EARTHQUAKE PRESSURES ON FLUID CONTAINERS. by G, W, HOUSNER EIGHTH TECHNICAL REPORT under OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH Contract NG onr 244 Task Order 25 PROJECT DESIGNATION NR-081 -095 CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PASADENA, CALIFORNIA August 195410, il. le. 13, TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Impulsive Pressures, Rectangular Tank Rectangular Tank, Oscillating Fluid Cireular Tank. Impulsive Pressure Circular Tank, Oscillating Fluid Elliptical Tank Composite Tanks Circular Cylinder Surrounded by Fluid Rectangular Dam Trapezoidal Dam Stepped Dam Segmental Dam Flexible Wall 13 15 a 22 22 25 28 32 34 361, Intruduction, The dynaimie Guid pressures developed during an earthquake are of importance in the design of structures such as dams, tanks aud vaissuns, The first solution of such a problem was that by Westergaard (1933) who determined the pressures on a rectangular, vertical dain when it was subjected tu horizontal acceleration, Jacobsen (1949) solved the corresponding problem for a cylindrical tank containing fluid and fur a cylindrical pier surrounded by fluid, Werner and Sundquist (1949) extended Jacobsen's work to include a rectangular fluid container, a semicircular trough, a triangular trough and a hemisphere. Graham and Rodriguez, (1952) gave a very complete analysis of the impulsive and vouvective pressures in a rectangular container, [oskins and Jacobsen (1934) measured impulsive fluid pressures and Jacobsen and Ayre (1951) yave the results of similar measurements, Zangar (1953) presented the pressures on dam faces as measured on an electrical analog. ‘The foregoing analyses were all carried out in the same fashion, which requires finding a solution of Laplace's equation that satisfies the Duundary conditions, With these known solutions as checks on accuracy it is possible to derive solutions by an approximate method which avoids partial differential equations and series and presents solutions for a number of cases in simple closed form, The approximate method appeals to physical intuition and makes it easy to sce how the pressures ariee, It thus seems to be particularly suitable for engineering applications. Te intuoduce the method the problem of the rectangular tank io treated in some detail, Applications to other types of containers are treated moze concisely, The casence of the method io the cotimation of a simple type of flow which is similar to the actual fluid movement and thie simple flow is used to determin the prescures, The methed is analogous to the Rayleigh-Ritz method used in the theory of elasticity, aul it always uvereotimates the forces, The method is capable of oolving a wide variety of problems but if it is required that the solutions be in simple form, which they should tu Le practically useful, the number of problems that can be handled satisfactorily are limited, just as in the case vf the Rayleigh-Rits method, Acknowledgement ie due C, M, Chongfor Lessying out Ure caleutati iu dite sepust, 2. Impulsive Pacsouscs, Rewlaugular Tank, Cuusider @ rectangular container as shown in Figure 1, and at the instant under consideration let the surface of the fluid be horizontal and let the walls uf the container have a horizontal acceleration (, in the x-direction, Let it be re- quized'ty fin eration (/,, Let the fluid have a depth ‘h', a length '22' and a unit the peempures on the walls of dhe coulaluer due ty lhe accel thickness, It is seen that the action of the fluid is similar to that which would be obtained if the horizontal component of fluid velocity, 44, were independent of the y coordinate; that is, imagine the fluid to be con~ strained by thin, massless, vertical membranes free to move in the x- dircetion, and let the membranes be originally spaced a distance da apart, When the walls of the container are given an acceleration the membrance will be accelerated with the fluid and the flutd will aleu be squeezed vertically with respect to the membranes, As shown in Figure 2, oince the fluid to reotrained between two adjacent membrance, the vertical velocity v is dependent on the horizontal velocity according to ve they & a This is an equation specifying the