h small w a l l t h i c k n e s s e s t e s t e d
w i t h v a r i o u s R - v a l u e s o r t e s t e d under random l o a d i n g . I t i s shown i n
[ 2 2 , 2 4 , 33] t h a t f o r j o i n t s w i t h small s e c t i o n s a c o n s i d e r a b l e i n -
f l u e n c e of the R - r a t i o exists.
For example the c u r v e K(R 0 . 2 ) w i t h a s l o p e o f - 5 n e a r l y agrees w i t h
the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c hot s p o t S^-N curve f o r K- and N - j o i nts i n square hoi low
s e c t i o n s (see f i g . 8.29., page 8 - 3 6 ) . C h e c k i n g t h i s c u r v e w i t h t h e t e s t re-
s u l t s o f Zi rn [22] showed t h a t i t can be c o n s i dered as a lower bound f o r the
t e s t r e s u l t s o f c i r c u l a r hoi 1 ow s e c t i o n j o i n t s as i 11 u s t r a t e d i n f i g. VI11-7.
435
VI11-8
500
1
1
400
1
V \ 1
I
300 \
- 1
- N X.
S 1
- \ S 1
i
- \
\
1I
200 - N i
- \ X is
1I
- \
S-.
X \
-
\ ! "x
100
-
\ s
\
-x
s
- l
- S\ \
- \
- x
D\ j
50 i i i i 1 I 1 i
4 5 6 7 8
10 2 4 6 810 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 810 2 4 6 810
N (cycles)
5000
E
E o"
3000
'.
2000
-
/ E
10 4
10 b
10 fc
10'
N (cycles)
The t e s t r e s u l t s o f Z i r n must be c o n s i d e r e d as b e i n g c o n s e r v a t i v e .
The s t r a i n gauges were l o c a t e d on a s m a l l d i s t a n c e from the weld t o e
but no e x t r a p o l a t i o n t o t h e weld t o e was c a r r i e d o u t . M u l t i p l y i n g the
nominal s t r e s s e s w i t h t h e s t r e s s c o n c e n t r a t i o n f a c t o r s a c c o r d i n g to
[25] shows a l s o t h a t the c u r v e K (R c 0 . 2 ) i s c o n s e r v a t i v e f o r K- and
N - j o i n t s o f c i r c u l a r h o l l o w s e c t i o n s w i t h d 200 mm, t 10 mm and
o o
R 0 . 2 . For s t r e s s r a t i o s R > 0 . 2 f o r simpl i c i t y a 1 i n e a r i n t e r p o l a t i o n
i s proposed between the K - c u r v e f o r R 0 . 2 and the T - c u r v e f o r t h e
r e l e v a n t w a l l t h i c k n e s s i n which i t i s assumed t h a t the T - c u r v e i s
g e n e r a l l y v a l i d f o r R 0 . 8 . The t e s t s c a r r i e d out i n D e l f t [32] showed
w i t h i n c r e a s i n g R r a t i o a change i n s l o p e which agrees w i t h t h e p r o -
posed S ^ - N c u r v e s .
S
r = S C F
ax- r S + S C F
ip ' S
r.
+ SCF . S (VIII-2)
max ax K
ip op r
op
nom. nom.
nom.
T t f
axial bending bending out
loading i n plane of plane
SCF = C . f ( x ) (VIII-3)
Type C T
limit
Some remarks
In f u t u r e the i n f l u e n c e o f t h e R - r a t i o i n r e l a t i o n to w a l l t h i c k n e s s
and s t r e s s - o r s t r a i n c o n c e n t r a t i o n f a c t o r has to be s t u d i e d more i n
d e t a i 1.
439
VI11-12
440
DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS FOR AXIALLY LOADED HOLLOW SECTION JOINTS
Contents
Symbols
9.0. Preface
9.1. General
9.1.1. Scope
9.1.2. Design procedure
9.1.3. Limit states
9.1.4. Material properties
9.1.5. Welds
9.1.6. Definition
9.1.7. F i e l d of a p p l i c a t i o n
Appendix A Q u a l i t y requirements f o r h o l l o w s e c t i o n s
Appendix B Mechanical and chemical p r o p e r t i e s o f s t e e l s
Fe 3 6 0 , Fe 430 and Fe 510 a c c o r d i n g Euronorm 25-72
Appendix C Recommended weld d e t a i l s
Appendix D Recommended d e s i g n r u l e s f o r j o i n t s loaded i n
fatigue
9-i i
c r o s s s e c t i o n a l area of member i
A
i
e f f e c t i v e c r o s s s e c t i o n a l area o f the chord f o r shear
E e l a s t i c modulus of steel
L outer section perimeter
M. i n plane moment on a branch
JiP
M. j o i n t d e s i g n s t r e n g t h of a j o i n t f o r moments i n plane
ip
out of plane moment on a branch
.P
j o i n t d e s i g n s t r e n g t h f o r out of plane moments
op
M
a x i a l l o a d i n member i
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c j o i n t s t r e n g t h (95% c o n f i d e n c e ) f o r a x i a l load
p r e s t r e s s i n g l o a d i n the chord i . e . load i n the chord not
op
n e c e s s a r y f o r the e q u i l i b r i u m of the b r a c i n g l o a d components
axial l o a d i n the c r o s s s e c t i o n of the chord a t the gap
gap
mean value f o r the u l t i m a t e s t r e n g t h function
%m
N j o i n t design strength
j o i n t design strength based on l o a d i n member i (i = 1 o r 2)
*1
o v e r l ap
v
characteristic load
0 shear force
shear y i e l d c a p a c i t y of a s e c t i o n
Q
P
v N u
c o e f f i c i e n t of v a r i a t i o n of the j o i n t strength
c o e f f i c i e n t of v a r i a t i o n o f the t e s t results
c o e f f i c i e n t of v a r i a t i o n o f the y i e l d stress
e l a s t i c modulus of branch i.
t h r o a t t h i c k n e s s of weld
external w i d t h o f a square or r e c t a n g u l a r h o l l o w section
"i
(RHS) f o r member i
e f f e c t i v e width for bracing
e f f e c t i v e punching shear w i d t h
e f f e c t i v e w i d t h f o r an o v e r l a p joint
J
e(ov)
e f f e c t i v e w i d t h f o r the web of the chord
e : e c c e n t r i c i t y of a j o i n t
g : gap between the b r a c i n g s o f a K - , N- or K T - j o i n t , a t the
c o n n e c t i o n f a c e o f the chord
g' : r e l a t i v e gap: gap g d i v i d e d by the w a l l t h i c k n e s s o f the
chord
h.j : external depth o f a square or r e c t a n g u l a r hollow section
(RHS) f o r member i
i : i n t e g e r used to denote member o f j o i n t , i = 0 designates
chord and i = 1-3 the branch members. Normally i = 1 r e f e r s
to the s t r u t and i = 2 to the t i e .
op
l o-eo l
A
k
a : e q u i v a l e n t y i e l d s t r e s s f o r c o l d f i n i s h e d hollow s e c t i o n s
e,eq M J
443
9-i v
a : d e s i g n v a l u e f o r the y i e l d stress
e
k
o g : a c t u a l mean value of the y i e l d s t r e s s f o r a p a r t i c u l a r steel
m
grade
: c r i t i c a l chord s i d e w a l l b u c k l i n g stress
0| <n : critical b u c k l i n g s t r e s s a c c o r d i n g to the ECCS b u c k l i n g
curve a
a t : t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h of the m a t e r i a l
a Q : n o r m a l l y maximum a x i a l s t r e s s i n c h o r d , or maximum s t r e s s
due t o a x i a l f o r c e and bending moment where moment i s taken
into account
444
9-1
9.0. Preface
445
9-2
446
9-3
447
9-4 EXPLANATORY NOTES
e f f e c t Q, <
448
RECOMMENDATIONS 9-5
9.1 GENERAL
9.1.1 ?oge
9.1.2. Qes!gn_P_rqcedure
so t h a t the design l o a d i s o b t a i n e d .
A s t a t e i n which one o f the r e l e v a n t c o m b i n a t i o n s of the d e s i g n l o a d s is
a c t i n g on the s t r u c t u r e i s c a l l e d a design state.
effect I (Y -Q ) < N
s k
449
9-6 EXPLANATORY NOTES
The t o t a l Y - Y - Y
s m c f a c t o r adopted i n the v a r i o u s c o u n t r i e s i n o r d e r to
modify the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t r e n g t h f o r working l o a d c o n d i t i o n s i s about
the same.
EFFECT
\ * TTTV 's
N
k
'm ' c
T h i s has been the reason t h a t i n t h e IIW recommendations the c h a r a c t e r i s -
tic j o i n t strength i s u s u a l l y quoted w i t h 95% c o n f i d e n c e , and gener-
a l l y not the d e s i g n s t r e n g t h N. The proposed Y - Y f a c t o r s however are
m c
9 . 1 . 3 . 1 The u l t i m a t e l i m i t s t a t e s a r e g e n e r a l l y based on t h e u l t i m a t e j o i n t
s t r e n g t h determined from t e s t s .
450
RECOMMENDATIONS 9-7
where
[k = character!stic load
Y s =1oad factor
N = j o i n t design strength
N^ =characteristic j o i n t s t r e n g t h (95% c o n f i d e n c e )
Y - Y = j o i n t and m a t e r i a l p a r t i a l
m c c o e f f i c i e n t s depending on the behaviour
of the t y p e o f j o i n t and a d d i t i o n a l reserve in strength.
9.1.3. Linilt_states
9.1.4. Material__p_i"op_erties
451
9-8 EXPLANATORY NOTES
Recommendations f o r s t e e l c o n s t r u c t i o n s , E C C S - E 6 - 7 6 .
Appendix n r . 5 : Thin w a l l e d c o l d formed members,
(see c h a p t e r 2 . 2 . ) .
