CHAPTER1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 General:
Finite element methods are in practice by the civil engineer for designing and analysis
of different structures since 1970. FEM (finite element method) is got fame because it
can solve any continuum in an accurate way which can't be done by other methods
like matrix method etc. Other method works only on definite geometries for example
in 2-D it is circular, rectangular and triangular and in 3-D it is cube, cylindrical and
spherical etc. Or any other definite geometry. In general methods other than FEM
solving continuum is quite difficult and the result/ solution is not accurate. In general
methods the whole body or element will be considered for the solution. In case of
FEM the name itself says "finite elements" means the continuum or body/element will
be divided into number of similar elements, either tetrahedrons or quadrilaterals. In
FEM a small element out of all the similar elements will be considered and solution
will be generated. If a continuum having more curvature can be divided into number
of small elements using curvature and proximity technique. There are many software
packages in FEM like ANSYS, ABACUS, HYPERMESH, CATIA, NASTRAN,
SOLID WORKS and ADINA. All these applications are not predefined, which can
work on feeding some user defined data and requirements.

In this project complete modelling and analysis is done using ANSYS-14.5. An

acceptable analysis in FEM can be done by adopting proper meshing and particularly
in the case of defining the material properties of concerned material. However while
working on reinforced concrete structures one should be good enough in all the
aspects of concrete and steel to serve the best in analysis and output. All the existing
FEM softwares are not purely civil engineering based. So that modelling of a
composite element is a tough task. Modelling the tiny elements like stirrups is a
complicated task in concrete so that one should be through in modelling and
calculation. All the software packages above mentioned are for the nonlinear analysis.
In the analysis whatever the results given by the software is to be justified either with
manual calculation or with other software package. So that in this case the sample
analysis of reinforced concrete beam is done in both ANSYS and STAAD-PRO to
compare the results. The results are satisfactory in both the cases. In this paper

1
analysis and experimentation is done on a beam with monolithically casted steel
section.

Generally in many structures sanitation pipes will provided by puncturing the beam
portions as shown in the Figure 1.1. Due to this the strength, aesthetic view and
mechanical properties of the particular structure will be affected. To avoid this
puncturing problem where ever the pipe is passing through beam at such portions
steel hallow rectangular section will be provided. Which is prepared using 8mm
thickness steel plates. The pipe will be allowed to pass in the beam through that
hollow steel section. So that the rupturing will be avoided and pipes will pass through
the beam without any disturbances. In this aspect placing a steel section in the
concrete beam will affect the bond strength between steel section and concrete. To
maintain the bond strength the reinforcement will be fixed to the steel plates with
bolted/welded connection as per the requirement and a rough surface is provided on
the steel plates to provide better bond between steel and concrete. Whole design and
analysis is done according to IS-456 and load application on the beam is done using
IS-875-part (I) & (II) and NBC. All the loads are taken to the worst case and the
amount of load to be applied on the beam is calculated. Initially after finalising the
live load and dead loads by using yield line theory the load on slab portion is
calculated and the same load is transferred to the beams. Material properties are
evaluated from the literatures and are feeded to the software for the analysis.

Figure1.1: Problem identified in residential buildings

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1.2 Objectives of the work:

The objectives of the present study are as follows:

a) To investigate the potential of the ANSYS tools to predict the behaviour of

reinforced cement concrete beam and multi geometry beams.
b) To develop a finite element model to evaluate the load deflection, stress and
strain characteristics in reinforced cement concrete beams and also the multi
geometry beams.
c) To determine the effective loading conditions in the failure mode of the beam
and the stress in each and every individual element of the section.
d) To develop a detailed and valid approach for the modelling of reinforced
cement concrete beam by using the STAAD.PRO software as base.
e) To provide a solution for the practically identified problem in all the existing
and under construction structures.

1.3 Scope of work:

The primary step of this project is to rectify the problem which is existing in all the
structures for proving sanitation pipes. The problem which is identified in the field is
shown in the fig1.2.

Figure 1.2: Ruptured beam

3
For proving valid solutions to the problem ANSYS software is chosen and for
modelling the composite beam a new approach is worked out in ANSYS.
This paper addresses validation of approach done in ANSYS and the experimental
remedy.
Adopting a familiar and easy way to design the model in ANSYS.
Validating the results in ANSYS using STAAD-PRO as base.
Comparing the results of ANSYS and STAAD-PRO models & justification
based on software outputs.
Analysis of actual model with hallow steel section which will be adopted in
the felid.
Experimental solution.

1.4 Methodology:

Problem identification.
Evaluating the proper approach to predict the remedy for the problem
identified.
Approach validation using STAAD-PRO as base.
Designing a RC beam in STAAD.pro as per IS 456-2000.
Importing the reinforcement details from STAAD.pro design.
Incorporating reinforcement and designing the beam in ANSYS
WORKBENCH.
Assigning the material properties as per the requirement.
Modelling of multi geometry beam.
Analysis of multi geometry model.
Experimentation of the model whatever done in software.
Comparing the out comes from both analytical and experimentation part.
Remedy and justified approach for existing (frequently occurring) problem in
the structures.

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 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 General:

This chapter explains the description of civil engineering applications that

demonstrated the capability of FEM in the solving the structural problems. It also
discusses the results and important findings of past research and experimental tests
conducted on reinforced cement concrete beams. Which includes the modelling
parameters and complete approach to be followed.

2.2 Literature study:

1. Mitali R Patel and Tejendra Tank from Gujarat technical university and L.D.
College of engineering respectively, study regarding "FINITE ELEMENT
MODELING OF RC DEEP BEAMS STRENGTHENED IN SHEAR WITH
CFRP STRIPS" has stated that using CRPF strips can be successfully
employed to enhance the shear capacity of the deep beam. The complete
modelling and analysis is done in ANSYS, modelling is followed by ANSYS
WORK BENCH and analysis in done in ANSYS MECHANICAL MODULE.
Analysis is done using one point loading and two point loading with fine mesh
to all the components in the section. Bonding in between concrete and steel,
concrete and concrete is given as bonded.

2. S.V. Chaudri and M.A. Chakrabarti from Rajiv Gandhi institute of technology,
Mumbai and VJIT, Mumbai had studied regarding "MODELING OF
CONCRETE FOR NONLINEAR ANALYSIS USING FINITE ELEMENT
CODE ABACUS". In which complete analysis is done using concrete cube of
smeared crack model and concrete damage plasticity approach. Validation is
done using a monotonic loading. As the analysis done in both the cases all
most the final result is approximately similar. Both the methods have been
stated that concrete resembles a perfect nonlinear behaviour. in smeared
method there won't be any change of stress according the type and quality of
mesh in this research a mesh of 25mm is adopted which results a stress 29.39

5
 MPa, with the same input in case damage plasticity method the stress obtained
is 32.33MPa in this case as the mesh size is reduced the stress decrement is
observed till 30MPa. From the results it is concluded that more the fineness in
meshing more will be the accuracy in results. Smeared method is a suitable
approach for the analysis compared to concrete plasticity damage method at
coarser meshing size.

3. Robert ravi.S and Prince Arulraj.G from karunya university Coimbatore and
S.S.N College of tech Coimbatore respectively had studied regarding "FINITE
ELEMENT MODELING ON BEHAVIOR OF REINFORCED CONCRETE
BEAM-COLUMN JOINTS RETROFITTED WITH CARBON FIBER
REINFORCED POLYMER SHEETS". The complete study is done on beam
column joint and two different analysis were done with two different IS-codes
(IS 456-2000 & IS 13920-1993) and two different retrofitting materials
(CFRP-carbon fibre reinforced polymer sheets & GFRP-glass fibre reinforced
sheets). So that from the conclusion the deflection is less with IS 13920-1993
about 23.53% in case of CFRP, 75.29% in case of GFRP and energy
absorption capacity is increased with IS 13920-1993 about 114.29% in case of
CFRP, 42.89% in case of GFRP. The complete analysis is done ANSYS
mechanical APDL. The complete modelling is done as per IS 456-2000. The
column is reinforced with 4-12mm diameter bars of Fe415 and 6mm diameter
lateral ties were provided with 180mm c/c of Fe250 as per IS 456-2000, clause
26.5.3.2(c). Beam is reinforced with 2-16mm diameter bars on tension and
compression zone of Fe415 and 6mm lateral ties were provided at 120mm c/c
of Fe250. The development length is allotted according to clause 26.2.1 of IS
456-2000. Grade of concrete adopted is M20.

4. Prof.S.S. Patil, A.N. Shaikh, from walchand institute of technology, Sholapur,

India, Dr.B.R. Niranjan from U.V.C.E Bangalore University, Bangalore, India.
Have done their study on "NON LINEAR FINITE ELEMENT METHOD OF
REINFORCED CONCRETE DEEP BEAM". In this study a beam is analysed
with different L/D ratios to conclude the stress and strain distribution pattern
in the mild steel using ANSYS 9.0. From the analyses it has been concluded
that smaller the L/D ratios have under gone more deviation of stress- strain
6
 pattern. As per IS 456-2000 and results the L/D ratio with less values (less
than or equal to 2) is accurate. As the L/d ratio decreases the neutral axis is
shifted towards beam soffit and shear stress increases. The complete
modelling is done in APDL. SOLID 65 and link 8 elements represents
concrete and reinforcement respectively. Laboratory mould is analysed which
is of size 700mm x 150mm x 350mm. Regular meshing is adopted which is
having number of rectangles and the reinforcement is incorporated using the
nodes which were created in the beam meshing so that no special meshing is
adopted for the reinforcement.

