SUMMARY 7th CEMA PDF

Conveyor Equipment Manufacturers Association
5672 Strand Ct., Suite 2, Naples, Florida 34110

Tel: (239) - 514-3441 Fax: (239) - 514-3470
Web Site: http://www.cemanet.org
ERRATA
BELTCONVEYORSFORBULKMATERIALS,7thedition
As of February 1, 2015
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NewErrataItemsarelistedbelowin'Red'.ThepagesfollowingthelistedErratawillreflectthe
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'error'inredonthelefthandsideandthenthecorrectedpagewillbeontherighthandside.
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CHAPTER4
PY
Page69
O
Movecloseparenthesisinequation4.15
,C
ChangeofequationreferenceinAmeaning(Equation4.12shouldreadEquation4.5)
15
20
Page72
1,
Changeoffigurereferenceinfigure4.21(Figure4.24shouldreadFigure4.11or4.13)
B
Page74
FE
Changeofequationreferenceinequation4.25(Equation4.26shouldreadEquation4.15)
A,
Changeinelementsofequation4.26(bcshouldreadwsindenominator)
AT
Changeinelementsofequation4.28asfollow:
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ER

K
O
Page75
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.B
Change of figure reference in figure 4.29 (Figure 4.25 should read Figure 4.23 or Figure
4.21withA=As)
ed
AftervalueofAs,addws=0.6667
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7T
Changeinelementsofdsformulaasfollow:
A
EM
Page76

LacksaSquarefunction(Itshouldread )inequation4.32
Page78
Change of equation reference in figure 4.37 (Figure 4.28 should read Equation 4.11 and
4.13)

Removeoneofsubws(shouldread )intheformulaofAf.
THE VOICE OF THE CONVEYOR INDUSTRY OF THE AMERICAS

Page80
Changetablereferenceinfigure4.38(Table4.44shouldreadTable4.43)
CHAPTER5
Page109
Changeinfigure5.31.(ItshouldreadK3A500(rpm)/n(rpm))
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CHAPTER6
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Page148
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IG
Changeinelementsofformulainfigure6.15asfollow:
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PY

,C
Page151
15
ChangeCss=2xmssto2xssinnomenclaturetable.
20
Page153
ChangeRistoRrisinequation6.25 1,
B
Page154
FE
Addft(m)attheendofSinmeaning(Itshouldreadnft(m))
A,
Page160
AT
Changeinelementsofformulasinfigure6.40asfollow:
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ER
K
O
O

.B
Page161
ed
ChangeintheKbiRLmeaning(Equation6.60shouldreadEquation6.57)
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Page163
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With:DmEquation6.70shouldreaddmfromEquation4.17forDmusingAfromEquation
A
EM
4.5forAs, =bulkdensity,Si=idlerspacing
Pages164
Correctionsintable6.47toType2Rubbervaluesfromconstanta1totheend.
Page165
Type1tableshouldbelabeledType3andType3tableshouldbelabeledType1intable
6.48.


Page167
Infigure6.50,Typos(9.4oC)shouldread(9.4oC)inoperatingtemperature.
Page169
Pj2shouldtobeaddedinKbiRSformula
T0=9.4CshouldreadT=9.4C
Move the 3 lines starting at From table 6.47 up to ahead of s =
Replace (15F - 32F)/1.8 with -9.4C; 9.4C in the numerator should read -9.4C
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The value of s should read 0.754 in xF formula
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Page170
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IG
Pj2shouldtobeaddedinKbiRSformula
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Move From F calculation: ... down to directly above "Since the value wiW
PY
Move the finish xP calculation below of From Table 6.47
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,C
9.4C should read - 9.4C in xP formula (2 Places)
15
Eliminate -0.756 from xp calculations
20
Page171
RemovePj2in Tbi2formula 1,
B
Add formula for KbiR-S including Pj2 below Calculate KbiR-S
FE
Delete entire line "BW = 48 in ...."

A,
Move the line "Xld =..." to below "Use Rbi = 1.0 line
AT
Add x Pj2; x 0.0792 and change the result to =0.02064 in KbiR-S formula and move it up to under For
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ER
fabric belts: csd =...

Remove x Pj2 in the Note and 0.25 should read 0.0206
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O
Page173
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.B
ChangeinwRRIRandwRLmeanings(lbf/imshouldreadlbf/in).
ed
CHAPTER8
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Page328
A
InEquation8.33,2insuperscriptshouldbeaddedinDformulaasfollow:
EM
C

CHAPTER12
Page538
InFigure12.73,inthedrawingshouldbei


Page552
InFigure12.95,Replace:'Vs=TangentialVelocity,fps,ofthecrosssectionalareacenter
of gravity of the load shape' with: Vs=Velocity of the load cross section used for
plottingthetrajectory
Page559
InFigure12.109,Greeklettersareincorrect,thereisafonterrorforphidescribingthe
angle of incline of the conveyor. It is showing the 'capital phi' not in lower case as it
shouldbe.(shouldbe(2places)andshouldbe(1place)).
Page560
In the paragraph between Equation 12.111 and Equation 12.112; the reference to Table
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TE
4.4,shouldreadTable4.6.
In the Figure 12.110, this should read: Vs = Velocity of the load cross section used for
H
IG
plottingthetrajectory:
1. Belt velocity, V, is used as the velocity of the material at its center of mass if the
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PY
dischargepointisatthetangencyofthebelttodischargepulley(Vs=V)
2. Velocity of the material at its center of mass, Vcg, is used as the velocity of the
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material for all other conditions of discharge after the point of belttodischarge
,C
pulleytangency.(Vs=Vcg)
15
20

1,
B
FE
A,
AT
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ER
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.B
ed
H
7T
A
EM
C

4
CAPACITIES, BELT WIDTHS AND SPEEDS
CEMA Standard Cross Sectional Area, As

s , for standard CEMA three equal roll troughing idlers based on the
average CEMA center roll length circular surcharge surface and the CEMA standard belt edge.

wmc calculated from bw and with bwe set to the standard dimensions:
D
move close parenthesis to the end
TE
sin(s ) cos(s )
b sin() cos()
H
As = 2 BW2 r 2 sch s
+ c b wmc sin() + b wmc

2
2
IG
2
2
2
R
PY
Equation 4.15
As, CEMA standard cross sectional area
O
,C

15
w = b c + 2 b wmc cos()
20

Equation 4.16 1,

B
with standard cross sectional area As
FE

A,
A
= Standard material cross sectional area based on design criteria [ft 2 (m2 )] (Equation 4.12)
AT
As = CEMA Standard Cross Sectional Area, bulk material cross sectional area based on three equal roll CEMA
R
troughing idler, the surcharge angle with circular top surface, and standard edge distance [ft2 (m2 )]
ER
BW = Belt width, [in (mm)]

b c = Dimensionless ratio of the effective upper surface of the belt above the center roll to the belt width, BW
K
bd = Dimensionless ratio of maximum depth of material above the belt at the center roll to the belt width, BW
O
bwe = Dimensionless ratio of the standard edge distance to the belt width, BW
O
bwmc = Dimensionless ratio of the length of material on the wing roll to the belt width, BW
.B
dm = Dimensionless ratio of depth of the material above the belt at the center roll to the belt width, BW
ed
w = Dimensionless ratio of the widest part of the load to the belt width, BW
= Idler trough angle, (degrees when used with a trig function, otherwise radians)
H
7T
s = Material surcharge angle, (degrees when used with a trig function, otherwise radians)
rsch = Dimensionless ratio of the radius tangent to the surcharge angle at the belt edge to the belt width, BW
A
EM
C
bc
cos() b wmc
dm = b wmc sin() + 2 + (1 cos(s ))
sin(s ) sin(s )

Equation 4.17
dm

standard cross sectional area, As
69
4
CEMA Standard Cross Sectional Area, As

s , for standard CEMA three equal roll troughing idlers based on the
average CEMA center roll length circular surcharge surface and the CEMA standard belt edge.

wmc calculated from bw and with bwe set to the standard dimensions:
D
TE
s sin(s ) cos(s ) b sin() cos()
H
As = 2 BW2 r 2
2 + c b wmc sin() + b wmc
2

IG
2 2 2
R
PY
Equation 4.15
As, CEMA standard cross sectional area
O
,C

15
w = b c + 2 b wmc cos()
20

Equation 4.16 1,

B
with standard cross sectional area As
FE

A,
A = Standard material cross sectional area based on design criteria [ft 2 (m2 )] (Equation 4.5)
AT
As = CEMA Standard Cross Sectional Area, bulk material cross sectional area based on three equal roll CEMA
R
troughing idler, the surcharge angle with circular top surface, and standard edge distance [ft2 (m2 )]
ER
BW = Belt width, [in (mm)]

b c = Dimensionless ratio of the effective upper surface of the belt above the center roll to the belt width, BW
K
bd = Dimensionless ratio of maximum depth of material above the belt at the center roll to the belt width, BW
O
bwe = Dimensionless ratio of the standard edge distance to the belt width, BW
O
bwmc = Dimensionless ratio of the length of material on the wing roll to the belt width, BW
.B
dm = Dimensionless ratio of depth of the material above the belt at the center roll to the belt width, BW
ed
w = Dimensionless ratio of the widest part of the load to the belt width, BW
= Idler trough angle, (degrees when used with a trig function, otherwise radians)
H
7T
s = Material surcharge angle, (degrees when used with a trig function, otherwise radians)
rsch = Dimensionless ratio of the radius tangent to the surcharge angle at the belt edge to the belt width, BW
A
EM
C
bc
cos() b wmc
dm = b wmc sin() + 2 + (1 cos(s ))
sin(s ) sin(s )

Equation 4.17
dm

standard cross sectional area, As
69
4
Example: Non-standard Edge Distance

Assume: CEMA standard three equal roll troughing idler,
Q = 1800 tph, V = 500 fpm, m = 60 lbf/ft 3
Given: BW = 48.0 inches, = 35 degrees, s = 20 degrees
From Figure 4.24: bc = 0.3762 and b w = 0.3119
Figure 4.11 or 4.13
D
t lbf lbf
TE
Q 1800 2000 3,600,000
A = = h t = h = 2.0 ft 2
H
V m 500
ft
60
min
60 3
lbf
1,800,000
lbf
IG
min h ft h ft 2
R
PY
cos()2
a' = ( s sin( s ) cos( s )) + cos() sin()
sin( s )2
O
(0.8192)
2
,C
= ((0.3491 0.3420) 0.9397) + 0.8192 0.5736
(0.3420)2
15
= 5.7359 0.02774 + 0.4699 = 0.6290
20
cos() 1,
b' = b c sin() + b c ( s sin( s ) cos( s ))
sin( s )
2
B
FE
0.8192
= 0.3762 0.5736 + 0.3762 2 (0.3491.3420 0.9397)
(0.3420)
A,
= 0.2158 + 2.6349 0.02774 = 0.2889

AT
R
A 1 b2 c
= + 2 ( s sin( s ) cos ( s ))
ER
c'
BW2 4 sin( s )
in2
K
2.0 144
O
2
=- ft 2 + 0.25 0.3762 0.02774
O
(48.0)
2
0.34202
.B
= -0.125 + 0.3024 0.02774 = - 0.1166

ed
(b') - 4 a' c' 0.2889 + (0.2889) 4 0.6290 (0.1166)

2 2
H
-b' +
b wmc = =
7T
2 a' 2 0.6290
0.2889 + 0.3769
A
= = 0.2583
1.2580
EM
C
b we = b w - b wmc = 0.3119 0.2583 = 0.05360

B we = b we BW = 0.05340 48.0 in = 2.6 in (65 mm)
Figure 4.21
Example of calculating non standard belt edge distance from
known idler, belt width and cross sectional area, A
72
4
Example: Non-standard Edge Distance

Assume: CEMA standard three equal roll troughing idler,
Q = 1800 tph, V = 500 fpm, m = 60 lbf/ft 3
From Figure 4.11 or 4.13: bc = 0.3762 and b w = 0.3119
D
t lbf lbf
1800 2000
TE
Q 3,600,000
A = = h t = h = 2.0 ft2
V m ft min lbf lbf
H
500 60 60 3 1,800,000
h ft2
IG
min h ft
R
PY
cos()2
a' = (s sin(s ) cos(s )) + cos() sin()
sin(s )2
O
(0.8192)
2
,C
= ((0.34910.3420) 0.9397) + 0.8192 0.5736
(0.3420)2
15
= 5.7359 0.02774 + 0.4699 = 0.6290
20
cos() 1,
b' = bc sin() + b c (s sin(s ) cos(s ))
sin(s )
2
B
FE
0.8192
= 0.3762 0.5736 + 0.3762 2 (0.3491.3420 0.9397)
(0.3420)
A,
= 0.2158 + 2.6349 0.02774 = 0.2889

AT
R
A 1 b2 c
2 ( s sin( s ) cos ( s ))
ER
c' = +
sin(s )
2
BW 4
K
in2
2.0 144
O
2
=- ft2 + 0.25 0.3762 0.02774
O
(48.0)
2
0.34202
.B
= -0.125 + 0.3024 0.02774 = - 0.1166

ed
-b' + (b') - 4 a' c' 0.2889 + (0.2889) 4 0.6290 (0.1166)

H
2 2
bwmc = =
7T
2 a' 2 0.6290
0.2889 + 0.3769
A
= = 0.2583
EM
1.2580
C
b we = b w - b wmc = 0.31190.2583 = 0.05360

B we = b we BW = 0.05340 48.0 in = 2.6 in (65 mm)
Figure 4.21
Example of calculating non standard belt edge distance from
known idler, belt width and cross sectional area, A
72
4

s, is greater than the standard center roll effective
width, bc 4.15
bs b c
If ws > b c recalculate As (Equation 4.26) using: bwmc =
2 cos()
Equation 4.25
D

TE
H
IG
1 sin() (b2c - b2s )
A

bs 2 - cot ( s )
-
2
R
s
-
BW2 4 sin(s )
4 cos()
PY
dms =
b s Ws
O
,C
Equation 4.26
15
dms

20
Dms = dms BW 1,
B
FE
Equation 4.27
Dms

A,
Ws
AT
d ws
W
bs b c 1 1
tan() + bms + s
R
b
ds =
sin(s ) tan(s )
ER
2 2
K
Equation 4.28
O
ds

O
.B
ed
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7T
A
EM
C
74
4

s, is greater than the standard center roll effective
width, bc
ws b c
If ws > b c recalculate As (Equation 4.15) using: bwmc =
2 cos()
Equation 4.25
D

