SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL AND BUILDING SCIENCES

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled NUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL

REMEDY TO AVOID RUPTURING OF BEAM FOR PROVIDING SANITATION
PIPES USING FEM is submitted by THALLAPANENI RAJESH (13MST0015) to the
School of Mechanical and Building Sciences, VIT University, Vellore, for the award of the
degree in M.Tech. is a bonafide record of work carried out by him under my supervision.
The contents of this thesis, in full or in parts have not been submitted to any other Institute or
University for the award of any degree or diploma.

INTERNAL GUIDE EXTERNAL GUIDE DIVISION CHAIR

Dr. Mohan Ganesh G Dr. R.K.MORCHHALE Dr.Chandrasekaran S S
Associate Professor, Senior Division chair,
Structural Engg Division, Principal scientist, Structural Engg Division,
SMBS, VIT University, AMPRI-CSRI, SMBS, VIT University,
Vellore. Bhopal. Vellore.
.

Internal Guide External Guide Programme Chair

Internal Examiner External Examiner

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Its a pleasure that I got an opportunity to thank and express my gratitude to people who have
helped me during the course of this project work.

I express my heartfelt thanks to our Chancellor DR. G. VISWANATHAN for all the
facilities provided by him for the completion of my project.

My sincere thanks to our Vice president MR. SANKAR VISWANATHAN and Vice
Chancellor, PROF. V. RAJU, and Pro Vice Chancellor, PROF. S. NARAYANAN for
their consistent encouragement.

My sincere thanks to our revered DR. SEKAR S K, Dean, School of Mechanical and
Building Sciences, for his kind encouragement for all our endeavours upon this project.

My sincere thanks to DR.CHANDRASEKARAN S S, Program Manager, School of

Mechanical and Building Sciences, for his kind encouragement for all our endeavors upon
this project.

My sincere thanks to Dr. R.K. MORCHHALE, Senior Principal Scientist, Central Scientific
Research Institute-Advanced Material Processes Research Institute, for his kind Propositions,
encouragement, contribution and passion towards my thesis work.

I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude and deep sense of indebtedness to my Guide
DR. G. MOHAN GANESH, School of Mechanical and Building Sciences VIT University,
Vellore, for providing his valuable suggestions, supervision and constant support during my
thesis work.

I would like to thank all other faculties, technical and technical staffs who have helped in
completion of my thesis.

THALLAPANENI RAJESH

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 ABSTRACT
In majority of the structures sanitation pipes will be provided by Making the holes
(incorporating the nails) and puncturing the beams/columns. It will affect the mechanical
properties of the structural element. In order to overcome the losses and damages, the
sanitation pipe lines were incorporated in to the beam section by providing hallow steel
section in the beam/column. Installation of monolithically casted steel section in a concrete
beam for providing sanitation pipe is an advanced technique. Proving a hollow steel section
in the concrete segment will affect the load transferring and also the strength. So to maintain
the same behaviour of conventional beam (beam without hollow section) a steel hollow
section is developed. The complete installation of steel hallows section in the concrete beam
will be done onsite. The complete segment to be designed in such a way that it should be a
monolithic (homogeneous) section, so that the load transfer will be uniform throughout the
section, uneven loading will be avoided. To analyse the problem Fem software ANSYS is
chosen. Modelling reinforced concrete segment in FEM is quite tough job. A proper material
model in the finite element model should inevitably be capable of representing both the
elastic and plastic behaviour of concrete in compression and tension zones. The complete
compressive behaviour should include both elastic and inelastic behaviour concrete.

KEY WORDS: Concrete beam, FEM tools, Hallow Steel section, concrete section,
Sanitation

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 CONTENT

BONAFIED CERTIFICATE............................................................................................................................ iii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS................................................................................................................................ iv
ABSTRACT........................................................................................................................ .............. v
CONTENT............................................................................................................................................................. vii
LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................................................................. viii
LIST OF FIGURES............................................................................................................................................... xi
REFERENCES............................................................................................................................................... xi
PUBLICATIONS............................................................................................................................................... xi
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 GENERAL............................................................................................................................................ 2
1.2 OBJECTIVES................................................................................................................................... . 3
1.3 SCOPE............................................................................................................................................... 4
1.4 METHODOLOGY............................................................................................................................. 4
CHATER 2 BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE REVIEW.................................................................... 5
2.1 GENERAL...................................................................................................................... ................... 5
2.2 LITERATURE STUDY..................................................................................................................... 14
CHAPTER 3 FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF RC BEAMS.................................................................. 15
3.1 GENERAL......................................................................................................................................... 15
3.2 FACTORS INVOLVED IN REINFORCED CONCRETE BEHAVIOR........................................ 15
3.3 THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD.......................................................................................................... 16
3.4 TECHNIQUES USED FOR FINITE ELEMENT MODELING OF RC BEAMS............................... 16
3.4.1 DISCRETE MODEL........................................................................................................................ 18
3.4.2 EMBEDDED MODEL..................................................................................................................... 18
3.4.3 SMEARED MODEL........................................................................................................................ 18
3.5 MODELLING USING VOLUME REDUCTION METHOD........................................................... 19