constraint on the fluid flow. As the fluid is considered incompressible it follows that the acceleration + is proportional to the velocity v and the acceleration 42 is proportional to the velocity 4, and the pressure in the fluid between two membranes is given by the standard hydrodynamical equation: 4 s-pu 2) a e (2) where @ is the density of the fluid, The total horizontal force on one membrane is P= {pay )ee | FIGURE 1 4 pede 5 LI | iL xy | 4 + iH got 4 Le ae a LIGURE 2 FIGURE 4 4 | t 4 bu aa a H be ae FIGURE 3Theve three equations may be written a8 follows: wa(h a & poof dy = 0K (E-VGEN) S wa 7 Ry he ae fe “hf (E-aG) ty = -of & MB (4) The problem is thus solved when the velocity 4 is known, ee ee ee of illustration and will then be deduced in a less formal but somewhat faces e kinetic en of the fluid is The higgtic energy r= fFolurr) dady Li! that ty afcr-y ae =o which fox thie problem ie fof eff fale (ty (le) cy dead or, integrating with respect toy, eff “sluh + LLY deat Carrying out the variation, we obtain aw J [C24 ba 1 34 MH) dndé 44Integrating the oocond term by parte and then equating the cocfficiont of { 54 ) to zero gives the differential equation for £¢ : If thie equation does not give a sufficiently accurate solution an improvement can he achieved hy subdividing the fluid into three regions as shown in Figure 3, Instead of equation (1) there will now be the follow- ing equations: vy (henthny) Lb 22 Ath 4) La oh (6) vy = (4-4) 46 4 Gh ¢ 2 AW ho ne rhe Applying Hamilton's Principle leada ta three simultanrana equations in 4) 4, My. Thus introducing additional degrees of freedom leads to more complicated mathematics but will improve the accuracy. for it ie clear that in the limit as the subdivisions approach ‘dy' the accuracy becomes perfect. Let us now derive equation (5) in a more straightforward fashion, ‘The slice of fluid shown in Figure 2 will be accelerated in the x-direction if the pressures on the two faces differ, The equation of motion is aL dx - ph de tb Using the value of P trom equation (4) gives 4, dk _ 3 an an a) ‘ne solution of this equation may be writtend= © commvs® + G sinh Vif (3) The boundary conditions are ae at Kath which gives an CRE ) From equation (4) we obtain pe ~pah ts (E-12)) Shet (9) = -pu,k senhusz Po Chis cook OE ay The acceleration (% thus produces an increase of pressure on one wall and a decrease of pressure on the other wall of > CMA (EGY) 05 tanh v3 (a2 and produces a pressure on the bottom of the tank : we = 4g net 13) ‘he total force acting on one wall 1s P- page trohing ty aud it avis at a distance above the bottom A=gh as)It is seen that the overall effect of the fluid on the wall is the 2A4hed, , of the total mass of the fluid were fastened rigidly to the walls of the container at a height 3/8h above same as ifa fraction 2P the bottom, Calling this equivalent mass M, we have (6) where M is the total mass of the fluid, ‘rhe total moment exerted on tne bottom ot the tank 18 oe Sgr 4 Including thia we find that to produce the correct total moment on the tank =p AL(I- age ) the mass M, must be at an elevation A= Zh (1 $ ng 15" ($s a as) As the tank becomes tall nd narrow the following correction should be made, Consider the tank shown in Figure 4 which has a rigid horizontal membrane at a distance h below the water surface, The mo- ment exerted on this membrane by the fluid above is given by the preced- ing equation, The moment exerted on the membrane by the fluid below is De : £ b : 2 od £2) . Equating these for £ small we obtain 3 = 1.6, This means that the preceding equations should be used only for tanks whose proportions are 5 = 1,6, and if the tank is taller it should be treated as shown in Figure 4 where the lower portion of the fluid moves as a rigid body exerting a pressure on the walls of Repel ‘The accuracy of the preceding equation can be checked by com= paring with the values computed by Graham and Rodriguez (1952). In place of equation (16) they obtainedoa] 08} an} ral Me FIGURE 6 yan a3 at al} 4 FIGURE 5Pane ed) M.=M[1- 3 Lfaekl Gees} ] h Equations (16) and (17) are compared in Figure 9 wim ine B 6 cor= rection included. It is seen that the discrepancy between the two is very emall, For h, Graham and Rodriguez obtained u-z Teed, a8) Fees i This is compared with the value of h, given by equation (15") in Figure 6 where it is seen that the agreement is very close. 