TE
H
IG
1 sin() (b2c - w2s )
A
ws 2 - cot ( s ) -
2
R
s
-
BW2 4 sin(s ) 4 cos()
PY
dms =
ws
O
,C
Equation 4.26
15
dms

20
Dms = dms BW 1,
B
FE
Equation 4.27
Dms

A,
AT
ws b c 1 1
tan() + dms + s
R
w
ds =
sin(s ) tan(s )
ER
2 2
K
Equation 4.28
O
ds

O
.B
ed
H
7T
A
EM
C
74
4
Figure 4.23 or Figure 4.21 with A =As
Example: Height of Bulk Material between Skirtboards, Ds

and Dms
From Figure 4.25 bc = 0.3762 bs = 0.6667 As = 1.8 ft2 Ws = 0.6667
Calculate the heigth of material rubbing on the skirtboards:
D
1 sin() (b2c - b2s )
TE
As
2 - cot ( s )
-
2

- bs s

BW2 4 sin(s )
4 cos()
H
dms =
IG
bs
R
in2
1.8 144 (
(0.3762) -(0.6667) )
PY
2 2
ft2 - 1 0.4445 0.3491 - (2.7475)

- 0.5736

(48.0)2 4 (0.3420)2 4 0.8192
O
=
,C
0.6667
15
0.1125[ 0.1111 (.2272)(0.1434 -0.3699 ] (0.11250.07828)
20
= = = 0.05133
0.6667 0.6667
1,
B
Dms = dms BW = 0.05133 48.0 = 2.5 in (62.5 mm)
FE
Ws d Ws
Calculate the maximum depth of material between the skirboards:
A,
1 1
AT
bs b c
tan() + bms + s
b
ds =
2 2 sin(s ) tan(s )

R
ER
0.66670.3762 0.6667 1 1
0.7002 + 0.05133 +
=
2 2
x 0.3420 0.3640
= 0.1017 + 0.05133 + 0.05890 = 0.2119

O
O
Ds = ds BW = 0.2119 x 48.0 = 10.2 in (232 mm)

.B
ed
Figure 4.29

H
7T

A
make experience based choices to modify the recommended measurements. The width of the skirtboards
EM

as, samplers or dust collection, or anticipated mistracking. Multiple loading points on a belt require either
C
skirting the multiple load points as one continuous skirtboard, or making successive skirtboards wider in
the direction of belt travel. The lump size discussion in this chapter governs the belt width and therefore

skirtboard should be generous enough to handle the lump sizes, and to allow for the material volume in
the turbulent loading area having a loose bulk density. The height and length of the skirtboard is often
!

aid in controlling dust exiting the skirtboarded area.
75
4
Example: Height of Bulk Material between Skirtboards, Ds

and Dms
From Figure 4.23 (or Figure 4.21 with A = As ) b c = 0.3762 ws = 0.6667 As = 1.8 ft2
Calculate the height of material rubbing on the skirtboards:
D
1 sin() (b2c - b2s )
TE
As
2 - cot ( s ) -
2

- bs s

BW2 4 sin(s ) 4 cos()
H
dms =
IG
bs
R
in2
1.8 144 (
(0.3762) -(0.6667) )
PY
2 2
ft2 - 1 0.4445 0.3491 - (2.7475) - 0.5736

(48.0)2 4 (0.3420)2 4 0.8192
O
=
,C
0.6667
15
= 0.1125[ 0.1111 (.2272)(0.1434 -0.3699] = (0.11250.07828) = 0.05133
20
0.6667 0.6667
1,
B
Dms = dms BW = 0.05133 48.0 = 2.5 in (62.5 mm)
FE
Calculate the maximum depth of material between the skirtboards:

A,
1 1
AT
ws b c

ws
ds = tan() + bdms
ms +
2 2 sin(s ) tan(s )
R
ER
0.66670.3762 0.6667 1 1
0.7002 + 0.05133 +
=
2 2
x 0.3420 0.3640
K
= 0.1017 + 0.05133 + 0.05890 = 0.2119

O
O
Ds = ds BW = 0.2119 x 48.0 = 10.2 in (232 mm)

.B
ed
Figure 4.29

H
7T

A
make experience based choices to modify the recommended measurements. The width of the skirtboards
EM

as, samplers or dust collection, or anticipated mistracking. Multiple loading points on a belt require either
C
skirting the multiple load points as one continuous skirtboard, or making successive skirtboards wider in
the direction of belt travel. The lump size discussion in this chapter governs the belt width and therefore

skirtboard should be generous enough to handle the lump sizes, and to allow for the material volume in
the turbulent loading area having a loose bulk density. The height and length of the skirtboard is often
!

aid in controlling dust exiting the skirtboarded area.
75
4
100% Full, Edge To Edge, Cross Sectional Area, Af

-
porting the conveyor system should be designed for the dead loads plus the live material load as if the belt

f , df and rschf are introduced for calculations for a
we!wmc!w and bw is used to calculate Af and df. The
"#s with bwe set to zero.
D
TE
wf
H
IG
R
df
Af
PY

O
,C
)s bw
bc
15
rschf
20
1,
B
FE
Figure 4.30
Af, Cross sectional area dimensionless nomenclature for 100% full, edge to edge,
A,

AT
R
ER
(1- cos()) b c + cos()

rschf =
2 sin(s )
K
O
O
Equation 4.31
.B
rschf

ed
2
H
2 s sin(s ) cos(s ) b c
7T
A f = 2 BW2 rschf -
+ b x sin() + b sin()cos()
2 2
2 w
w
2

A
EM
Equation 4.32
C
Af

b 1 1
df = b w sin() + c + b w cos() -
2 sin(s ) tan(s )
Equation 4.33
df

76
4
100% Full, Edge To Edge, Cross Sectional Area, Af

-
porting the conveyor system should be designed for the dead loads plus the live material load as if the belt

f , df and rschf are introduced for calculations for a
we!wmc!w and bw is used to calculate Af and df. The
"#s with bwe set to zero.
D
TE
wf
H
IG
R
df
Af
PY

O
,C
)s bw
bc
15
rschf
20
1,
B
FE
Figure 4.30
Af, Cross sectional area dimensionless nomenclature for 100% full, edge to edge,
A,

AT
R
ER
(1- cos()) b c + cos()

rschf =
2 sin(s )
K
O
O
Equation 4.31
.B
rschf

ed
H
2 s sin(s ) cos(s ) b c
7T
A f = 2 BW2 rschf -
+ b 2 x sin() + b2 sin()cos()
2 2
2 w
w
2

A
EM
Equation 4.32
C
Af

b 1 1
2 sin(s ) tan(s )
Equation 4.33
df

76
4
Example: 100% Full, Edge to Edge, Belt Cross Sectional

Area, Af
Given: BW = 48.0 inches, =35 degrees, s = 20 degrees

From Figure 4.28 bc = 0.3762 b w = 0.3119
D
Equation 4-11 and 4-13
(1 - cos()) bc + cos()
TE
rschf =
2 sin(s )
H
(1 - 0.8192) 0.3762 + 0.8192 0.06802 + 0.8192
IG
= = =1.2971
2 0.3420 0.6840
R
PY
2 sin(s ) cos(s )
b c sin() cos()
A f = 2 BW2 rschf s -
+ b w sin() + b w w x
2

2

O
2 2 2
,C
4608 0.3491 0.3420 0.9397
= 1.6825
+ [ 0.1881 0.3119 0.5736 ] + 0.09728 0.2349

in2 2 2
15
144 2
ft
= 32.0 [1.6825 0.01391+ 0.03365 + 0.02285 ] = 32 0.07990 = 2.6 ft2 (0.24 m2 )
20
b 1
df = b w sin() + c + b w cos()
-
1
1,
sin(s ) tan(s )

B
2
FE
0.3762 1 1
= 0.3119 0.5736 + + 0.3119 0.8192

2 0.3420 0.3640

A,
= 0.1789 + 0.4436 0.1767 = 0.2573

AT
Df = df BW = 0.2573 48.0 = 12.4 in (314 mm)

R
ER
Figure 4.37

K
O
O
.B
ed
H
7T
A
EM
C
78
4
Example: 100% Full, Edge to Edge, Belt Cross Sectional

Area, Af
Given: BW = 48.0 inches, =35 degrees, s = 20 degrees

From Equations 4.11 and 4.13 bc = 0.3762 b w = 0.3119
D
(1 - cos()) bc + cos()
TE
rschf =
2 sin(s )
H
(1 - 0.8192) 0.3762 + 0.8192 0.06802 + 0.8192
IG
= = =1.2971
2 0.3420 0.6840
R
PY
2 sin(s ) cos(s ) b c sin() cos()

A f = 2 BW2 rschf s - + b w sin() + b w x
2

2

O
2 2 2
,C
4608 0.3491 0.3420 0.9397
= 1.6825 + [ 0.1881 0.3119 0.5736 ] + 0.09728 0.2349

in2 2 2
15
144 2
ft
= 32.0 [1.6825 0.01391+ 0.03365 + 0.02285 ] = 32 0.07990 = 2.6 ft2 (0.24 m2 )
20
b 1
1

1,
sin(s ) tan(s )
B
2
FE
0.3762 1 1
= 0.3119 0.5736 + + 0.3119 0.8192
2 0.3420 0.3640
A,
= 0.1789 + 0.4436 0.1767 = 0.2573

AT
Df = df BW = 0.2573 48.0 = 12.4 in (314 mm)

R
ER
Figure 4.37

K
O
O
.B
ed
H
7T
A
EM
C
78
4
General Applications: Capacity Derating

!

one conveyor to a common cause of transfer point spillage and plugging is the time it takes for the dis-
charged load to settle down and reach the receiving belt speed and direction. It is common practice, in

#

$% &'&(

)

D
and bulk material degradation.
TE
H
Coal Fired Power Generating Plant: Capacity Derating
IG
* +#

/ +

R
PY
plants and handling other bulk materials subject to degradation and the hazards associated with spillage,
leakage and dust generation. It is common practice not to load conveyors handling these bulk materials
O
to their capacity in order to reduce degradation, accommodate surge loads and to reduce spillage and
,C

$% 0('&

15
)

# #

20
Example: Capacity Derating B
1,
FE
lbf
Required capacity: Q = 2400 tph Bulk Material Properties: m = 90 s = 20 deg
ft 3
A,
ft
Initial design choices: BW = 48 in = 35 deg V = 600 Angle of incline, = 0 deg
AT
min
R
Calculate conveyed cross sectional area, A (Ref. Equation 4.5)

ER
t 1h lbf lbf
2400 2000 80,000
Q h 60 min t min = 1.48 ft2
K
A= = =
Vm ft lbf lbf
O
600 90 3 54,000

min ft min ft2
O
4.43
.B
Derate loading of cross section to 85%, DF = 1.18

ed
Minimum As = A DF = 1.48 ft2 1.18 = 1.75 ft2 (0.16 m2 )

H
From Table 4.44 at = 35 and s = 20 deg: 48-inch belt, As = 1.804 ft2 (0.168 m2 )
7T
The initial design choice (BW = 48 in and V = 600 fpm) appears appropriate from a capacity standpoint
A
EM
Figure 4.38
C
Capacity derating example
80
4
General Applications: Capacity Derating

!

one conveyor to a common cause of transfer point spillage and plugging is the time it takes for the dis-
charged load to settle down and reach the receiving belt speed and direction. It is common practice, in

#

$% &'&(

)

D
and bulk material degradation.
TE
H
Coal Fired Power Generating Plant: Capacity Derating
IG
* +#

/ +

R
PY
plants and handling other bulk materials subject to degradation and the hazards associated with spillage,
leakage and dust generation. It is common practice not to load conveyors handling these bulk materials
O
to their capacity in order to reduce degradation, accommodate surge loads and to reduce spillage and
,C

$% 0('&

15
)

# #

20
Example: Capacity Derating B
1,
FE
lbf
Required capacity: Q = 2400 tph Bulk Material Properties: m = 90 s = 20 deg
ft 3
A,
ft
Initial design choices: BW = 48 in = 35 deg V = 600 Angle of incline, = 0 deg
AT
min
R
Calculate conveyed cross sectional area, A (Ref. Equation 4.5)

ER
t 1h lbf lbf
2400 2000 80,000
Q h 60 min t min = 1.48 ft2
K
A= = =
Vm ft lbf lbf
O
600 90 3 54,000

min ft min ft2
O
.B
Derate loading of cross section to 85%, DF = 1.18

ed
Minimum As = A DF = 1.48 ft2 1.18 = 1.75 ft2 (0.16 m2 )

H
From Table 4.4 at = 35 and s = 20 deg: 48-inch belt, As = 1.804 ft2 (0.168 m2 )
7T
The initial design choice (BW = 48 in and V = 600 fpm) appears appropriate from a capacity standpoint
A
EM
Figure 4.38
C
Capacity derating example
80
5
BELT CONVEYOR IDLERS
Step No. 3: K2 Effect Of Load On Predicted Bearing L10 Life

?PMV+ITK]TI\ML1LTMZ4WIL+14WZ+14R) is less than the CEMA load rating of the class of idler
selected the Jearing L life will increase.
10.0
1
K2 = (Roller Bearings)
CIL
3.3
8.0
ILR
D
TE
6.0
K2 Factor
1
K2 = (Ball Bearings)
CIL
3.0

ILR
H
4.0
IG
R
2.0
PY
1.0
0.0
O
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
CIL (Calulated Idler Load)
,C
ILR (Idler Load Rating)
15
Figure 5.30
20
K (IIHFW RI ORDG RQ SUHGLFWHG EHDULQJ L OLIH GLPHQVLRQOHVV
Step No. 4: K3A Effect Of Belt Speed On Predicted Bearing 1,

B
L10 Life
FE
CEMA L life ratings are Jased on rXU. ;lower sXeeds increase life and faster sXeeds decrease life.
A,
.ig]re . shows this relationshiX.

