CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The Philippiness Medical Research is growing steadfast due to the

emergence of medical foreign studies and research-oriented medical studies of
various universities of the country. Different fields are being immersed on by
researchers such as marine biology, agriculture, organic medicine, and many
others.

Ladderized fields on the rise of advanced research is biomechanics,

orthotics and prosthetics. The Philippines has indeed been exposed to the
science of these fields ever since but has never immersed into local education
until 2016, when the Exceed Worldwide Organization for Prosthetics and
Orthotics entered the Philippines and established Prosthetic and Orthotic
Education in University of the East Ramon Magsaysay (UERM).

At present, UERM offers undergraduate programs for Orthotics and

Prosthetics and Physical Therapy and applies their practices in their university
hospital, University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Medical Memorial Center
(UERM-MMC), which became a pioneer on local orthotic and prosthetic
healthcare.

Various techniques, theories

and procedures were used for
treatment but still, the Philippines is at
the conventional due to lack of
immersive training, research and
development. Hence, the project, and
will be explained further in the study.
Fig. 1.1. (Source:
http://www.npr.org/2014/11/11/358048818/theprostheticsi
ndustrygetsahumantouch)
1.1. BACKGROUND OF BIOMECHANICS
Biomechanics is the study
of the structure and function of
biological systems such as
humans, animals, plants, organs,
fungi, and cells by means of
methods of mechanics.
Biomechanics is closely related to

Fig. 1.1.1. (Source:

bioengineering due to its use of
http://www.scienceclarified.com/PhPy/Prosthetics.html 1/) conventional engineering
disciplines to analyze biological structure and composition. In example, some
simple uses of the Newtonian Mechanics and materials sciences can easily
correct calculations in regards of many biological systems. Also, Applied
Mechanics, which is evident in Mechanical Engineering disciplines such as
continuum mechanics, structural analysis, mechanism analysis, dynamics and
kinematics greatly benefits the study of the field, biomechanics.
Also, biomechanics contain various subfields that works as a system and
is ladderized which is as follows:
(a) Soft body dynamics
(b) Kinesiology (kinetics + physiology)
(c) Animal locomotion & Gait analysis
(d) Musculoskeletal & orthopedic biomechanics
(e) Cardiovascular biomechanics
(f) Ergonomics
(g) Human factors engineering & occupational biomechanics
(h) Implant (medicine), Orthotics & Prosthesis
(i) Rehabilitation / Therapy
(j) Sports biomechanics
(k) Injury biomechanics

These subfields are all around a system that works theoretically as a whole
to help in the perfect design of a prosthesis.

Extensive studies and researches on the field of Biomechanics varies on

many applications on human and animal life. The study of the field ranges from
 the inner workings of a cell, movement and development of arms and limbs,
and up until the mechanical properties of soft tissues and bones. Some basic
examples of these include the forces that acts on legs, the aerodynamics of a
bird and its flight, the hydrodynamics of swimming fish, locomotion on all basic
forms of life, from cells to organisms. Also, Biomechanics is applied in the study
of human musculoskeletal systems. These kinds of researches uses force
platform to analyze ground reaction forces and infrared videography in
capturing trajectories of markers attached to human body subjects in study of
human 3D motion.

Lastly, Biomechanics is also widely used in orthoses and prostheses in

design of orthopedic implants for human joints, external fixation, splinting,
dental parts and other medical purposes. It plays a major role in order to
improve the design and produce efficiently successful biomaterials used in
medical and clinical purposes. Simple examples of these are in tissue-
engineered cartilages and the prime concern of the study, prosthesis.

So far, the field of biomechanical research still never reached the

Philippines. The country still uses orthotic and prosthetic design resource and
standards from Cambodia and Sri Lanka, as provided by the Exceed Worldwide
Movement for Prosthetics and Orthotics.