452
RECOMMENDATIONS 9-9
9 . 1 . 4 . 2 For c o l d f i n i s h e d h o l l o w s e c t i o n s , i t i s p e r m i s s i b l e t o t a k e account o f
the e f f e c t i v e i n c r e a s e i n y i e l d value due t o c o l d work h a r d e n i n g . T h i s
i n c r e a s e may be based on t h e guaranteed v a l u e s or on an e q u i v a l e n t value
o f the s t r e s s a given by:
e , eq
a * 1.25a ,
e,eq k
e
e
where:
L = outer section perimeter
a ^,a^
e = d e s i g n y i e l d p o i n t and t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h of the parent m a t e r i a l .
9.1.5. Welds
F e
} a > t
3 6 0
Fe 430 >
where:
a = t h r o a t t h i c k n e s s o f the f i l l e t weld
t = w a l l t h i c k n e s s o f the h o l l o w s e c t i o n to be c o n n e c t e d .
9.1.6. Definition
453
9-10 EXPLANATORY NOTES
9.1.6.1 T, Y, K, N and K T - j o i n t s
9-12 EXPLANATORY NOTES
456
RECOMMENDATIONS 9-13
9 . 1 . 6 . 2 D e f i n i t i o n o f gap and o v e r l a p
The gap g i s d e f i n e d as the
d i s t a n c e measured a l o n g the
length of the connecting
f a c e o f the chord between
the toes o f the a d j a c e n t
branch members. The overlap
definition gap 0 y i s expressed as ^ x 100%
definition overlap as shown i n t h e figure.
9 . 1 . 7 . 1 The a n g l e between chord and branch member o r between branch members must
be at l e a s t 30.
\ ?
+.
T ~ * " T
- 0 . 5 5 i f - 0.25
d
o
- 0 . 5 5 * j - i 0.25
o
457
9-14 EXPLANATORY NOTES
458
RECOMMENDATIONS 9-15
9.2.1. Genera^
459
9-16 EXPLANATORY NOTES
N. M. N.
7T +
W7
B e s i d e s the b a s i c c r i t e r i a i t i s , i n a number o f c a s e s , n e c e s s a r y to
check a d d i t i o n a l c r i t e r i a , such as t h e t h e o r e t i c a l punching shear c r i t e -
r i o n f o r t h e chord f a c e , t h e c r i t e r i o n f o r branch e f f e c t i v e w i d t h , and
s h e a r and b u c k l i n g o f chord s i d e w a l l s .
460
RECOMMENDATIONS
9-17
N. M- M
^ 1 + .JLE + _P_E a 1.0
hp 'op
where:
= the a x i a l l o a d i n t h e p a r t i c u l a r branch member
= j o i n t design strength f o r a x i a l loading
= bending i n p l a n e moment being t r a n s m i t t e d by the branch member
= j o i n t d e s i g n s t r e n g t h f o r bending i n p l a n e
= bending out o f p l a n e moment t r a n s m i t t e d by the branch member
M = j o i n t d e s i g n s t r e n g t h f o r bending out of p l a n e .
op
TD cn TD
u TD c S-
nt
\~ , ,
O o u O
X:
o u 4-> 4-> o -o O
~~i JZ ft) O
-C .O o o
,T
r-
o 1/1 C c QJ U 4J
c O fc. QJ QJ X L. "2 l/l
S- QJ u " -*-> X) fO i/i -Z -r- i_
<U XT in JZ cu o JD O TD -*- QJ
J tn
4_> 4_, QJ U TD -C
ft) CD a ** Ol OTD
OJ fO *
>- o CD TD p T3 - r Q. (/I
JD *-> >> 3 "D k U 3 03 o 3 ra
U m
461
9-18 EXPLANATORY NOTES
coefficient of Mean v a l u e
v a r i a t i on
d i a m e t e r o r w i d t h ( d , b and h) 0.005 1.0 x nomi nal val ue
wall thickness (t) 0.05 1.0 x nomi nal v a l u e
y i el d s t r e s s 0.075 t o O . l ( 1 . 1 8 to 1.25)
ek
y i e l d stress ratio (0^/0^, 0.13 0.66
gap f a b r i c a t i o n (g' ) see 2 . 2 . 3 . 1.0 x nominal v a l u e
test results (6) see e x p l a n a t o r y notes i n t h e r e l e v a n t
sections
N, Nu ( i -
m 1-64 v N u ;
where:
d b b
j- o r
b~ o r
"FT f o r T, Y and X j o i n t s
0 0 0
b +b l
d d
d
l +
2 1 2
d +
2
~2~d o r
~~2~B" r
2b' f 0 r K a n d
^ J l n t s
o o o
d, + d + d b, + b + b , d,+d 9 + d,,
or . J
or 1 c
- ~ f o r KT j o i n t s
M
o o J D
o
d b
0 0
o r
2T 2T
0 0
<op
N= I N ,
0 2 sine, 2 +No p
463
9-20
EXPLANATORY NOTES
9 . 2 . 2 . 1 T and Y j o i n t s :
V 6 = 0.104 ; V N u = 0.156 ; N R = 0.88 N U m and N = 0 . 8 0 N U m
9.2.2.2 X joints:
V fi = 0.108 ; V N u = 0.168 ; N R = 0.86 N U m and N = 0 . 7 8 N U m
9 . 2 . 2 . 3 K and N j o i n t s :
V 6 = 0.108 ; V N u = 0.195 ; N R = 0.80 N U [ n and N = 0 . 7 3 N U m
-30 - 1 0 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 40 ''
g'=g/t
464
RECOMMENDATIONS 9-21
N eo k
f(to) f ( ) f(e) f(Y) f(g') f(n)
T, Y
9.2.2.1
1 0.2
(2.8 + U . 2 ) 2
Y 1 f(n)
G
eo k sin 9 i
X
J i
5.2 1
Ni = to 1 l f(n)
1-0.81 sin 6 ,
If
K.N gap or overlap
1
N, = (2.1 + 9 . 8 ^ ) f(Y g' ) f (n)
sin 6 i
t ^
" w J /^>> +^H-
N 2 = Ni
1
s in2
Punching shear check for
T, Y, X and K, N, KT
Nj = e k
-t-Ttd, 1 + s
' n 6
'
joints with gap
1=1,2 or3
f(Y. g').,= ( Y ) - 2
r i + - o i 2 y L 5
]
L exp. (0.39g' - 0.53) + l J
d. d,
Validity range 0 . 2 5 i-^- ( 1 . 0 y < 25 - 0 . 55 < | - i + 0 . 2 5
o i 0
465
9-22 EXPLANATORY NOTES
The c o e f f i c i e n t o f v a r i a t i o n o f t h e t e s t s i s based on an a n a l y s i s i n
which t h e main parameters are taken i n t o a c c o u n t . For some parameters
lower bound f u n c t i o n s are taken i n t o account e . g . f ( g ' ) = 1.0 whereas
the f u n c t i o n f o r the parameter 6 , i s m o d i f i e d i n a c o n s e r v a t i v e way. The
u n r e a l i s t i c increase in V r due to t h e s e m o d i f i c a t i o n s i s not taken i n t o
0
account.
9 . 2 . 3 . 6 See page 9 - 2 4 .
466
RECOMMENDATIONS
9-23
9.2.3. Wglded_^oints_wi t h ^
E.I9y5!2.l!2llw.section_chord
T y p e of j o i n t Design strength ( r =1 o r 2 )
9.2.3.1
N
( 1 - p ) . s i n 9 . i, lsine 1
r
J
9.2.3.2
- = 8.9g e 0 k .to
p-Y -f(n) 5
sine 1
e,
7 G S I N 9
M '
No = N . . -rr-
Ni = o - i . t | 2 b - A t j + b + b (
e k l i e e o v )}
ov
K
. . b, Wi t h 1 ^r 2
J
e(ov) - (b./t.) o v
a_- .t.. i a_ .t
4
c = 1 0 . 8 f o r Fe 3 6 0 , Fe 430
c = 9 . 2 f o r Fe 510
9.2.3.6 Validity
range See 9 . 2 . 3 . 6 page 9 - 2 5
467
EXPLANATORY NOTES
9-24
b
i
9 . 2 . 3 . 6 The l i m i t a t i o n s f o r -r- - are g i v e n to a v o i d e c c e s s i v e d e f o r m a t i o n s whereas
1
b
o
i n some cases upper l i m i t s are g i v e n to a v o i d l o c a l s i d e w a l l b u c k l i n g
o f t h e c h o r d , chord punching shear o r a f a i l u r e due to branch effective
w i d t h . The l i m i t a t i o n s f o r
are n e c e s s a r y to a v o i d l o c a l b u c k l i n g o f
i
t h e compression branch and to o b t a i n s u f f i c i e n t r o t a t i o n c a p a c i t y .
b n
468
RECOMMENDATIONS
9 . 2 . 3 . 6 Range o f v a l i d i t y
b. b. d, b b 1+ 2 b 1
i t,. gap/overlap
r.
' i
b ,b
i(ov)
o
b
compression tension
b
b
*
T, Y, X 1 0 ^ 35
0.25 (-fr-i 0.85
K and N with b. b n * b. + b,
5 0.4 35 15s;-pi 35 0.5(1-6) 1.5(1-6)
gap i
0
L
i 0
K and N with 5 0.25 ^35
b
i
overlap and T- > 0.75
0 b
i(ov)
'ifovl^i
Joints with d. d. rT~ d.
circular 0.4 0.8 ^1.2//- 50 further limitations as above for ch =
bracings t 0 0
469
9-26 EXPLANATORY NOTES
470
RECOMMENDATIONS 9-27
9.2.4. Wl d_joints_with_between_
d
gns
2h, 1 1
1)
b sine.
0 B) sine,
ho For 3 = 1.0
N,= Ok to 2)
sin6,
>eo 8.9 3)
4b sinc 6 i
sin9i
sin 6 2 4)
OeOk A n
i = 1 or 2
vTsini 5)
>0.A
Wop) ( A - A Q ) - O , + A Q -OecVl-t-g-p}
0 E O
for X =3 . 4 6 ( ^ - 2)-
/ sine
A .oeo
n k
5) A n = 2.h.t +a . b . t r> . Q
' Q o o o o p /3
with a
4g " < i- N s i n 0
i>.max.