AT
10.0
R
ER
8.0 K3A
K
500 (rpm)
L10
6.0 n (rpm)
O
O K3A Factor
4.0
.B
ed
2.0
0.5
H
0.0
50 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
7T
Belt Speed
Roll Speed = (rpm)
Roll Circumference
A
EM
Figure 5.31
K3A (IIHct oI EHOt VSHHG oQ SrHGLctHG EHarLQJ L10 OLIH GLPHQVLoQOHVV
C
109
5
BELT CONVEYOR IDLERS
Step No. 3: K2 Effect Of Load On Predicted Bearing L10 Life

?PMV+ITK]TI\ML1LTMZ4WIL+14WZ+14R) is less than the CEMA load rating of the class of idler
selected the Jearing L life will increase.
10.0
1
K2 = (Roller Bearings)
CIL
3.3
8.0
ILR
D
TE
6.0
K2 Factor
1
K2 = (Ball Bearings)
CIL
3.0

ILR
H
4.0
IG
R
2.0
PY
1.0
0.0
O
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
CIL (Calulated Idler Load)
,C
ILR (Idler Load Rating)
15
Figure 5.30
20
K (IIHFW RI ORDG RQ SUHGLFWHG EHDULQJ L OLIH GLPHQVLRQOHVV
Step No. 4: K3A Effect Of Belt Speed On Predicted Bearing 1,

B
L10 Life
FE
CEMA L life ratings are Jased on rXU. ;lower sXeeds increase life and faster sXeeds decrease life.
A,
.ig]re . shows this relationshiX.

AT
10.0
R
ER
8.0
K
K3A 500 (rpm)

6.0 n (rpm)
O
O K3A Factor
4.0
.B
ed
2.0
0.5
H
0.0
50 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
7T
Belt Speed
Roll Speed = (rpm)
Roll Circumference
A
EM
Figure 5.31
K3A (IIHct oI EHOt VSHHG oQ SrHGLctHG EHarLQJ L10 OLIH GLPHQVLoQOHVV
C
109
6
BELT TENSION AND POWER ENGINEERING

'TnEnergy
Gravity

paths due to the potential energy change in the bulk material and belt for a height change Hn. The tension
is sensitive to the direction of travel so that with uphill movement the tension increases and a downhill
or negative slope angle causes reduction in this component of tension along the conveyance direction as
D
gravity pulls the conveyor down the slope.
TE
Gravity or potential energy is considered to have a continuous effect on tension along the length of any
H

IG
side belt cancel each other out from the perspective of total conveyor Te but need to be included in circuit
R
calculations to identify the local tension at any point.
PY
THn = Hn (Wb + Wm )
O
,C
Equation 6.14
15
, Flight tension change due to elevate

n), the belt and the load
20
Where:
1,
B
THn = Tension change in fligh "n" due to lift
FE
Hn = Elevation change in flight "n"

Wb = Weight of the belt per unit length from manufacturer
A,
Wm = Weight of the bulk material on the belt per unit length

AT
R
52.9 8,738.4 3,958

ER
lbf lbf
Add TH5 = H5 (Wb + Wm ) = 44.0 ft (26.3 + 138.9 ) = 7,268.8 lbf (3,304 kgf)
ft ft
K
O
Figure 6.15
O
Example calculation of tension needed to elevate material in flight 5

.B
!

"#$
%&'n as the net change in elevation
ed

!
H
7T
Bulk Material Acceleration

A
EM
Work or kinetic energy must be provided to the bulk material to accelerate it to match the speed of the
belt. The accelerating force is provided by the belt through an increase in tension at the loading point(s)
C
in the direction of belt movement. Using the amount of Kinetic Energy added to the bulk material allows
the calculation of belt tension effects without concern for the acceleration rate or the dynamics involved
with impact, although these can be important issues for belt and chute wear and material degradation.
148
6

'TnEnergy
Gravity

paths due to the potential energy change in the bulk material and belt for a height change Hn. The tension
is sensitive to the direction of travel so that with uphill movement the tension increases and a downhill
or negative slope angle causes reduction in this component of tension along the conveyance direction as
D
gravity pulls the conveyor down the slope.
TE
Gravity or potential energy is considered to have a continuous effect on tension along the length of any
H

IG
side belt cancel each other out from the perspective of total conveyor Te but need to be included in circuit
R
calculations to identify the local tension at any point.
PY
THn = Hn (Wb + Wm )
O
,C
Equation 6.14
15
, Flight tension change due to elevate

n), the belt and the load
20
Where:
1,
B
THn = Tension change in flight "n" due to lift
FE
Hn = Elevation change in flight "n"

Wb = Weight of the belt per unit length from manufacturer
A,
Wm = Weight of the bulk material on the belt per unit length

AT
R
ER
lbf lbf
TH5 = H5 (Wb + Wm ) = 52.9 ft (26.3 + 138.9 ) = 8,738.4 lbf (3,958 kgf)
ft ft
K
O
Figure 6.15
O
Example calculation of tension needed to elevate material in flight 5

.B
!

"#$
%&'n as the net change in elevation
ed

!
H
7T
Bulk Material Acceleration

A
EM
Work or kinetic energy must be provided to the bulk material to accelerate it to match the speed of the
belt. The accelerating force is provided by the belt through an increase in tension at the loading point(s)
C
in the direction of belt movement. Using the amount of Kinetic Energy added to the bulk material allows
the calculation of belt tension effects without concern for the acceleration rate or the dynamics involved
with impact, although these can be important issues for belt and chute wear and material degradation.
148
6
Skirtboard Seal Friction

A skirt seal which rides on the belt is commonly used to contain dust and small particles. The calculation
predicts the resistance as the product of a friction factor and the unit normal force between the moving
belt and the seal without in uence from the material loading. The values are provided below apply to a
generic rubber edge seal as shown in igure . for ight n that is sealed along it s full length on both
sides.
D
TE
Fss Fss Ln
H
IG
R
PY
O
,C
15
20
Figure 6.20
Skirtboard seal drag on conveyor belt
1,
B
Tssn = Css Ln Rrss
FE
Equation 6.21
A,
Tssn, Calculation of skirtboard seal drag

AT
Where:
R
ER
Tssn = Tension change due to belt sliding on skirtboard sealed flight, "n"
Css = 2 mss Fss Rrss Frictional resistance to the belt movement
K
O
ss = Sliding friction coefficient between belt and seal rubber (dimensionless)

O
Fss = Effective normal force between belt and seal

.B
Rrss = Modifying Factor (dimensionless)

ed
H
7T
L1 = 15.0 ft ss = 1.0 Fss = 3.0 lbf / ft Rrss = 1.0

A
lbf
= 2 1.0 3.0
EM
Css x 1.0 = 6.0 lbf/ft

ft
C
lbf
Tss1 = Css L1 Rrss = 6.0 15.0 ft 1.0 = 90.0 lbf (40.9 kgf)
ft
Figure 6.22
Tss1, Skirtboard seal example calculation
arious specialty sealing products are available to perform this function with varying performance life
and drag. Typical values for design are ss . and ss = 3.0 lbf ft . kgf/m) of skirt seal for conven-
tional slab rubber skirt board seals shown in igure . 0. ss is calculated by multiplying by a factor of
because it is assumed that both sides of the belt have a skirt seal. Therefore an estimate of .0 lbf/ft .0
151
6
Skirtboard Seal Friction

A skirt seal which rides on the belt is commonly used to contain dust and small particles. The calculation
predicts the resistance as the product of a friction factor and the unit normal force between the moving
belt and the seal without in uence from the material loading. The values are provided below apply to a
generic rubber edge seal as shown in igure . for ight n that is sealed along it s full length on both
sides.
D
TE
Fss Fss Ln
H
IG
R
PY
O
,C
15
20
Figure 6.20
Skirtboard seal drag on conveyor belt
1,
B
Tssn = Css Ln Rrss
FE
Equation 6.21
A,
Tssn, Calculation of skirtboard seal drag

AT
Where:
R
ER
Tssn = Tension change due to belt sliding on skirtboard sealed flight, "n"
Css = 2 ss Fss Rrss Frictional resistance to the belt movement
K
O
ss = Sliding friction coefficient between belt and seal rubber (dimensionless)

O
Fss = Effective normal force between belt and seal

.B
Rrss = Modifying Factor (dimensionless)

ed
H
7T
L1 = 15.0 ft ss = 1.0 Fss = 3.0 lbf / ft Rrss = 1.0

A
lbf
= 2 1.0 3.0
EM
Css x 1.0 = 6.0 lbf/ft

ft
C
lbf
Tss1 = Css L1 Rrss = 6.0 15.0 ft 1.0 = 90.0 lbf (40.9 kgf)
ft
Figure 6.22
Tss1, Skirtboard seal example calculation
arious specialty sealing products are available to perform this function with varying performance life
and drag. Typical values for design are ss . and ss = 3.0 lbf ft . kgf/m) of skirt seal for conven-
tional slab rubber skirt board seals shown in igure . 0. ss is calculated by multiplying by a factor of
because it is assumed that both sides of the belt have a skirt seal. Therefore an estimate of .0 lbf/ft .0
151
6
6.0
(0.68)
5.0
Drag for One Roll lbf-in (N-m)

(0.57)
4.0
(0.45)
D
3.0
TE
(0.34)
H
2.0
Kiv= Slope
IG
(0.23)
R
1.0
PY
(0.11)
O
0
,C
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
rpm
15
20
Figure 6.24
Drag from a single idler roll ris
1, 2
Tir = Kiv Rriv (Ni - 500 rpm) + Kis Ris
B
FE
Dr
A,
Equation 6.25
7ir, Drag from a single idler roll
AT
R
nr
Tisn = KiT Tir Ln
ER
Sin
K
Equation 6.26
O
Tisn, Idler seal friction

O
.B
ed
H
7T
A
EM
C
153
6
6.0
(0.68)
5.0
Drag for One Roll lbf-in (N-m)

(0.57)
4.0
(0.45)
D
3.0
TE
(0.34)
H
2.0
Kiv= Slope
IG
(0.23)
R
1.0
PY
(0.11)
O
0
,C
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
rpm
15
20
Figure 6.24
Drag from a single idler roll
1, 2
Tir = Kiv Rriv (Ni - 500 rpm) + Kis 5
RrLVis
B
FE
Dr
A,
Equation 6.25
7ir, Drag from a single idler roll
AT
R
nr
Tisn = KiT Tir Ln
ER
Sin
K
Equation 6.26
O
Tisn, Idler seal friction

O
.B
ed
H
7T
A
EM
C
153
6
Where:
Tir = Change in tension for single roll from idler seal resistance lbf (N)
Tisn = Change in tension in flight "n" from idler seal resistance lbf (N)
Dr = Idler roll diameter in (mm)
lbf-in N-m
KiV = Slope of torsional speed curve per roll Table 6.29
rpm rpm
D
Kis = Seal torsional resistance per roll at 500 rpm lbf-in (N-m) Table 6.29
TE
KiT = Temperature correction factor (dimensionless) Figure 6.27
H
= Curve fit constants for temperature correction [R1(K1)]
IG
KiTb
Note: R = Rankine, K = Kelvin [TR = F + 459.67 (TK = C + 273.15 K)]
R
PY
Ln = Length of flight "n" ft (m)
nr = Number of rolls per idler set
O
,C
Ni = Actual rpm of idler based on diameter and belt speed rpm
Rris = Modifying Factor for seal torsional resistance (dimensionless)
15
RriV = Modifying Factor for torsional speed effect (dimensionless)
20
Sin = Carrying or return idler spacing in flight "n" ft(m)
1,
B
FE
3.5
3.0 CEMA C&D
A,
AT
2.5 CEMA E
2.0 CEMA
R
KIT
Historical
ER
1.5
K
1.0
O
0.5
O
.B
0.0
-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
ed
(-40) (-28) (-18) (-4) (4) (16) (27) (38) (49)

H
Temperature F (C)
7T
A
Figure 6.27
EM
KiT TePSerDWXre FRrreFWiRQ IDFWRr FXrYe IRr &(0$ & ' DQG ( iGOer rROOV
)UJQMV\\MUXMZI\]ZMPI[I[QOVQKIV\QUXIK\WVidler seal drag and it is accounted for by the multiplying
C
factor, Kit +-5) 5ember products haê been independently tested and the eYuations published reect
seal drag change with temperature. This comparison of results with the CEMA Historical correction is
graphically shown in .igure .. CEMA published Kit values should only be used with published Kis and
Kiv values. Testing shows designs can vary widely and using design specic Kis or Kiv values with the Kit
calculated by eYuations in .igure . can misrepresent true performance.
154
6
Where:
Tir = Change in tension for single roll from idler seal resistance lbf (N)
Tisn = Change in tension in flight "n" from idler seal resistance lbf (N)
Dr = Idler roll diameter in (mm)
lbf-in N-m
KiV = Slope of torsional speed curve per roll Table 6.29
rpm rpm
D
Kis = Seal torsional resistance per roll at 500 rpm lbf-in (N-m) Table 6.29
TE
KiT = Temperature correction factor (dimensionless) Figure 6.27
H
= Curve fit constants for temperature correction [R1(K1)]
IG
KiTb
Note: R = Rankine, K = Kelvin [TR = F + 459.67 (TK = C + 273.15 K)]
R
PY
Ln = Length of flight "n" ft (m)
nr = Number of rolls per idler set
O
,C
Ni = Actual rpm of idler based on diameter and belt speed rpm
Rris = Modifying Factor for seal torsional resistance (dimensionless)
15
RriV = Modifying Factor for torsional speed effect (dimensionless)
20
Sin = Carrying or return idler spacing in flight "n" ft(m)
1,
B
FE
3.5
3.0 CEMA C&D
A,
AT
2.5 CEMA E
2.0 CEMA
R
KIT
Historical
ER
1.5
K
1.0
O
0.5
O
.B
0.0
-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
ed
(-40) (-28) (-18) (-4) (4) (16) (27) (38) (49)

H
Temperature F (C)
7T
A
Figure 6.27
EM
KiT TePSerDWXre FRrreFWiRQ IDFWRr FXrYe IRr &(0$ & ' DQG ( iGOer rROOV
)UJQMV\\MUXMZI\]ZMPI[I[QOVQKIV\QUXIK\WVidler seal drag and it is accounted for by the multiplying
C
factor, Kit +-5) 5ember products haê been independently tested and the eYuations published reect
seal drag change with temperature. This comparison of results with the CEMA Historical correction is
graphically shown in .igure .. CEMA published Kit values should only be used with published Kis and
Kiv values. Testing shows designs can vary widely and using design specic Kis or Kiv values with the Kit
calculated by eYuations in .igure . can misrepresent true performance.
154
6
There are no generally available tabulated indentation values for various belt constructions for either the
small or large sample methods. CEMA does not endorse any particular method so long as it accurately
predicts the indentation resistance on a single idler for different temperatures and loads and can be used to
determine Tbin for specic belt constructions being considered in the conveyor design.
1ndentation loss is usually a maRor factor on long overland conveyors. The magnitude of the indentation
loss for short horibontal or inclined conveyors is usually not a signicant loss component in the total
tension requirement. While the indentation qualities of the belt covers are an important consideration for
D
energy consumption, it is important to balance other requirements for the cover design such as abrasion
TE
resistance or ame retardancy _hen considering rubber compounds including a lo_ rolling resistance
(LRR) conveyor belt cover.
H
IG
R
Tbin = KbiR c wd (Wb + Wm ) Ln Rrbi
PY
Equation 6.37
O
Tbin, Tension increase from viscoelastic indentation reaction
,C
between roller and belt
15
)s
20
Dm
A 1,
B