3, Rectangular Tank, Oscillating Fluid, The effect of the impulsive pressures is to excite the fluid into oscillations, To examine the funda- mental mode of vibration consider the fluid to be constrained between rigid membranes that are tree to rotate as shown in Figure 7, The constraint is described by the following equations, = 4Ee oo 7 zy a9) ve OZ (20) The pressure in the fluid is given by # =-¢ = hE 3B) (2)au. ‘Phe equation uf utlun Uf 4 slive vf te Auld ie O22 8 dy os J jody xdx = a) Ze lge ap te (22) The solution of this equation, with the boundary conditions appropriate to the problem, is for sinusoidal oscillations sinh If 4S wt o Gah fER aed (23) This specifies the oscillation of the fluid, To determine the naturel freywency uf vilrativa Uke naxiniuin Kucte energy, Ty ie equated to the maximum potential energy, V. Ae . SS dellrv) wo sintot ctedy oe ve ftegx senwl de 2 (24) This gives t= BYE tentyEh The third mode is found as shown in Figure 8 and similarly for the other (25) The circular frequencies are then for the nth mode, ang ‘The exact expression as given by Graham and Rodrigues is ut = nF tank nE4 1,58 there is good agreement, VE fon fff 4 sincey _— FIGURE 7 2 2% pike 5 2% 2% | = FIGURE 912. ‘The preasure on the wall ot the container is trom (Z1) cook VE a (SIE Set The total force exerted un the wall is ) w*Q sin wt (26) 4 P-fpwy - rfinta sin wt (a7) An equal force 16 exerted on the opposite wall, ‘The total force of 2P may be considered to be produced by an equivalent mass, M,, which is spring mounted as shown in Figure 9. The mass Mj will oscillate and produce a horizontal force as follows: xy = Ay ain wt Fy = -MjAy wt T = FMA w Comparing these equations with those for the fluid, we find an = 28) A FEE (28) M = MSIF SE randy et 424) This value of M, exceeds by less than 2% that given by Graham and Rodriguez, ‘The elevation uf My above the bottom of the tank is determined so that M, exerts the same moment as the fluid. If we consider only the asvuueut exerted by the fluid on the walle (neglecting the fluid preseurce on the tank bottom) we obtain E Z 1 V4 Tp Fal T fe seh) (30)13, If the pressures exerted on the bottom are also taken into account we obtain: = Als - (31) cof -2 ) ee ER sinh fEh The corresponding quantities for the higher modes are given by substi- tuting (¢) for £, noting that only the modes having n= 1, 3, 5) ssesee ‘exert moments on the tank, When the tank is subjected to an earthquake the various modes of vibration will be excited, The degree of excitation can be computed by replacing the fluid by the set of masses. Mg, My, ..... a8 shown in Figure 9 which thus reduces the problem to solving for the response of a number of simple oscillators. An elevated water tank can be treated in a similar fashion, the fluid merely introduces some additional degree of freedom, 4, Cireular rank Impulsive Pressures. Consider a cylindrical tank as shown in Figure 10 and let the fluid be constrained between fixed mem- branes parallel to the x-axis, then cach slive of unit thickness may be treated as if it were a narrow rectangular tank and the equations of the precediog sections will apply, ‘The pressure exerted againot the wall of the tank is, from equation (12) p= paltTlE Hil) Lanh( core) (32) ‘The pressure on the bottom of the tank is Soe = pr AEE 3) a where C% x" For tall narrow tanks, ae shown in Figure 11, when z > 1.6 the fluid below depth n should be considered to muve with the Lauh aw @ elyid body.ins cy. * FIGURE 10 A=lER x FIGURE15, ‘The preceding expressions are not convenient for calculating the total force exerted by the fluid. The following modification gives very accurate values for small and somewhat overestimates the pressure tor ® targe flare. B= Peel ds onhrig fy “£0 cos0 (324) From this expression the total force exerted on the walls is ar [[#@ coro Rdlacly = ~ 0th TRA Land $e (33) fe ae from which it is seen that the force exerted is the same as if an equivalent mass M, were moving with the tank, where ‘This capressivn Le Wumparcd in Piguce 12 with that computed by Jacobecu (1949) and it is seen that the agreement is very close. To exert a moment equal to that of the fluid preseure on the wall the equivalent mass _M, should be at a height above the bottom ( 2 =1.6) (35) If the moment due to the pressures exerted on the bottom ot the tank are included the equivalent mass M, must be at a height he Bn EES ~) (36) to produce the proper total moment on the tank. This agrees well with that vumputed by Jacobeen ae shown in Figure 13. 