5. HamidSinaei, Mahid Shariati, Amir Hosein Abna, Mohammad Aghae and Ali
Shariati from Science and Research branch, Islamic Azad University, Sirjan,
Iran. Have studies on "EVALUATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE
BEAM BEHAVIOR USING FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS BY
ABAQUS". In which the concrete beam is modelled in ABCUS software and
analysis is done and is compared with the experimental results. ABACUS
works on concrete damage plasticity approach. All the tensile and
compression stress, strain results obtained in the analyses are acceptable to
experimental. So that the conclusion is FEM can be used to analyse the
nonlinear behaviour of reinforced concrete elements. Crack pattern can also be
analysed though FEM.

6. Oral buyukozturk from Massachusetts institute of technology, Cambridge, MA

02139, U.S.A. have studied on NONLINEAR ANALYSIS OF CONCRETE
STRUCTURES. Stated that using the finite element method of analysis,
modified as dictated by the particular properties of reinforced concrete, an
analytical model is given which permits the detailed study of structural
behaviour through the entire range of loading. Adequate comparison between
analysis and tests are achieved using the criterion for yield and failure of the
concrete, expressed in terms of stress invariants. And also stated that model
permits or provides a powerful basis for analysis prior to experimentation to
predict the behaviour of the beam.

7
7. Amer M. Ibrahim and Wissam D. Salman from College of engineering, Diyala
University, Iraq. Have done their research on FINITE ELEMENT
ANALYSIS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS STRENGTHENED
WITH CFRP IN FLEXURAL stated that nonlinear finite element analyses of
rectangular reinforced concrete beams strengthened by CFRP are performed.
Based on the numerical it has been concluded that the general behaviour of the
finite element models represented by the load-deflection curves at mid span
show good agreement with the test data from the full-scale beam tests.
However, the finite element models show slightly more stiffness than the test
data in both the linear and nonlinear ranges. The effects of bond slip (between
the concrete and steel reinforcing) and micro cracks occurring in the actual
beams were excluded in the finite element models, contributing to the higher
stiffness of the finite element models. The final loads from the finite element
analyses are lower than the ultimate loads from the experimental results. This
is probably due ignoring the effects of concrete toughening mechanisms; and
using assumed materials properties values instead of measured values. The
load carrying capacity of the Flexure strengthened beam predicted by the finite
element analysis is higher than that of the Control Beam. The crack patterns at
the final loads from the finite element models correspond well with the
observed failure modes of the experimental beams.

8. R.Santhakumar, E.Chandrasekaran, Department of Civil Engineering,

Crescent Engineering College, India and R.Dhanaraj Department of
Aeronautical Engineering, MIT, Anna University, India. Have done the
research on ANALYSIS OF RETROFITTED REINFORCED CONCRETE
SHEAR BEAMS USING CARBON FIBER COMPOSITES have concluded
that the numerical study is carried out for retrofitted reinforced concrete shear
beams using the finite elements adopted by ANSYS. The numerical results
show good agreement with the experimental values reported by Tom Noriset.
al. At ultimate stage there is a difference in behaviour between the un cracked
and pre cracked retrofitted beams though not significant. This numerical
modelling helps to track the crack formation and propagation especially in
case of retrofitted beams in which the crack patterns cannot be seen by the
experimental study due to wrapping of CFRP composites. This numerical
8
 study can be used to predict the behaviour of retrofitted reinforced concrete
beams more precisely by assigning appropriate material properties.

9. A.L. Gamino& J.L.A.O. Sousa ,University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil,

O.L. Manzoli So Paulo State University, Bauru, Brazil and T.N. Bittencourt,
University of So Paulo, So Paulo, Brazil. Have studied on A
COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN SMEARED AND EMBEDDED
CRACK MODELS FOR FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE BEAMS and concluded that the work attempted to reproduce
numerically a classic test of reinforced concrete beam in order to validate two
formulations for the crack representation. In a general way, good correlation
was obtained between the numerical response and the experimental
observations of (Bresler&Scordelis 1963) for the OA3 beam (displacements
calculated with smeared or embedded crack models were particularly close to
those from the experimental tests); In experimental tests a maximum crack
width 0.35 mm was obtained, while 0.30 mm was obtained using a smeared
crack model and 0.48 mm using an embedded crack model; In a general
manner the crack patterns and axial strain in bottom steel reinforcement for the
modelled beam were reasonable.

10. Hsuan-The Hu, Fu-Ming Lin and Yih-Yuan Jan at department of civil
engineering, national Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan. Have done
their research on NONLINEAR FINITE ELEMENT ANALSYSIS OF
REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS STRENGTHENED BY FIBER-
REINFORCED PLASTICS have concluded that the behaviour of the beam
with high reinforcement ratio and strengthened with FRP at the bottom are not
influenced by the length of the beam significantly. For the bam with low
reinforcement ratio and strengthened with FRP at the bottom, the beam lengths
do effect their behaviour significantly. The beam with high reinforcement
ratios and strengthened with FRP at the bottom would have more cracks at the
central region than those with low reinforcement ratios. On the other hand, the
beams with low reinforcement ratios and strengthened with FRP at the bottom
would have more cracks are the support area than those with high
reinforcement ratios. For the long beams strengthen by FRP on both the sides,

9
 when the FRP layer number is small, the increase in the ultimate load Pu seems
to be less dependent on the fiber angle. For the short beams strengthened by
FRP on both the sides at angle zero no matter of the reinforcement ratio and
the number on FRP layers with the same FRP layer numbers, the ultimate
strengths and the number of cracks of the beam strengthen by the FRP on the
both sides are much less than those strengthened by FRP at the bottom. Thus,
to increase the bending resistance of the reinforcement concrete beam is more
crucial than to increase the transverse shear resistance of the beams.

11. S. S. Patil and S. S. Manekari have done the study on Analysis of Reinforced
Beam-Column Joint Subjected to Monotonic Loading has concluded that as
load increases displacement, minimum stress and maximum stress also
increases. For fixed support condition for corner and exterior joint the
displacement, minimum stress and maximum stress values are minimum as
compare to hinge support condition. The behaviour of corner beam column
joint is different than that of the exterior beam column joint. For stiffness
variation of corner joint for Sj=0.18 the displacement is minimum as compare
to Sj=1.29, Sj=2.05, Sj=0.75. For stiffness variation of corner joint for Sj=0.18
the minimum stress is more as compare to Sj=1.29 and Sj=2.05, for Sj=0.75
the minimum stress is maximum as compare to Sj=0.18. For stiffness variation
of corner joint for Sj=0.18 the maximum stress is more as compare to Sj=1.29
and Sj=2.05, for Sj=0.75 the maximum stress is maximum as compare to
Sj=0.18. For stiffness variation of Exterior joint for Sj=1.29 the displacement
is minimum as compare to Sj=2.05, for Sj=0.75 and for Sj=0.18 the
displacement is maximum as compare to Sj=1.29. For stiffness variation of
Exterior joint for Sj=1.29 the minimum stress is more as compare to Sj=2.05
and Sj=0.75, for Sj=0.18 the minimum stress is more as compare to
Sj=1.29. For stiffness variation of Exterior joint for Sj=1.29 the maximum
stress is less as compare to Sj=2.05.for remaining stiffness Sj=0.75 and
Sj=0.18 the maximum stress is less (Minimum). As stiffness of the structure
changes the displacement, minimum stress and maximum stress changes Non-
linearly.

10
12. R.Rajeshguna, K.Suguna and P.N.Raghunath have done Experimental Study
on STEEL FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS
STRENGTHENED WITH FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER
LAMINATES had concluded Based on the experimental and analytical
results as GFRP strengthened SFRC beams resulted in higher load carrying
capacity. The percentage increase in the ultimate load was 47.61% for beams
strengthened with 5mm UDCGFRP laminates. The percentage decrease in
deflection at ultimate stage was 62.50% for SFRC beams strengthened with
5mm UDCGFRP laminates. The SFRC beams strengthened with FRP
laminates show enhanced ductility. The increase in ductility was 26.03%. All
the strengthened beams failed in flexural mode only. The results obtained
through the finite element analysis (ABAQUS) show good agreement with the
experimental results.

13. M. A. Musmar, M. I. Rjoub and M. A. Abdel Hadi, Department of Civil

Engineering, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Jordan ,Department of Civil
Engineering and Al-Balqa Applied University, Jordan respectively. Have done
the research on NONLINEAR FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF
SHALLOW REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS USING SOLID65
ELEMENT are concluded that The outcomes of the conducted finite element
analysis, utilizing ANSYS software for the shallow reinforced concrete beam,
are in good agreement with the outcomes obtained from the calculations using
ACI provisions regarding the load deflection relationship, and the k initiation
and propagation. The initial cracking in the finite element beam model took
place in the form of vertical flexure cracks. Subsequent flexural shear cracks
appeared in the model as the load was increased beyond the cracking moment
strength and steel reinforcement yielding. The load deflection relationship is
linear elastic up to the cracking moment strength then the curve inclines more
towards the horizontal. After steel reinforcement yielding the curve inclines
appreciably towards the horizontal. The load deflection response of the model
compares well with the calculated deflections until about 75% of the nominal
strength of the beam. Beyond that the discrepancy in the load deflection
response is attributed to the fact that the flexural cracks development in the
model is flat and sudden, leading to a sudden stress drop. Spreading of cracks

11
 undermined solution convergence at higher loads. Structural modelling using
Solid 65 finite element utilizing ANSYS software may properly simulate the
nonlinear behaviour of shallow reinforced concrete beams.