FE
Area Distribution
A,
AT
wiw
R
ER
BW
Equivalent Load Distribution
K
O
O
Figure 6.38
.B
(TXivalent load distribXtion from tKree roll idler cross sectional area
Two methods for KbiR are provided for the small sample (Kbir-S) and large sample (Kbir-L) methods. To
ed
arrive at Tbin it is necessary to adjust for the uneven loading (.igure . ) on the rollers to arrive at an
H
average pressure between the belt and roller. The equation for cwd is derived from the geometry of the
7T
cross sectional area based on the load area, A and represents a correction to the average line load, wiw.
A
c wd = 1.239 + 0.10866 Xld + 0.00500 0.00476 BW 0.00263 s

EM
C
Equation 6.39
cwd, Load distribution factor
Division sign
Xld = m Si Xldref
lbf
Xldref = 5.22 36,000 N 2
in2 mm
Equation 6.40
Xld, Loading pressure adjustment factor
160
6
There are no generally available tabulated indentation values for various belt constructions for either the
small or large sample methods. CEMA does not endorse any particular method so long as it accurately
predicts the indentation resistance on a single idler for different temperatures and loads and can be used to
determine Tbin for specic belt constructions being considered in the conveyor design.
1ndentation loss is usually a maRor factor on long overland conveyors. The magnitude of the indentation
loss for short horibontal or inclined conveyors is usually not a signicant loss component in the total
tension requirement. While the indentation qualities of the belt covers are an important consideration for
D
energy consumption, it is important to balance other requirements for the cover design such as abrasion
TE
resistance or ame retardancy _hen considering rubber compounds including a lo_ rolling resistance
(LRR) conveyor belt cover.
H
IG
R
Tbin = KbiR c wd (Wb + Wm ) Ln Rrbi
PY
Equation 6.37
O
Tbin, Tension increase from viscoelastic indentation reaction
,C
between roller and belt
15
)s
20
Dm
A 1,
B

FE
Area Distribution
A,
AT
wiw
R
ER
BW
Equivalent Load Distribution
K
O
O
Figure 6.38
.B
(TXivalent load distribXtion from tKree roll idler cross sectional area
Two methods for KbiR are provided for the small sample (Kbir-S) and large sample (Kbir-L) methods. To
ed
arrive at Tbin it is necessary to adjust for the uneven loading (.igure . ) on the rollers to arrive at an
H
average pressure between the belt and roller. The equation for cwd is derived from the geometry of the
7T
cross sectional area based on the load area, A and represents a correction to the average line load, wiw.
A
c wd = 1.239 + 0.10866 Xld + 0.00500 0.00476 BW 0.00263 s

EM
C
Equation 6.39
cwd, Load distribution factor
Equation 6.40
Xld, Loading pressure adjustment factor
160
6
Where:
Tbin = Tension increase from viscoelastic deformation of belt cover rubber
KbiRS = Viscoelastic characteristic of belt cover rubber from the small sample method Equation 6.42
KbiR-L = Viscoelastic characteristic of belt cover rubber from the large sample method Equation 6.60 6.57
c wd = Load distribution factor (dimensionless)
Rrbi = Modifying factor (dimensionless)
Si = Idler spacing [ft (m)]
D
TE
Xld = Loading pressure adjustment factor (dimensionless)
= Troughing angle (deg)
H
s = Surcharge angle (deg)
IG
m = Bulk density of conveyed material
R
PY
Small Sample Indentation Loss Method
O
Rubber indentation energy loss âries _ith the idler rolls indentation into the belt Koêr thiKSness and
,C
with the nominal deformation work as affected by the idler roll radius and the normal load. Just as
important is the degree to which the rubber reacts elastically to return the energy of deformation to the
15
system. This is affected by the rubber composition, the amount of deformation or strain, the rubber
20
temperature and, to a lesser degree, the belt speed. The rubber composition is a design variable through
1,
the viscoelastic concepts of Storage Modulus and Loss Modulus with their ratio, known as tan delta, as
an index of the rubbers loss characteristic. These properties are best obtained from harmonic testing and
B
vary with frequency, temperature and strain, paralleling the idler indentation of interest. The loss may be
FE
then considered to be the area within the steady cycles of stress and strain along the transient path of the
A,
indentation.
AT
The contribution of the rubber material is incorporated into the indentation prediction with KbiR-S. 1n
effect, it sets the width of the ellipse in .igure .. .or a particular rubber, the applicable value varies
R
with the temperature, belt speed and loading. This requires a series of calculations with application
ER
details and a set of numerical values for the particular rubber. Constants for several example rubber cover
K
compounds are provided for evaluation and consideration. Belt manufacturer should be contacted for
O
selection, application and specication of compounds for specic applications.

O
.B
Steady Cycle
ed
Compression
Transient Cycle
Indentation Loss
H
7T
Stress
A
EM

C
Tension
Negative 0 Positive
Strain
Figure 6.41
+DUPRQLF VWUHVVVWUDLQ F\FOH
161
6
Where:
Tbin = Tension increase from viscoelastic deformation of belt cover rubber
KbiRS = Viscoelastic characteristic of belt cover rubber from the small sample method Equation 6.42
KbiR-L = Viscoelastic characteristic of belt cover rubber from the large sample method Equation 6.57
c wd = Load distribution factor (dimensionless)
Rrbi = Modifying factor (dimensionless)
Si = Idler spacing [ft (m)]
D
TE
Xld = Loading pressure adjustment factor (dimensionless)
= Troughing angle (deg)
H
s = Surcharge angle (deg)
IG
m = Bulk density of conveyed material
R
PY
Small Sample Indentation Loss Method
O
Rubber indentation energy loss âries _ith the idler rolls indentation into the belt Koêr thiKSness and
,C
with the nominal deformation work as affected by the idler roll radius and the normal load. Just as
important is the degree to which the rubber reacts elastically to return the energy of deformation to the
15
system. This is affected by the rubber composition, the amount of deformation or strain, the rubber
20
temperature and, to a lesser degree, the belt speed. The rubber composition is a design variable through
1,
the viscoelastic concepts of Storage Modulus and Loss Modulus with their ratio, known as tan delta, as
an index of the rubbers loss characteristic. These properties are best obtained from harmonic testing and
B
vary with frequency, temperature and strain, paralleling the idler indentation of interest. The loss may be
FE
then considered to be the area within the steady cycles of stress and strain along the transient path of the
A,
indentation.
AT
The contribution of the rubber material is incorporated into the indentation prediction with KbiR-S. 1n
effect, it sets the width of the ellipse in .igure .. .or a particular rubber, the applicable value varies
R
with the temperature, belt speed and loading. This requires a series of calculations with application
ER
details and a set of numerical values for the particular rubber. Constants for several example rubber cover
K
compounds are provided for evaluation and consideration. Belt manufacturer should be contacted for
O
selection, application and specication of compounds for specic applications.

O
.B
Steady Cycle
ed
Compression
Transient Cycle
Indentation Loss
H
7T
Stress
A
EM

C
Tension
Negative 0 Positive
Strain
Figure 6.41
+DUPRQLF VWUHVVVWUDLQ F\FOH
161
6
The contribution of the rubber material is incorporated into the indentation prediction with KbiR-S-

the temperature, belt speed and loading. This requires a series of calculations with application details and
a set of constant values for the particular rubber. Constants for several example rubber cover compounds
are provided for evaluation and consideration. Belt manufacturer should be contacted for selection, ap-

D
TE
b1 + [b2 (xF )] + [b 3 (xF2 )] + [b 4 (xF3 )]
F= (dimensionless)
b 5 + [b6 (xF )] + xF2
H
IG
Equation 6.44
R
F, Normalized indentation factor
PY
Where:
O
,C
- C1 ( T T0 )
xF = + log(v u ) - s (dimensionless)
C2 + ( T T0 )
15
20
s = a1 + [a 2 (x s )] + [a 3 (x 2s )] + [a 4 (x s3 )] (dimensionless)
T = Operating temperature (oC) 1,
m
m
B
v u = Belt speed Note: v umust be in units in xF equation
FE
s s
w
1/ 3
A,
x S = iW (dimensionless)
wmax
AT
dm from Equation 4.17 for Dm using A from Equation 4.5 for As

With: Dm Equation 6.70, m = bulk density, Si = idler spacing
R

ER
lbf 50,000 N
wmax = 285.5
in m
K
Note :
O
O
For constants a i , bi , C1, C2 and T0 see Table 6.47

.B
ed
W
H
wiW = Dm m + b Si
7T
BW
A
Equation 6.45
EM
wiw

C
Where:
BW = Belt width in (mm)
Dm = Maximum depth of material on three roll idler in (mm)
lbf kgf
m = Bulk density
ft 3 m3
Si = Idler spacing ft (m)
lbf N
Wb = Belt weight per unit length
ft m
163
6
The contribution of the rubber material is incorporated into the indentation prediction with KbiR-S-

the temperature, belt speed and loading. This requires a series of calculations with application details and
a set of constant values for the particular rubber. Constants for several example rubber cover compounds
are provided for evaluation and consideration. Belt manufacturer should be contacted for selection, ap-

D
TE
b1 + [b2 (xF )] + [b 3 (xF2 )] + [b 4 (xF3 )]
F= (dimensionless)
b 5 + [b6 (xF )] + xF2
H
IG
Equation 6.44
R
F, Normalized indentation factor
PY
Where:
O
,C
- C1 ( T T0 )
xF = + log(v u ) - s (dimensionless)
C2 + ( T T0 )
15
s = a1 + [a 2 (x s )] + [a 3 (x 2s )] + [a 4 (x s3 )] (dimensionless)
20
T = Operating temperature (oC)
m
1,
m
v u = Belt speed Note: v umust be in units in xF equation
B
s s
FE
w
1/ 3
x S = iW (dimensionless)
A,
wmax
AT
With: dm from Equation 4.17 for Dm using A from Equation 4.5 for As ,
R
m = bulk density, Si = idler spacing

ER
lbf
wmax = 285.5 50,000 N
in m
K
O
Note :
O
For constants a i , bi , C1, C2 and T0 see Table 6.47

.B
ed
W
H
wiW = Dm m + b Si
7T
BW
A
Equation 6.45
EM
wiw

C
Where:
BW = Belt width in (mm)
Dm = Maximum depth of material on three roll idler in (mm)
lbf kgf
m = Bulk density
ft 3 m3
Si = Idler spacing ft (m)
lbf N
Wb = Belt weight per unit length
ft m
163
6
c1 + [c 2 (xP )] + [c 3 (xP2 )] + [c 4 (xP3 )]

P = (dimensionless)
c 5 + [c 6 (xP )] + xP2
- C1 ( T T0 )
xP = + log(v u ) (dimensionless)
C2 + ( T T0 )
D
Notes :
TE
For constants ci see Table 6.48
H
For constants C1, C2 and T0 see Table 6.47
IG
R
Equation 6.46
PY
P, Rubber strain level adjustment
O
,C
Where:
15
m
20
m
v u = Belt speed Note: v u must be in units in xF equation
s s
1,
B
<MUXMZI\]ZMIVLJMT\[XMMLIZMZMMK\MLQV._PQTM8ILR][\[\PMTQVMIZ^Q[KWMTI[\QKXZWXMZ\QM[\W\PMIK-
FE
tual loading strain which is commonly in the range of nonlinear stress strain behavior.
A,
)N]TT[M\WN KWV[\IV\[ZMXZM[MV\I\Q^MWN NW]Z\aXM[WN MÌUXTMKW^MZZ]JJMZ[IZMXZW^QLMLQV<IJTM[

AT
IVL <PM[MKWV[\IV\[IZMQV\MVLML\WIXXZW`QUI\M\PMXMZNWZUIVKMWN KWUUMZKQITTaIÎQTIJTM

classes of conveyor belt rubber covers.
R
These values are incorrect

ER
Constant Default Rubber Type 1 Rubber Type 2 Rubber Type 3 Rubber

K
T0 (C) -3.024038 -3.979867 -0.030701 0.005

O
O
2
E0 (N/m ) 9945456 9757293 11035707 12468384
.B
C1 17.45185 23.24667 29.37737 25.41034

ed
C2 177.2557 169.8751 214.4231 179.3597

a1 -0.35429 -0.421415 -0.35429 -0.336227
H
a2 4.06002 4.865202 4.06002 3.859253

7T
a3 -4.54043 -5.748855 -4.54043 -4.195092

A
a4 1.92861 2.47541 1.92861 1.826561

EM
b1 1.053392 1.542234 1.053392 0.458954

C
b2 -0.182956 -0.365242 -0.182956 -0.140241

b3 0.026214 0.023831 0.026214 0.031505
b4 -0.002687 0.000351 -0.002687 -0.002599
b5 13.072109 43.361026 13.072109 8.698437
b6 -4.58769 -12.840972 -4.58769 -4.674162
Table 6.47
&RQVWDQWVIRU(TXDWLRQ.biR-S F factor
164
6
c1 + [c 2 (xP )] + [c 3 (xP2 )] + [c 4 (xP3 )]

P = (dimensionless)
c 5 + [c 6 (xP )] + xP2
- C1 ( T T0 )
xP = + log(v u ) (dimensionless)
C2 + ( T T0 )
D
Notes :
TE
For constants ci see Table 6.48
H
For constants C1, C2 and T0 see Table 6.47
IG
R
Equation 6.46
PY
P, Rubber strain level adjustment
O
,C
Where:
15
m
20
m
v u = Belt speed Note: v u must be in units in xF equation
s s
1,
B
<MUXMZI\]ZMIVLJMT\[XMMLIZMZMMK\MLQV._PQTM8ILR][\[\PMTQVMIZ^Q[KWMTI[\QKXZWXMZ\QM[\W\PMIK-
FE
tual loading strain which is commonly in the range of nonlinear stress strain behavior.
A,
)N]TT[M\WN KWV[\IV\[ZMXZM[MV\I\Q^MWN NW]Z\aXM[WN MÌUXTMKW^MZZ]JJMZ[IZMXZW^QLMLQV<IJTM[