3ti
471
9-28 EXPLANATARY NOTES
472
RECOMMENDATIONS 9-29
T, Y, X No check
8 < 0.85
N. = o . . t . . f 2 h . - 4 t . + 2b I 3 TE
T, Y, X l (ij u l l eJ h c
k . b. e 0
p o o
K, N with gap
b
e ovr T i r o ^ . t ,
( - i
b
k' e o
r i t o 2 h
N
i =
^.sinO.- LTIn: + b
i + b
e J
K. N with 100%
overlap
1 ei lL 1 1 1 e(ov)J
K, N with T2h.1- ,1 10.8 for Fe 360, Fe 430
30% < 0 < 100%
(.
i = 0
ei.. t .iL 4t. + b
1 e +b ,
e(ov)J 9.2 for Fe 510
overlap
( e. i |. t' . i )
,0 - b
(
t
o v and (-j^) ov
a r
* related to the properties of the overlapped branch.
1, Y, X > 0.25 --
K and N h.
) 0.4 < 35 < 35 0.5 < F 1 S 2 -- 0.5(1-8) < g - < 1.5(1-8)
with gap 1 0
K and N
a 0.25 >0.75 30t < 0 < 100%
y
with overlap
473
9-30 EXPLANATORY NOTES
474
RECOMMENDATIONS
9-31
9.3. DESIGN AND CALCULATIONS OF MELDED JOINTS WITH HOLLOW SECTION BRANCH MEM-
BERS AND AN OPEN SECTION AS CHORD
bo N\ = m- w"eo -
b t
k sTrTTJ,
9.3.1.2 K N
g q
p l t
Ni = b . t . o,
t l 2 v v
m- ' w " e o - e
m w
k 5 i n 1
Ni = < W Q A
_Y_ V T . s i n 0,
h i
%p=( 0 A
- Q)0-eo +A .a
A
k Q e 0 k Vl-(^-) 2
RI-joints
b
m* 2 t
i + 1 0
(*o + r
o )
C I - j o i nts
b
m IT7iG7 = + 5
^o + r
o^
(Ni . s i n G ^ m a x
A
Q-eo k
/3
A^ - ( 2 - a ) b . t + ( t + 2 r )t
o v
' o o w o' o 1
a = 0 f o r CHS branches
1
f o r RHS branches
J L
o
475
9-32 EXPLANATORY NOTES
476
RECOMMENDATIONS g _ :
9 . 3 . 1 . 4 General check f o r e f f e c t i ve w i d t h
Type of j o i n t Design s t r e n g t h
T, Y, X N. = 2a , . t , . { 2 t + c . t ) w i t h : c = 10.5 f o r Fe 360
1 el 1 k w v
o' c = 7 . 5 f o r Fe 510
wise l i k e T, Y and X - j o i n t s
K and N wi th b
l
See 9 . 2 . 4 . 4 0 5 30% 0 . 7 5 * T - i 1.33
o v e r ! ap
y
b 2
9 . 3 . 1 . 6 Range o f validity
Type o f j o i nt J o i nt parameters (i = 1 or 2)
b . h. b./t. d./t.
i l l h
l
b. b. w
V) i
compression tension w
b. h
T, Y, X --
l
l w
K and N w i t h
1.0
gap d. d. with:
c = 1.2 f o r X j o i n t s
a .
K and N wi th c - 1.5 f o r T, Y , K and
S0.75 k
e l
o v e r l ap N joints
477
9-34 EXPLANATORY NOTES
b* b*
o o
478
RECOMMENDATIONS
9-35
9.3.2. Welded_j_oints_wHh_ci>
and a channel _ ( U N P l _ s e t i o n _ a s _ c h o r d
V ^
g
2
eo AQ k
Ni =
V S s i n 6j
1
X\s. s/s " . " y . ?
f
gap
=(A 0
;
)-o eo
57 eok k
^ ( o v ) ^ ft]
30% ov^100% 3)
1 ^2 lijto
-EZ
B
2
0
b = . b, with l
b*/t ' a
^ k - l
i eik- i t
O 0
^eik-Vov ( 0 e i . k' - t .i o v ;
. b. w i t h l 2
D
e{ov)-(VVpv" oe^-t, ' 1
D
A = A -(l-a).b*.t
Q o 0 Q = (N..sine.)
y v
i vmax
_ Q- eo
A g
k
/3
a =
1
1 +59 f o r RHS branches
3 t
o
= 0 f o r CHS branches
9.3.2.5 Validity
range See 9 . 3 . 2 . 5 . ; page 9 - 3 7
479
9-36 EXPLANATORY NOTES
9 . 3 . 2 . 5 The range o f v a l i d i t y i s s i m i l a r to t h a t f o r j o i n t s o f r e c t a n g u l a r s e c -
t i o n s w i t h e x c e p t i o n o f t h a t f o r the chord d i m e n s i o n .
The chord dimensions are l i m i t e d i n such a way t h a t the design e q u a t i o n s
c o u l d be l i m i t e d . For l a r g e r chord s e c t i o n s more j o i n t s t r e n g t h c r i t e r i a
have to be c h e c k e d , see c h a p t e r 7.
480
RECOMMENDATIONS 9-37
9 . 3 . 2 . 5 Range o f validity
J o i n t parameters ( i = 1 o r 2)
Type o f j o i n t
b.
i max. chord
6 gap/overlap
b
i(ov) dimension
K, N w i t h
5 0 . 2 5 >, 0 . 7 5 30 i 0 100% UNP 400
o v e r l ap
v
b./t. h./t.
h. 1 l V 1
i
b.
i compression t e n s i o n compression t e n s i o n
h.
general 0.5 s - p i < 2 $ 35 L a / / " 50
481
EXPLANATORY NOTES
9-38
482
RECOMMENDATIONS g _ 3 g
A-l. General
Material t
r/t
qual i t y mm
483
9-40
i cn o o 1 o o O o
o
o o o o o o o
o o o O o o o
o
CO
o
o
i_n LO O LO o LO o o LO o o
cO LO LO LO LO LO LO LO LO LO LO
o LO o O o o o o o o o o
CO
o o o o o o o CD o o o o
(/>
o
(/I
>>
fO E o
cz CO
ra E o
X o
u ra IT) LO o LO o LO o o LO o o
cu E LO LO r- LO LO LO LO LO LO LO
JZ O LO O CD o CD o CD o CD o CD
(_> cD
o o CD CD CD O o CD o o CD CD
-M
U o
r>
TJ
O
t- cn
a.
o
LO CTi cn cn CO cn LO CXJ rxi o
U CXJ CXJ CXI CXI CXJ CXJ CXJ CXJ CXJ
CXJ
pH o O o o o o o o o o o
o
o
+J
I/]
o C LO
Q. O -M LO to t/1 to
E r- t= QJ QJ GJ QJ
O *-> QJ >, >t >> >>
u r-
-a OJ
X3 "
< OJ
f^cn Cn cn cn cn cn
E o o O o o o o
CD o o O o o o o
sz 1 1 1
** o o O o o o o
o LO o o IT) o o m o CD
t/1 LO LO =3- LO
a O O o o o o o o o
>> S-S E o O O c o CD o o o o
fO E o o LO o o o LI ! O o LO o o
CO LO LO LO LO *=J-
ro a . x o o O o o o o o o O o o
fO
GJ 5-5 E o c o o o o o o o O o o
~cy
rrj o m o o CXI c CO
CXJ CXJ CXJ CXJ CXJ CXI
W o o o o o o o o CD
CTi
M
L_
-a
TD c_ 2: z zz
X O O Li_ i u_ LL_ u_
o JT
LO +-> =>
QJ cu L_
O E
>>
4-1 CD
< a it. CO CJ Q CO CJ CD CD
O*
c o
QJ LO cn
QJ TJ m <^ LO
cu <o
L_ QJ cu cu
LTt en u
- U-
484
9-41
yield pointc
Steel Quality Desoxidizing Tensile elongation at rupture
grade method o r n . 2 i n N/mm^ strength in %
i n N/mm2 W a l l t h i c k n e s s e s
For wal1 t h i c k n e s s e s
3 < t - 40 mm
>16 mm
* 16 mm 1ongi t u d i n a l transverse
s 4 0 mm
A
B FU o r FN 235 225 350 * 4 4 0 26 24
Fe 3 6 0
C FN
D FN
A
B FN 275 265 430 * 510 22 20
Fe 430
C FN
D FN
B FN
C FN 355 345 510 T 610 22 20
Fe 5 1 0
D FN
DD FN
485
9-42
For weld d e t a i l s i n o f f s h o r e
s t r u c t u r e s reference i s given
to the r e l e v a n t o f f s h o r e r e -
commendations; see page 9 - 3
Detail A Detail B
486
9-43
Contents
Symbols
D-0 Preface
D-l Scope
D-2 Definitions
D-3 S t r e s s e s to be c o n s i d e r e d
D-4 B a s i c design S^-N curves
D-5 Design procedure
487
9-44
Symbols used i n Appendix D
C c o n s t a n t used i n p a r a m e t r i c formulae
N number o f c y c l e s to failure
number o f c y c l e s to f a i l u r e f o r a s t r e s s range S^
S stress 1
stress range
s t r e s s range o f the S^-N curve f o r j o i n t s w i t h 22 mm chord
22
wall thickness
hot s p o t s t r e s s range
hot spot
nominal s t r e s s range
nom.
nominal s t r e s s range i n the branch due to a x i a l load
ax nom.
S . r nominal s t r e s s range i n the branch due to an p l a n e bending
1
P
nom. moment
nominal s t r e s s range i n the branch due to an out o f p l a n e
op
nom. bending moment
w a l l t h i c k n e s s o f branch i (i = 1 o r 2)
w a l l t h i c k n e s s o f the branch 1
w a l l t h i c k n e s s o f t h e chord
488
9-45
T J T - t : l i m i t i n g value f o r f(r)
489
RECOMMENDATIONS 9-46
D-0 Preface
These recommendations f o r t h e f a t i g u e d e s i g n p r o c e d u r e f o r h o l l o w s e c -
tion joints s h o u l d not be c o n s i d e r e d as complete recommendations but more
as a d d i t i o n a l c l a u s e s which may be c o n s i d e r e d f o r the f a t i g u e d e s i g n of
hollow s e c t i o n joints.