14. Mohanad Y. Abdulwahid, Imad A. Al-Qasem and Ibrahim Arman,

Department of civil engineering, Koya University, Kurdistan region, Iraq and
Department of Civil Engineering, Al-Najah National University, Nablus,
Palestine respectively. Have done their research on DETERMINATION OF
LOAD TRANSFER IN REINFORCED CONCRETE SOLID SLABS BY
FINITE ELEMENT COMPUTER ANALYSIS According to the analysis of
the data obtained under different dimensions of simply supported concrete
solid slab panel, the following points can be concluded: The maximum stress
in the slab in the short direction will be closer to that for a simple span
(moment equals wL2/8) if the slab has edge supports and has very high aspect
ratio not less than 2 to have at least 80% of maximum stress. The stresses
(moments) in long direction are greater than the stresses in short direction for
slab without beams or for slab with not very stiff beams. The stresses
(moments) in the slab in short direction are larger than the stresses in long
direction for slab with very stiff beams. The stresses (moments) in the slab in
short direction increases as the stiffness of the supporting beams increases. All
concrete solid slabs work as two-way concrete slab because the loads are
transferred in two directions at any dimensions and the slab has considered
values of stresses in any direction.

15. Dr. Adel A. Al- Azzawi and Ali M. Al-ObaidieNahrian from University,
Baghdad, Iraq Nahrian University, Baghdad, Iraq respectively had done their
study on NONLINEAR THREE DIMENSIONAL FINITE ELEMENT
ANALYSIS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS ON ELASTIC
FOUNDATIONS had concluded that The (DARCEF) program used in the
present research work is capable of simulating the behaviour of reinforced
concrete beams resting on elastic foundations and subjected to different types
of loading. The program solutions obtained for different reinforced concrete
beams resting on elastic foundations are in good agreement with the available
results. Maximum percentage difference in deflection is 15%. The maximum
12
 deflection will decrease at a decreasing rate as the beam width is increased. It
was found that by increasing the width of the beam from (150 to 450 mm), the
maximum deflection for the beam is decreased by (31.25%). The maximum
steel stress will decrease at a decreasing rate as the beam width is increased. It
was found that by increasing the width of the beam from (150 to 450 mm), the
maximum steel stress for the beam is decreased by (21.21%). The maximum
steel stress will decrease at a decreasing rate as the beam depth is increased. It
was found that by increasing the depth of the beam from (300 to 900 mm), the
maximum steel stress for the beam is decreased by (12.12%). The maximum
deflection will decrease as the vertical sub grade reaction is increased. Also,
the maximum deflection will decrease as the horizontal sub grade reaction is
increased. It was found that by increasing the vertical and horizontal sub grade
reactions for the beam from (0.128 N/mm3 to 1.024 N/mm3), the maximum
deflection is decreased by (51%) and (9%) respectively.

16. Samir M. O. Hassan Dirar and Chris T. Morley from Department of

Engineering University of Cambridge Cambridge, CB2 1PZ, England and
Department of Engineering University of Cambridge Cambridge, CB2 1PZ,
England have done their research on NONLINEAR FINITE ELEMENT
ANALYSIS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE DEEP BEAMS and concluded
that FE method was capable of modelling the behaviour of the RC deep
beams. Shear retention factor was the only parameter varied during the
analyses. - Predictions of the ultimate load were within an accuracy region of
5%. The method also picked the mode of failure characterized by a diagonal
shear crack.

17. R. Srinivasan and k. Sathiya from Tamilnadu College of Engineering, India

Department of Civil Engineering Avinachilingam University for Women,
Department of Civil Engineering respectively have done their research on
FLEXURAL BEHAVIOR OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS
USING FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS (ELASTIC ANALYSIS) and
concluded that Maximum compressive stress in concrete, 38.80 N/mm2.
Maximum tensile stress in concrete, 33.60 N/mm2. These are similar to the
result obtained from analysis by strength of materials. Maximum compressive
13
 stress in concrete, 39.66 N/mm2. Maximum tensile stress in concrete, 34.58
N/mm2. Thus the validity of ANSYS analysis was satisfactory when
compared to the theoretical results of the elastic analysis. The minor difference
in results may be due to the fault of the modelling, such as lack of deduction
of the volume of the mild-steel reinforcement from the concrete volume.

18. Karthiga, Shenbagam.N, Preetha.V and Jayaraman.A, Department of Civil

Department, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology Sathyamangalam, Tamil
Nadu, India. Have done their research on FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS have concluded that the effect of
tension-stiffening is important in the analysis of RC beams, but more so in the
analysis of RC slabs. The inclusion of tension-stiffening is important for the
independence of the analytical results from the size of the finite element mesh,
but also for avoiding numerical problems in connection with crack formation
and propagation. Present smeared models are too stiff in connection with large
finite elements. A new criterion which limits the effect of tension stiffening to
the vicinity of the integration point yields very satisfactory results. The effect
of bond-slip is very important in the analysis of RC beams and beam column
sub assemblages even under monotonic loads. This effect is more pronounced
in heavily reinforced beams and in beam-column joints, which are subjected to
loads simulating the effect of lateral loads on the structure. Tension-stiffening
and bond-slip cause opposite effects on the response of RC members. While
tension-stiffening, which accounts for the concrete tensile stresses between
cracks, increases the stiffness of the member, bond-slip leads to a stiffness
reduction. In lightly reinforced beams, these effects can cancel each other at
certain load stages, thus, leading to the erroneous impression that they can be
neglected in the analysis. Since bond-slip increases with loading, while
tension-stiffening does not, consistent results can only be obtained when both
effects are included in the model. Moreover, the effect of bond-slip clearly
outweighs the contribution of tension stiffening in heavily reinforced beams
and beam-column joint sub assemblages. In these cases the exclusion of the
bond-slip effect can lead to significant overestimation of the stiffness of the
member. The tensile strength of concrete has insignificant effect on the load-
displacement response of RC beams. Crack formation and propagation is
14
 rather influenced by the fracture energy of concrete. The value of the cracked
shear constant has negligible effect on the response of slender RC beams in
bending, since most of the member is in the stress state of compression-
compression or tension-tension and only a small portion of the structure near
the supports is in a stress state of tension-compression. It is only under a stress
state of tension-compression that the coupling between normal and shear
strains represented by the cracked shear constant plays an important role.
While this coupling effect is negligible in the case of slender beams in
bending, it becomes significant in the analysis of shear walls and deep beams.

19. Ali H. Adheem from Technical Institute Karbala, have done his research on
NONLINEAR ANALYSIS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS
STRENGTHENED IN SHEAR WITH NSM FRP had concluded that the
three-dimensional nonlinear finite element model presented in this study by
using the computer program (ANSYS V.9.0) is able to simulate the behaviour
of reinforced concrete beams strengthened in shear with NSM FRP rods. The
numerical results were in good agreement with experimental load-deflection
curves throughout the entire range of behaviour. The test results confirm that
the strengthening technique of NSM FRP system is applicable and can
increase the shear capacity of RC beams. In this study NSM FRP
strengthening ranged between 45% to 100%. Shear capacity of the beams
strengthened with FRP sheets decreased by 4.36% when compared with NSM
beams. The spacing of CFRP strips also affects the shear capacity of the
beams strengthened. The results explain anchoring the rods in the flange (33%
more material) increased the capacity by 33.5%.

20. Saifullah, M.A. Hossain, S.M.K.Uddin, M.R.A. Khan and M.A. Amin from
Department of Civil Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering &
Technology (KUET), Khulna-9203, Bangladesh. Had done their research on
NONLINEAR ANALYSIS OF RC BEAM FOR DIFFERENT SHEAR
REINFORCEMENT PATTERNS BY FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
stated that ANSYS 3D concrete element is very good concerning the flexural
and shear crack development but poor concerning the crushing state. However
this deficiency could be easily removed by employing a certain multi-linear

15
plasticity options available in ANSYS. From close observation of analyses
results it can be concluded that all types of web reinforcements are almost
same effective for static loading condition.

16
 CHAPTER 3
FINITE ELEMENT ANAYSIS OF RCC BEAM

3.1 General:

The finite element method has emerged as one of the most powerful general methods
for structural analysis and has provided engineers the necessary tools to model and
simulate virtually any engineering structural system. In particular, finite element
methods have been very useful for modelling problems involving reinforced concrete.
The present chapter discusses the factors involved in reinforced cement concrete
behaviour and presents the current techniques and approach used for finite element
modelling of reinforced concrete beams. Finally the chapter discuses many concepts
in detail regarding ANSYS.

