BOOK 1

INCIDENT PREVENTION
Incident an unexpected, unplanned event in a sequence of events that occurs through a combination
of causes which results in physical harm (injury, ill-health or disease) to individual, damage to properties,
a near miss, a loss or any combination of these effects.

1. Reasons for incident prevention

a) Legal reason OSHA specifically requires employers to prevent incidents and ill-health at
workplace.
b) Moral issue
c) Business reason
- Incidents lower productivity and therefore the profitability of an organization. Incident can
cause litigation which may not only cause the organization its profit but also its image.

2. Accident causation theory

a) Domino theory
-
Ancestry Person Hazard Accident Injury
An
Social Fault of worker Unsafe act/unsafe injury from an accident is the result of
environment of caused by the condition
personality a series of events or circumstances that
the worker
is dependent on each other. An accident
is the result of one of the five factors in a sequence

b) Loss causation Model Birds modified domino theory model

- Introduce the thought of managerial error into causation sequence.

Basic Causes Immediate Causes Incident ` Loss

Lack of Control
Threshold Limit

Inadequate
system Personal factors Substandard
Acts/Practices
Inadequate Job/system Event Unintended
standards factors Substandard damage/Harm
conditions
Inadequate
compliance
 i. Injuries are caused by accidents
ii. For every accident, there are immediate causes that are related to operational errors
iii. Operational errors are symptom of deeper underlying or basic causes related to
management errors.
iv. The absence of a system of effective control permits the existence of the factor referred to a
basic cause.

c) Multicausality accident model

- Refer to the fact that there is more than one cause to any accident
- 3rd act of Heinrich theory and represent unsafe act and unsafe condition.

SAFETY AND HEALTH POLICY, ORGANIZATION

AND ARRANGEMENTS
Policy statement is a document that sets out how the organization will manage safety and health in the
workplace

1. Importance of policy statement

a) Declare the commitment of top management. It can be used to guide the action of top
management.
b) As a starting point for planning and organizing activities for the whole company.
c) Morale booster as it shows that the management care about the welfare of the worker. The
d) Required by the law. OSHA 1994 states that an organization should have a written general
statement regarding safety and health.
2. Steps in implementing
i. Formulate and write the policy
ii. Implement policy by making arrangement
iii. Communicate the policy
iv. Monitor and revise necessarily
3. Guide for the formulation of the policy
- Specific and simple
- Measurable
- Achievable
- Reasonable
- Tractable
- Take into account the vision and goals
- Comply with regulations
- Comply with good industry practices
 - State the responsibilities of employees

4. Implementing the policies

a) Begin with goals, as stated in the policy
b) Establish OSH objectives based on identified risk
c) Establish programs
- Identify performance indicator to monitor program
- Provide resource
- Assign responsibilities
5. Policy monitoring
- Record Keeping
- Supervision
- Workplace inspection
- Auditing Accident/incident investigation
6. Reviewing and revising policy
- Done by committee
- Reasons;
i. Performance statistics shows that something drastic needs to be done.
ii. Operational changes such as mergers and sellout of parts of organization
iii. Learning from experience from inside or outside organization
iv. New legislation
v. Alteration of plant or processes
vi. New hazard identified
vii. Change of business (eg. from trading to manufacturing)

OSH RISK MANAGEMENT

Hazard A source or a situation with potential for harm in terms of human injury or ill health, damage to
property, damage to environment or a combination of these.

Danger Relative exposure to hazard

Risk Combination of the likelihood of an occurrence of a hazardous event with specified period or in
specified circumstances and the severity of injury or damage to the health of people, property,
environment or any combination of these caused by the event.

1. Risk Assessment
Process of evaluating the risk to safety and health arising from hazards at work. Risk Assessment
results is documented and used for:
a) Risk control in OSH management
b) Future reference and review

2. Basic principle of risk management

a) Integrate risk management as part of planning at all level of business
b) Accept no unnecessary risks
c) Make risk decisions appropriately
d) Accept risks when benefit outweigh costs
e) Manage the risk. Do program to minimize the risk or its impact

3. Risk Assessment
The reasons risk assessment is made are
a) Logical and cost-effective management of OSH
- Allow organization to understand hazards in organization and the risks present. Systematic
way of understanding hazard could allow better decision
b) Law Requirement
- OSHA 1994 Require employer to do this (General Duties of Employers and Self-employed
persons under section 15)
- OSH (Control of Industrial Major Accident Hazards) regulations 1996.
- OSH (Use and Standard of Exposure of Chemical hazardous to health) regulation 2000
c) Requirement of the standard systems
- MS 1722:2015
- OHSAS 18001
- ISO 14001, BS 8800, AZ4801

4. Risk Assessment of organization should be carried out for:

a) Routine and non-routine activities such as maintenance, shutdowns, abnormal operation
including emergencies.
b) Activities of all personnel having access to the workplace. Under OSHA, employers have the
duty to make workplace as a safe place to all people having access to it.
c) Facilities at workplace

5. Carry out assessment before, during and after operation

6. When to review risk assessment
a) Internal changes modification of plants, change in organization, intro to new materials,
processes or work procedures
b) External changes Amendment of laws and regulations or development in OSH knowledge
and technology
7. Hazard Identification
- Man human behavior, unsafe act
- Machinery Installation, layout and design of equipment
- Materials Substances such as chemicals and gases
- Method the way people carry their work
- Media Workplace condition.