1.2. BACKGROUND OF ORTHOTICS

Fig 1.2.1. Ankle-foot orthosis
(Source: www.rehab1oneop.com)
Orthotics is a specialist medical discipline in which
external orthoses or braces and supports are designed
and fitted to an individual to provide one or more of the
following: (a) correction or prevention of a physical
deformity; (b) stabilization of a joint or joints; (c) reduction
of pain; (d) improvement in mobility or performance; and
(e) reduction in the risk of injury.
In identifying needed orthoses, initial assessment
and gait analysis is performed to the patient. In the initial
assessment, the patients medical history, symptoms
and previous injuries, and takes into account the
 patients everyday lifestyle and typical footwear. Next, in the gait analysis, the
patient will observed in his posture, the structure, alignment, strength and range
of motion of the legs and feet, presenting symptoms and condition, the patients
current footwear for fit, wear patterns and function. Also, walking, sitting,
standing, is checked to identify existing accommodations and abnormalities.
After identification of treatment options and orthotic diagnoses, a 3-D
Cast is needed since manufacturing takes a minimum of one week to make,
approved casting techniques include foam box casting, plaster slipper casting,
wax molding, contact digitizing and laser/optical scanning.
After acquisition of custom-made orthoses, another gait analysis will be
performed to the patient, assessing the final posture and comfort and in-case,
can modify your orthoses on-site.
In summary, orthotists prescribe orthoses to either stabilize joints or fix
posture, stabilization orthoses may be motionless or mobile, and posture
fixations may be static, dynamic and compressive.

Fig. 1.2.2. Orthosis as a whole (Source: International Committee of the Red Cross)

Good patient education includes discussion of how orthotics should feel,

how to break them in, when they should be worn, how to take care of them and
your options if the patient is not satisfied. Also, a follow-up call for appointment
four to six weeks later must be done to perform another assessment.
1.3. BACKGROUND OF PROSTHETICS
Prosthetics is the branch of medicine that deals with the artificial
replacement of a missing body part while a prosthesis is the general term for
the artificial part itself that replaces the body part usually lost to disease or
injury. There are different kinds of prosthesis, it should be noted that the term
prosthetics does not refer only to the replacement of lost arms or legs. In fact,
the word prosthesis includes any artificial body part, and therefore includes
everything from a set of false teeth to an artificial breast for women who have
undergone a mastectomy.
And to fully understand the science of prosthetics and its applications, the
proponent traced back its timeline:

TABLE 1.3.1. History of Prosthetics (summarized)

PERIOD DESCRIPTION
Crude devices are used for missing legs; metal plates on
woden cores made by blacksmiths, armor makers, and
300 B.C.
other artisans who were skilled at using metal, wood, and
leather.
Ambroise Par who was a military surgeon, wrote a book
1579
on how he replaced maimed soldiers lost leg or arm.
Metal hooks attached by a wooden or leather shell and
1700s
leather straps were being use to replace missing hands.
Articulated joints or those that could bend began to replace
1800s
the stiff solid limb.
Due to over 30,000 amputation cases from the Union
American Civil War alone, a manufacturer in New York priced its wooden
(1891 1895) socket limbs anywhere from $75 to $150. Most of these
prostheses differed little from those of a century before.
Newer and lighter materials like plastics and aluminum
World War II were joined to newly-updated mechanical joints, and for
(1939 1945) the first time, prostheses became more comfortable and
easier to use.
Post-war The U.S. Veteran's Administration introduced mechanical
(1946 1950) arms were developed whose hook end could open or close
 with a shrug of the shoulder. Also, advances were also
made in the above knee and below knee devices for
amputees.
A new wave of needy amputees spurred further
Vietnam War
refinements in prosthetics, and by then electronic control
(1960s 1970s)
was being introduced.
Source : http://www.scienceclarified.com/PhPy/Prosthetics.html

Given this data, prosthetic scientists, prosthetic

Fig. 1.3.1. (Source:
http://www.scienceclarified.co
m/PhPy/Prosthetics.html)
surgeons and biomechanical engineers see the great need for
prosthetic innovation. Fortunately, the pioneering of a major
change in design is being taken as composite materials, such
as those that combine plastics and carbon fiber that became
the standard. These materials are stronger, more lightweight,
and more durable than the traditional materials. Silicon-based
compounds are used to make artificial arms and other
prosthesis that are not only softer
and more comfortable to wear
than the old design, but are also
more realistic and "body-looking".

Also, presently, computers are

being used to fully revolutionize
the manner of prostheses and not
just assist in the design and
manufacture of them. As a result
of this said innovations, artificial
eyes are now available to replace
damaged retina and allow certain
blind people to finally see basic
shapes and movements. Also, the
Fig. 1.3.2. (Source:
http://www.scienceclarified.com/PhPy/Prosthetics.html) start of Cochlear implants
stimulate the auditory nerve with electricity and allow certain deaf people to
hear at a certain extent.
 While some of these innovations are great in providing new/regained
abilities for movement, future systems being taken upon by scientists will be
truly more groundbreaking. Today's goal of prosthetic scientists and designers
is to design an active prostheses that works like muscles do. Meaning, they
serve as artificial muscles. Doing this is difficult since it means being able to
stimulate and detect sensory signals from the individual nerve cell. If ever this
is achieved, human can be truly melded with prostheses and a bionic man can
be truly possible and will not be fiction anymore.