3.2 Factors involved in reinforced cement concrete behaviour:

From past 30 years, many finite element models have been prepared for reinforced
concrete structures. However, this area still needs further research, mainly because of
the difficulty of modelling concrete with reinforcement bars in finite element analysis.
Reinforced concrete has a very complex behaviour, involving factors such as:
Nonlinear behaviour of RC structure in terms of transferring stress.
Predicting the failure loading conditions on a particular element of the
structure.
Interaction between the materials like reinforcement and concrete.
Another important aspect in the analysis of RC structure is the consideration of stress
transformation between the materials. In practical shear transformation is done
through aggregates and binder to the entire section. In ANSYS the stress
transformation can be done using the bond contact between the materials and in this
study based on the literatures contact between reinforcement and concrete is given as
bonded which will make the sections to act as a monolithic under loading. So due
the complexity of including all these parameters of concrete behaviour in FEM,
modelling has been proven as a challenging task, and therefore is still an area of
continuing research.

17
3.3 The finite element method:

The finite element method is one of the most efficient and consistent method for
structural analysis. The capability of this method resides particularly in its versatility.
The method can be applied to solve any type of problems like physical systems,
problems with indefinite shapes, loads and support conditions. Also meshing lays a
crucial role in mixing or combining the two different elements in size, shape and
physical properties aspect. Numerical procedure nothing but algorithmic way of
solving the problems is done when the problem addressed is too complicated to be
solved by analytical methods. Many software programs are available in the market for
the analysis of structures by this method. In this present study the computer program
ANSYS was used for the analysis performed. This finite element tool has been proven
as the capable one to solve the RC beam geometries.

3.4 Techniques used for modeling RC beams:

Finite element models for RC structures have generally been based on replacing the
composite continuum by an assembly of elements representing the concrete and the
steel reinforcement. Currently, there alternative techniques have been using for
modelling of reinforcement in a three dimensional model of concrete structures are:
The discrete model, the embedded model and the smeared model.
The desired techniques are chosen depending on the application and the degree of
details in which the model needs to be developed. However, most of the difficulties in
modelling reinforced concrete behaviour rely in the development of an effective and
realistic concrete materials formulation, and not in the modelling of the
reinforcement. This topic will be discussed further in chapter 5.

3.4.1 Discrete Model

In the discrete model, which is the model used in the present study,
reinforcement is modelled using bar or beam elements connected to the concrete
mesh nodes. As a result, there are shared nodes between the concrete mesh
and the reinforcement mesh, as shown in Figure 3.1. Also, since the
reinforcement is superimposed in the concrete mesh, concrete exists in the same
regions occupied by the reinforcement.

18
 The drawback of using the discrete model is that the concrete mesh is
restricted by the location of the reinforcement. Full bond is generally assumed
between the reinforcement and the concrete. In cases where bond issues are of
importance, fictitious spring elements are used to model bond slip between the
concrete and the reinforcement elements. These linkage elements connect
concrete nodes with reinforcement nodes having coordinates. These type of
elements have no physical dimension at all, and only their mechanical properties
are of importance.

Figure 3.1 Shared nodes between concrete elements and reinforcement

elements.

3.4.2 Embedded Model

To overcome mesh dependency in the discrete model, the embedded
formulation Allows independent choice of concrete mesh, as shown in Figure
3.2. In this approach, the stiffness of the reinforcing elements is evaluated
independently from the concrete elements, but the element is built into the
concrete mesh in such a way that its displacements are compatible with those
of surrounding concrete elements. That is, the concrete elements and their
intersection points with each reinforcement segment are identified and used to
establish the nodal locations of the reinforcement elements.
Although some researchers have employed the embedded model with lower-
order elements, the embedded formulation is usually used in connections with
higher-order elements. In concrete structures where reinforcement is complex,
the embedded representation is advantageous. However, the additional nodes
required for the reinforcement increase the number of degree of freedom, and
19
 the hence the run time. Also researchers have found that although analyses
with the embedded representation are in general more computational efficient
than those with the discrete representation, its application to the analysis of
actual concrete structures is still expensive for day to day design.

Figure 3.2: Embedded formulation for reinforced concrete.

3.4.3 Smeared Model
In the smeared model, the reinforcement is assumed to be uniformly
distributed over The concrete elements, as shown in figure 3.3. As a result,
the properties of the material
Model in the elements are constructed from individual properties of the
concrete and reinforcement using composite theory. This technique is usually
applied for large structural models, where reinforcement details are not
essential to capture the overall response of the structure.

Figure 3.3 Smeared formulation for reinforced concrete.

3.5 Volume reduction method in ANSYS:

In all the three techniques which are explained above modelling is done taking
concrete as the base. That is as per the requirement and position of the reinforcement

20
bar meshing is initiated. Using the nodes developed in concrete reinforcement bars are
developed. Whenever the reinforcement bras are designed at particular position the
volume of the concrete wasnt deducted so that the change in volume havent done
which is draw back in this three techniques. In this research the modelling is done
using volume reduction method which possible in work bench and also the drawback
is rectified as shown in the following figure3.4.

Figure 3.4: Volume reduction method

21
 CHAPTER 4
FINITE ELEMENT MODELS

4.1 General

The following chapter presents a description of the ANSYS work bench

models developed in the present study to predict the load-deflection behaviour and
stress strain behaviour of the RC beams and composite geometries of concrete beams.
A detailed description of the different element types used to develop the mesh is
included, as well as the techniques and tools used for establishing boundary
conditions and load application.

4.2 Tools and softwares:

4.2.1 FEM
I. ANSYS:
ANSYS is advanced software to use in the field of civil engineering,
which works on FEM. since the modelling and analysis of irregular,
compound and complicated geometries is not possible using majority
of the existing civil softwares. So that ANSYS is having a possibility
of developing complicated geometries. As well as another advantage is
it works on FEM which is the developing aspect in civil engineering.
ANSYS is analysis software not the design software. All the data
which includes design details, material properties and displacement
conditions are user defined in ANSYS.
II. STAAD-PRO:
Generally majority of the structural designs will be done using
STAAD-PRO. In which all the requirements will be given as an input
and output will be the design details, stress and force, movement
reactions. So the approach adopted in this work using ANSYS is
completely new. For new approach validation should be required. To
justify the approach done using ANSYS, STAAD-PRO is taken as a
base for getting the design details to prepare a model in ANSYS and
further analysis.

22
4.3 Finite element models for RC beam and composite RC beams:

In ANSYS modelling and analysis can be done in two ways either with
MECHANICAL APDL or with ANSYS WORK BENCH. In comparison of both
these tools from the literature aspect APDL is not user-friendly, which requires lot of
calculations and attention should be required for analysis. Error identification is bit
difficult in APDL but in the case of WORKBENCH, It is a modified tool of APDL.
Modelling in work bench is the most advanced and all the tools are predefined and
easy accessible. In comparison of these two tools WORKBENCH is preferable
because the geometry required for this research is quite complicated to model many
tiny designs are to be done i.e., one should incorporate the fillet edged stirrups in the
concrete block which is the most difficult task in APDL.WORK BENCH is having a
freedom of designing. After modelling further analyses is done in the division of
mechanical. All the material properties are available (predefined) in the engineering
data table but even though manually the properties are assigned because some the
predefined properties are not acceptable to this design analysis. The material
properties for concrete are taken as per standards and for Fe-415 steel the properties
are a taken from the code IS-1786:2008. In many literatures related to reinforced
cement concrete beam analysis secondary reinforcement have been neglected. The
complete analysis had done using main reinforcement, but in case of shear, bending
moment and load distribution stirrups will play a key role so considering all the
aspects stirrups are also designed in model. Which is very complicated task in the
modelling. In this paper three different beams were modelled out of which a control
RC beam is modelled to compare the results with the control beam and in the next
case two beams of length 5 meter and 0.7 meter are modelled. 5 meter beam is
modelled with a monolithic steel section in the mid span are show in figure 4.1 and
figure 4.2. 0.7 meter beam is the scale beam 5 meter beam for the sake of
experimentation in the laboratory and control beam of same dimensions are shown in
figure 4.3 and figure 4.4. All the four beam models are as shown follows:

23
 Figure 4.1: Control beam (5000*200*400)

Figure 4.2: RC beam with monolithic steel section for analysis (5000*200*400)

Figure 4.3: RC beam monolithic steel section for experimentation (700*150*150)

Figure 4.4: Control beam (700*150*150)

4.4 Modeling of composite beam with monolithically casted steel section for
providing sanitation pipe:

In majority of the structures for the purpose of providing sanitation pipes beam
breaking or puncturing is going on as show in the figure1.2. Which causes a huge
damage to the entire structure in the aspect of strength, due to this the reinforcement is
exposed to the environment which will cause corrosion and also the aesthetic view
will be damaged. So as a structural engineer one should take care of this entire thing
else the result will be huge damage.

24
To overcome this problem after working on number of ideas and ways the research
has been started. Coming to the technique which is adopted for this problem is where
ever the pipe is passing though the beam or a column instead of rupturing/puncturing
the beam a monolithically casted hallow steel section is going to be placed which is as
shown in figure 4.5.