D-l Scope
D-2 Definitions
D-2.1. Fatigue
490
RECOMMENDATIONS y
" 4 /
D-2.2. Fatigue.life
The f a t i g u e l i f e i s g e n e r a l l y s p e c i f i e d as t h e number o f c y c l e s N o f
s t r e s s o r s t r a i n o f a s p e c i f i e d c h a r a c t e r , t h a t a g i v e n specimen s u s -
tains, before f a i l u r e of a s p e c i f i e d nature occurs.
D - 2 . 3 . S - N curve
r
D-2.4. Nominal_stress
The nominal s t r e s s i s s p e c i f i e d as t h e s t r e s s at a p o i n t , c a l c u l a t e d on
t h e net c r o s s s e c t i o n by s i m p l e e l a s t i c theory w i t h o u t t a k i n g t h e effect
of g e o m e t r i c a l d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s on t h e s t r e s s i n t o a c c o u n t .
D-2.5. Hot_sgot_stress
491
Fig. D-l. D e f i n i t i o n o f i d e a l i z e d hot spot s t r e s s .
D-2.6. Stress_range
492
RECOMMENDATIONS 9-49
D-2.8. Stress_concentrati^on_factor
D-3 S t r e s s e s t o be c o n s i d e r e d
D-3.1 Hot_snot_stress_range
493
RECOMMENDATIONS 9-50
where:
S = hot s p o t s t r e s s range
r
h o t spot
S = nominal s t r e s s range i n t h e branch due to a x i a l l o a d
r
ax
nom.
S r = nominal s t r e s s range i n t h e branch due to an i n p l a n e
bending moment
nom.
S r = nominal s t r e s s range i n t h e branch due to an out o f p l a n e
bending moment
SCF = g e o m e t r i c a l s t r e s s c o n c e n t r a t i o n f a c t o r f o r an a x i a l l o a d
ax
i n t h e branch
SCF.jp = g e o m e t r i c a l s t r e s s c o n c e n t r a t i o n f a c t o r f o r an i n p l a n e
bending moment
SCF p Q = g e o m e t r i c a l s t r e s s c o n c e n t r a t i o n f a c t o r f o r an out o f p l a n e
bending moment
D-3.2.1. C^rcular_hollow_section_jo
Among t h e a v a i l a b l e s e m i - e m p i r i c a l p a r a m e t r i c formulae f o r s i n g l e
p l a n e c i r c u l a r hollow s e c t i o n j o i n t s those g i v e n i n t a b l e s 8 - 2 to 8 - 4
may be used.
D - 3 . 2 . 2 . Sguare_hoi 1 o w _ s e c t i o n _ j o i n t s
Type C T
limit
494
RECOMMENDATIONS 9-51
40 - 90
G
l > 2
b. = h. ( i = 1 o r 2)
b
i i
h
b
0 25
t
0
b
l ' b
2 b
l = b
2
b.
0 . 5 3 1.0
495
RECOMMENDATIONS 9-52
500
!
400
I
1
V >
1
D'> S >
1
S A\ I
300 s S
- \ V s 1
N
- \ s
1
N r X
S 1
S i i
1
S
-
s\
- \ X S 1
200 s
- \ s ^\ N >
- \
\
\
- N. s
J
- \ 4 x
**
s
100 s s
- \ i
S \ / s
- \
\
D\
50 ! i i I 1 1 1 1
10 4
2 4 6 810 5
2 4 6 8 10 6
2 4 6 8 10 7
2 4 6 810 8
= + N (cycles)
496
RECOMMENDATIONS
9-53
i n s l o p e and w i t h o u t a f a t i g u e limit.
S = S .(|2) - 0 2 5
(D-3)
r r
22 z
o
where:
S r i s the f a t i g u e s t r e n g t h (hot spot s t r e s s range) o f the j o i n t under
consideration
S i s the f a t i g u e s t r e n g t h (hot s p o t s t r e s s range) o f t h a t j o i n t with
22
a chord t h i c k n e s s o f 22 mm
t i s the chord t h i c k n e s s i n mm.
o
l o g N = 12.271 - 3 l o g S r (D-4)
l o g N = 17.785 - 5 l o g S r (D-5)
497
RECOMMENDATIONS 9-54
l o g N = 11.810 - 3 l o g S (D-6)
nom
l < 1 . 0 (D-7)
where:
498
10-1
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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499
10-2
1. Melded j o i n t s o f c i r c u l a r h o l l o w s e c t i o n s
1.0. General
1.1. Static behaviour
1.1. 0. General
1. T- and Y-joints
2. Cross joints
3. K- and N - j o i n t s
4. Three d i m e n s i o n a l joints
5. Connectors
6. Cropped end j o i n t s
7. Beam-column c o n n e c t i o n s
8. Stiffened joints
1.2. Fatigue behaviour
(same s u b - c l a s s i f i c a t i o n as 1.1.)
1.3. Stress distributions
(same s u b - c l a s s i f i c a t i o n as 1.1.)
Melded j o i n t s o f r e c t a n g u l a r h o l l o w s e c t i o n s
2.0. General
2.1. Static behaviour s u b - c l a s s i f i c a t i o n as 1.1.)
2.2. Fatigue behaviour
2.3. Stress distributions j
500
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en
O
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cn
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cn
O
O
0 0
1.1.0 Cooper, R.M. 2.1.2 Czechowski, A . , Brodka, J .
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C o r u m , J . M . , B o l t , S . E . , G r e e n s t r e e t , W . L . , and Daiwa Technology Report No. 3, J a n . 1 9 6 3
Gwaltney, R.C.
1.1.8 Daiwa Pipe E n g i n e e r i n g C o . , L t d .
" T h e o r e t i c a l and E x p e r i m e n t a l S t r e s s A n a l y s i s of
"Tube to G u s s e t P l a t e J o i n t s : G u s s e t P l a t e s fitted
ORNL T h i n - S h e l l C y l i n d e r - t o - C y l i n d e r M o d e l N o . 1"
i n t o S l o t s a t t h e Tube E n d s " .
Oak R i d g e N a t i o n a l L a b o r a t o r y , O R N L - 4 5 5 3 . O c t . 1 9 7 2
Daiwa Technology Report No. 4, Jan.1964
Cotton, H.C.
"An Overview of P r a c t i c a l C o n s i d e r a t i o n s Regarding 1.1.8 Daiwa Pipe E n g i n e e r i n g C o . , L t d .
M a t e r i a l s S e l e c t i o n and Weld P r o c e d u r e s to A c h i v e " T e n s i o n T e s t s o f Tube to G u s s e t P l a t e J o i n t s with
Required Toughness" G u s s e t P l a t e s W e l d e d to the O u t e r S u r f a c e of T u b e s " .
I n t e r n . Conference S t e e l in Marine Structures Daiwa Technology Report No. 5, M a r c h . 1 9 6 5
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1.2.1 Damilano, G . F . , C a m i s e t t i , C. , N e g r i , A.
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Dover, W.D., Hibberd, R.D., Holdbrook, S. o f two tubes).
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" F a t i g u e crack growth in T - j o i n t s Seminar Corrosion Dundrova, V.
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P r e s e n t e d at ICF 5, Cannes 1981, Paper No. 461. Dundrova, V.
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" S t r e s s A n a l y s i s of Y J o i n t s " . May.196 7
I . E . S . S . Conference Glasgow, June '981.
1.3.1 Dundrova , V.* 3.1.3 E a s t w o o d , W . , W a r d l e , S . , O s g e r b y , C . , Wood, A . A . ,
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L o a d s , Bend ing Moments and Shear" . " A n a l y s i s o f D e f l e c t i o n s and Moments i n the F a c e
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1.1.1 Outta, D.
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1.1.3 of c i r c u l a r h o l l o w s e c t i o n s under s t a t i c load". "An E x p e r i m e n t a l I n v e s t i g a t i o n o f J o i n t s in Rectangu-
I I W d o c . XV 3 7 3 - 7 5 . J u n e . 1 9 7 5 lar Hollow S e c t i o n s " .
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1.1.6 Ghosh, A. 1.1.0 Giddings, T.W.
" S t a t i c a l behaviour of tubular trusses with cropped-end 2.1.0 Welded J o i n t s in Tubular Construction".
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Giroux Y . M . , P i c a r d , A.
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2.0 "Hollow Structural Sections". C a n a d i a n J o u r n a l of Civil Engineering, Vol. 4 No.2,
3.0 Welded J o i n t s R e s e a r c h - Summaries. Steel Comp. June, p.134.1977
May.1974
Godfrey, G . B . , Scholl, S.E.
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" S t a t i c Strength of Tubular Joints". 50th A n n i v . Conf. Inst, of S t r c . Engineers,
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4
Guy, A.L. et a l Haleem, R.
" S t r u c t u r a l framing apparatus comprising hollow "Some Aspects of SHS Welded J o i n t s Behaviour".
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H o l l i d a y , G . H . , G r a f f , W.J. I i d a , K . , A s a n o , K . , T o y o f u k u , M. and I s h i k a w a , K.
" T h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l P h o t o - e l a s t i c A n a l y s i s of W e l d e d "A S t u d y o f F a t i g u e D e s i g n P r o c e d u r e f o r T u b u l a r
T-Connections". C o n n e c t i o n s of O f f s h o r e S t r u c t u r e s " .
T h i r d o f f s h o r e T e c h n o l o g y C o n f e r e n c e , OTC 1441 J . o f the S o c i e t y of N a v a l A r c h i t e c t s of J a p a n , V o l l 4 8 ,
a p r i l 1 9 - 2 1 , Houston, Texas.1971 V o l . 1 4 8 , Dec. (in Japanese) 1980,
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Structures". Tubular S t r u c t u r e s Under S t a t i c Loading".