5. Circular Tank, Oocillating Fluid, ‘To examine the firet mode of vibration of the fluid consider constraints to be provided by horizontalJ st g= Cui a ty A : i ! a ' 2 3 4 = co us FIGURE 13 | _— a LS i Za | | t 4 4 2 e a va” a er a FIGURE V27. membranes free to rotate, as shown in Figure 14. Let w, v, w, be the x, y, 2 components of velocity and describe the constraints on the flow by the following equations ub) _ pw az b oy (7) varxe (38) — bar ae = -(# +z) (39) ‘These equations state that all the fluid at a given x, y moves with the same velocity v, and the fluid at a given x moves with a uniform “. From these equations we have x a-f2 naz % [xem : x ws 2b I [xb de BEL where 3. ax ‘The total kinetic energy is thus T= toff {free ME) (Lr) (1+ *£)) andyde bof (EO + KY} ay where I, [ede ke af hi (fixa JOG) ax7 FIGURE 7‘The potential energy of the fluid is Ve tg G [it de ~ s90G°F, By Hamilton's Principle sf ¢r-y dt a Sit fff e8'+ BK) -3¢' Ta) de ap : A LS LolB8 Bie te + SOK) + § 2a) 8 ttre This gives the two equations 28 - Ie bno ay OK (40) ZB) 9G 0 tat From which we obtain for free vibrations wor = Gf Cand fh (43) It will be observed that this analysis is quite general and applies to any cylindrical container for which the x, y axes are axes of symmetry, For the circular tank20, - Kea 2h et om #% Ve tanhy/Z4) (44) ‘The exact solution as given in Lamb's "Hydrodynamics" is w= 2 05667 tand{oseer 4) which agrees within 1% with the approximate solution. ‘The pressure in the fluid is given by Bp = -piir 2B au Zax} (45) p= O= fbx ae 4 For the circular tank this te ene ELE HAE a codde # 2 (46) Fy WER Saypy) *” eee The presoure on the wall fo eek (r- x ?3, £0 2) ome 447) ‘The reoultant horizontal force exerted on the wall ie P= - 77h et RG vin wt tas)a, This force may be considered to be produced by an equivalent mass M, (see Figure 9) oscillating in a horizontal plane with motion Xe A, sinwt Ae ALAR £ toh Zh (49) / 4= &h Re VEE (50) In order that M, exert the same moment as the fluid pressures on the wall, it should be at an elevation above the bottom of air a + —__ 5 (1) VEL PoAfeh VER ooh TGA The pressure exerted on the bottom of the tank is n= 0 °F saggy CF HEA is) This exerts a moment about the z-axis equal to aye ZR eee we vod b (53) 6. Elliptical Tank, For the elliptical tank, as shown in Figure 15, the impulsive pre: jure on the wall is given by equation (12) es eth(t- LY) tanh gewith a similar expression for acceleration in the direction of the y-axis. For oscillations of the fluid, equations (37) through (43) apply and we obtain for the first mode, about the y-axis or B smatt tnte reduces to wr LP we and comparing with the exact solution (Jefirey, 1924) the following values are obtained >’ A A a (Approx.) (Exact) 1 1,84 1,84 0.6 1.88 1.81 ° 1.90 1,89 7. Composite Tanks. Symmetrical tanks formed of composite shapes such ay Ghat sluws in Figuse 16 will have impulsive pressures given by equation (12) and oscillations as described by equations (37) and (43), The tank shown in Figure 16 hae Ty= Lp Af + (ZK +f) 56) 2 ( = Re [a233[8)06e7(S) rush) ash rash tore} 8. Circular Cylinder Surrounded by Fluid, Consider the rigid cylinder shown in Figure 17 with flow constrained by radial membranes and by vertical membranes at r and x +dr from the center. The vertical velocity is given by vo (h-y) (58 +8) 6723, ‘The kinetic energy of fluid in a filament of width” rg d@ Tl be (orew dg ay cle oo =P eb (Heresy Le fiety de de Applying Hamilton's Principle yields the equation a (58) The solution is (59) ‘The pre! (60) If the cylinder is given an acceleration U, in the x-direction then 4-=O cove —— a2 ph AE-LGY) cove (61) ara The resultant force on the cylinder in the x-direction is (62) As seen