Figure4.5: Hallow steel section

To allow the passage of sanitation pipes through the beam or column without
breaking/ rupturing the beam a hollow steel section is adopted which is
prepared by working on different number of ways and techniques. Simply
modelling of the steel section is completely depends on trial and error method.
After all a section of hollow steel section is finalized. Which is having an
8mm thickens steel plates overall and the complete section is of four similar
parts as shown in the figure 4.6.

25
Figure4.6: Sectional view of steel section Figure 4.7: Stiffeners and joining plate

After preparing all the four similar Sections to make it as a hollow section which
will be in such a way that the pipe should pass through it. All the sections are
connected with two plates of 15mm thickness on either side of the sections which
is as shown in the figure 4.6 and figure 4.7. To provide the additional strength and
to avoid the shape deformation of the hollow section stiffeners are provided in
addition as shown in figure 4.7.

4.5 Mesh description:

Fem is completely depends on meshing. Meshing is nothing but dividing the specific
object or element in to number of equal parts for analysis. Basically in ANSYS
meshing can be done in two ways i.e., either automatically nothing but predefined
which will be done by software or user defined nothing but manual input. In
automatic meshing software it operates the meshing in which the size of the element,
relevance factor, curvature and proximity etc., are default. In case of user defined
meshing, user can define all the parameters according to the required output and the
method of meshing can also be assigned based on the requirement. In this research
tetra mesh is assigned to all the elements with an element size of 5mm throughout.
The size of meshing is decided on the basis of comparison between the stress values
and size of meshing as shown in the below figure 4.8. Also the meshing on different
structural elements is explained as follows:

26
 Figure 4.8: Stress vs size of meshing

Figure 4.9: Meshing on concrete element

Figure 4.10: Meshing on reinforcement

27
4.6 Boundary conditions:

Modelling of boundary conditions is often the most critical aspect in achieving

sensible, reliable data from the FEM. To ensure that the perfect evaluation of the
physical conditions, several tools was used in order to gain the proper boundary
conditions for the model. Which includes supporting conditions and load application.
All these conditions and parameters are discussed in brief as follows:

4.6.1 Load application:

The load can be applied on beam as per the requirement thats is there are two
ways to apply the load on the beam. If the user wants apply the load on the
particular surface or point using the remote location force option (using the
coordinate values) load can be applied which is as shown in the below
figure4.11.

Figure 4.11: Loading on the beam

4.6.2 Support conditions:

To assign the simply supported condition, the beam was supported by two

rigid load bars, as shown in the figure 4.12. These load bars are made of high

strength materials which do not undergo deformation under loading

conditions.

To develop the simply supported condition in the beam both x-axis and y-axis

are maintained constant and z-axis is released (kept free).

28
 Figure 4.12: Beam support condition

4.6.3 Bond contact:

Bonding is one of the predominant things in RCC (reinforced cement concrete
structures). There are many bond contacts in ANSYS which are bonded, No
separation, frictionless, rough and frictional. Each parameter is having its own
significance according to the requirement. The significance of each connection
is explained in detail as follows:

Bonded This is the default configuration and applies to all contact regions
(surfaces, solids, lines, faces, edges). If contact regions are bonded, then no
sliding or separation between faces or edges is allowed. Think of the region as
glued. This type of contact allows for a linear solution since the contact
length/area will not change during the application of the load. If contact is
determined on the mathematical model, any gaps will be closed and any initial
penetration will be ignored. [Not supported for Rigid Dynamics. Fixed joint
can be used instead.]

No Separation: This contact setting is similar to the bonded case. It only

applies to regions of faces (for 3-D solids) or edges (for 2-D plates).
Separation of the geometries in contact is not allowed, but small amounts of
frictionless sliding can occur along contact geometries. [Not supported for
Explicit Dynamics analyses. Rigid Dynamics allows large amount of sliding.]

Frictionless: This setting models standard unilateral contact; that is, normal
pressure equals zero if separation occurs. Thus gaps can form in the model
between bodies depending on the loading. This solution is nonlinear because
the area of contact may change as the load is applied. A zero coefficient of
friction is assumed, thus allowing free sliding. The model should be well
constrained when using this contact setting. Weak springs are added to the
assembly to help stabilize the model in order to achieve a reasonable solution.

29
 Rough: Similar to the frictionless setting, these setting models perfectly rough
frictional contact where there is no sliding. It only applies to regions of faces
(for 3-D solids) or edges (for 2-D plates). By default, no automatic closing of
gaps is performed. This case corresponds to an infinite friction coefficient
between the contacting bodies. [Not supported for Explicit Dynamics
analyses.]

Frictional: In this setting, the two contacting geometries can carry shear
stresses up to a certain magnitude across their interface before they start
sliding relative to each other. This state is known as "sticking." The model
defines an equivalent shear stress at which sliding on the geometry begins as a
fraction of the contact pressure. Once the shear stress is exceeded, the two
geometries will slide relative to each other. The coefficient of friction can be
any nonnegative value. [Not supported for Rigid Dynamics. Forced
Frictional Sliding should be used instead.]

Forced Frictional Sliding: In this setting, a tangent resisting force is applied

at each contact point. The tangent force is proportional to the normal contact
force. This settings is similar to Frictional except that there is no "sticking"
state. [Supported only for Rigid Dynamics]

Friction Coefficient: Allows you to enter a friction coefficient. Displayed

only for frictional contact applications.

Note: A Friction Coefficient greater than 0.2 will require the use of the
Unsymmetrical Eigen solver in downstream analyses; for example, in Modal
with Pre-Stress.

In this research work the bond connection between steel and concrete is
provided as bonded. Out of all the connections bonded connection is
finalized after doing a regressive literature study. The bond contact between
steel to steel and steel to concrete is as shown following figures:

Figure 4.13: Bond between steel to steel Figure 4.14: Bond between steel to concrete

30
 CHAPTER 5
BEAM PAPRAMETERS

5.1 General:

As mentioned before, one of the biggest challenges associated with modelling

the behaviour of reinforced concrete is the difficulty of incorporating realistic material
models that can accurately represent the physical system. The following chapter
discusses the material properties, beam dimensions and loading calculations.

5.2 Dimensions:

Width=200mm

Depth=400mm

Length=5000mm, is prepared.

Properties of the beam

Supports: fixed on both the sides.

Load: 16 KN/m

Grade of concrete: M25

Grade of steel: Fe415

Effective cover of beam: 40mm

5.3 Material properties:

Since the default material properties in ANSYS are not acceptable as the requirement
so all the material properties are assigned manually. As these properties are taken as
per the IS-CODE. Which are tabulated as follows.

31
 Table 5.1: Material properties
Properties unites Steel concrete
Density Kg/m3 7850 2414
Youngs modulus Pa 2E+11 1.7E+10
Poissons ratio Pa 0.3 0.2
Bulk modulus Pa 1.67E+11 9.45E+09
Shear modulus Pa 7.69E+10 7.0834E+09
Tensile yield strength Pa 4.15E+08 3.5E+06
Compressive yield
Pa 4.15E+08 2.5E+07
strength
Tensile ultimate strength Pa 4.85E+08 3.5E+06
Compressive ultimate
Pa 4.85E+08 2.5E+07
strength

5.4 Load calculation

The amount of load to be applied on the beam is calculated using IS codes and NBC
(National Building Code). The load on slab is calculated using yield line theory. The
slab load is transferred to the beams. And also the wall load is also considered. All the
dead loads are taken in to consider based on IS 875-1987 Part-I. The dimensions of
the slab beam and remaining building components are taken as per NBC and IS
456:2000. The details of load calculation are explained briefly as follows:

I. As per IS 875- Part-I in a residential building store room will be having

maximum live load of 5 KN/m2 (uniformly distributed load) or 4.5 KN
(point load).
II. As per NBC-2005 the minimum surface area to be considered for store
room is 3 m2 and the minimum height of the store room is 2.2 meters. So
that by taking these standards in to consideration in this work a room of
dimension 5m x 1.5 m is considered with 5 meter as length and 1.5 meter
as width. So by this the room is designed in such a way that it consists of
two 5m beams and two 1.5 meter beams.
III. While calculating the load on beams, on all the four sides of the room
adjacent slab portions, wall loads are also taken in to consideration.

32
IV. Wall width is taken as 200mm and thickness of the slab is taken as 100mm
Brick dimensions 190mm * 90mm * 90mm
Motor thickness 5mm on either side of the wall
Taking 5 meter beam in to consideration.

Step i:

Live load on the slab for store as per IS 875-Part-I is 5 KN/M2.

Area of the slab = 5 x 1.5 = 7.5 M2.
Density of concrete = 2400 Kg/M3 = 23.54 KN/M3.
Dead load on slab = 23.54 x 5 x 1.5 x0.1 =18.405 KN
= 2.454 KN/M2
Total load on slab = 2.454 + 5 = 7.454 KN/M2.