AT
IVL <PM[MKWV[\IV\[IZMQV\MVLML\WIXXZW`QUI\M\PMXMZNWZUIVKMWN KWUUMZKQITTaIÎQTIJTM

classes of conveyor belt rubber covers.
R
ER
Constant Default Rubber Type 1 Rubber Type 2 Rubber Type 3 Rubber

K
T0 (C) -3.024038 -3.979867 -0.03070089 0.005

O
O
2
E0 (N/m ) 9945456 9757293 11035707 12468384
.B
C1 17.45185 23.24667 29.37737 25.41034

ed
C2 177.2557 169.8751 214.4231 179.3597

a1 -0.35429 -0.421415 -0.323058087 -0.336227
H
a2 4.06002 4.865202 3.644338997 3.859253

7T
a3 -4.54043 -5.748855 -3.392291798 -4.195092

A
a4 1.92861 2.47541 1.302375425 1.826561

EM
b1 1.053392 1.542234 0.909008774 0.458954

C
b2 -0.182956 -0.365242 -0.310274815 -0.140241

b3 0.026214 0.023831 0.048174509 0.031505
b4 -0.002687 0.000351 -0.002253177 -0.002599
b5 13.072109 43.361026 22.77865292 8.698437
b6 -4.58769 -12.840972 -8.787259779 -4.674162
Table 6.47
&RQVWDQWVIRU(TXDWLRQ.biR-S F factor
164
6
ci Intervals:
Each ci constant is linearly interpolated for wiW, relative to the seven levels of wref
and extrapolated past the last row.
Cover c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6
wref (N/m)
Compound (dimensionless)
50 72.823586 -15.993227 0.894994 0.007674 73.5406 -16.469735
D
781.25 13.087349 -4.081407 0.830437 0.00727 15.609762 -5.229946
TE
3200 19.795824 -7.047877 0.795608 0.00313 24.954568 -8.979528
H
Default 8318.75 26.085887 -8.612814 0.78762 0.000988 33.157742 -10.985704
IG
17150 29.569802 -9.281963 0.785585 0.000441 37.667941 -11.840943
R
30706.25 30.8115 -9.507821 0.784687 0.000214 39.279478 -12.129204
PY
50000 31.060747 -9.566614 0.784278 0.000107 39.609968 -12.20428
O
Data for Type 1 and
,C
50 62.280015 -13.991099 0.97748 0.001444 62.329346 -14.093358
Type 3 was transposed
781.25 51.782128 -12.13993 0.789242 0.011081 54.496084 -13.460409
15
3200 21.497594 -6.276245 0.680523 0.017448 25.471233 -8.208725
20
Type 1 8318.75 16.297514 -4.612051 0.662879 0.01501 22.26054 -7.028357
17150 15.572718 -4.783286 1,
0.641214 0.013201 23.3893 -7.666504
B
30706.25 16.859875 -5.246605 0.622723 0.011397 26.642278 -8.595486
FE
50000 18.89338 -5.728367 0.61003 0.009562 30.701501 -9.513217

A,
50 86.630235 19.841426 1.043307 0.001827 86.856992 19.667252

AT
781.25 6.981862 2.617528 0.91964 0.020614 8.071031 2.847265

R
3200 42.614702 -8.338799 0.488742 0.009067 63.550218 -14.405783

ER
Type 2 8318.75 31.356054 -7.555346 0.508052 0.00654 53.74788 -13.78933

K
17150 31.878233 -7.827432 0.506974 0.003897 57.807009 -14.68061

O
30706.25 33.469375 -8.099311 0.508384 0.002248 62.334433 -15.411115

O
50000 34.66393 -8.270816 0.509878 0.001406 65.494103 -15.858405

.B
ed
50 46.59902 -11.887443 0.973644 0.001456 47.051467 -12.06724

H
781.25 79.313111 -17.095325 0.793363 0.003555 87.687893 -19.564691

7T
3200 57.756984 -13.68793 0.778352 0.001127 69.433854 -16.847379

Type 3 8318.75 49.891924 -12.581414 0.779045 0.000612 62.053068 -15.831122
A
EM
17150 48.322668 -12.34657 0.779138 0.000361 60.944828 -15.672382

30706.25 48.73659 -12.384495 0.779231 0.000218 61.875574 -15.786163
C
50000 47.488014 -12.238979 0.779342 0.000142 60.504443 -15.634258
Table 6.48
&RQVWDQWVIRU(TXDWLRQ.biR-S P factor at several wref values
<aXMKWV[\IV\[IZMNWZ\aXQKITZ]JJMZKW^MZKWUXW]VL[_PQTM<aXMKWV[\IV\[UIaIT[WIXXTa\WKW^MZ
compounds for common covers for more conservative designs that operate at lower temperatures. Type
1 constants are for a low rolling resistance rubber cover compound considered for applications where
QVLMV\I\QWVTW[[M[IZMI[QOVQKIV\KWV\ZQJ]\WZ\W\PMJMT\\MV[QWV<PM[MM[XMKQITTaU][\JM[XMKQML
IVL^MZQMLJa\PMUIV]NIK\]ZMZ\WIXXTa\WVITLM[QOV[<PMLMNI]T\KWV[\IV\[IZMQV\MVLMLNWZLM[QOV[
165
6
ci Intervals:
Each ci constant is linearly interpolated for wiW, relative to the seven levels of wref
and extrapolated past the last row.
Cover c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 c6
wref (N/m)
Compound (dimensionless)
50 72.823586 -15.993227 0.894994 0.007674 73.5406 -16.469735
D
781.25 13.087349 -4.081407 0.830437 0.00727 15.609762 -5.229946
TE
3200 19.795824 -7.047877 0.795608 0.00313 24.954568 -8.979528
H
Default 8318.75 26.085887 -8.612814 0.78762 0.000988 33.157742 -10.985704
IG
17150 29.569802 -9.281963 0.785585 0.000441 37.667941 -11.840943
R
30706.25 30.8115 -9.507821 0.784687 0.000214 39.279478 -12.129204
PY
50000 31.060747 -9.566614 0.784278 0.000107 39.609968 -12.20428
O
,C
50 46.59902 -11.887443 0.973644 0.001456 47.051467 -12.06724
781.25 79.313111 -17.095325 0.793363 0.003555 87.687893 -19.564691
15
3200 57.756984 -13.68793 0.778352 0.001127 69.433854 -16.847379
20
Type 1 8318.75 49.891924 -12.581414 0.779045 0.000612 62.053068 -15.831122
17150 48.322668 -12.34657 1,
0.779138 0.000361 60.944828 -15.672382
B
30706.25 48.73659 -12.384495 0.779231 0.000218 61.875574 -15.786163
FE
50000 47.488014 -12.238979 0.779342 0.000142 60.504443 -15.634258

A,
50 86.630235 19.841426 1.043307 0.001827 86.856992 19.667252

AT
781.25 6.981862 2.617528 0.91964 0.020614 8.071031 2.847265

R
3200 42.614702 -8.338799 0.488742 0.009067 63.550218 -14.405783

ER
Type 2 8318.75 31.356054 -7.555346 0.508052 0.00654 53.74788 -13.78933

K
17150 31.878233 -7.827432 0.506974 0.003897 57.807009 -14.68061

O
30706.25 33.469375 -8.099311 0.508384 0.002248 62.334433 -15.411115

O
50000 34.66393 -8.270816 0.509878 0.001406 65.494103 -15.858405

.B
ed
50 62.280015 -13.991099 0.97748 0.001444 62.329346 -14.093358

H
781.25 51.782128 -12.13993 0.789242 0.011081 54.496084 -13.460409

7T
3200 21.497594 -6.276245 0.680523 0.017448 25.471233 -8.208725

Type 3 8318.75 16.297514 -4.612051 0.662879 0.01501 22.26054 -7.028357
A
EM
17150 15.572718 -4.783286 0.641214 0.013201 23.3893 -7.666504

30706.25 16.859875 -5.246605 0.622723 0.011397 26.642278 -8.595486
C
50000 18.89338 -5.728367 0.61003 0.009562 30.701501 -9.513217
Table 6.48
&RQVWDQWVIRU(TXDWLRQ.biR-S P factor at several wref values
<aXMKWV[\IV\[IZMNWZ\aXQKITZ]JJMZKW^MZKWUXW]VL[_PQTM<aXMKWV[\IV\[UIaIT[WIXXTa\WKW^MZ
compounds for common covers for more conservative designs that operate at lower temperatures. Type
1 constants are for a low rolling resistance rubber cover compound considered for applications where
QVLMV\I\QWVTW[[M[IZMI[QOVQKIV\KWV\ZQJ]\WZ\W\PMJMT\\MV[QWV<PM[MM[XMKQITTaU][\JM[XMKQML
IVL^MZQMLJa\PMUIV]NIK\]ZMZ\WIXXTa\WVITLM[QOV[<PMLMNI]T\KWV[\IV\[IZMQV\MVLMLNWZLM[QOV[
165
6
Small Sample Indentation Loss Example

The following example of the small sample method for belt cover indentation loss is divided into several

! "#

$
D
Belt Cover Indentation Loss Example Assumptions
TE
Design capacity: Q = 2,500 tph
Belt width: BW = 48 in
H
IG
Cover thickness in contact with the rollers: hb = 0.375 in
R
lbf
Unit weight of the belt, Wb = 26.3 , fabric belt
PY
ft
N lbf
O
Default rubber cover compound, E0 = 9,945,456 2 = 207,715 2
m ft
,C
ft m
Belt speed: V = 600 , v u = 3.05
15
min s
Three equal roll troughing idler angle: = 35 deg.
20
Idler roll diameter: Dr = 6.0 in
Idler spacing Si2 = 5.0 ft
1,
B
Bulk material surcharge angle: s = 20 deg.
FE
lbf
Material bulk density: m = 90
Typo - should have
A,
ft 3 been -9.4
AT
o o
Operating temperature: TF = 15 F ( - 9.4 C)
Length of the flight: L2 = 500 ft
R
ER
lbf
Constants used in Tbin calculation: wmax = 285.5 , Xldref = 5.22 psi
K
in
O
O
Figure 6.50
.B
bi2

ed
H
7T
A
EM
C
167
6
Small Sample Indentation Loss Example

The following example of the small sample method for belt cover indentation loss is divided into several
steps for clarity. The example calculation is for the carrying run of ight 2 for the conveyor described
in Tables 6.11 and 6.13 and, Figure 6.12. As with other example calculations rounding of intermediate
results can have a minor affect on the nal results.
D
TE
Belt Cover Identation Loss Example Assumptions
Design capacity: Q = 2,500 tph
H
Belt width: BW = 48 in
IG
Cover thickness in contact with the rollers: hb 0.375 in
R
lbf
PY
Unit weight of the belt, Wb 26.3 , fabric belt
ft
N lbf
O
Default rubber cover compound, E0 9,945,456 207,715
m2 ft 2
,C
ft m
Belt speed: V 600 ,Vu 3.05
15
min s
Three equal roll troughing idler angle: E 35 deg.
20
Idler roll diameter: Dr 6.0 in
Idler spacing S i 2 5.0 ft
Bulk material surcharge angle: Is
1,
20 deg.
B
FE
lbf
Material bulk density: J m 90 3
ft
A,
Operating temperature: TF 15qF (-9.4C)

AT
Length of the flight: L 2 500 ft

R
lbf
ER
Constants used in 'Tbin calculation: Wmax 285.5 , XIdref 5.22 psi

in
K
O
O
Figure 6.50
.B
Tbi2 , Example small sample method cover indentation loss assumptions for flight 2
ed
H
7T
A
EM
C
167
6
F
K biR-S = c sd c bc X Pj2
P
Calculate F:
b1 + b 2 (xF ) + b 3 (xF ) + b 4 (xF )
2 3
F =
b 5 + b 6 (xF ) + xF
2
Typo - should have been -9.4
C1 ( T T0 ) ft m
+ log(v u ) - s T0 = - 9.4 C and V = 600 or 3.05 v u = 3.05
D
xF =
C 2 + ( T T0 ) min s

TE
s = a 1 + a 2 (x s ) + a 3 (x s ) + a 4 (x s )
2 3
T
H
IG

lbf lbf 1 ft
26.3
R
90 3
Wb ft 12 in 5 ft 12 in = 0.504 lbf 60 in = 30.24 lbf
wiW =Dm m + Si = 8.8 in ft +
BW
PY
in
3
48 in ft in
2
in
1728 3
ft
O
,C
wiW
1/3
= 30.24 = 0.473
1/3
x s =
15
Wmax
285.5
20
= a 1 + a 2 (x s ) + a 3 (x s ) + a 4 (x s ) = - 0.35429 + 4.06002 (0.475) - 4.54043 (0.473) +1.92861 (0.473) =
2 3 2 3
s
s = - 0.35429 + 1.92039 - 1.01583 + 0.20409 = 0.754
1,
B
FE

From Table 6.47 for Default Rubber: C1 = 17.45185, C 2 = 177.2557, T0 = -3.024038 C
A,
b1 = 1.053392, b2 = -0.182956, b 3 = 0.026214, b 4 = -0.002687, b 5 = 13.072109, b 6 = -4.58769

AT
a 1 = - 0.35429, a 2 = 4.06002, a 3 = -4.54043, a 4 = 1.92861
Typo - should have been -9.4

R
- C1 ( T-T0 ) - 17.45185 (9.4 C - (-3.024038 C) )

ER
o o
xF = + log(v u ) - s = + log(3.05) - s =
C 2 + ( T-T0 ) (15 oF - 32 oF)
177.2557 + - (-3.024038 C)
o

K
1.8
O
112.047 -9.4
O
= + log(3.048) - 0.756 = 0.656 + 0.484 - 0.754 = 0.386

170.835
.B
0.754
ed
b1 + b 2 (xF ) + b 3 (xF ) + b 4 (xF )

2 3
F = =
b 5 + b 6 (xF ) + x
2
H
F
7T
1.053392 - 0.182956 (0.386) + 0.026214 (0.386) - 0.002687 (0.386)

2 3
= =
A
13.072109 - 4.58769 (0.386) + (0.386)