T r a n s l a t i o n f r o m G e r m a n ) . S c h w e i s s e n Und S c h n e i d e n .
Avt. Avarka, No. 8, Moscow.1970 Vol,3,.1951
Trans. AIJ. no. 89, sept.196 4 Cidect report - Program 5Z - University of Tokyo.1979
Oi
CD
ro
o Knapp, A . E . , D i x o n , D.A.
"The Use o f X - b r a c i n g i n Fixed Offshore Platforms".
K o r o l , R - M - , C h i d i a c , M.A-
" D o u b l e c h o r d s q u a r e HSS j o i n t s " -
OTC 1 6 6 3 . 1 9 7 2 C i d e c t p r o j e c t 5V- M c M a s t e r U n i v e r s i t y , Hamilton
Ontario, May-1979
Kochera, J . W . , T r a i m e r , J . , M a r s h a l l , P.W,
"Fatigue of S t r u c t u r a l S t e e l for O f f s h o r e Platforms". K o r o l , R . N - , C h i d i a c , M-A.
Offshore T e c h n i c a l Conf. May.1876 " K - J o i n t s of double chord square hollow sections".
C i d e c t program 5V, McMaster U n i v e r s i t y , Hamilton
1.1.0 Koh, S . S . , H i l l - C a r r o l l , P.E.B, Ontario, May-1980
" E x p e r i m e n t a l study of bolted j o i n t s for round hollow
structural sections", Korol, R.M., Mirza, F.A., Elhifnawy, L-
B . S c . T h e s i s , Department of C i v i l E n g i n e e r i n g , Univer- " E l a s t i c - P l a s t i c F i n i t e Element A n a l y s i s of Rectangular
s i t y of Manitoba.1980 hollow section T-joints"-
McMaster U n i v e r s i t y , H a m i l t o n , O n t a r i o , Canada,
Koning, C.h.M,, Wardenier, J , March 1981-
" S t a t i c t e n s i l e t e s t s on T - j o i n t s made o f S H S , Cidect 5JT-
Determination of the i n f l u e n c e of the weld method
and type of material", Kozu, S- et a l -
TNO-IBBC r e p o r t N r . BI-74-42/05.3.11.270 " E x p e r i m e n t a l S t u d y on S t e e l P i p e - c o n c r e t e C o n s t r u c -
Stevin report Nr, 6-74-7.1974 t i o n - On C o v e r i n g S t e e l P i p e U n d e r A x i a l L o a d s . "
Trans- AIJ, Extra, sept.1965
2.2.3 Koning, C.H.M,, de, Wardenier, J ,
" T h e f a t i g u e b e h a v i o u r o f w e l d e d N - t y p e j o i n t s made K r g e l o h , E - , O s s w a l d , H-
of square h o l l o w s e c t i o n s , 1st Phase", " F e s t i g k e i t von H o h l z y l i n d e r n mit eingeschweissten
Stevin report Nr. 6-77-21, Sttzen"-
TNO-IBBC r e p o r t B I - 7 7 - 1 0 7 / 0 5 . 3 . 3 1 3 1 0 , D e 1 f t , Dec.1974
Schweissen und Schneiden 24 (1972) H-7-S 241/45-1972
Koning, C,H-M-, Wardenier, J .
Kuang, J - G - , von Rosenberg, E.L-
" T h e s t a t i c s t r e n g t h o f w e l d e d CHS K-joints"
Stevin report 6-81-13- " F r a c t u r e Thoughness of S t e e l s for Offshore Structures"
T N O - I B B C r e p o r t B I - 8 1 - 3 5 / 6 3 - 5- 5 4 7 0 , July 1981- OTC 1 9 5 3 .
Kuang, J . G - , Potvin, A . B . , L e i c k , R.D.
K o n i s h i , 1-, Okumura, T-, Uehara, T-, S h i g e t o , B- "Stress Concentration in Tubular Joints"-
" J o i n t s in Tubular Arch B r i d g e " . OTC 2 2 0 5 , H o u s t o n , T e x a s , m a y - 1 9 7 4 -
T r a n s . JSUE, V o l - 48, no- 6, april-1963
Kudoh, J -, Tanaka, M - , T a k i zawa,S-
K o r o l , R - M - , C h i d i a c , M. "Assessment of Defect T o l e r a n c e in Large Diameter
" D o u b l e chord T - j o i n t s of r e c t a n g u l a r hollow sections" Tubular Cross-Joints for Offshore Construct i o n " .
Department of C i v i l E n g i n e e r i n g , McMaster University- The 3 r d I n t e r n a t i o n a l S y m p o s i u m o f the J a p a n W e l d i n g
S o c i e t y . Sept- Tokyo.1978
1.1-0 K o r o l , R-M-
2-1-0 "The p l a s t i c b e h a v i o u r of h o l l o w structural sections -0 Kurobane, Y-
with implications for design"- "On the T r u s s J o i n t Efficiency-"
R e p o r t , Kyushu Branch,of A I J , no- 13, febr-1964
Canadian Structural Engineering C o n f e r e n c e -1972
K u r o b a n e , Y-
Korol, R-M. "Welded t r u s s j o i n t s of t u b u l a r structural members"
"Development of Design Rules for V i e r e n d e e l Connec- M e m o i r s o f the f a c u l t y o f E n g i n e e r i n g . Kumamoto
tions". University, 1 2 , n o . 1- dec-1964
Int. Symposium on Hollow S t r u c t u r a l Sections-
Toronto, may-1977 K u r o b a n e , Y- , Makino, Y-
K o r o l , R-M-, E l - Z a n a t y , M-, Brady, F . J - "Local Stresses in Tubular Joints".
"Unequal width connections of square h o l l o w sections R e p o r t , Kyushu Branch of A I J , no- 14, febr-1965
in Vierendeel trusses"-
C a n a d i a n J o u r n a l of C i v i l E n g n r - V o l - 4- no- 21977
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" A n a l y s i s o f T u b u l a r T - c o n n e c t i o n s by t h e F i n i t e "Improved F i n i t e Elements f o r A n a l y s i s of Welded
e l e m e n t method c o m p a r i s o n w i t h e x p e r i m e n t s " - Tubular Joints"-
OTC 1 6 6 9 - 1 9 7 2 OTC 2 6 4 2 - 1 9 7 6
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en
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Mang, F . , Bremer, K-, K o t t e r , H. 1- 1 - 0 Mang, F-, Schundelmeier
"Das Rechteck-Hohlprofil a l s Biegetrger". 2.1.0 " U n t e r s u c h u n g e n an g e s c h r a u b t e n Stirnplatten-
Hoesch Rohrenwerke. Hohlprofil-Information- R e g e l an S c h l s s e n f r R e c h t e c k - und Rund-Hohlprofile".
Nr- 2, 1979- F o r s c h u n g s b e r i c h t P r o j e k t N r - 38 d e r Studiengesell-
s c h a f t f r A n w e n d u n g s t e c h n i k von E i s e n und S t a h l
2-1-0 M a n g , F- , Bucak, 0 - , W u r k e r , K- e . V . , Dsseldorf A p r i l 1981-
"Biegesteife, rechtwinklige Rahmenecken a u s
M S H - P r o f i l e n unter vorwiegend ruhender Belastung"- 2- 1-1 Mang , F - , Bucak, 0 - , Wolfmuller,
Mannesmann-Stahlbau-Hohlprofile. Techn. Infor- "Bemessungsverfahren f r T-Knoten aus R e c h t e c k -
m a t i o n e n 3 1979. Hohlprofilen" .
F o r s c h u n g s b e r i c h t P r o j e k t N r . 82 d e r Studiengesell-
2.1-0 M a n g , F . , B r e m e r , K- s c h a f t fr Anwendung s t e c h n i k von E i s e n und S t a h l
" S t a b i l i t a t s - und T r a g v e r h a l t e n d r u c k - u n d biege- e - V - Dsseldorf Mai 1981-
druckbeanspruchter MSH-Profile".
Mannesmann-Stahlbau-Hohlprofile-Techn-Infor- 1- 0 M a n g , F-
m a t i o n e n 4 1979- 2- 0 " L e p r o f i l creux dans l a construetion"-
3- 0 P a l a i s de c o n g r e s N a n c y - 1981-
2-1-0 M a n g , F . , S t e i d l , G - , B u c a k , 0-
"Investigations of Weld I m p e r f e c t i o n s in Butt 2-1-0 Mang, F . , Bucak, O - , K n o d e l ,
Welds of Structural Hollow Sections (SHS)". " E r m i t t l u n g des T r a g v e r h a l t e n s von biegesteifen
IIW D o c - X V - 4 4 4 - 7 9 , V - 6 8 5 - 8 0 , X I I I - 9 6 9 - 8 0 , May 1979- Rahmenecken aus R e c h t e c k - H o h l p r o f i l e n ( S t 3 7 , S t 52)
unter statischer Belastung".
1- 1-0 M a n g , F - , S t e i d l , G- F o r s c h u n g s b e r i c h t P r o j e k t N r - 70 d e r Studiengesell-
2- 1-0 " G e s c h w e i s s t e S t r u m p f s t o s s e von Rohren und M S H - s c h a f t f r A n w e n d u n g s t e c h n i k von E i s e n und S t a h l
P r o f i l e n im S t a h l b a u u n t e r v o r w i e g e n d ruhender e - V Dsseldorf J u n i 1981-
Beanspruchung".
Mannesmann-Stahlbau-Hohlprofile - Techn. Infor- 2-1-0 M a n g , F . , Bucak, O - , S t e i d l , G-
m a t i o n e n 3 1979- 4- 1-0 "Untersuchungen an V e r b i n d u n g e n von g e s c h l o s s e n e n
und offenen P r o f i l e n aus h o c h f e s t e n S t a h l e n " -
2-2-0 M a n g , F- F o r s c h u n g s b e r i c h t P r o j e k t N r . 71 d e r Studiengesell-
"Zum E i n f l u s s von E i g e n s p a n n u n g e n i n Hohlprofil- s c h a f t fr Anwendungstechnik von E i s e n und S t a h l
konstruktionen- " e . V . Dsseldorf J u n i 1981-
B e r i c h t e eines Symposiums i n Bad-Nauheim 1979-
Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Metalkunde e.V. 1-0 M a r s h a l l , P-W.