Step ii:

Height of the wall = 3 meters

Thickness of the wall = 200 mm = 0.20 M (brick length + mortar finishing)
Length of the wall = 5000 mm
Area of the wall = 5000 x 200 x 3000 = 3000 mm3 = 3 M3
Density of the clay brick = 18.85 KN/m3
= 39.02 kn = 39.02 kn/m2

Step iii:

Load calculation on slab using yield line theory

Area of Trapezoid = h/2(a + b)
Where h= 0.75m; a = 5m; b=1.5m
Area of trapezoid = 2.4375 m2
Load on beam of 5 meter = 7.454 x 2.4375
=18.1691 KN = 18.1691 Kn/m2
Slab will be laid on both sides of the beam so the load should be multiplied by
2
Total load due to slab on beam = 18.1691 x 2
= 36.3382 KN/m2

33
Step iv:

Dead load of the beam = volume of the beam x density

= 0.2 x 5 x 0.4 x 23.54 = 9.416 KN
= 9.416 KN/m2

Step v:

Total load on the beam = slab load (inclusive of adjacent slab) + wall load
+ beam load
= 36.3382 + 39.02 + 9.416 = 84.7742 Kn/m2
= 0.084 N/mm2
After following all the considerations and taking all the parameter in to picture
a load of 0.08 MPa is finalized as per the calculations using IS codes.

34
 CHAPTER 6

FINITE ELEMENT RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

6.1 General:

The following chapter explains the validation of approach using Staad-pro, analytical
and experimental finite element results for the RC beam and RC beam with
monolithic steel section. As stated before, three different beams of lengths (5 meters,
700mm) were modelled to avoid the rupturing problem and to know the behaviour of
the beam with monolithic steel section in comparison of control RC beam. As a result
of these finite element simulations, interesting information was obtained regarding the
stress state of the longitudinal reinforcement that contributed to explain the behaviour
and failure mode observed in the experimental tests.

A detailed discussion of the load-deflection characteristics is presented as

well as a description of the stress state in the main reinforcement, comparing the

results between the experimental and analytical models developed. Also, a

comparison was made between the capacity obtained by the finite element results and

that obtained by experimentation.

6.2 Justification and reinforcement allotment for ANSYS model with STAAD-
PRO:

Justification is required to know about the adopted way of approach is accurate or not.
So that a concrete beam of dimensions 200mm*400mm*5000mm with fixed supports
on both the ends designed as per IS 456-200. Grade of steel used is Fe 415 and
concrete of grade M25. And the complete design details which are generated using
STAAD-PRO are noted down. With the reference of the STAAD-PRO design details
the ANSYS model is prepared in ANSYS design modular tool. Further analysis is
done using ANSYS mechanical module by assigning the similar properties and
support conditions to steel and concrete. In case of FEM the complete analysis is
depends on meshing which will be done in mechanical module. A fine meshing of
25mm is adopted to the beam and reinforcement. By comparing both results from

35
STAAD-PRO and ANSYS, results from ANSYS are lesser values than STAAD-PRO.
So that the way of approach adopted for solving the problem is acceptable.

6.2.1 STAAD-PRO model:

A beam of dimensions 200mm*400mm*5000mm is modelled in STAAD-PRO. Since

ANSYS is a user defined software but STAAD-PRO will give the design details but
not ANSYS so to model the same type of beam one require data so in this work based
on STAAD-PRO design details the same model is prepared in ANSYS and analysed.

Figure 6.1: STAAD-PRO model

6.2.2 ANSYS model:

By considering all the design details from the STAAD-PRO similar model with all the
material properties is modelled in ANSYS. Which is shown as follows:

36
 Figure 6.2: ANSYS model

6.2.3 STAAD-PRO and ANSYS design details:

The entire user defined properties and data are similar in the case of both
analysis and the results are compared for the validation of software. The
results of both ANSYS and STAAD-PRO are as shown as follows:

o STAAD-PRO results and design details:

Figure 6.3: STAAD-PRO Deflection diagram of validation beam

37
 Figure 6.4: STAAD-PRO Shear force diagram of validation beam

Figure 6.5: STAAD-PRO Bending moment diagram of validation beam

38
 Figure 6.6: STAAD-PRO Stress diagram of validation beam

Figure 6.7: STAAD-PRO design details of RC beam of validation beam

39
o ANSYS results:

Figure 6.8: ANSYS Defection diagram of validation beam

Figure 6.9: ANSYS Force reaction diagram of validation beam

40
Figure 6.10: ANSYS Moment reaction diagram of validation beam

Figure 6.11: ANSYS Maximum principal stress of validation beam

41
 Figure 6.12: ANSYS Equivalent stress of validation beam

Table 6.1: ANSYS result report

Object Name Moment Reaction Moment Reaction 2 Force Reaction Force Reaction 2
State Solved
Type Moment Reaction Force Reaction
Location Method Boundary Condition
Boundary Condition Fixed Support Fixed Support 2 Fixed Support Fixed Support 2
Orientation Global Coordinate System
Suppressed No
Result Selection All
Display Time 50. s End Time
Results
X Axis 3.3303e+007 Nmm -3.3303e+007 Nmm -2.6415e-004 N -2.7122e-002 N
Y Axis -163.02 Nmm 60.939 Nmm 39999 N
Z Axis 45.347 Nmm 9.7034 Nmm -575.83 N 575.83 N
Total 3.3303e+007 Nmm 40003 N

42
 TABLE 6.2: Comparison of STAAD-PRO and ANSYS results

Parameters of the beam. STAAD-PRO ANSYS

Deflection (mm) 1.093 0.813

Shear force (KN) 40 at ends 0 at mid span 40.003

33.33-ends
Bending moment (Kn.m) 33.3303
16.7 at mid span

Maximum principal stress

-8.06 to 38.119
Stress (MPa) -6.250
Equivalent stress
0 to 51.616

By comparison of both the out puts there is a minute variation in deflection. Which is
may be due to the allowance of tolerance between primary steel and secondary steel
nothing but main reinforcement and stirrups. The total of 0.1 mm tolerance is allowed
in between stirrups and main reinforcement. The same minute variation is there in
case of bending movement and shear force. This may occurs because the
reinforcement is allowed till the either end of the concrete specimen (beam) and also
it may occur due to the tolerance allowed.

6.3 Analysis of control beam (5000mm*200mm*400mm):

Figure 6.13: ANSYS deflection diagram of control beam

43
Figure 6.14: ANSYS maximum principal stress of control beam

Figure 6.15: ANSYS equivalent stress of control beam

44
6.4 Analysis of RC beam with monolithic steel section
(5000mm*200mm*400mm):

CASE 1: Steel section at the mid span

Figure 6.16: ANSYS deflection of beam with steel section at mid span

Figure 6.17: ANSYS maximum principal stress of beam with steel section at mid span

45
 Figure 6.18: ANSYS equivalent stress of beam with steel section at mid span

CASE 2: At a distance of 1 meter from the end

Figure 6.19: ANSYS deflection of beam with steel section at 1 meter span

46
Figure 6.20: ANSYS maximum principal stress of beam with steel section at 1 meter
span

Figure 6.21: ANSYS equivalent stress of beam with steel section at 1 meter span

47
CASE 3: At a distance of 1.5 meters from the end

Figure 6.22: ANSYS deflection of beam with steel section at 1.5 meter span

Figure 6.23: ANSYS maximum principal stress of beam with steel section at 1.5
meter span

48
 Figure 6.24: ANSYS equivalent stress of beam with steel section at 1.5 meter span

CASE 4: At a distance of 2 meters from the end

Figure 6.25: ANSYS deflection of composite beam of beam with steel section at 2
meter span

49
Figure 6.26: ANSYS maximum principal stress of beam with steel section at21 meter
span

Figure 6.27: ANSYS equivalent stress of beam with steel section at 2 meter span

By comparing all the results in each and every case are acceptable as per the IS-
CODES. That is the maximum allowable deflection as per IS-CODE is 20mm.

50
maximum allowable stress on concrete as per IS-CODE is 0.7 Fck. On the steel is as
per the grade used.

In this by paper on control beam a deflection of 0.8mm is observed and in case 1

beam the deflection observed 1.10 mm comparison of both the cases it is concluded
that the increase in deflection is observed in case 1 beam i.e, the beam having a steel
section in the mid span. Since the density of the particular section is more compared
to the control beam and also in all the cases the maximum intensity of loading will be
there in the centre on the section. In this case due the intensity zone and the maximum
density factor both are acting at the same location so that it result in increase in
deflection in case 1 beam compared to the conventional beam.

In case 2, when the section is placed at a distance of one meter form the end the
maximum deflection observed in the section is almost equal to the deflection of
control beam. Since the dead load in the mid span is less. Steel is having more
capability of taking load as compared to the concrete. Whenever it placed at a
distance of one meter in transferring the load to the concrete member steel itself is
taking mode load so that the stress has been increased and the deflection remains
same as compared to the control beam.

In case 3, when the section is placed a distance of 1.5 meters from the end the
maximum deflection obtained is about 0.75mm which is less compared to the
deflection in control beam. In this case3, the section is placed near to the tension zone
thats is almost near to the point of contra flexure so that it can be capable arresting
the tension stresses. Whenever the tension stress are arrested the loading intensity at
the mid span will be get nullified up to some extent so that the decrement in deflection
is observed.

In case4, again the defalcation is decreased compared to the case3 that is 0.751.
whatever the procedure applicable for the previous case the same will be applicable in
this case also i.e, as the section goes nearer to the point of contra flexure the moment
will shift and the resistance to get deflect will be gained.