2
EM
1.053392 - 070621 + 0.003906 - 0.000155 0.98652

C
= = = 0.0862
13.072109 - 1.770848 + 0.148996 11.4503
Figure 6.52
bi2, Example F calculation
169
6
F
K biR-S = c sd c bc X Pj2
P
Calculate F:
b1 + b 2 (xF ) + b 3 (xF ) + b 4 (xF )
2 3
F =
b 5 + b 6 (xF ) + xF
2
C1 ( T T0 ) ft m
+ log(v u ) - s T = -9.4 C and V = 600 or 3.05 v u = 3.05
D
xF =
C 2 + ( T T0 )
min s
TE
= a 1 + a 2 (x s ) + a 3 (x s ) + a 4 (x s )
2 3
s
H
IG

lbf lbf 1 ft
90 3 26.3
R
Wb ft 12 in 5 ft 12 in = 0.504 lbf 60 in = 30.24 lbf
wiW =Dm m + Si = 8.8 in ft +
BW
PY
in
3
48 in ft in
2
in
1728 3
ft
O
,C
wiW
1/3
= 30.24 = 0.473
1/3
x s =
15
Wmax
285.5
20

From Table 6.47 for Default Rubber: C1 = 17.45185, C 2 = 177.2557, T0 = -3.024038 C
1,
b1 = 1.053392, b2 = -0.182956, b 3 = 0.026214, b 4 = -0.002687, b 5 = 13.072109, b 6 = -4.58769
B
a 1 = - 0.35429, a 2 = 4.06002, a 3 = -4.54043, a 4 = 1.92861
FE
A,
AT
R
ER
K
O
O
.B
ed
b1 + b 2 (xF ) + b 3 (xF ) + b 4 (xF )

2 3
F =
b 5 + b 6 (xF ) + x
2
H
F
7T
1.053392 - 0.182956 (0.386) + 0.026214 (0.386) - 0.002687 (0.386)

2 3
=
A
13.072109 - 4.58769 (0.386) + (0.386)

2
EM
1.053392 - 070621 + 0.003906 - 0.000155 0.98652

C
= = = 0.0862
13.072109 - 1.770848 + 0.148996 11.4503
Figure 6.52
7bi2, Example F calculation
169
6
F
KbiR-S = c sd cbc X Pj2
P
Calculate P:
c1 + c 2 (xP ) + c 3 (xP2 ) + c 4 (xP3 )
P =
c 5 + c 6 (xP ) + xP2
C1 ( T - T0 )
xp = + log(v u )
C2 + ( T - T0 )
D
TE
lbf N
From F calculation: wiW = 30.28 = 5303
H
in m
From Table 6.47 for Default Rubber: C1 = 17.45185, C2 = 177.2557, T0 = -3.024038
IG
R
PY
From Table 6.48 for Default Rubber:
wref = 3200: c1= 19.795824, c 2 = -7.047877, c 3 = 0.795608, c 4 = 0.00313, c 5 = 24.954568, c 6 = -8.979528
O
wref = 8318.75: c1= 26.085887, c 2 = -8.612814, c 3 = 0.78762, c 4 = 0.000988, c 5 = 33.157742, c 6 = -10.985704
,C
15
Since the value wiW is not in Table 6.48, the P-Constants must be interpolated:
20
5303 - 3200
Interpolation Factor = = 0.4095 use 0.411
8318.75 - 3200
c1 = 19.795824 + (26.085887 - 19.795824) 0.411 = 22.38 1,
Typo - should read -9.4
B
Similarly: c 2 = -7.69, c 3 = 0.792, c 4 = 0.00225, c 5 = 28.33, c 6 = -9.8
FE
- C1 ( T T0 ) -17.45185 (9.4 oC - (-3.024038 oC) )

xP = + log(v u ) = + log(3.05) =
C2 + ( T T0 ) 177.2557 + (9.4 oC - (-3.024038 oC) )
A,
AT
= 112.047 + log(3.048) - 0.756 = 0.656 + 0.484 = 1.14 Typo - should read -9.4
170.835
R
ER
c1+ c 2 (xP ) + c 3 (xP2 ) + c 4 (xP3 ) 22.38 - 7.69 (1.14) + 0.792 (1.14)2 + 0.00225 (1.14)3
P = = =
c 5 + c 6 (xP ) + xP2 28.32 - 9.8 (1.14) + (1.14)2
K
O
22.38 - 8.77 + 1.03 + 0.003 14.64

P = = = 0.794
O
28.32 - 11.17 + 1.30 18.45

.B
ed
Figure 6.53
H
bi2, Example P calculation

7T
A
EM
C
170
6
F
KbiR-S = c sd cbc X Pj2
P
Calculate P:
c1 + c 2 (xP ) + c 3 (xP2 ) + c 4 (xP3 )
P =
c 5 + c 6 (xP ) + xP2
C1 ( T - T0 )
xp = + log(v u )
C2 + ( T - T0 )
D
TE
From Table 6.47 for Default Rubber: C1 = 17.45185, C2 = 177.2557, T0 = -3.024038
H
IG
R
PY
O
From Table 6.48 for Default Rubber:
,C
wref = 3200: c1= 19.795824, c 2 = -7.047877, c 3 = 0.795608, c 4 = 0.00313, c 5 = 24.954568, c 6 = -8.979528
15
wref = 8318.75: c1= 26.085887, c 2 = -8.612814, c 3 = 0.78762, c 4 = 0.000988, c 5 = 33.157742, c 6 = -10.985704
20
lbf N
From F calculation: wiW = 30.28 = 5303
in m 1,
B
Since the value wiW is not in Table 6.48, the P-Constants must be interpolated:
FE
5303 - 3200
Interpolation Factor = = 0.4095 use 0.411
A,
8318.75 - 3200
c1 = 19.795824 + (26.085887 - 19.795824) 0.411 = 22.38
AT
Similarly: c 2 = -7.69, c 3 = 0.792, c 4 = 0.00225, c 5 = 28.33, c 6 = -9.8

R
ER
c1+ c 2 (xP ) + c 3 (xP2 ) + c 4 (xP3 ) 22.38 - 7.69 (1.14) + 0.792 (1.14)2 + 0.00225 (1.14)3
P = =
c 5 + c 6 (xP ) + xP2 28.32 - 9.8 (1.14) + (1.14)2
K
O
22.38 - 8.77 + 1.03 + 0.003 14.64

= = = 0.794
O
28.32 - 11.17 + 1.30 18.45

.B
ed
Figure 6.53
H
7bi2, Example P calculation

7T
A
EM
C
170
6
Tbi2 = KbiRS Pj2 (Wb + Wm ) c wd L2 Rrbi

Calculate Pj2:
t lbf
Q 2500 2000
Wm = = h t = 138.9 lbf
V ft min ft
600 60
min h

1/ 3
D
lbf lbf 0.375 in

1/ 3
26.3 + 138.9 5 ft
TE
ft ft in
(Wb + Wm ) Sin hb 12
25.81 lbf-ft
1/ 3
Pj2 = = ft = = 0.0792
H
51,928.75 lbf-ft
Eo Dr BW
2 2

6.0in
IG
2 lbf 48 in
207,715 2
ft in in
R

212
ft
12
ft

PY
Calculate KbiRS :
Copy here KbiR-S formula only
O
,C
For fabric belts: c sd = 2.0, cbc = 1.2
15
BW = 48 in, and s units = degrees
lbf
20
Si 90 5 ft
Xld = m = ft 3 = 0.599
5.22 psi lbf in2
5.22 2 144 2
in ft 1,
B
Calculate Tbi2:
FE
Use Rrbi = 1.0

A,
c wd =
1.239 + 0.10866 Xld + 0.005 () - 0.00476 (BW) - 0.00263 ( s ) =
AT
=
1.239 + 0.10866 0.599 + 0.005 (35) - 0.00476 (48) - 0.00263 (20) =
= 1.239 + 0.0651 + 0.1750 - 0.2285 - 0.0526 = 1.198
R
Add X Pj2
ER
F 0.0862 0.0206
KbiR-S = c sd cbc = 2.0 1.2 = 0.026
P 0.794
K
lbf lbf
O
Tbi2 = KbiR-S Pj2 (Wb + Wm ) c wd L2 Rrbi = 0.026 0.0792 26.3 + 138.9 1.198 500 ft 1.0 = 2,041 lbf
ft ft
O
lbf
.B
Tbi2 = 2041 lbf (927 kgf) or 4.08 for flight 2

ft
2042
ed
Note:
KbiR-S Pj2 = 0.025 can be considered an equivalent indentation loss friction factor for the carrying run of flight 2
H
with the default rubber. 0.0206

7T
A
Figure 6.54
EM
7bi2, Example Pj2 FalFXlaWiRQ aQG Qal 7bi2 small sample method result
C
171
6
'Tbi 2 K biR S u Wb Wm u cwd u L2 u Rrbi

Calculate Pj 2 :
t lbf
2500 u 2000
Q h t lbf
wm 138.9
V ft min ft
600 u 60
min h
D
1/3

TE

1/3
26.3 lbf lbf 0.375 in
138.9 u 5ft u
in
H
ft ft
12
Wb Wm u Sin u hb
1/3
ft 25.81 lbf-ft
IG
Pj 2 51,928.75 lbf-ft 0.0792
D
2
2

R
Eo u r u BW
2 lbf 6.0in 48in
PY
207,715 u u
ft 2 2 u 12 in 12 in

ft ft
,C
Calculate K biR S :
F
15
K biR S u c sd u c bc u Pj 2
P
20
For fabric belts: c sd 2.0, c bc 1.2
K biR S
F
u c sd u c bc u Pj 2
0.0862
u 2.0 u 1.2 u 0.0792
1, 0.02064
B
P 0.794
FE
Calculate 'Tbi 2 :
A,
Use Rrbi 1.0

AT
lbf
R
90 u 5 ft
J m u Si ft 3
ER
X ld 0.599
5.22 psi lbf in 2
5.22 2 u 144 2
in ft
K
O
O
cwd 1.239 0.10866 u X ld 0.005 u E 0.00476 u BW 0.00263 u Is

.B
1.239 0.10866 u 0.599 0.005 u 35 0.00476 u 48 0.00263 u 20

ed
1.239 0.0651 0.1750 0.2285 0.0526 1.198

H
7T
lbf lbf
'Tbi 2 K biR S u Wb Wm u cwd u L2 u Rrbi 0.0206 u 26.3 138.9 u 1.198 u 500 ft u 1.0 2,042 lbf
ft ft
A
EM
lbf
'Tbi 2 2,042 lbf (926 kgf) or 4.08 for flight 2
ft
C
Note:
K biR S 0.0206 can be considered an equivalent indentation loss friction factor for the carrying run of flight 2
with the default rubber.
Figure 6.54
Tbi2, Example Pj2 calculation and final Tbi2 small sample method result
171
6
Where:
KbiTL = Large sample method friction factor (dimensionless)
wRRIR = Indentation loss from a single idler roll [lbf/imQ (N/mm)]
wRL = Width related load [lbf/imQ (N/mm)] Typos
wRL used in the large sample method is the average line load on the belt as applied by the test roll and seen
on the operating idler.
D
TE
Measured values of w, and wRL

H
!"
#

$ibT
IG

%
"

R
methods results are comparable but note that the large and small sample examples provided are for differ-
PY
ent rubbers and meant to be illustrative of the indentation phenomenon for typical rubber compounds.
O
(Note: the data sets used in the large and small sample method examples are not for the same rubbers.)
,C
! &

"'

15
The width related load in the conveyor a designer is analyzing is computed using the following expression:
20
(Wb + Wm ) Si
wRL =
BW 1,
B
FE
Equation 6.59
WRL, Width related load factor
A,
Where:
AT
BW = Belt Width of the conveyor being evaluated

R
Si = Idler spacing in the flight being evaluated

ER
Wb = Weight of the belt per unit length

K
Wm = Weight of the bulk mateiral per unit length

O
O

"
&
$biT in the
.B
table that corresponds to the temperature, and computed the width related load on a particular section of
ed
conveyor.
H

%

*+/*

7T

01*/

-
A
eters and belt cover thicknesses that are different from those tested, the designer can multiply KbiT by a
EM
constant, chr'
&
2
C
hb
0.25

Htest
chr =
Dr
0.7

Dtest
Equation 6.60
chr

173
6
Where:
KbiTL = Large sample method friction factor (dimensionless)
wRRIR = Indentation loss from a single idler roll [lbf/in (N/mm)]
wRL = Width related load [lbf/in (N/mm)]
wRL used in the large sample method is the average line load on the belt as applied by the test roll and seen
on the operating idler.
D
TE
Measured values of w, and wRL

H
!"
#

$ibT
IG

%
"

R
methods results are comparable but note that the large and small sample examples provided are for differ-
PY
ent rubbers and meant to be illustrative of the indentation phenomenon for typical rubber compounds.
O
(Note: the data sets used in the large and small sample method examples are not for the same rubbers.)
,C
! &

"'

15
The width related load in the conveyor a designer is analyzing is computed using the following expression:
20
(Wb + Wm ) Si
wRL =
BW 1,
B
FE
Equation 6.59
WRL, Width related load factor
A,
Where:
AT
BW = Belt Width of the conveyor being evaluated

R
Si = Idler spacing in the flight being evaluated

ER
Wb = Weight of the belt per unit length

K
Wm = Weight of the bulk mateiral per unit length

O
O

"
&
$biT in the
.B
table that corresponds to the temperature, and computed the width related load on a particular section of
ed
conveyor.
H

%

*+/*

7T

01*/

-
A
eters and belt cover thicknesses that are different from those tested, the designer can multiply KbiT by a
EM
constant, chr'
&
2
C
hb
0.25

Htest
chr =
Dr
0.7

Dtest
Equation 6.60
chr

173
8
PULLEYS, SHAFTS AND BEARINGS
Shaft Sizing
;PIN\[IZM[QbML][QVOJW\PI;\ZM[[4QUQ\IVL,MMK\QWV4QUQ\1N \PMZMQ[IVW^MZP]VOTWILQ\VMML[\WJM
QVKT]LMLQV\PM;\ZM[[4QUQ\KITK]TI\QWV[<PM[PIN\Q[[QbML][QVO\PM;\ZM[[4QUQ\IVL\PMV\PM,MMK\QWV
limit. Then whichever gives the larger shaft size governs. The diameter is then increased to the next
standard shaft size.
Shaft Sizing By Stress Limit
D
TE
Equation 8.33 is given in CEMA B105.1 for the diameter of a pulley shaft loaded in bending and torsion
(drive pulley with no overhung load) is:
H
IG
T
2 2
M
R