8. Classification of hazard
Classification Hazard
Mechanical Struck by, pinched, stabbed, fall
Electrical Exposed wire
Biological Virus, bacteria and fungus
Chemical Exposed to corrosive and toxic chemical
Ergonomic Repetitive work
Psychosocial Stress

9. Hazard analysis
a) Jobs safety analysis
b) Hazards and operability study
c) Fault tree analysis
d) Failure mode and effect analysis
e) Event tree analysis
f) Hazards analysis
g) Checklist analysis
h) What if analysis
i) Relative ranking/Risk indexing
Risk Control

a) Hierarchy of control

Most Effective

Engine
ering
control
Fairly Effective
Elimina
tion

Admini
strative
Control

Isolatio
n

OSH PROMOTION Least Effective

Personal Protective Equipment
TRAINING & Substit
ution

COMMUNICATION
1. Why promote OSH?
a) Awareness on occupational safety and health and the company policy
b) To tell employee that the management care about them
c) Increase workers morale
d) Increase productivity
2. Promotional technique
a) Leading by example
b) Employee involvement
c) Use of rewards, incentives and disincentives
d) Best practice
e) Employee attitude survey
f) Communication
g) Training
3. Communication
a) Communication process
- Communication is a two-way process. A message may be misunderstood due to:
i. The education, experience and culture of the recipient. They integrate the message
in their own way.
 ii. Background noise and the hearing of the recipient.
iii. The perceived non-verbal message coming from the sender of the message
4. Nonverbal passive communications
a) Signs
- Notice boards
- Bulletins
- Newsletters
- Warning Signs
b) Label

Occupational Safety and Health (Use and Standards of Exposure of Chemicals Hazardous to
Health) Regulations 2000: Part VI and VII require labelling for the benefits of workers. Workers
need to know the chemical hazards that they are exposed through:

- Labels on containers of chemicals

- Data sheets- Safety Data Sheet (SDS) /Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
- Instruction manuals
5. Hazards communication
a) Benefits of hazard communication:
- Effective participation by employees
- Employees understand the hazards involved
- Employees take steps to protect themselves
- Involvement of employees in protective program
b) Principle of hazard communications
- Interactive- a two-way communication with the public and employees
- A continual and an ongoing process
- Information sharing encourages cooperation
- Require top management commitment
6. Dealing with conflict
- Conflicting interests and objectives of managers and employees. Can arise from production
and safety. Good motivational and communication techniques can serve to eliminate some
of these sources. Inadequate information. This could result in disagreement about what
constitutes safe equipment and safe workplace.
- Differing perceptions.
- Mismatch between general environment and work environment

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

PROGRAMS
Good organization always plan and have programs to implement its plan and policies in order to meet
its, objectives, targets and long-term goals.
OSHA 1994 requires that organization have programs to implement the mandatory occupational safety
and health policy

The purpose of the program is to ensure that:

a) The goals of the policy are implemented

b) At the minimum laws and regulations are complied with
c) Good operation of the organization s OSH management system
d) Continual improvement in OSH performance is implemented

1. Planning an OSH program

a) Always begin program planning with the goal and vision of the policy
b) Understand which relevant regulation applies.
c) Identify and prioritize occupational safety and health risks
d) Set objectives
e) Set indicator of success
f) Create an action plans with deadlines, resources and responsibilities for completion. The action
plan consists of:
- Objectives of the program
- Activities undertaken
- Resources to be made available (Technical, financial, human resources, expertise)
g) Time frame for completing program
h) Person who has authority and responsibility for achieving objectives
i) Monitor program for success and deviations

2. General responsibilities for OSH program

a) Top management
i. Overall responsibilities
ii. Provide resources to implement the policy
b) Line management and supervisors
i. Day to day tasks and responsibilities
ii. Ensuring that OSH is managed within their area of operations

3. Safe system of work

a) Identify required safe operating procedure
b) Write safe work instructions
c) Provide training
d) Ensure supervision
e) Monitor effectiveness of control measures and act accordingly
4. Example of safe system of work
a) Buddy system
b) Challenge-check system
c) Lifeguard system
d) Two-person system
e) Permit to work

5. General responsibilities for OSH Programs

a) Top Management
i. Overall responsibilities
ii. Provide resources to implement policy

b) Line Management and Supervisors

i. Day to day program tasks and responsibilities
ii. Ensuring OSH is managed within their area of operations

Include arrangement to resolve any conflict between OSH issues and productivity by escalation to
higher management.

c) Employee
i. Cooperate
ii. Obey rules and regulations
iii. Reporting
iv. Involvement in consultations

d) Specific responsibilities (preferably written in their job descriptions):

i. Those managing contractors
ii. Those responsible for OSH training
iii. Those responsible for plant and equipment
iv. OSH specialists; Industrial hygienist, Investigators and Auditors, Safety and Health
Officers, etc.