Coming to the stress results in all the cases it is observed that the certain portion of
concrete and reinforcement is getting excessive stress as per IS-CODE. But in
practice to overcome this additional stiffeners are provided.

51
6.5 Analysis of short beam for experimentation (700mm*150mm*150mm):

Figure 6.28: ANSYS deflection of experimental beam with steel section

Figure 6.29: ANSYS Maximum principal stress of experimental beam with steel
section

52
Figure 6.30: ANSYS Equivalent stress of experimental beam with steel section

53
 CHAPTER 7

EXPERIMENTATION

7.1 General:

The following chapter gives details of the experimentation part. In which a beam of
dimensions (700mm*150mm*150mm) is casted with monolithic steel section at the
mid span, As stated before, three different beams of lengths (5 meters, 700mm) were
modelled to predict the rupturing problem and to know the behaviour of the beam
with monolithic steel section in comparison of control RC beam. As a result of these
finite element simulations, interesting information was obtained regarding the stress
state of the longitudinal reinforcement which is explained in the earlier chapter.

In this A detailed discussion of the load-deflection characteristics is presented

as well as a description of the stress state in the main reinforcement, comparing the

results between the experimental and analytical models developed. Also, a

comparison was made between the capacity obtained by the finite element results and

to the results obtained by experimentation.

7.2 Materials:

Steel section is modelled using FE250 plates of size 8mm thickness overall. In case of
reinforcement 8mm diameter bars are used for secondary reinforcement and 12 mm
diameter bars are used for primary reinforcement.

7.2.1 Material properties:

Since the default material properties in ANSYS are not acceptable as the
requirement so all the material properties are assigned manually. As these
properties are taken as per the IS-CODE. Which are tabulated as follows.

54
 Table 7.1: Material properties for experimentation

Properties unites Reinforcement concrete Steel

section
Density Kg/m3 7850 2414 7850

Youngs modulus Pa 2E+11 1.7E+10 2E+11

Poissons ratio Pa 0.3 0.2 0.3
Bulk modulus Pa 1.67E+11 9.45E+09 1.67E+11
Shear modulus Pa 7.69E+10 7.0834E+09 7.69E+10
Tensile yield
Pa 4.15E+08 3.5E+06 2.50E+08
strength
Compressive yield
Pa 4.15E+08 2.5E+07 2.50E+08
strength
Tensile ultimate
Pa 4.85E+08 3.5E+06 2.50E+08
strength
Compressive
Pa 4.85E+08 2.5E+07 2.50E+08
ultimate strength

7.3 Casting of beam with monolithic steel section:

In modelling of steel section as show in the below figure7.1 plates of 8mm thickness
are taken. A total 8 number of plates are considered and four hollow sections are
prepared. That is in each section two plate are joined to gather with weld connection
using bar square bar of thickness 12mm as shown in the figure7.2. As the four
sections are prepared those are welded on two plates of 8mm thickness and a cross
section of 150mm * 150 mm. the step by step procedure of modelling of hollow steel
section is explained pictorially as follows:

Figure 7.1: Steel plates of size 8mm Figure 7.2: Chamfered square bars of 12mm

55
 Figure 7.3: Welding process Figure 7.4: Hollow steel sections

Figure 7.5: Finishing for welded sections Figure 7.6: Casted steel section
Complete modeling process of the reinforcement cage with monolithic steel
section
7.4 Concrete Mix design:
In this paper the grade of concrete considered is M25. The water cement ratio is taken
as 0.35. Since less the water cement ratio more will the binder content. More the
minder content better bonding will be generated between steel and concrete which is a
predominant thing this work. The complete step by step procedure of mix design is
explained as follows:

Step 1:
Target mean strength= 25+4s
= 25+4*1.65
= 31.25 MPa

56
Step 2:

As per IS code maximum water cement ratio for M25 is 0.55.

Adopt 0.35 water cement ratio
Water cement ratio= 0.35 < 0.55.

Step 3:
Selection of water content
As per table 2 IS 10262-2009 maximum water content is 186 litres / cubic meter for
25 to 50 mm slump.
As estimated to 100 mm slump water content will increase by 0.06 percent so
Water content = 197 litres.
Step4:
Selection of cement content
W/c ratio= 0.35
Cement content= 197/0.35 = 562.8571 kg/cubic meter
As per table 3 IS 456 minimum cement content is 300kg/m3
Hence ok.
Step 5:
From Table 3. Volume of coarse aggregate corresponding to 20 mm size aggregate
and fine aggregate (Zone I)
For water-cement ratio of 0.50 =0.60.
In the present case water-cement ratio is 0.40.
Therefore Volume of coarse aggregate is required to be increased.
To decrease the fine aggregate content.
As the water-cement ratio is lower by 0.10. The proportion of volume of Coarse
aggregate is increased by 0.02 (at the rate of -/+ 0.01 for every 0.05 change in
water-cement ratio).
Therefore.
Corrected proportion of volume of coarse aggregate for the water-cement ratio of 0.40
= 0.62.
NOTE - In case the coarse aggregate is not angular one. Then also volume of coarse
aggregate may be required 10 be increased
Suitably, based on experience.

57
For pumpable concrete these values should be reduced by 10 percent.
Therefore, volume of coarse aggregate = 0.62 x 0.9 = 0.56.
Volume of fine aggregate content =I - 0.56 =0.44.
Step 6:
Mix calculations
Volume of concrete = 1 m3
Volume of cement = (563/3.15) * (1/1000) = 0.1785 m3
Water content = (197/1) 8 (1/1000) = 0.197 lit/m3
Aggregate = 1-(0.197+0.1785) = 0.6245
Coarse aggregate = 0.6245*0.44*2.74*1000 = 752.8975 kg/m3
Fine aggregate = 0.6245*0.56*2.74*1000 = 958 kg/m3

7.5 Casting and curing:

Three beams of dimensions, 700mm150mm150mm, were prepared to determine

the load deflection behaviour under three point loading. Mixing was carried out in a
revolving paddle pan mixer. The concrete was cast into steel mould using a minimal
amount of mould oil and compacted using a vibrating table. The specimens were
demoulded after 24 hours and water curing commenced for 28 days. Further testing is
done.

Figure 7.7: Monolithically casted RCC beam with steel section

58
 Figure 7.8: casting of control beam

Figure 7.9: curing of monolithically casted RCC beam

7.6 Testing of beam specimens:

To evaluate the behaviour of the beam through experimentation a beam of

700mm*150mm*150mm is tested for load-deflection behaviour under single point
loading as shown in the figure. In which beam is mounted on two simply supports at a
distance of 50mm from either ends.

59
 Figure 7.10: Flexural testing of beam

Figure 7.11 comparison of control beam with beam with steel section

Figure 7.12: Crack pattern on the bottom side of the beam with steel section

60
Figure 7.13: Crack pattern of the bottom of control beam

61
 CHAPTER 8

RESULT DISCUSSIONS, CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE

8.1Experimental results discussions:

Figure 8.1: ANSYS Deflection diagram of experimental beam with steel section

Figure 8.2: graphical comparison of control beam and beam with steel section

As shown in the above two figures, figure 8.1 is analysis part which is done for the
initial cracking load and the figure 8.2is the comparison of load 0deflection behaviour
between control beams with steel section. As from the results it is observed that in
case of beam with steel section the load carrying capacity high compared to the
control beam. Since in control beam whatever the applied load will transfer from

62
concrete to reinforcement but in case of beam with steel section there is a direct
transfer of load from steel to steel from the initial stage of load application. So that the
beam with steel section is capable of taking more load compared to the control beam.
An acceptable outcome is both beams are having the similar behaviour under load-
deflection. But in case of initial cracking beam with steel section has generated the
crack at a load of 70 KN but in case of control beam the initial crack is observed at a
load of 80 KN. Since the control beam is having the more homogeneous nature
compared to the beam with steel section. In observation of initial crack the location of
crack on both beams is similar but variation in load. Because of homogeneity problem
since two materials are joining, boned problem may occurs so because of bond
connectivity problem initial crack is occurred in the early stage in case of beam with
steel section compared to the control beam

As shown in the figure 7.12 the failure cracks are formed away from the center. This
is because steel section is connected to the concrete section through reinforcement
making the section over-reinforced. Due to this there is a better bond which doesnt
allow the beam to fail from concrete-steel section junction. As shown in fig. 7.13,
crack is formed right at the center since stress concentration occurs there.

In comparison of experimentation results and analytical results the outcome from both
ways is similar. There is a minute variation in results that is in experimental testing at
initial cracking load of 70kn the deflection is around 1.2 mm and for the same loading
conditions in software analysis part the result obtained is 1.005mm. Since the
practical conditions of the beam is completely different when compared to the beam
modelled in software. In practice the beam will modelled using mixer of materials.
The condition/behaviour of beam depends of the perfection in casting/execution. In
analysis part a single material with unique properties applied. Load distribution will
be considered as uniform throughout the section i.e., in each and every position of the
beam. So that all the particulars whatever considered in the practice cant be done in
analysis. Considering some assumptions analysis will be done. So the variation in
results will be acceptable up a minimum extent of difference in output.