CHAPTER 4 FINITE ELEMENT MODELS.................................................................................................. 20

4.1 GENERAL...................................................................................................................... ................... 20

`
4.2 TOOLS AND SOFTWARES ........................................................................................................... 20
4.3 FINITE ELEMENT MODELS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS.................................. 22
4.4 MODELLING OF BEAM WITH MONILITHIC STEEL SECTION ............................................. 24
4.5 MESH DESCRIPTION .................................................................................................................... 25
4.6 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS .......................................................................................................... 25
4.4.1 LOAD APPLICATION ..................................................................................................................... 26
4.4.2 BEAM SUPPORTS .......................................................................................................................... 26

4.4.3 BOND CONTACT ........................................................................................................................ 28

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CHAPTER 5 BEAM PARAMETERS ............................................................................................................. 29
5.1 GENERAL ........................................................................................................................................ 29
5.2 DIMENSIONS .................................................................................................................................. 29
5.3 MATERIAL PROPERTIES ............................................................................................................. 30
5.4 LOAD CALCULATIONS ................................................................................................................ 32

CHAPTER 6 FINITE ELEMENT RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ........................................................... 33

6.1 GENERAL ........................................................................................................................................ 33
6.2 JUSTIFICATION AND REINFORCEMENT ALLOTMENT FOR ANSYS WITH STAAD 33
6.2.1 STAAD-PRO MODEL .................................................................................................................. 34
6.2.2 ANSYS MODEL ........................................................................................................................... 36
6.2.3 STAAD-PRO AND ANSYS DESIGN DETAILS ............................................................................ 41
6.3 ANALYSIS OF CONTROL BEAM ................................................................................................ 42
6.4 ANALYSIS OF RC BEAM WITH MONOLITHIC STEEL SECTION .......................................... 49
6.5 ANALYSIS OF SHORT BEAM FOR EXPERIMETATION .......................................................... 51
CHAPTER 7 EXPERIMENTATION.............................................................................................................. 52
7.1 GENERAL........................................................................................................................................... 52
7.2 MATERIAL ..................................................................................................................................... 52
7.2.1 MATERIAL PROPERTIES ............................................................................................... 53
7.3 CASTING OF BEAM WITH MONOLITHIC STEEL SECTION .................................................. 54
7.4 CONCRETE MIX DESIGN ............................................................................................................. 56
7.5 CASTING AND CURING ............................................................................................................... 57
7.6 TESTING OF BEAM SPECIMENS ................................................................................................ 58
CHAPTER 8 RESULT DISCUSSIONS, CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE .................................. 59
8.1 EXPERIMENTAL RESULT DISCUSSIONS ........................................................................................ 60
8.2 CONCLUSION.....61
8.3 FUTURE SCOPE......62
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................ ...64
PUBLICATIONS ............................................................................................................................................. ...78

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 LIST OF TABLES
Table 5.1: Material properties..................................................................................................30
Table 6.1: ANSYS result report...............................................................................................40
TABLE 6.2: Comparison of STAAD-PRO and ANSYS results.............................................41
Table 7.1: Material properties for experimentation..................................................................53

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure1.1: Problem identified in residential buildings.............................................................. 1