in Figure 17. this imposes a special conatraint an the flaw, Tf this artifice is not used one obtains a Bessel function of the first order, imaginary argument (Kj), instead of Equation (59), which is a very good approximation to Ky.24, The moment exerted on the cylinder at height y, is “ Tle 3, mom. = $P4 Ze y%-z 4 (63) (Ola YO-#R) From (61) and (62) it is seen that the action of the fluid is the same as if an equivalent mass M, were rigidly fastened to the cylinder at h,, where (64) 4= BA (65) The preceding formulas should be used only for h/rg = 1.6, When h/r, exceeds this the fluid below the level y/r, = 1.6 should be con- sidered to have the regular two-dimensional flow past the cylinder for which ppb bce (66) and the force for unit length of cylinder is Se For thie range, (3 > 1.6); P= -ph eh (10.832 £) (67) bf ioweth nao (5) 2 -9832 4 4 A comparison of the foregoing approximate values for M, and h, with Jacobsen (1949) are shown in Figures 12 and 13,9. Rectangular Dam, For the rectangular dam with sloping face, as shown in Figure 18, the impulsive pressures are given by the following equations: v A-y) Le Cy) +a cob 7% u w e@ a= PAM UE-HYNS ~ co} R= aN fe - Ff The resultant horizontal force on the face of the dam is F =H xo la ~ 24} (69) When the face of the dam is vertical Fy = 0.577 pijH® which is slightly larger than the 0.543 @AH® given by Westergaard (1933). (68) Equations (68) and (69) are suitable only when # > 45° (see Figure 20), For ¢-< 45° a different approximation must be used, as given below, When $< 45° the fluid should be divided into two regions as shown in Figure 19, where @ rigid meibrane lies along the x-axie and has a horizontal acceleration ¢t such that the pressure force on each side of the membrane is the same, In the region to the left of the x-axie the following equations describe the flow. ve (hy) H+ en cme (70) we = ey ee applying Hamilton's Principle to the total kinetic energy in ils region leads to the equation Lt pax ~3 tm um 304 cag tang ax* (71)Ho FIGURE 18 “ay. FIGURE 1927. ‘The appropriate solution ia k= a [1-e LENS b= Viste -/ ‘The pressure in the fluid is ; yt) a we P= PALO L810 BYE (ray The total pressure force on the membrane along the x-axis is a ae eee 7)" 2 7 fg, a ~ 96 brig Fa -§ YD ty flrs) In the region to the right of the x-axie velty) Lop conf pa ne(oe o) ge C¥ a wen = vo 2 P OLE he + Lucene} ‘The equation of motion is cee ae (74) ‘The normal force at x= 0 is P= ph fA E, Equating this to equation (73) and solving for C, gives=he Nr al | EAS 03} IN y ot . L ‘ 1 Vi . al Th ; t a | | leq 75| | yi | a | JY Bag a a ae Tpit FIGURE 20 a + | 95] Eq, |e : 93] LAF = ma] [Eg 76 oO 1 | by 1 1 all i | AT $ 30° 2829, Ap tanh + cog — See 0-G - ‘The pressure on the inclined face is thus ae pA Hf(f- MPI, (1 6 BE) rez. cog) (75) where 4, is the horizontal acceleration of the inclined face, The resultant horizontal force exerted against the inclined face is Fn EMU -6 BE) eb] a Equations (75) and (76) are compared in Figures 20 and 21 with the corresponding quantities calculated by the relaxation method, It is seen that the agreement is good except that the pressures are overesti- mated at the toe. 10. Trapezoidal Dam, For a trapezoidal shape as shown in Figure 22 the formulas of the preceding section (with variable h} may be used for the pressures at various sections across the width of the dam. .This will somewhat overestimate the force on the dam, For narrow wedge-shaped forms the error increases and better results are obtained by the following Procedure. Consider the constraints on the flow to be as shown in Figure 23 and as described by the following equations: a= uae) ens eget) s ars -f 2 [bre — vcood (77) 24 BY ge en Sa ty 1B woFIGURE 22 FIGURE 23 a adi | the, 18 I a -xaet| & | : faa ai al | | . ao 6 oo 90" ver A Gam tonal ae sh vay £ [ba bs a (77) Applying Hamilton's Principle to the kinetic energy givest gp bere A = area of dam face agmiyee K af ie L fie $j da = -1E * rue ‘The pressure on the face is eT hk PE [ELE “gh fee ME deere} eal The resultant horizontal force exerted on the dam is 4 f= -p4 x Fay {v® eee cet f (79) For the triangle this is, oo pa CBs frag ~) Figure 24 shows the force on a vertical triangular