" R i s k Factors for Offshore Structures"-
2-1-3 M a n g , F - , Hummel, T - , W u r k e r , K - G - ASCE Conference on C i v i l E n g i n e e r i n g i n the Oceans-
"Bemessung vorwiegend ruhend beanspruchter Fach San Francisco, Sept-1967
werke aus MSH"-
T e c h n i s c h e Informationen 2 der Mannesmannrohr- 1-1-1 M a r s h a l l , P-W-*
werke AG, Februar 1980- 1-2-1 " D e s i g n of Simple T u b u l a r Joints".
CDG R e p o r t 12, S h e l l O i l C o . , J a n . 1 9 6 7
1-2-0 Mang, F - , Wardenier, J - , Bucak, 0-, Dutta, D-
" Z e i t - und Dauer f e s t i g k e i t v o n e i n f a c h e n ge- 1-2-8 M a r s h a l l . P.W.*
s c h w e i s s t e n F a c h w e r k k n o t e n aus Rundhohlprofilen" " M i d d l e Ground S h o a l P l a t f o r m C - S t r u c t u r a l Joint
F o r s c h u n g s b e r i c h t P r o j e k t N r . 6 der S t u d i e n g e s e l l - Model Test".
schaft f r Anwendungstechnik von E i s e n und Stahl S h e l l O i l C o m p a n y , CDG-
e . V . , Dsseldorf, Marz 1980- a. F i r s t Progress Report, jan. 1967
b- Second P r o g r e s s R e p o r t , November 196 7-
Mang, F . , S t e i d l , G - , Bucak, 0.
" D e s i g n o f Welded L a t t i c e J o i n t s and Moment 1-1-0 M a r s h a l l . P-W-
R e s i s t i n g Knee J o i n t s Made o f H o l l o w Sections". " C o n s i d e r a t i o n s f o r S e l e c t i o n of S t r u c t u r a l Steel
IIW D o c - XV-463-80 (1980)- f o r use i n T u b u l a r J o i n t s o f O f f s h o r e platforms"-
O C D R e p o r t 1 6 , 1 9 6 9 , G r o u p P r o d u c t i o n R&D C o n f e -
r e n c e Agenda I t e m 9 2 , jan-l'969
M a r s h a l l . P.W- 1-2-0 M a r s h a l l . P.W.
"Risk Evaluations for Offshore Structures". "Problems i n long-1 ife f a t i g u e assessment for fixed
J n l . S t r u c t u r a l D i v i s i o n ASCE, dec-1969 offshore structures".
P r e s e n t e d t o WRC s / c o n T u b u l a r S t r u c t u r e s , M a y .
Marshall, p.w. {ASCE p r e p r i n t 2 6 3 8 , a p r i l 1976).1975
"Material problems in offshore platforms".
1st Annual O f f s h o r e Technology C o n f . Houston, M a r s h a l l - P-W-
p r e p r i n t OTC 1 0 4 3 , 1 8 - 2 1 M a y - 1 9 6 9 "Underwater Welding-Essential V a r i a b l e s "
R e p o r t t o AWS D 36 S u b c o m m i t t e e N o v - 1 9 7 5
M a r s h a l l . P.W.
"Design Criteria for Structural Steel Pipe- 1-1-0 Marshall. P-W-, Graff, W-J-
CRC p r e s e n t a t i o n . a p r i l . 1 9 7 1 1-2-0 " L i m i t S t a t e Design of T u b u l a r Connections"
4.1-0 BOSS 1 9 7 6 N o r w a y . 1976
1.2-0 M a r s h a l l , P.W.*
"General c o n s i d e r a t i o n s for tubular joint design in 1-2-0 M a r s h a l l . P.W.
offshore Structures". " F a i l u r e Modes for Offshore s t r u c t u r e s - p a r t II-
ODC R e p o r t 4 9 - S h e l l O i l C o m p a n y , A u g u s t . 1 9 7 3 Fatigue"-
P r e s e n t e d a t ASCE C o n f e r e n c e , M a d i s o n W - J - , August-
1-1-0 M a r s h a l l - P.W., T o p r a c , A.A. (also p u b l i s h e d in Boss 76, V o l - 2)-1976
1-2-0 " B a s i s for Tubular J o i n t Design C o d e s " -
Paper presented at San Francisco meeting of ASCE, 1-1.1 M a r s h a l l . P - W . , S h e r m a n , D - R-
a p r i l - ASCE p r e p r i n t 2008-1973 1-2-3 " R e p o r t o f t h e Committee on t u b u l a r structures".
1.2.4 Commentary on S t a t i c Design of Tubular Connect i o n s -
1.2.0 M a r s h a l l - P.W-* p r e s e n t e d a t ASCE C o n f e r e n c e , S a n D i e g o , april.1976
"Fatigue analysis of dynamically loaded offshore
structures". 1-2.0 M a r s h a l l - P-W-
CE- 4 Note. Sept.1974 " P r e l i m i n a r y dynamic and f a t i g u e a n a l y s i s using direc-
tional spectra"-
1-2.0 M a r s h a l l - P.W. O f f s h o r e T e c h . C o n f . May ( J o u r n a l o f
"General Considrt i o n s for Tubular Joint Design"- Petroleum Technology)-1976
Welding in Offshore Constructions-
W.R-C. Bulletin 193- April.1974 1.0 M a r s h a l l . P . W . , Gates, W-E-
" I n e l a s t i c dynamic analyses of tubular offshore
1-2-0 M a r s h a l l . P.W. structures" -
"General C o n s i d e r a t i o n s for Tubular J o i n t Design"- Offshore Technology Conference-1977
Welding in Offshore Construction, Welding Institute
C o n f e r e n c e , N e w c a s t l e , 27-28 febr-1974 M a r s h a l l - P-W - , K i n v a , R - K -
"Dynamic and f a t igue a n a l y s e s f o r deep water fixed
1-1-0 M a r s h a l l - P-W., T o p r a c , A-A. platforms" -
1- 2 - 0 " B a s i s for tubular joint design". P a p e r p r e s e n t e d a t t h e 2nd a n n u a l ASCE A s s e m b l y ,
Welding J o u r n a l , may.1974 Specialty Conf- R a l e i g h N - C , May.1977
Ch
en
en
1-2-1 M a r t i n , T-, McGregor, J - 1-3-1 Miller, C D . , T.amell, J.H-
1-3-1 "An I n v e s t i g a t i o n into the stress d i s t r i b u t i o n and 1.3-3 " A n A n a l y t i c a l and Ex p e r i m e n t a l s t u d y o f S t i f f ened
fatigue s t r e n g t h of a welded tubular T-joint". T u b u l a r J o i n t s w i t h M u l t i p l e B r a n c h e s - OTC 2 1 0 1 - 1 9 7 4
OTC p r e p r i n t 2856-1977
M i n n e r , H - H - , S e e g e r , T-
1-2-1 Martin, T- "Investigations on t h e F a t i g u e S t r e n g t h of
"The f a t i g u e strength of welded tubular T-joints with W e l d a b l e High S t r e n g t h S t e e l s StE460 and StE690
a large diameter ratio". i n A s - W e l d e d and T I G D r e s s e d C o n d i t i o n s " .
N a t i o n a l E n g i n e e r i n g L a b . UK- I n t e r n . Conference S t e e l in Marine Struc tures
ECSC S e m i n a r C a m b r i d g e , N o v - 78- S e s s i o n 9- P a r i s 5 - 8 O c t - 1981-
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527
co Natarajan H-, Toprac, A-A- Noda , T -, Kai , T. , Okabayashi , N. , S h i m a d a , M . ,
"Research n the F a t i g u e S t r e n g t h of Tubular I k e d a , M-, O g u r a , Y .
T - j oi nt s" "Comparative A p p r a i s a l of C a s t and Welded T u b u l a r
Structures Fatigue Research Laborator y The Univer- J o i n t s in High S t r e n g t h S t e e l s - F e a s i b i l i t y Study
s i t y of Texas, A u s t i n , Texas, Nov.1968 f o r P r e - F a b r i c a t e d Leg Block S y s t e m " -
Sumitomo Metal I n d u s t r i e s , Ltd-
1.1.0 N a t a r a j a n , M-, Toprac, A-A- OTC 3695.1980
1-2-0 " S t u d i e s on T u b u l a r J o i n t s i n U - S . A . R e v i e w of
1-3-0 Research Reports"- Noel, J - S - , Toprac, A-A-
Structures Fatigue, Research Laboratory, The Univer- "Tubular C o n n e c t i o n s - A Review of S t r e s s A n a l y s i s
s i t y of Texas, A u s t i n , May-1969 and D e s i g n . "
IIW Doc. XV, D o c . X V - 1 5 3 - 6 3 - The U n i v e r s i t y of
Natarajan, M-, Toprac, A.A. Texas, Austin Texas, June-1963
"An i n v e s t i g a t i o n of welded tubular joints, progress
r epor t"- N o e l , J . S . , T o p r a c , A . A . B e a l e , L- A-
"An i n v e s t i g a t i o n of the S t r e s s e s in Welded Tubular
IIW Doc. XV-265-69-1969 Connections".
ASME P u b l i c a t i o n . 65-PET-39-1965
Nibbering, J.K-W.
" T e s t i n g o f Two V a r i a t i o n s o f a Pipe Connection Noel, J - S - , Beale, L-A-, Toprac, A . A .
A p p l i e d in a D r i l l i n g Rig " - "An i n v e s t i g a t i o n of S t r e s s e s in Welded T-joints".