32 x F.S. 3
D= +
PY
3

Sf 4 Sy
O
,C
Equation 8.33
D, Shaft size based on stress
15
Where:
20
D = Shaft Diameter [in (mm)]
F.S. = Factor of Safety = 1.5 (dimensionless) 1,
B
Sf = Corrected shaft fatigue limit = ka kb kc kd ke k f kg Sf *
FE
ka = Surface factor = 0.8 for machined shaft (dimensionless)

= Size factor = (D)-0.19 for D in inches or 1.85 x (D)0.19 for D in mm (used as dimensionless)
A,
kb
AT
kc = Reliability factor = 0.897 (dimensionless)

kd = Temperature factor = 1.0 for -70 F ( -57 C) to + 400 F ( +204 C) (dimensionless)
R
ER
ke = Duty cycle factor = 1.0 provided cyclic stresses do not exceed Sf * (dimensionless)
kf = Fatigue stress concentration factor due to keyway (dimensionless)
K
kg = Miscellaneous factor =1.0 for normal service (dimensionless)

O
O
M = Bending moment [lbf-in (N-mm)]

.B
T = Torsional moment [lbf-in (N-mm)]

ed
Fatigue Stress Concentration Factor, kf (dimensionless)

H
Steel 3roled .e\Za\ Sled 5unner .e\Za\

7T
Annealed <200 BHN 0.63 0.77

A
Quenched and drawn >200 BHN 0.50 0.63

EM
Table 8.34
C
kf, )atiJXe stress FonFentration faFtors for t\SiFaO SXOOe\ ke\Za\ FonJXrations
50% of Tabulated Ultimate Tensile Strength, Sf*

Steel Sf* psi (MPa)
SAE 1018 < 200 BHN 29,000 (200)
SAE 1045 < 200 BHN 41,000 (283)
SAE 4140 , 200 BHN annealed 47,500 (328)
Table 8.35
Sf* 50% of ultimate tensile strengths for typical pulley shaft materials
328
8
PULLEYS, SHAFTS AND BEARINGS
Shaft Sizing
;PIN\[IZM[QbML][QVOJW\PI;\ZM[[4QUQ\IVL,MMK\QWV4QUQ\1N \PMZMQ[IVW^MZP]VOTWILQ\VMML[\WJM
QVKT]LMLQV\PM;\ZM[[4QUQ\KITK]TI\QWV[<PM[PIN\Q[[QbML][QVO\PM;\ZM[[4QUQ\IVL\PMV\PM,MMK\QWV
limit. Then whichever gives the larger shaft size governs. The diameter is then increased to the next
standard shaft size.
Shaft Sizing By Stress Limit
D
TE
Equation 8.33 is given in CEMA B105.1 for the diameter of a pulley shaft loaded in bending and torsion
(drive pulley with no overhung load) is:
H
IG
T
2 2
M
R

32 x F.S. 3
D= +
PY
3

Sf 4 Sy
O
,C
Equation 8.33
D, Shaft size based on stress
15
Where:
20
D = Shaft Diameter [in (mm)]
F.S. = Factor of Safety = 1.5 (dimensionless) 1,
B
Sf = Corrected shaft fatigue limit = ka kb kc kd ke k f kg Sf *
FE
ka = Surface factor = 0.8 for machined shaft (dimensionless)

= Size factor = (D)-0.19 for D in inches or 1.85 x (D)0.19 for D in mm (used as dimensionless)
A,
kb
AT
kc = Reliability factor = 0.897 (dimensionless)

kd = Temperature factor = 1.0 for -70 F ( -57 C) to + 400 F ( +204 C) (dimensionless)
R
ER
ke = Duty cycle factor = 1.0 provided cyclic stresses do not exceed Sf * (dimensionless)
kf = Fatigue stress concentration factor due to keyway (dimensionless)
K
kg = Miscellaneous factor =1.0 for normal service (dimensionless)

O
O
M = Bending moment [lbf-in (N-mm)]

.B
T = Torsional moment [lbf-in (N-mm)]

ed
Fatigue Stress Concentration Factor, kf (dimensionless)

H
Steel 3roled .e\Za\ Sled 5unner .e\Za\

7T
Annealed <200 BHN 0.63 0.77

A
Quenched and drawn >200 BHN 0.50 0.63

EM
Table 8.34
C
kf, )atiJXe stress FonFentration faFtors for t\SiFaO SXOOe\ ke\Za\ FonJXrations
50% of Tabulated Ultimate Tensile Strength, Sf*

Steel Sf* psi (MPa)
SAE 1018 < 200 BHN 29,000 (200)
SAE 1045 < 200 BHN 41,000 (283)
SAE 4140 , 200 BHN annealed 47,500 (328)
Table 8.35
Sf* 50% of ultimate tensile strengths for typical pulley shaft materials
328
12
TRANSFER POINTS

i for free

!
"

-

# $ %

&'('

Pressure Volume (see text) This should be phi sub i
D
TE
y2 y1 h1 h
H
h2
IG
R
PY
Lh
O
,C
15
20
b2 b1
Figure 12.73 1,
B
Simple belt feeder
FE
A,
AT
h
h1
R
ER
i b1 b1
h2
K
Lh
O
Lh
O
b2 b2
.B
Consolidated Load Volume Based Unconsolidated Hydrostatic

on Internal Angle of Friction, i Load Volume
ed
Figure 12.74
H
Simple belt feeder pressure volumes

7T
$

)
A
EM
1 b +b h +h
Vfs = 1 2 1 2 Lh
C
2 2 2
Equation 12.75
*fs

Qi = Vfs m
Equation 12.76
Qi

538
12
TRANSFER POINTS
KIVJMLM\MZUQVML\PZW]OP[PMIZKMTT\M[\QVOIVLPWXXMZOMWUM\Za+WV[MZÎ\Q^MÎT]M[NWZi for free

W_QVOJ]TS[WTQL[IZM\W LMOZMM[<PM[PMIZQVONWZKMNWZ[QUXTMNMMLMZLM[QOV[PIVLTQVONZMMW_QVO
J]TS[WTQL[KIVJMM[\QUI\MLJaKITK]TI\QVO\PM^WT]UMWN []ZKPIZOMUI\MZQITIJW^M\PM[PMIZXTIVMKITK]-
TI\QVO\PM_MQOP\IVLIXXTaQVO\PMKWMNKQMV\WN QV\MZVITNZQK\QWVWN \PMUI\MZQIT.WZKWUXTM`PWXXMZWZ
NMMLMZLM[QOV[KWV[]T\I+-5)5MUJMZKWUXIVaNWZIL^QKM
Pressure Volume (see text)
D
TE
y2 y1 h1 h
h2 i
H
IG
R
PY
Lh
O
,C
15
20
b2 b1
Figure 12.73 1,
B
Simple belt feeder
FE
A,
AT
h
h1
R
i
ER
b1 b1
h2
K
Lh
O
Lh
O
b2 b2
.B
Consolidated Load Volume Based Unconsolidated Hydrostatic

on Internal Angle of Friction, i Load Volume
ed
Figure 12.74
H
Simple belt feeder pressure volumes

7T
.WZKWV[WTQLI\MLUI\MZQIT[\PM^WT]UMWN \PMJ]TSUI\MZQITQ["
A
EM
1 b +b h +h
Vfs = 1 2 1 2 Lh
C
2 2 2
Equation 12.75
>fs+WV[WTQLI\MLXZM[[]ZM^WT]UM
Qi = Vfs m
Equation 12.76
Qi/RDGRQIHHGHUEHOW
538
12
TRANSFER POINTS
Fundamental Force-Velocity Relationships

.]VLIUMV\ITTaQN \PM\IVOMV\QIT^MTWKQ\aQ[>[IVLQN OQ[\PMIKKMTMZI\QWVL]M\WOZI^Q\a#ZsQ[\PMZILQIT
LQ[\IVKMNZWU\PMKMV\MZWN \PMX]TTMa\W\PMKMV\MZWN UI[[QM\PMKZW[[[MK\QWVITKMV\MZWN OZI^Q\aWN
\PMUI\MZQITTWIL[PIXM#IVL?Q[\PMOZI^Q\a_MQOP\NWZKMWN \PMUI\MZQITIK\QVOI\\PMKMV\MZWN UI[[
\PMV\PMKMV\ZQN]OITNWZKMIK\QVOI\\PMKMV\MZWN UI[[WN \PMUI\MZQITQ[I[NWTTW_["
W Vs2
Centrifugal Force =
D
g rs
TE
H
Equation 12.92
IG
&HQWULIXJDOIRUFH
R
?PMV\PQ[KMV\ZQN]OITNWZKMMY]IT[\PMZILQITKWUXWVMV\WN \PMUI\MZQIT_MQOP\NWZKM?\PMUI\MZQIT_QTT
PY
VWTWVOMZJM[]XXWZ\MLJa\PMJMT\IVL_QTTKWUUMVKMQ\[\ZIRMK\WZa)\R][\_PI\IVO]TIZXW[Q\QWVIZW]VL
O
\PMX]TTMa\PQ[_QTTWKK]ZQ[OW^MZVMLJa\PM[TWXMWN \PMKWV^MaWZI\\PMLQ[KPIZOMIVLX]TTMaQ[LM[KZQJML
,C
NWZ\PMNWTTW_QVO\PZMMKWVLQ\QWV["PWZQbWV\ITQVKTQVMLIVLLMKTQVMLKWV^MaWZ\ZIRMK\WZQM[-Y]I\QWV!
KIVJMZM_ZQ\\MV\WXZW^QLMIVLM`XZM[[QWV][ML\WLM\MZUQVM_PMZM\PMUI\MZQIT_QTT[\IZ\Q\[\ZIRMK\WZa
15
20
Centrifugal Force Vs2
=
W g rs
Equation 12.93
1,
B
5HODWLRQVKLSXVHGWRGHWHUPLQHWUDMHFWRU\VWDUWLQJSRLQWHt
FE
Vcg2
A,
2
Vbelt
If >1.0 then Vs = V, If no then : If <1.0 then: Vs = Vcg , If no then: Vs = grs
AT
grs grs
R
Figure 12.94
ER
7HVWXVHGWRGHWHUPLQHWKHWDQJHQWLDOYHORFLW\9sXVHGIRUSORWWLQJWKHWUDMHFWRU\
K
Belt Trajectory Nomenclature

O
O
a1 = Distance from the belt to the center of gravity of the load shape
.B
cg = Center of gravity of the cross section of the load shape

ed
e t = Point where the material leaves the belt

g = Acceleration due to gravity
H
7T
h = Distance from the belt to the top of the load shape

rp = Radius of the pulley
A
rs = Radius from the center of pulley to the cross-sectional center of gravity of the load shape
EM
t = Thickness of the belt

C
V = Belt speed
Vs = Tangential velocity, fps, of the cross-sectional area center of gravity of the load shape
W = Weight of bulk material acting at center of gravity
= Angle between pulley vertical centerline and point e t (degrees)
= Angle of incline of the belt conveyor to the horizontal (degrees)
Figure 12.95
'LVFKDUJHWUDMHFWRU\QRPHQFODWXUH This definition has been revised to eliminate fps and correct
the definition as used in the rest of the Trajectory Section
552
12
TRANSFER POINTS
Fundamental Force-Velocity Relationships

.]VLIUMV\ITTaQN \PM\IVOMV\QIT^MTWKQ\aQ[>[IVLQN OQ[\PMIKKMTMZI\QWVL]M\WOZI^Q\a#ZsQ[\PMZILQIT
LQ[\IVKMNZWU\PMKMV\MZWN \PMX]TTMa\W\PMKMV\MZWN UI[[QM\PMKZW[[[MK\QWVITKMV\MZWN OZI^Q\aWN
\PMUI\MZQITTWIL[PIXM#IVL?Q[\PMOZI^Q\a_MQOP\NWZKMWN \PMUI\MZQITIK\QVOI\\PMKMV\MZWN UI[[
\PMV\PMKMV\ZQN]OITNWZKMIK\QVOI\\PMKMV\MZWN UI[[WN \PMUI\MZQITQ[I[NWTTW_["
W Vs2
Centrifugal Force =
D
g rs
TE
H
Equation 12.92
IG
&HQWULIXJDOIRUFH
R
?PMV\PQ[KMV\ZQN]OITNWZKMMY]IT[\PMZILQITKWUXWVMV\WN \PMUI\MZQIT_MQOP\NWZKM?\PMUI\MZQIT_QTT
PY
VWTWVOMZJM[]XXWZ\MLJa\PMJMT\IVL_QTTKWUUMVKMQ\[\ZIRMK\WZa)\R][\_PI\IVO]TIZXW[Q\QWVIZW]VL
O
\PMX]TTMa\PQ[_QTTWKK]ZQ[OW^MZVMLJa\PM[TWXMWN \PMKWV^MaWZI\\PMLQ[KPIZOMIVLX]TTMaQ[LM[KZQJML
,C
NWZ\PMNWTTW_QVO\PZMMKWVLQ\QWV["PWZQbWV\ITQVKTQVMLIVLLMKTQVMLKWV^MaWZ\ZIRMK\WZQM[-Y]I\QWV!
KIVJMZM_ZQ\\MV\WXZW^QLMIVLM`XZM[[QWV][ML\WLM\MZUQVM_PMZM\PMUI\MZQIT_QTT[\IZ\Q\[\ZIRMK\WZa
15
20
Centrifugal Force Vs2
=
W g rs
Equation 12.93
1,
B
5HODWLRQVKLSXVHGWRGHWHUPLQHWUDMHFWRU\VWDUWLQJSRLQWHt
FE
Vcg2
A,
2
Vbelt
If >1.0 then Vs = V, If no then : If <1.0 then: Vs = Vcg , If no then: Vs = grs
AT
grs grs
R
Figure 12.94
ER
7HVWXVHGWRGHWHUPLQHWKHWDQJHQWLDOYHORFLW\9sXVHGIRUSORWWLQJWKHWUDMHFWRU\
K
Belt Trajectory Nomenclature

O
O
a1 = Distance from the belt to the center of gravity of the load shape
.B
cg = Center of gravity of the cross section of the load shape

ed
e t = Point where the material leaves the belt

g = Acceleration due to gravity
H
7T
h = Distance from the belt to the top of the load shape

rp = Radius of the pulley
A
rs = Radius from the center of pulley to the cross-sectional center of gravity of the load shape
EM

C
V = Belt speed
Vs = Velocity of the load cross section used for plotting the trajectory
W = Weight of bulk material acting at center of gravity
= Angle between pulley vertical centerline and point e t (degrees)
= Angle of incline of the belt conveyor to the horizontal (degrees)
Figure 12.95
'LVFKDUJHWUDMHFWRU\QRPHQFODWXUH
552
12
TRANSFER POINTS
Declined Belt Conveyor Discharge Case 7