1.4. BACKGROUND OF PHYSICAL THERAPY

Physical therapy provides services to individuals for development, maintenance

and restoration of maximum movement and functional ability throughout the rest of an
individuals lifespan. This includes providing services in conditions where movement
and function are susceptible by ageing, injury, disease or natural causes. Under
supervision of a physical therapist, physical therapy includes
examination/assessment, evaluation, diagnosis, prognosis, plan of care/intervention
and re-examination.

Physical Therapy Assessment includes: (1)The examination of individuals or

groups with actual or potential impairments, limitation on movement, health
restrictions, and abilities and disabilities through case-history, screening, tests and
measures, (2)The evaluation of the examination results through analysis and
synthesis within a process of clinical reasoning to determining the facilitators and
barriers to human functionality.

Diagnosis and prognosis is determined through results of the examination and

evaluation performed. It represents the outcome of the clinical process and
incorporation of basic information from other professionals as needed. This may be
movement dysfunctions or categories for impairments, activity limitations, participatory
restrictions, natural causes or abilities and disabilities. As part of prognosis, it includes
the identification of the need of care or intervention and its plan needed to the
development of the diagnosis, in collaboration of the patient, family, and caregiver (if
any).

Intervention and Treatment is implemented and modified to reach diagnostic

goals which is, manual handling, movement enhancement, functional training,
provision of assistive technologies, patient-related instruction and counselling,
documentation and communication. These treatments may also be aimed at
prevention of impairments and promotion and maintenance of health, quality of life,
workability and fitness in all ages and population.

And after weeks of treatment, re-evaluation is done to oversee how the

treatment is working and if additional intervention and change of treatment plan is
needed.

Physical therapy ranges from number of treatments. At present, various

treatments are commonly used like walk treatments, sports treatments, acupuncture,
massage routines, liniments, equestrian therapy, and the new emerging physical
treatment, dance movement therapy.

1.5. BACKGROUND OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT

Research Universities are state universities whose prime mission is to generate

research and produce graduate students. In the United States of America, these
research universities are emerging and some of these examples are Yale, UCLA, MIT,
University of Wisconsin and the University of Texas.

The main mission of a research university is to produce new and exciting

research, and to do that it needs to provide the best equipment of knowledge to its
student, professors and even the field of study, through extensive possibilities of
experimentation and application. Research universities in the Philippines as appointed
by the Commission on Higher Education last 2011 are: University of the Philippines,
University of Santo Tomas and Mapua Institute of Technology.

The proposed project contains a research college for biomechanics, orthotics,

prosthetics and physical therapy, the local university hospital and veterinary prosthetic
center, a manufacturing facility for orthoses and prostheses, and a physical therapy
center.

The inclusion of a research college and a local university college aims to

achieve the three-part stage of education in a single development which is the concept
of discovery, learning and application.
 The inclusion of a manufacturing facility for orthoses and prostheses, a
prosthetic center, and therapy center aims to include the ladderized process of
prosthetic healing, which is diagnosis, manufacture, prostheses, therapy, and re-
evaluation towards normal life.