face as determined by (79) and by the application of (69), together with the value given by the exact solution, From this one can estimate the error involved in apply- ing the equations to trapezoidal sections, Equations (78) and (79) are applicable only for @ > 45°32, 11, Stepped Dam, A stepped dam as shown in Figure 25 may be treated In this cage there by applying equations similar to equations (1) to (4). and the flow is described by are three regions of the fluid T= hy) XE in = (4-4) 24 24, i UF = ha) Oe +h, a inB (80) a = (Ay) 24 inc WH ‘These lead to the following equations of motion, Ly - mo x Bg a (81) The pressures and forces on the faces of the dam are given by Z= -of4y £33) LE + A> ey, tH) SE in A Pog hh33 AL PLL | oth lp on Mt bea =, FIGURE 2 FIGURE 26 Stepped danaA, inc In the particular case where h, = h. . az B= 4 °F - 24 anh ZE 4 > Alors CF pans OF) 29g OF “= Ale rek _ ert) nag ek where 24 sendig rh ~ (2 Frin) 2A, cook P -23949 = ef F249)aa ‘The following numerical values are obtained tor the horizontal torces: 0 0,805 1,449 0.564 we 0.152 as31z o.51z 0.4 0,707 1,186 0,478 0.6 0.601 1.16 0.400 0,8 0,657 1.12 0,445 @o 0.577 0.936 A graph of the pressures is shown in Figure 26, 12, Segmental Dam, If the dam face is stepped as shown in Figure 29, and the angle @ is not less than 45° satisfactory reaults are obtained by the following procedure. Ue -y) + 4 conh AA) Oh +4 wg Rohn EG Anat Go R= pf lbw a 44K vig wep Theee lead to the following equations of motion La gg mm —, Se -44 = -8 xh36. ‘These are satisfied by solutions of the form 4h em Anke which give : oe — ns 2 TF BLED iran) (OF CA” y) When these solutions are compared with those obtained experimentaily by Zangar, there is a discrepancy not quite as large as that given by equation (68). 13. Flexible Wall, The foregoing analysis may also be used to estimate the effect of wall flexibility on the water pressures. Suppose water is retained by a vertical cantilever wall which is sufficiently stiff so that wave propagation in the wall may be neglected, Using the same method of analysis and the notation as shown in Figure 27 the following equations apply for a sinusoidal vibration. Aft) 22 0l 4 wn Ky ey vin ol , Horizontal displacement37. Applying Hamilton's Principle we ohtain #4 oy = Gat G 4-0 iF x 4742 7 a: [lh ty a “firey The pressure on the wall is Re eho, BIS tawy vow 7 C= ph wR LL [Py pete ik For a wall of uniform cross-section, if we approximate the actual pressure by 7 272% we obtain for {( y ) My) = aCe ra EZ) where P = total force on wall. The pressure and force are computed to be38, 5 Tage e7ae* ae a fen phi wt VfB (iro Z- te)tele 2) P= phew {ERB (/~ 0.42) VF 7 4298 Leys ‘This last equation may be written ok = g/RERB ae (2-022) PAs rh bys* A Fur a given wall aud Mase accclesatius, that ie, a give Ks this equation gives the appropriate value of @ . Figure 28 gives a graph of K ve. 7 and alec ohowe how the total force on the wall ia reduced by wall flexibility,39, KAS, FIGURE 27 boot —>Xx | Al be —rit b, »» = < 2 \ Nye FIGURE 29 | | | a ak 03 04 05 06 a7 a8 9 10 6 FIGURE 2840, REFERENCES 1, I, M, Westergaard (1933), Water Pressures on Damo During Earthquakes, Trans, Amer, Soc, Giv. Eng., vol. 98, 1933. 2, L, M, Ioskins and L, S, Jacobsen (1934), Water Pressure in a Tank Caused by a Simulated Earthquake, Bull, Seism, Soc. Amer., vol. 24, 1934. 3. L, S, Jacobsen (1949), Impulsive Hydrodynamics of Fluid Inside a Cylindrical Tank and of Fluid Surrounding a Cylindrical Pier, Bull, Soiem. Soc. Amer., vol. 29, 1949) W, Werner and K. J, Sundquist (1949), On Hydrodynamic Farthquake Effects, Trans. Amer. Geophysical Union, vol. 30, 1949. 5. 1. S. Jacohaen and R. S. Ayre (1951), Hydrodynamic Experiments with Rigid Cylindrical Tanks Subjected to Transient Motions, Bull, Seism, Soc, Amer., vol, 41, 1951. 6, E, W, Graham and A, M, Rodriquez (1952), Characteristics of Fuel Motion Which Affect Airplane Dynamics, Journal of Applied Mechanics, vol. 19, no. 3, 1952, N, Zangar (1953), Hydrodynamic Pressures on Dams Due to Horizontal Earthquakes, Proc, Soc, Exper, Stress Analysis, vol, 10, no. 2, 1953, H, Jeffreys, Free Oscillations of Water in an Ellyptical Lake, Proc. London Math. Soc., vol. 23, 1924.