6. OSH Programs examples

a) Information, instruction and training
i. OSH promotion
ii. Awareness program
iii. Training/induction and other training
iv. Signs and labels
v. Toolbox meeting
vi. Communicating and consultation

b) The provision of systems of work

i. Procedures, training and supervision
ii. First Aid
iii. Emergency preparedness including evacuation, drill and emergency exercises.
 c) Arrangements for use or operation, handling, storage and transport of plant and substances
i. Assessment
ii. Hazard/Accident reporting
iii. PPE
iv. Showers

d) Provision of facilities for welfare of employees

i. Cafeteria
ii. Showers
iii. Washrooms

e) Implementing risk control

i. Priorities risk reduction program according to the hierarchy of control
ii. Establish System of Work if administrative control measures are required
iii. Inform and train affected employees before implementation of control measures
iv. Information and training is important especially when there is a decision to change
f) Safe System of work
i. A formal procedure to minimize remaining risks
ii. Should have safe working procedures for all jobs
iii. Examples where required, in particular:
Cleaning and maintenance operations
Working alone
Breakdowns
Emergencies
7. Safe system of works
a) Implementing
i. Identify required safety operating procedure
ii. Write safe work instructions
iii. Provide training
iv. Ensure supervision
v. Monitor effectiveness of control measures and accordingly

>> Safe system of work-Lone working

May include the Buddy System:

i. Challenge check system (e.g., aircraft checklists)

ii. Lifeguard system (e.g., jobs requiring lifelines and special protective gear)
iii. Two-person system (e.g., in electrical substation operation

Permit to work

Required:
 a) Electrical work
b) Entry into confined spaces e.g. vessels
c) Excavation work or demolition activities
d) Presence or possible release of:
i. Ionizing radiation, or flammable gases, liquid or dusts (possible risk of ignition by hot
work, electrical or electrostatic sources)
ii. Lone working in hazardous environments
e) Documentation
i. Written authority, e.g. to carry out maintenance in a confined space
ii. Issued by authorized person
iii. States job risk has been assessed
iv. Details safety precaution
v. Authorizes the work
vi. Permanent record of precautions taken
vii. Training and supervision
viii. Audit
8. The importance of human factors
a) Human factors can lead to accidents:
i. General health and fitness
ii. Complacency
iii. Fatigue, Boredom
iv. Rushing (cutting corners)
v. Panic in emergencies
vi. Over eagerness
vii. Inter group relationship
b) Build in fail-safe mechanism or remove the risk

PROCUREMENT AND CONTRACTOR

MANAGEMENT
1. Procurement policy

It is good management practice that before procurement of any substance or contractor service is
made the properties and the performance of those products and services be known and
precautionary measures taken before the substance or services are used.

2. Procurement procedures

In the procedure, the organization must make it known to contractors and supplier the organization
own occupational safety and health requirements before the procurement take place. For example,
the organization should inform contractors that they must conform to the organizations
requirement before they are allowed to bid for a tender and awarded contract. They must have good
occupational safety and health performance.

3. Planning

The organization has to understand the hazards and risks in the workplace and inform these to the
contractor to enable them to prepare an OSH program should they win the contract This information
is also included in the tender document priced. Contractor have to be informed that these
requirements must be fulfilled before they are allowed to work.

The identification of hazards and risks should continue during contract period and appropriate
actions to be taken by both organization and contractor.

Contracting procedures should also include reporting of contractor OSH violations and subsequent
actions. The term of contract should have a provision for contract termination for violations.
Contractor must report OSH performance and keep the Safety and Health Officer always informed.

In the case of substances, the organization has to acquire information such as, Material Safety Data
Sheet(MSDS), and comply with the precautions stated in the information before any substances or
equipment are used in the workplace.

4. Evaluation of Contractor Safety Performance

Contractor selection should be based on the review of the contractors injury and illness data for the
last 3 years. Reference have to be provided by the contractor. The organization then will verify this
information and background checks will be made. This check will include contractors previous
occupational safety and health performance with the organization.

5. Clarification and Pre-Mobilization Meeting

There should be a clarification meeting where the contractor should have prepared OSH plan for the
meeting. This is presented to the organization. The contracting officer, Project officer and safety and
Health Officer reviews safety requirements, discuss implementation of all SH provisions and then to
finalize the working OSH plan.

6. Orientation and training

The pre-job orientation and training must be completed before contractor personnel are allowed to
work.

Safety orientation should include a review of:

a) General safety rules and regulations

b) Emergency reporting and response procedures
c) Work permits procedures
d) Physical and chemical hazards
e) Other day to day issues.