Figure 1.2: Ruptured beam ........................................................................................................3
Figure 3.1 Shared nodes between concrete elements and reinforcement elements................. 17
Figure 3.2: Embedded formulation for reinforced concrete.....................................................18
Figure 3.3 Smeared formulation for reinforced concrete.........................................................18
Figure 3.4: Volume reduction method.....................................................................................19
Figure 4.1: CONTROL BEAM (5000*200*400)....................................................................21
Figure 4.2: RC BEAM WITH MONOLITHIC STEEL SECTION FOR ANALSYIS
(5000*200*400).......................................................................................................................22
Figure 4.3: RC BEAM MOLITHIC STEEL SECTION FOR EXPERIMENTATION
(700*150*150).........................................................................................................................22
Figure 4.4: CONTROL BEAM (700*150*150)......................................................................22
Figure4.5: Hallow steel section................................................................................................23
Figure4.6: Sectional view of steel section................................................................................23
Figure 4.7: Stiffeners and joining plate....................................................................................23
Figure 4.8: Stress vs size of meshing.......................................................................................24
Figure 4.9: Meshing on concrete element................................................................................25
Figure 4.10: Meshing on reinforcement...................................................................................25
Figure 4.11: Loading on the beam............................................................................................26
Figure 4.12: Beam support condition.......................................................................................26
Figure 4.13: Bond between steel to steel..................................................................................28
Figure 4.14: Bond between steel to concrete...........................................................................28
Figure 6.1: STAAD-PRO model..............................................................................................34
Figure 6.2: ANSYS model.......................................................................................................35
Figure 6.3: STAAD-PRO Deflection diagram of validation beam.........................................35
Figure 6.4: STAAD-PRO Shear force diagram of validation beam.........................................36
Figure 6.5: STAAD-PRO Bending moment diagram of validation beam...............................36
Figure 6.7: STAAD-PRO Stress diagram of validation beam.................................................37
Figure 6.8: STAAD-PRO design details of RC beam of validation beam...............................37
Figure 6.9: ANSYS Defection diagram of validation beam....................................................38
Figure 6.10: ANSYS Force reaction diagram of validation beam.........................................38
Figure 6.11: ANSYS Moment reaction diagram of validation beam.......................................39

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Figure 6.12: ANSYS Maximum principal stress of validation beam.......................................39
Figure 6.13: ANSYS Equivalent stress of validation beam.....................................................40
Figure 6.14: ANSYS deflection diagram of control beam.......................................................41
Figure 6.15: ANSYS maximum principal stress of control beam............................................42
Figure 6.16: ANSYS equivalent stress of control beam..........................................................42
Figure 6.17: ANSYS deflection of beam with steel section at mid span.................................43
Figure 6.18: ANSYS maximum principal stress of beam with steel section at mid
span...........................................................................................................................................43
Figure 6.19: ANSYS equivalent stress of beam with steel section at mid span.......................44
Figure 6.20: ANSYS deflection of beam with steel section at 1 meter span...........................44
Figure 6.21: ANSYS maximum principal stress of beam with steel section at 1 meter
span..........................................................................................................................................45
Figure 6.22: ANSYS equivalent stress of beam with steel section at 1 meter span.....45
Figure 6.23: ANSYS deflection of beam with steel section at 1.5 meter span........................46
Figure 6.24: ANSYS maximum principal stress of beam with steel section at 1.5 meter
span..........................................................................................................................................46
Figure 6.25: ANSYS equivalent stress of beam with steel section at 1.5 meter span..47
Figure 6.26: ANSYS deflection of composite beam of beam with steel section at 2 meter
span...........................................................................................................................................47
Figure 6.27: ANSYS maximum principal stress of beam with steel section at21 meter
span.........................................................................................................................................48
Figure 6.28: ANSYS equivalent stress of beam with steel section at 2 meter span.48
Figure 6.29: ANSYS deflection of experimental beam with steel section..............................50
Figure 6.30: ANSYS Maximum principal stress of experimental beam with steel section.....50
Figure 6.31: ANSYS Equivalent stress of experimental beam with steel section...................51
Figure 7.1: Steel plates of size 8mm........................................................................................53
Figure 7.2: Chamfered square bars of 12mm...........................................................................53
Figure 7.3: Welding process.....................................................................................................54
Figure 7.4: Hollow steel sections.............................................................................................54
Figure 7.5: Finishing for welded sections................................................................................54
Figure 7.6: Casted steel section................................................................................................54
Figure 7.7: Monolithically casted RCC beam with steel section.............................................56
Figure 7.8: casting of control beam..........................................................................................56
Figure 7.9: curing of monolithically casted RCC beam...........................................................57
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Figure 7.10: Flexural testing of beam......................................................................................57
Figure 7.11 comparison of control beam with beam with steel section...................................58
Figure 7.12 crack pattern on the bottom of beam with beam with steel section......................58
Figure 7.13 crack pattern on the bottom of control beam....................................58
Figure 8.1: ANSYS Deflection diagram of experimental beam with steel section..................59
Figure 8.2: graphical comparison of control beam and beam with steel section.....................59
Figure 8.3: Ruptured beam for providing
pipes.....61
Figure 8.4: Sectional view of the hollow steel section with sanitation pipe............................62

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