SFRL Techn- R e p o r t P 5 5 0 - 3 -
Ship Structures Laboratory Report 113, Del ft - Structures Fatigue Research Laboratory. University
of Texas, A u s t i n , March.1965
Nicholls, D.M.
" L a m e l l a r Tear ing i n Hot R o l l e d S t e e l " Noel, J - S . , Beale, L.A-, Toprac, A-A-
B r i t i s h Welding J o u r n a l . March.1968 " S t r e s s e s near T u b u l a r T-joints.
N i c o l u s s i . , F-, Gnone, E-, S e b a s t i a n i , G- Welding in the W o r l d . V o l - 7 no. 31969
" S t r e s s analys is of st iffened tubular joints".
T e c n o m a r e Spa I t a l y - Noordhoek, C , W a r d e n i e r , J - , D u t t a -
ECSC S e m i n a r C a m b r i d g e N o v - 78- "The fatigue b e h a v i o u r of welded j o i n t s in square
1.1-7 Nippon Steel hollow sections".
2-1.7 " D e s i g n C o n s i d e r a t i o n and e x p e r i m e n t a l s t u d y on beam P a r t I. T e s t s r e s u l t s a n d S - N c u r v e s .
t o c o l u m n c o n n e c t i o n s o f RHS r i g i d frame". Stevin report 6-79-11.
D e s i g n Manual of S t r u c t u r a l Tubing, March- TNO-IBBC r e p o r t B I - 8 0 - 9 / 0 0 6 3 - 4 - 3 8 2 1 .
N i p p o n S t e e l M e t a l P r o d u c t s Co- L t d . 1 9 7 7
Noordhoek, C , W a r d e n i e r , J - , D u t t a , D-
N i s h i d a , Y - , S a k a m o t o , S - , O t a k e , F - , M i n o s h i m a , N. "The f a t i g u e b e h a v i o u r of welded j o i n t s of square
"Method for R e i n f o r c i n g Tubular Truss J o i n t s (Investigation hollow sections".
i n t o Optimum A r e a o f C h o r d W a l l s w i t h P a r t i a l l y Increased P a r t II A n a l y s i s - R e p o r t 6 - 8 0 - 4 , S t e v i n Laboratory, Delft
Thickness)" U n i v e r s i t y of T e c h n o l o g y , Delft.1980
Summary P a p e r s , A n n u a l C o n f . of A I J , O c t - (in Jap-)1978
Noordhoek, C
N i s h i o k a , K., H i r a k a w a , K-, Sakamoto, S- "ECSC-CIDECT F a t i g u e T e s t s on S q u a r e H o l l o w Section
" L i s t of Japanese l i t e r a t u r e in Tubular Structures". J o i n t s and t h e C o m p a r i s o n W i t h t h e ECSC-Offshore
Japanese publications in hollow sections. Tubular Joint Results"-
Cidect, Dusseldorf- Oct-197 5 Intern. Conference Steel in Marine Structures
S e s s i o n 10- P a r i s 5 - 8 o c t . 1981-
N i s h i o k a , K-
" E n g l i s h T r a n s l a t i o n o f Research Works on the Novikov, V . I - , KovtunenkoV V-A-
Fatigue Strength of Tubular Joints in Japan". " A s s e m b l i e s i n w h i c h two t u b u l a r members meet with
Japanese publications in hollow sections. no g u s s e t " .
C i d e c t B r u s s e l , May-1976 Automatic W e l d i n g - No- 2,-.pp/ 26-29-
1.0 Novikov, V - I - , Kovtunenko, V - A - , Paton, E-O- O l i v i e r , R . , G r e i f , M - , O b e r p a r l e i t e r , W - , S c h u t z , W-
" D i r e c t J o i n i n g of Tubular S e c t i o n Components". " C o r r o s i o n Fatigue Behaviour of Offshore S t e e l S t r u c
Automatic W e l d i n g - Vol 9, p p . 61-68-1959 t u r e s under V a r i a b l e Amplitude Loading".
I n t e r n . Conference S t e e l in Marine Structures
1-0 Novikov, V - I - , Kovtunenko, J - A . S e s s i o n 7. P a r i s 5-8 o c t - 1981.
"Rational designs for c e r t a i n welded j o i n t s and
assemblies of tubular components". O l i v i e r , R-, R i t t e r , W.
Symposium - D e s i g n i n g Welded S t r u c t u r e s , Paton "Improvement of F a t i g u e S t r e n g t h of Welded J o i n t s
Welding I n s t - , Kiev.1965 by D i f f e r e n t T r e a t m e n t s - S t a t i s t i c a l A n a l y s i s o f
Literature Data-"
1-0 Novikov,V-I., Kovtunenko, V - A . I n t e r n . Conference S t e e l in Marine Structures
"Seamless Nodes w i t h Connection of Two Tubular S e s s i o n 9- P a r i s 5-8 o c t - 1981-
Members ( i n R u s s i a n ) .
Avtomaticheskaya svarka No.2-1968 1-1-0 O t a k e , F - , Sakamoto, S - , Tanaka, T., K a i , T - ,
1- 2 - 0 N a k a z a t o , T and T a k i g a w a , T.
1.0 Novikov, V . I - , et al " S t a t i c and F a t i g u e S t r e n g t h of H i g h T e n s i l e Strength
"The s t r e n g t h of g i r d e r s used f o r o f f s h o r e oil Steel Tubular Joints for Offshore structures"-
production stockades"- Sumitomo Metal Inds- Ltd-
Automatic W e l d i n g . No. 3 pp. 38-42-1975 OTC 3 2 5 4 - 1 0 t h A n n u a l OTC i n H o u s t o n , T e x a s , M a y . 1 9 7 8
O l i v i e r , R . , G r e i f , M - , O b e r p a r l e i t e r , W-, S c h u t z , W P a r i s , P - C - , Erdogan, F.
"Corrosion Fatigue Behaviour of Offshore Steel "A c r i t i c a l a n a l y s i s of crack propagation laws".
Structures under Constant Amplitude Loading". J . o f B a s i s E n g i n e e r i n g . T r a n s . ASME s e r i e s D , 85
Intern. Conference Steel in Marine Structures p- 528.1963
S e s s i o n 2. P a r i s 5-8 o c t . 1981.
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S n e d d e n , N-W. 1.1.0 S t a m e n k o v i c , A . , Spar row, K-D-
" B a c k g r o u n d t o P r o p o s e d New F a t i g u e D e s i g n R u l e s " E x i s t i n g methods for c a l c u l a t i n g the s t a t i c strength
f o r S t e e l Welded J o i n t s i n O f f s h o r e Structures". o f w e l d e d T , Y , N , K- a n d X j o i n t s C H S " .
Report of the Department of Energy ' G u i d a n c e P a r t Two: R e c e n t l y a v a i l a b l e d e s i g n recommendations
Notes' Revision Drafting Panel- Kingston, P o l y t e c h n i c , June.1977
May 1 9 8 1 -
1- 1-0 Stamenkovic, A - , Sparrow, K.D.
Solli, 0. "A Review of E x i s t i n g Methods f o r the D e t e r m i n a t i o n of
"Corrosion fatigue of welded joint in structural steels t h e S t a t i c A x i a l S t r e n g t h of W e l d e d , T , Y , N, K and X J o i n t s
and the e f f e c t s of cathodic protection". in Circular Hollow Steel Sections".
DNV N o r w a y . Proceedings Int. Conference "Joints in Structural Steel-
work- Teeside April-1981
ECSC Seminar Cambridge, Nov. 78-
1.1.0 Stark, J-W-B-
S o l l i , 0. 2- 1-0 G e n e r a l A s p e c t s of the Dutch R e g u l a t i o n s for Tubular
" C o r r o s i o n F a t i g u e o f Weldments ot C-Mn S t e e l and 3.1.0 Structures"-
the E f f e c t of C a t h o d i c P r o t e c t i o n , S t r e s s R e l i e v i n g 4.1.0 S y m p o s i u m on T u b u l a r S t r u c t u r e s , D e l f t - Oct.1977
T r e a t m e n t and S a l i n e A t m o s p h e r e " .
I n t e r n . Conference S t e e l in Marine Structures 1- 1 - 0 S t a r k , J . W . B . , W a l , J . van d e r , W a r d e n i e r , J .
S e s s i o n 2- P a r i s 5-8 o c t - 1981- 2- 1-0 "Recommendations tor the d e s i g n of t u b u l a r structures"-
Songa , T - , 3.1-0 ( i n D u t c h ) . Bouwen met S t a a l , n r . 4 4 - Polytechnisch
"Work d o n e i n t h e F i e l d o f M a r i n e C o r r o s i o n by CEC 4-1-0 tijdschrift, sept-1978
E x e c u t i v e Committee " C o r r o s i o n and S u r f a c e P r o t e c -
tion". 2.1.0 S t e i d l , G-, Bucak, o.
Rapporteurs report - "Rectangular structural steel hollow sections -
I n t e r n - Conference S t e e l in Marine Structures M e c h a n i c a l and t e c h n o l o g i c a l properties-
S p e c i a l S e s s i o n 1. P a r i s 5-8 o c t . 1981- ( i n German) B a n d e s , B l e c h e und R o h r e , H e f t 6.1979
O
1.1-1 S p a r r o w , K . D . , S t a m e n k o v i c , A- 1- 1 - 0 S t e i d l , G- '
1.1.7 "Experimental Determination of the U l t i m a t e Static-Strength 2- 1-0 " E n t w u r f D I N 4 1 1 6 ( D I N 18 8 0 8 ) - Schweisstechnische ^
of T - J o i n t s in C i r c u l a r H o l l o w S t e e l S e c t i o n s S u b j e c t to 3- 1-0 Besonderheiten".
A x i a l L o a d and Moment" - Vortragsveranstaltung im ' H a u s der Technik', Essen
Proceedings Int. Conference "Joints in Structural Steel- Dezember, 1979-
work", Teeside April.1981
S t e i d l , G - , B u c a k , 0-
1-0 S p e n g l e r , I.E. et a l - " M e c h a n i s c h - t e c h n o l o g i s c h e E i g e n s c h a f t e n warm
"The s t r e s s e d s t a t e in the supporting assemblies of und k a l t g e f o r m t e r Hohlprofil"-
t u b e t r u s s e s and t h e i r strength"- Hoesch Rohrenwerke- Hohlprofil-Informationen
A v t - S v a r k a , No. 5, p p . 74-7 5.1971 4, 1979.