1N \PM\IVOMV\QIT[XMMLQ[QV[]NKQMV\\WUISM\PMUI\MZQITTMI^M\PMJMT\I\\PMQVQ\QITXWQV\WN \IVOMVKa
WN \PMJMT\IVLX]TTMa\PMUI\MZQIT_QTTNWTTW_XIZ\TaIZW]VL\PMX]TTMa<IVOMV\QIT^MTWKQ\a>sQ[][MLNWZ
XTW\\QVO\PM\ZIRMK\WZa
Vs2
>1.0
g rs
D
TE
Equation 12.108
'LVFKDUJHWUDMHFWRU\YHORFLW\WHVWIRUFDVH
H
IG
R
cg
PY
a1
O
v
,C
15
20
1,
h
B
FE
A,

Vs
AT
rs
R
ER
K
O
rp et
O
.B
ed
H
7T

A
EM
t
C
Figure 12.109
'LVFKDUJHWUDMHFWRU\FDVH
These symbols should be

lower case
559
12
TRANSFER POINTS
Declined Belt Conveyor Discharge Case 7

1N \PM\IVOMV\QIT[XMMLQ[QV[]NKQMV\\WUISM\PMUI\MZQITTMI^M\PMJMT\I\\PMQVQ\QITXWQV\WN \IVOMVKa
WN \PMJMT\IVLX]TTMa\PMUI\MZQIT_QTTNWTTW_XIZ\TaIZW]VL\PMX]TTMa<IVOMV\QIT^MTWKQ\a>sQ[][MLNWZ
XTW\\QVO\PM\ZIRMK\WZa
Vs2
>1.0
g rs
D
TE
Equation 12.108
'LVFKDUJHWUDMHFWRU\YHORFLW\WHVWIRUFDVH
H
IG
R
PY
cg
a1
O
,C
v
15
20
1,
h
B
FE
A,
I
Vs
J
AT
rs
R
ER
K
et
O
rp
O
.B
ed
H
I
7T
A
t
EM
C
Figure 12.109
'LVFKDUJHWUDMHFWRU\FDVH
559
12
TRANSFER POINTS
PLOTTING THE TRAJECTORY

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IVLZsQVWZLMZ\W[WT^M\PMM`XZM[[QWV!1N \PMÎT]MWN M`XZM[[QWV!Q[TM[[\PIV\PM\ZIRMK-
\WZa[\IZ\[I\\PMXW[Q\QWVLMVMLJa\PMXWQV\WN \IVOMVKaJM\_MMV\PMJMT\IVL\PMX]TTMaIVL\PM^MTWKQ\a
][MLNWZXTW\\QVOQ[\PMLM[QOVJMT\[XMML>1N M`XZM[[QWV!Q[MY]IT\WWZOZMI\MZ\PIV\PMV\PM
\ZIRMK\WZa[\IZ\[I\IXW[Q\QWVW\PMZ\PIV\PMXWQV\WN \IVOMVKaJM\_MMV\PMJMT\IVLX]TTMaIVL\PM^MTWKQ\a
I\\PMKMV\MZWN OZI^Q\a>[Q[][MLNWZXTW\\QVO\PM\ZIRMK\WZa
D
TE
a1 =Distance above the belt surface of the center of gravity of the cross-sectionshape of the
H
IG
load, at the point where the pulley is tangent to the belt
R
h=Distance above the belt surface of the top of the load, at the point where thebelt is
PY
tangent to the pulley
O
rp = Radius of the outer surface of the pulley and lagging
,C
rs =Radius from the center of the pulley to the center of gravity of the circular segment load
15
cross section
20
1,
Vs = Velocity at the center of gravity of the load cross section used for plotting the trajectory:
B
1. Belt velocity is used as the velocity of the material at its center of mass if discharge
FE
belt-to-dischargepulley
point is at the tangency of the belt-to-discharge pulley (V)
A,
2. Velocity of the material at its centerof

center of mass is used as the velocity of the material for
AT
all other conditions of discharge after the point of belt-to-discharge pulley tangency. (V
belt-to-dischargepulley Vcg )
R
ER
Figure 12.110
7UDMHFWRU\SORWWLQJQRPHQFODWXUH
These definitions are
unclear and confusing
K
when used with the

O
rs = a1 + t + rp
Trajectory Section
O
.B
Equation 12.111
Should be Table 4.6
rs5DGLXVIURPSXOOH\FHQWHUWRORDGFURVVVHFWLRQFHQWHURIJUDYLW\
ed
H
The values of aIVLPPI^MJMMV\IJ]TI\MLNWZ\PMÎZQW][JMT\_QL\P[QLTMZMVLZWTTIVOTM[IVL[]ZKPIZOM

7T
IVOTM[NWZ\ZW]OPMLKWV^MaWZJMT\[TWILML\W\PM[\IVLIZLMLOMLQ[\IVKMC*?!QVKP
*?UUEI[TQ[\MLQV<IJTM>
<IJTM>[[PW]TLVM^MZJMKITK]TI\MLNZWU\PMVWUQVIT[XMMLWN \PMJMT\1\
A
Q[IT[WVMKM[[IZa\WVL\PMPMQOP\WN \PMI\\MVMLTWILWN UI\MZQITWV\PMJMT\[W\PI\\PM]XXMZTQUQ\WN

EM
\PMUI\MZQITXI\PKIVJMXTW\\ML<PM\IVOMV\QIT^MTWKQ\a>[QVLQ[\IVKMXMZ[MKWVL[PW]TLJMKITK]TI\ML
C
from the relation:

2 (rp + t) rpm of discharge pulley
V =
60
2 rs rpm of discharge pulley
Vcg =
60
Equation 12.112
VV7DQJHQWLDOYHORFLW\RIWKHFHQWHURIJUDYLW\RIWKHORDGSUROH
560
12
TRANSFER POINTS
PLOTTING THE TRAJECTORY

*MNWZM\PM\ZIRMK\WZaWN \PMLQ[KPIZOMLUI\MZQITKIVJMXTW\\MLQ\Q[VMKM[[IZa\WKITK]TI\M\PMÎT]M[WN >[
IVLZsQVWZLMZ\W[WT^M\PMM`XZM[[QWV!1N \PMÎT]MWN M`XZM[[QWV!Q[TM[[\PIV\PM\ZIRMK-
\WZa[\IZ\[I\\PMXW[Q\QWVLMVMLJa\PMXWQV\WN \IVOMVKaJM\_MMV\PMJMT\IVL\PMX]TTMaIVL\PM^MTWKQ\a
][MLNWZXTW\\QVOQ[\PMLM[QOVJMT\[XMML>1N M`XZM[[QWV!Q[MY]IT\WWZOZMI\MZ\PIV\PMV\PM
\ZIRMK\WZa[\IZ\[I\IXW[Q\QWVW\PMZ\PIV\PMXWQV\WN \IVOMVKaJM\_MMV\PMJMT\IVLX]TTMaIVL\PM^MTWKQ\a
I\\PMKMV\MZWN OZI^Q\a>[Q[][MLNWZXTW\\QVO\PM\ZIRMK\WZa
D
TE
a1 =Distance above the belt surface of the center of gravity of the cross-sectionshape of the
H
IG
load, at the point where the pulley is tangent to the belt
R
h=Distance above the belt surface of the top of the load, at the point where thebelt is
PY
tangent to the pulley
rp = Radius of the outer surface of the pulley and lagging
O
,C
rs =Radius from the center of the pulley to the center of gravity of the circular segment load
cross section
15
20
Vs = Velocity at the center of gravity of the load cross section used for plotting the trajectory:
1,
1. Belt velocity, V, is used as the velocity of the material at its center of mass if the
B
discharge point is at the tangency of the belt to discharge pulley (Vs = V)
FE
2. Velocity of the material at its center of mass, Vcg , is used as the velocity of the material
A,
for all other conditions of discharge after the point of belt to discharge pulley
AT
tangency. (Vs = Vcg )

R
ER
Figure 12.110
7UDMHFWRU\SORWWLQJQRPHQFODWXUH
K
O
rs = a1 + t + rp
O
.B
Equation 12.111
rs5DGLXVIURPSXOOH\FHQWHUWRORDGFURVVVHFWLRQFHQWHURIJUDYLW\
ed
H
The values of aIVLPPI^MJMMV\IJ]TI\MLNWZ\PMÎZQW][JMT\_QL\P[QLTMZMVLZWTTIVOTM[IVL[]ZKPIZOM

7T
IVOTM[NWZ\ZW]OPMLKWV^MaWZJMT\[TWILML\W\PM[\IVLIZLMLOMLQ[\IVKMC*?!QVKP
*?UUEI[TQ[\MLQV<IJTM>[[PW]TLVM^MZJMKITK]TI\MLNZWU\PMVWUQVIT[XMMLWN \PMJMT\1\
A
Q[IT[WVMKM[[IZa\WVL\PMPMQOP\WN \PMI\\MVMLTWILWN UI\MZQITWV\PMJMT\[W\PI\\PM]XXMZTQUQ\WN

EM
\PMUI\MZQITXI\PKIVJMXTW\\ML<PM\IVOMV\QIT^MTWKQ\a>[QVLQ[\IVKMXMZ[MKWVL[PW]TLJMKITK]TI\ML
C
from the relation:

2 (rp + t) rpm of discharge pulley
V =
60
2 rs rpm of discharge pulley
Vcg =
60
Equation 12.112
VV7DQJHQWLDOYHORFLW\RIWKHFHQWHURIJUDYLW\RIWKHORDGSUROH
560

SUMMARY 7th CEMA PDF

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Conveyor Equipment Manufacturers Association

5672 Strand Ct., Suite 2, Naples, Florida 34110

THE VOICE OF THE CONVEYOR INDUSTRY OF THE AMERICAS

THE VOICE OF THE CONVEYOR INDUSTRY OF THE AMERICAS

Delete entire line "BW = 48 in ...."

fabric belts: csd =...

THE VOICE OF THE CONVEYOR INDUSTRY OF THE AMERICAS

THE VOICE OF THE CONVEYOR INDUSTRY OF THE AMERICAS

CEMA Standard Cross Sectional Area, As

 + c b wmc sin() + b wmc

     

BW = Belt width, [in (mm)]

         

CEMA Standard Cross Sectional Area, As

     

BW = Belt width, [in (mm)]

         

Example: Non-standard Edge Distance

= 0.2158 + 2.6349  0.02774 = 0.2889

= -0.125 + 0.3024  0.02774 = - 0.1166

(b') - 4  a'  c' 0.2889 + (0.2889)  4  0.6290  (0.1166)

b we = b w - b wmc = 0.3119  0.2583 = 0.05360

Example: Non-standard Edge Distance

= 0.2158 + 2.6349 0.02774 = 0.2889

= -0.125 + 0.3024 0.02774 = - 0.1166

-b' + (b') - 4 a' c' 0.2889 + (0.2889)  4 0.6290 (0.1166)

b we = b w - b wmc = 0.31190.2583 = 0.05360

Figure 4.23 or Figure 4.21 with A =As

Example: Height of Bulk Material between Skirtboards, Ds

ft2 - 1 0.4445  0.3491 - (2.7475)

(48.0)2 4  (0.3420)2 4 0.8192 

= 0.1017 + 0.05133 + 0.05890 = 0.2119

Ds = ds BW = 0.2119 x 48.0 = 10.2 in (232 mm)

           

Example: Height of Bulk Material between Skirtboards, Ds

ft2 - 1 0.4445 0.3491 - (2.7475) - 0.5736

Calculate the maximum depth of material between the skirtboards:

= 0.1017 + 0.05133 + 0.05890 = 0.2119

Ds = ds BW = 0.2119 x 48.0 = 10.2 in (232 mm)

           

100% Full, Edge To Edge, Cross Sectional Area, Af

(1- cos()) b c + cos()

100% Full, Edge To Edge, Cross Sectional Area, Af

(1- cos()) b c + cos()

Example: 100% Full, Edge to Edge, Belt Cross Sectional

Given: BW = 48.0 inches, =35 degrees, s = 20 degrees

+ [ 0.1881 0.3119 0.5736 ] + 0.09728 0.2349 

= 0.3119 0.5736 +  + 0.3119 0.8192

= 0.1789 + 0.4436 0.1767 = 0.2573

Df = df BW = 0.2573 48.0 = 12.4 in (314 mm)

Example: 100% Full, Edge to Edge, Belt Cross Sectional

Given: BW = 48.0 inches, =35 degrees, s = 20 degrees

= 0.1789 + 0.4436 0.1767 = 0.2573

Df = df BW = 0.2573 48.0 = 12.4 in (314 mm)

General Applications: Capacity Derating

Calculate conveyed cross sectional area, A (Ref. Equation 4.5)

600 90 3 54,000

Derate loading of cross section to 85%, DF = 1.18

Minimum As = A  DF = 1.48 ft2  1.18 = 1.75 ft2 (0.16 m2 )

Capacity derating example

General Applications: Capacity Derating

Calculate conveyed cross sectional area, A (Ref. Equation 4.5)

600 90 3 54,000

+ c b wmc sin() + b wmc

= 0.2158 + 2.6349 0.02774 = 0.2889

= -0.125 + 0.3024 0.02774 = - 0.1166

(b') - 4 a' c' 0.2889 + (0.2889) 4 0.6290 (0.1166)

b we = b w - b wmc = 0.3119 0.2583 = 0.05360

-b' + (b') - 4 a' c' 0.2889 + (0.2889) 4 0.6290 (0.1166)

b we = b w - b wmc = 0.31190.2583 = 0.05360

ft2 - 1 0.4445 0.3491 - (2.7475)

(48.0)2 4 (0.3420)2 4 0.8192

ft2 - 1 0.4445 0.3491 - (2.7475) - 0.5736

+ [ 0.1881 0.3119 0.5736 ] + 0.09728 0.2349

= 0.3119 0.5736 + + 0.3119 0.8192

600 90 3 54,000

Minimum As = A DF = 1.48 ft2 1.18 = 1.75 ft2 (0.16 m2 )

600 90 3 54,000

Minimum As = A DF = 1.48 ft2 1.18 = 1.75 ft2 (0.16 m2 )

.ig]re . shows this relationshiX.

.ig]re . shows this relationshiX.

!

!

m = bulk density, Si = idler spacing

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