1.6. BACKGROUND OF THE RESEARCH TOPIC

Bridging the Link of Architecture and Dance through Buildings
Architecture and Dance, as both are branches of the Humanities, share
similar and identical languages. Both fields share the concept of space and
time, with Architecture being experienced by the human body through
movement over time whilst Dance is the movement of the body in space over
time. Also, they share the contexts of rhythm, harmony, visual texture, view,
light, orientation, order, pattern, shape, form, perspective, size, position,
texture, color, emphasis and many others.
In this study, the proponent aims to research, explore and innovate the
creative process of the design of architecture by bridging its link with the distinct
yet similar language of dance. Also, it aims to project the concept of movement
through an architectural space that enhances movement.
The Language and Creative Process of Architecture
Designing buildings and architecture uses a creative process, applies
several theories and concepts to further achieve an efficient erection of any
edifice. In designing buildings, an architect must consider great orientation,
space configuration and time-efficiency to make the structure worth its efforts.
Also, for visual contact to others, consideration for aesthetics is greatly
considered in the said process, where concepts of rhythm, harmony, view, light,
color, form, shape, pattern, order, visual texture and many others are
considered for a layman or non-architecture folk to appreciate the architecture.
Lastly, it considers space by strategically designing it and time by making
it last and flexible through changes by making it circulation-wise, passively
efficient and maintenance-less.
The Language and Creative Process of Dance
Dance, like Architecture, has a creative process for an appreciative
output. In the fields language, it is called choreography. Choreography is the
 process of arranging various body movements, in sync of musical
accompaniment which results to a dance piece.
In the process of choreography, rhythm is established through time,
through syncing with musical accompaniment. Harmony is how movement is
established to be a part of other movements formed. And choreographers
achieve variety in dance with consideration to pattern (1-8 beat count), shape
(visual shapes formed), order (the order and change of movement), and many
others. Whilst size is considered in choreographing in groups, this pertains to
the number of people. (See Fig. 1.6.1 to 1.6.3.). View and orientation is referred
to as blockings in dance language, but this concerns a full capture of audience
view, music audibility, movement clarity and lighting. It also tackles visual
texture (see Fig. 1.6.4.) and perspective (Fig 1.6.5.).

Fig 1.6.1. Solo dance (Source: Fig. 1.6.2. Dance for three (Source: Fig. 1.6.3. Group dance (Source:
Pillowtalk by Julian Trono; clipped) No Filter by Nikolai Balbon; Royal Family in World Of Dance
clipped) 2015; clipped)

Fig 1.6.1. to Fig. 1.6.3. shows the concept of size in dance varying from solo, duo, trio to group.

Fig 1.6.4. (Source: Middle by Fig 1.6.5. (Source: ABDC8,

UPeepz; clipped) Week 3, IaMmE Crew; clipped)

Fig. 1.6.4 and 1.6.5 shows the importance of view, position and orientation in dance to achieve and improve visual texture and
perspective.

In dance, texture, emphasis and color takes its toll on costumes (See Fig
1.6.6. to 1.6.8.). Costumes help in emphasizing movement on arms, limbs, or
head, depending on preference. And emphasis are achieved in color and
texture synced with stage lighting.
Fig. 1.6.6. shows the importance of
costume texture, color and light to
improve emphasis in dance.
(Source: 24K Magic by Ian
Eastwood & the Young Lions;
clipped)
Fig. 1.6.7. shows the importance of
costume texture, color and light to
improve unity in dance. (Source:
ABDC Season 6, Week 3,
ReQuest Dance Crew; clipped)
Fig. 1.6.8. shows the importance of
color and light to improve
ambience and emphasis in dance.
(Source: Dangerous Woman by
Julian Trono; clipped)

And like architecture, its main concern is space and time. It concerns
space in such a way that it takes up space in a creative way and in a certain
span of time, a span of time which audience must fully appreciate every
movement, and make a mark in the audiences memory.

2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

According to the 2010 Census of the National Statistics Office, 37 out of 1,000 of
the Philippines population is considered a Person with Disability, either born or
amputated.

With this data presented, NSO claims that out of the 92.1 million household
population in the country, 1,445,970 persons or 1.57 percent has disability, as
reflected on the table below:

Table 2.1.
Household Population and Persons with Disability by Region, Philippines, 2010
Proportion of
Household Persons with
Household Population Disabilities
Region Population with to the
(in 1,000) Disabilities Household
(in 1,000) Population
(in percent)
Philippines 92, 098 1, 443 1.57
 National Capital Region (NCR) 11, 797 157 1.41
Cordillera Administrative Region
1, 612 26 1.83
(CAR)
Region I Ilocos 4, 743 78 1.74
Region II Cagayan Valley 3, 226 56 1.72
Region III Central Luzon 10, 118 139 1.38
Region IV-A CALABARZON 12, 583 193 1.53
Region IV-B MIMAROPA 2, 732 50 1.85
Region V Bicol 5, 412 100 1.85
Region VI Western Visayas 7, 090 138 1.95
Region VII Central Visayas 6, 785 109 1.6
Region VIII Eastern Visayas 4, 090 72 1.75
Region IX Zamboanga
3, 398 46 1.35
Peninsula
Region X Northern Mindanao 4, 295 67 1.56
Region XI Davao 4, 453 71 1.5
Region XII SOCCSKSARGEN 4, 103 59 1.43
Autonomous Region of Muslim
3, 249 35 1.07
Mindanao (ARMM)
Region XIII Caraga 2, 425 38 1.58
Source: National Statistics Office, 2010 Census of Population and Housing

And to cater the medical needs of all PWDs of the Philippines. The Philippine
Health Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth) formulated the ZMORPH (Mobility,
Orthosis, Rehabilitation, Prosthesis Help) package for People with Disabilities last
2011 which covered 15,000 pesos per lower limb.