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534
.7 T a n a k a , H-, S h i g e n o b u , T. 1-2.8 Teramoto, s. , M a t o b a , M - , K a w a s a k i , T.
" L i m i t A n a l y s i s of Beam-Column C o n n e c t i o n s (Part 7-2)' " F a t i g u e S t r e n g t h of Welded T u b u l a r J o i n t s w i t h
T r a n s - A I J . No- 1 6 6 - Dec.1960 Various S t i f f e n e r s in Offshore Structures".
OTC 1 8 2 0 . 1 9 7 3
-7 T a n a k a , H., S h i g e n o b u , T.
" L i m i t A n a l y s i s of Beam-Column C o n n e c t i o n s (Part 7-1}' 1-3-1 T e y l e r , R. , G i b s z t e i n , M - , B j o r n s t a d , H - , Haugan, G.
T r a n s - A I J . No. 165-1969 "Parameter S t r e s s Analysis of T-joints"-
Det N o r s k e V e r i t a s R e p o r t 77-523-1977
-7 T a n a k a , H., S h i g e n o b u , T.
" L i m i t A n a l y s i s of Beam-Column C o n n e c t i o n s (Part 5}"- 1-2-0 Thebault, J - , Olagnon, M-, B a r n o u i n , B-
T r a n s - A I J . No. 1 6 3 , Sept.1969 " F a t i g u e A n a l y s i s of a T u b u l a r J o i n t Broken Under
Waves a n d C u r r e n t s Loadings"-
Tanaka, H-, Shigenobu, T. CNEXO/COB-
" L i m i t A n a l y s i s of Beam-Column C o n n e c t i o n s (design OTC 3 6 9 8 1 9 8 0
m e t h o d o f H-Beam t o B o x - C o l u m n C o n n e c t i o n s )
T r a n s . A I J . No. 1 7 4 . August.1970- 1-1.6 Thiensiripipat, N-, Morris, G-A.
" S t a t i c a l B e h a v i o u r of E n d - C r o p p e d C o n n e c t i o n s in
T a n a k a , H-, Yamada, T . Tubular Trusses-"
" L i m i t A n a l y s i s of Beam-Column C o n n e c t i o n s (Part 12)"- University of Manitoba, C i v i l Engineering Dept.
T r a n s . A I J . No. 185 , July.1971 Report No- S T I - 7 5 - Jan.1975
Cn
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536
T r u c h o n , M . , A m e s t o y , M- V a e s s e n , G . H - G - , Back, J - de
" I n f l u e n c e o f B i - A x i a l Loads on t h e Propagation " F a t i g u e Behaviour of Welded S t e e l Joints in Air and
of Fatigue C r a c k s " . Seawater".
I n t e r n . Conference S t e e l in Marine Structures T N O - A p e l d o o r n , Delft U n i v e r s i t y of Techn-
S e s s i o n 9- P a r i s 5 - 8 o c t - 1981- OTC 3421-1979-
CO
-J
O l
CO
CO
Walker, E.F. Wardenier, J .
" E f f e c t of Marine Environment" "Comparison of v a r i o u s i n v e s t i g a t i o n s i n t o the static
Rapporteurs Report s t r e n g t h of t u b u l a r joints".
Intern. Conference S t e e l in Marine Structures P a r t 1, C r o s s J o i n t s -
P l e n a r y s e s s i o n 4- P a r i s 5-8 o c t - 1981- S t e v i n report No- 6 - 7 6 - 3 - TNO-IBBC r e p o r t No-
BI-76-33-35.3.51210-1976
Wall-is, J . R . , B a y a z i t o g l u , Y - 0 - , Chapman, F . M . ,
Mangiavacchi, A. W a r d e n i e r , J., K o n i n g , C . H - M - de -
"An A p p r o a c h to P r o b a b i l i s t i c F a t i g u e A n a l y s i s "Investigation i n t o the s t a t i c strength of welded
of Offshore Structures" . l a t t i c e girder j o i n t s in structural hollow sections".
Brown and Root Inc. P a r t 1; R e c t a n g u l a r h o l l o w s e c t i o n s -
OTC 3 3 7 9 - 1 9 7 9 S t e v i n report No- 6 - 7 6 - 4 - IBBC-TNO r e p o r t No.
BI-76-123/35-3-51210-1976
2.1.0 W a l l n e r , M - , N a y r h o f e r , P o n s c h a b , H-
" W e l d i n g of t h i n w a l l e d s t e e l p l a t e and cold formed Wardenier, J . , Koning, C.H-M- de.
s e c t i o n s ( i n Dutch) "- "Investigation i n t o the s t a t i c strength of welded
L a s t e c h n i e k , No- 3, M a r c h - 1 9 7 4 l a t t i c e girder j o i n t s in structural hollow sections".
P a r t 2; J o i n t s w i t h c i r c u l a r b r a c i n g s and a r e c t a n g u l a r
2-1.0 W a l l n e r , F., Ponshab, H.F. boom-
" M a t e r i a l p r o p e r t i e s o f c o l d - and hot finished S t e v i n report No- 6-76-6-
h o l l o w s e c t i o n s - A d v a n t a g e s of s p e c i a l S t e e l TNO-IBBC report No- B I - 7 6 - 1 2 4 / 3 5 - 3 . 5 1 2 1 0 -
grades". C i d e c t report No. 76-13-5Q.1976
( i n German) B e r g - und Httenmnnische Monatshefte.
Nr. 124, Heft 11-1979 2.1-3 W a r d e n i e r , J - , K o n i n g , C . H - M - de
3-1-3 "Supplement w i t h t e s t r e s u l t s of welded j o i n t s in
1-1-0 W a l . J . van der. structural hollow sections with a rectangular boom"-
" S t a b i l i t y Aspects i n the Dutch R e g u l a t i o n s for TNO-IBBC report N r . B I - 7 6 - 1 2 2 / 3 5 - 3-51210 .
Tubular Structures." S t e v i n report No. 6 - 7 6 - 5 .
S y m p o s i u m on T u b u l a r S t r u c t u r e s , D e l f t - Oct-1977 C i d e c t report No- 76-11 (5Q)-1976 o
W a r d e n i e r , J - , K o n i n g , C - H . M . de - Wardenier, J .
" T h e f a t i g u e b e h a v i o u r o f w e l d e d N - t y p e J o i n t s made "The s t r e n g t h of p r e d o m i n a n t l y s t a t i c a l l y loaded
of square h o l l o w s e c t i o n s " . truss j o i n t s with a rectangular chord".
Stevin report 6-77-21. Intern-Scientific and T e c h n - C o n f . , K a t o w i c e , M a y . 1 9 7 9
TNO-IBBC r e p o r t B I - 7 7 - 1 0 7 / 0 5 - 3 . 3 1 3 1 0 , D e l f t , dec-1977
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541
ro W h i t e , R . N . , Fang , P . J .
1.3.3 Wordsworth, A . C , Smedley, G . P .
" S t r e s s C o n c e n t r a t i o n s at u n s t i f f e n e d tubular joints"
"Framing C o n n e c t i o n s for Square S t r u c t u r a l Tubing".
L l o y d s R e g i s t e r o f S h i p p i n g , UK -
J o u r n a l of the S t r u c t u r a l Division.
ECSC S e m i n a r C a m b r i d g e , N o v . 7 8 -
ASCE, V o l . 9 2 , No- ST2, A p r i l . 1 9 6 6
1.3.3 Wordsworth, A . C .
Wichman, K . R . , Hopper, A . G . , Mershon, J . L .
" S t r e s s c o n c e n t r a t i o n f a c t o r s a t K a n d KT t u b u l a r joints"
" L o c a l S t r e s s e s i n S p h e r i c a l and C y l i n d r i c a l Shells
Conf. Fatigue in Offshore S t r u c t u r a l Steel. Inst, of
due to E x t e r n a l L o a d i n g s " .
Civil EngrsWestminster, London, Febr-1981
WRC B u l l e t i n N o . 1 0 7 , August.1965
1.2-3 Wylde, J . G -
Wildschut, H.
" F a t i g u e T e s t s on T u b u l a r K and KT J o i n t s Under
"COD M e a s u r e m e n t s and Wide P l a t e T e s t s o n W e l d e d
M a t e r i a l w i t h T h i c k n e s s e s o f 30 a n d 5 0 m m " . Axial Brace Loading"-
I n t e r n . Conference S t e e l in Marine Structures The W e l d i n g Institute.
Session 3. P a r i s 5-8 o c t . 1981. OTC 3 6 9 7 .
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1-1-0 Zimmermann, w.
" T e s t s on P a n e l P o i n t Type J o i n t s f o r L a r g e D i a m e t e r
Tubes".
( S t u t t g a r t ) . R e p o r t Programme 5 A / 6 4 -
C i d e c t R e p o r t Programme 5A/64 - s e p t . 1965
1.2-0 Z i t n , R.
1-2-3 " F a t i g u e b e h a v i o u r of welded t u b u l a r j o i n t s i n c i r c u l a r
1.3.3 hollow s e c t i o n s " .
(in German). ( S t a a t l i c h e M a t e r i a l p r i i f u n g s a n s t a l t
S t u t t g a r t , H - 7 5 - 0 1 ) .1975
1-2-0 Zwaans, M - H - J - M . , J o n k e r s , P . A . M . , O v e r b e e k e , J . L .
"The E n d u r a n c e o f a Welded J o i n t Under Two t y p e s
o f Random L o a d i n g i n A i r and S e a w a t e r " .
I n t e r n . Conference S t e e l in Marine S t r u c t u r e s
Session 7- P a r i s 5-8 o c t . 1981.
i
Stellingen
D e l f t , A p r i l 1982.