But after 5 years of the package, 2016, PhilHealth President and Chief
Executive Officer Alexander A. Padilla, reviewed the ZMORPH package and
expanded it.

The move to expand the package inclusions is in support of the United Nations
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and Rights of the Child wherein
21 countries, including the Philippines, are signatories to the APEC Global Friends of
Disability. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), "...people with
disabilities have the same general health care needs as others, but they are twice as
likely to find health care providers skills and facilities inadequate. They are also three
times as likely to be denied health care as the general population, and twice as likely
to suffer catastrophic health expenditures..."

However, due to the Philippiness lack of prosthetic and orthotic resource, these
PhilHealth Benefits can only be taken in four agencies namely: University of the East
Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center (UERMMMC), University of the
Philippines Philippine General Hospital (UP-PGH) and Southern Philippines Medical
Center in Davao City; and Zamboanga Medical Center, of which UERMMMC solely
specializes in. Hence, the project.

While in architectural design, different approaches on technology and dynamic

facades rose and continually grows, but the creative process and conceptualization
side of architecture was not given of equal innovation. And as a stepping stone for
this, bridging the link of architecture and dance will be studied. For the development
to touch these concerns, the study aims to answer the following queries:

1. How can the lack of research and healthcare to PWDs in the

Philippines be strengthened architecturally?
2. In what ways can a structure for PWDs, functioning to provide
additional movement capabilities, be designed with the language of
dancing?
3. In what ways can the creative process and conceptualization of
architectural design be innovated?
4. How can be the language of architecture and dance create a
holistically-designed structure without compromising the architectural
standards?

3. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The project can serve four types of people; the PWDs, students, researchers and
people of medicine (doctors, nurses, therapists, etc.) and animals with disabilities. The
idea is to open more doors for immersive, local, and hands-on research for
biomechanics, orthotics and prosthetics.

The research implies to perform a comprehensive and holistic approach towards

architectural design by meeting the typology and projects needs whilst innovating the
creative process of design by linking its current language with the language and
creative process of dance. Facets of the proposals concept will be as follows:

1. Active immersion of research through incorporation with education and

healthcare services. Providing a conglomerate complex of education, research
and healthcare can cover the process of discovery, teaching, and applying in a
single development.
2. Provide a passively-efficient structure whilst improving the creative process of
architectural design. The development will still meet the diminishing
environmental impact, which is simultaneously being the standard and is
evident in modern architectural design while researching, exploring and
innovating its creative process.
3. Create a design language which is a linkage of the language of dance and the
language of architecture. The research aims to innovate the conventional and
contemporary design process by merging the language of architecture with
other creative languages, in this case, dance.

Moreover, the study will also be used as a model of improving the field of medicine
by providing a conglomerate complex of research, education and healthcare and also
a model of improvement for architectural design by providing a link between the
languages of architecture and design in the creative process of dance as equals.

4. GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

The main goal of the project is to propose a conglomerate complex which caters
people and animals with disabilities to support their need for additional abilities and
capabilities, which in contrast, developed through a creative process of movement,
which is dance.

Specific Objectives:

1. Design a multi-use facility for research, education, therapy and healthcare for
biomechanics, orthotics, prosthetics and physical therapy.
2. Design a school for biomechanics, orthotics and prosthetics that can help widen
research for the field and perform hands-on application of theories and studies of
said field.

3. Design a passively-efficient structure through the language of architecture and

dance through its designs.

4. Contribute to research a possibility of a wider language for architecture through

linkage of the architectural language with other languages of arts, in this study,
the language of dance.

5. SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

5.1. Scope of the Study

The research suggests the affectivity of the development towards the needs of
people and animals with disabilities with regards for orthotics, prosthetics and physical
therapy, without disregarding the passive and active efficiency of a contemporary
architectural development. This also contains the exploration, analyses and innovation
of the architectural design and its creative process by the linkage of the architectural
language with the language of dance. Other inclusions of the study are:

1. The developments target users and the flow of operations on and between
structures and spaces provided.

2. The creative processes of architecture and dance and the manner of how the
proponent will engage the research topic.

3. Site investigation, study and analysis for choosing the best location for the
development.
 4. Providing environmentally-friendly solutions for the redevelopment of the
chosen site.

5. Determining legal laws, guidelines, ordinances and development plans that can
help justify and further reinforce the feasibility of the proposal.

6. Provision of the design spaces, both technical and conceptual, proper

application of design theories, cost budget sourcing, project funding and the
overall building design concept.

5.2. Delimitations of the Study

The project is delimited in the scientific, systematic and technical aspect in terms
of the structural analysis. The structural analyses delimited covers the layout,
technicalities and specifications of mechanical, electrical, computation of loads,
mechanical, construction details and shop drawings, structural computations of loads,
soil boring tests, soil surveys and structural systems.

This research however present general concepts and applications of certain

structural technologies to be applied to further achieve active and passive efficiency.
These technologies is at fare with the Philippine Construction at any way. Certain
mechanical and electrical details will be inserted wherein energy conserving and
energy conversion is concerned, but will not be discussed in immersive detail. This
study also delimits the computation of energy saved and rate of efficiency towards
active and passive efficiency of the development proposal.

6. JUSTIFICATIONS OF THE STUDY

According to the Philippine Health Insurance Corporations (PhilHealth) Z MORPH

(Z Benefits for Mobility, Orthosis, Rehabilitation and Prosthetic Help) Package, in
support with the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
and Rights of the Child, PhilHealth can shoulder expenses for prosthetic need and
physical therapy for prosthesis acquisition. Although, this said package is only
available in a prosthetic specialized hospital and the Philippine General Hospital, and
at present UERM is the only prosthetic specialized hospital in the Philippines. With
this, and the addition of orthotic and prosthetic specialty other than UERM, hence the
project, widens possibilities for the proposal affectivity to reach out to the people and
animals with disabilities.

On the other hand, the focus of the research topic is the linking of the architectural
design language and process with the creative process of dance to further expand
design possibilities applied in a conglomerate complex for human and animal use.
Also, still considering the help in affectivity of an immersed and hands-on research,
education, healthcare and therapy for people and animals with disabilities.

7. DEFINITION OF TERMS
7.1. Contextual Terms
Bioengineering - It is a branch of engineering which
concerns biological and anatomical aid
and innovation.
Biomechanics - It is the biological study of structure and
function of systems in human, animal,
plants, organs, fungi and cells through
mechanics.
Blockings - It refers to the concept of position, with
respect to orientation in dance.
Choreography - It is the process of dance wherein various
mixtures of body forms and movement is
artistically formed to order.
Conglomerate - A merging of different, yet connected
functions without physically merging them.
Dance / Movement Therapy - An emerging trend for Physical Therapy
which implies dancing for movement
regeneration.
Orthosis / Orthoses - An orthopedic appliance used to support,
align, prevent, or correct deformities of a
body part, or improve the function of
moveable parts of the body.
Orthotics - A field of medicine concerned with
supporting, straightening, aligning and
correcting bones and preventing,
stabilizing and improving posture.
Physical Therapy - Is concerned with maximizing quality of life
and movement potential within the
spheres of promotion, prevention,
treatment/intervention, habilitation and
rehabilitation.
Prostheses - A replacement body part.

Prosthetics - A field of medicine concerned with

replacement of body parts.

Research University - These are universities whose prime

mission is to generate research and
produce graduate students.
Therapy Center - These are forms of rehabilitation centers
whose sole concern is to habilitate,
rehabilitate, and improve physical
capacity.
University Hospital - These are hospitals which is a form of
social applications of a medical
college/university through service and
healthcare.
7.2. Operational Terms
Passively efficient - Providing architectural efficiency (i.e.
energy and water-saving) without aid of
technological applications.
Actively efficient - Providing architectural efficiency through
technological applications (i.e., rainwater
harvesting, aquaponics, etc.)
7.3. Abbreviations
PhilHealth - Philippine Health Insurance Corporation

PWD - Person with Disability / People with

Disability

UERM - University of the East Ramon

Magsaysay

UERM-MMC - University of the East Ramon

Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center

WHO - World Health Organization

ZMORPH Package - Z Benefits for Mobility, Orthoses and

Prosthetics Help Package