63
8.2 Conclusion:

The comparative study between the analytical and experimental results is stated that
the behaviour of the beams under loading condition is same. The maximum allowable
deflection is each case is acceptable which is less than 20mm as per IS 456-2000. The
stress pattern i.e., the load transfer zones are similar in both the cases i.e., beam with
steel section and control beam. The crack patterns are observed in both the beams is
similar. In case of initial crack beam with steel section generated the crack in early
stage of loading compared to the control beam. Even though the beam with steel
section has generated crack in earlier stage than control beam, it attains the ultimate
load carrying capacity. So in comparison of failure conditions beam with steel section
is having more capability of taking load since the load transfer is more in this case.
The initial cracking load variation is due the homogeneity problem in the beams
which is explained briefly in the early chapters. For making the better bond one
should has to design the beam for maximum binder content. From these work it is
concluded that adopting technique (hollow steel section in beam) to avoid the
rupturing of the beam for passing the plastic pipes can be avoided without
damaging/disturbing the other structural elements. Also the complete work done and
discussed in this research work is about the hollow steel section in the mid span of the
beam but in practice most of the cases the rupturing of the beam segment for passing
sanitation pipe will be done at the extreme ends of the beam. So taking these things in
to consideration three other beams are analysed which is explained in the chapter 6. In
comparison of those results whenever the steel section is at the extreme ends. The
behaviour of the beam with steel section is more economical than the control beam.
So by this study it is stated that even though the cost of the replacement is
uneconomical compared to the control beam but in the aspect of safety and
serviceability it is acceptable. Adopting this technique in practice to safe guard the
structures and to avoid the human loss due to failure of structural elements is possible.
The durability and aesthetic view of the structure can be served at its best.

64
8.3 Future Scope:

As from the research work done till now a perfect approach is adopted and validated
for modelling and analysis of composite geometries.

Figure 8.3: Ruptured beam for providing pipes

Figure 8.4: Sectional view of the hollow steel section with sanitation pipe.

The damage of aesthetic view and effect of strength due to the rupturing of the beam
as shown in figure8.3.1 can be avoided by using this technique. In practice indefinite
geometries cant be analysed using existing civil engineering softwares. Due to this
number of experimentations and cross checks should be done to finalise the design so
which will consume more time and lot of material waste will be done. So this
approach can perfectly alter the limitations. As show in the Fig8.2 the beam is
punctured for passing the pipe. To overcome the puncturing and to safe guard the

65
strength reduction, corrosion attack and also the aesthetic view of the structure a
hollow steel section is developed to all the free passage of pipe through beam. This
whole modelling of composite beam section done using the same approach. This
technique is more feasible and easy to adopt in the practice. Whatever the approach
developed using ANSYS in this work can be use full for the purpose of any geometry
and any type of RC beams without wasting the materials. Also all the existing civil
engineering softwares are not accurate in generating the stress at each and every
minute point of location which is drawback, this drawback is get overcome in ANSYS
since it is having a liberty to get stresses at each and every minute point of the
elements. n- Number stress values can be generated in any volume or in any area.

66
REFERENCES:

[1] Mitali R Patel and Tejendra Tank, Finite element modelling of RC deep beams
strengthened in shear with CFRP strips, The Indian concrete journal (August2014), and
point of view.
[2] Prof.S.S. Patil and A.N. Shaikh, Non Linear Finite Element Method of Reinforced
Concrete Deep Beam, International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology
(IJEIT) Volume 2, Issue 10,(April 2013), pp 4622-4628.
[3] Robert ravi.S and Prince Arulraj.G, Finite element modelling on behaviour of
reinforced concrete beam-column joints retrofitted with carbon fibre reinforced
polymer sheets, International journal of civil and structural engineering, volume 1, and
no 3, and (2010) pp 576-582.
[4] Amer m. Ibrahim and Wissam d. Salman, Finite element analysis of reinforced concrete
beams strengthened with CFRP in flexural, Diyala journal of engineering sciences, vol.
02, (December 2009) pp. 88-104.
[5] Ugale Ashish B and Raut Harshalata R, Investigation on Behaviour of Reinforced
Concrete Beam Column Joints Retrofitted with FRP Wrapping Govt. International
Journal of Civil Engineering Research. ISSN 2278-3652 Volume 5, (2014) pp. 289-
294.
[6] Oral buyukozturk from Massachusetts institute of technology, Cambridge, MA
02139, U.S.A. Nonlinear analysis of concrete structures, computers and structures,
volume7, (2014)pp 149-156, pergamon press.
[7] R.Santhakumar, E.Chandrasekaran, Department of Civil Engineering, Crescent
Engineering College, India and R.Dhanaraj Department of Aeronautical
Engineering, MIT, Anna University, India. Analysis of retrofitted reinforced
concrete shear beams using carbon fiber composites, Electronic Journal of
Structural Engineering, 4 (2004), pp 66-74.
[8] A.L. Gamino& J.L.A.O. Sousa ,University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil, O.L.
Manzoli So Paulo State University, Bauru, Brazil and T.N. Bittencourt,
University of So Paulo, So Paulo, Brazil. A comparative study between smeared
and embedded crack models for finite element analysis of reinforced concrete
beams.Fracture Mechanics of Concrete and Concrete Structures Recent Advances
in Fracture Mechanics of Concrete - B. H. Oh, et al.(eds) (2010) Korea Concrete
Institute, Seoul, ISBN 978-89-5708-180-8.

67
[9] Hsuan-The Hu, Fu-Ming Lin and Yih-Yuan Jan at department of civil
engineering, national Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan. Nonlinear
finite element analsysis of reinforced concrete beams strengthened by fiber-
reinforced plastics, Composite Structures 63 (2004) 271281.
[10] R.Rajeshguna, K.Suguna and P.N.Raghunath. Steel fiber reinforced concrete
beams strengthened with fiber reinforced polymer laminates, International Journal
of Engineering Science and Innovative Technology (IJESIT) Volume 3, Issue
4(July 2014), pp 696-705.
[11] M. A. Musmar, M. I. Rjoub and M. A. Abdel Hadi, Department of Civil
Engineering, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Jordan ,Department of Civil
Engineering and Al-Balqa Applied University, Jordan respectively. Nonlinear
finite element analysis of shallow reinforced concrete beams using solid65
element, ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, VOL. 9, NO. 2,
(February 2014), pp 85-89.
[12] Mohanad Y. Abdulwahid, Imad A. Al-Qasem and Ibrahim Arman,
Department of civil engineering, Koya University, Kurdistan region, Iraq and
Department of Civil Engineering, Al-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
respectively. Determination of load transfer in reinforced concrete solid slabs by
finite element computer analysis, IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil
Engineering (IOSR-JMCE), Volume 8, Issue 3 (Sep - Oct. 2013), PP 01-07.
[13] Dr. Adel A. Al- Azzawi and Ali M. Al-ObaidieNahrian from University,
Baghdad, Iraq Nahrian University, Baghdad, Iraq respectively. Nonlinear three
dimensional finite element analysis of reinforced concrete beams on elastic
foundations, Journal of the Serbian Society for Computational Mechanics Vol. 4,
No. 1(2010) pp. 66-87.
[14] Samir M. O. Hassan Dirar and Chris T. Morley from Department of
Engineering University of Cambridge Cambridge, CB2 1PZ, England and
Department of Engineering University of Cambridge Cambridge, CB2 1PZ,
England. Nonlinear finite element analysis of reinforced concrete deep beams,
VIII International Conference on Computational Plasticity, Barcelona, (2005), pp
1-4.
[15] R. Srinivasan and k. Sathiya from Tamilnadu College of Engineering, India
Department of Civil Engineering Avinachilingam University for Women,
Department of Civil Engineering respectively. Flexural behaviour of reinforced
68
 concrete beams using finite element analysis (elastic analysis),
buletinulinstitutuluipolitehnic din iai, Publicat de UniversitateaTehnic
Gheorghe Asachi din Iai, pp31-41.
[16] Karthiga, Shenbagam.N, Preetha.V and Jayaraman.A, Department of Civil
Department, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology Sathyamangalam, Tamil
Nadu, India. Finite element analysis of reinforced concrete beams, International
Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE), Volume 1
Issue 8 (September 2014), pp272-285.

69
PUBLICATIONS

1. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY AND

BUILT ENVIRONMENT.
ISBN: 978-81-923320-6-2
ANALYSIS OF RCC BEAM USING ANSYS AND
VALIDATION WITH STAAD.PRO FOR MODELLING
DIFFERENT GEOMETRIES OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
WITH A PRACTICAL EXAMPLE
Rajesh Thallapaneni[1], Dr. R. K. Morchhale[2],Dr. G. Mohan Ganesh[3]
[1]
M Tech. Student, Structural Engineering, VIT University, Vellore-632014,
India.
[2]
Senior Principal Scientist, CSIR-AMPRI, Bhopal-462064, India.
[3]
Professor, Structural Engineering Division, SMBS, VIT University, Vellore-
632014, India.
[1]
civilrajesh157@gmail.com,+918682043675
[2]
rkmorchhale@yahoo.com, +919425011047
[3]
gmohanganesh@vit.ac.in, +919894690073
Abstract:
Generally in building practice only concrete elements are designed and analysed using
softwares like staad.pro, tekla structures, SAP-2000 and e-tabs. Basically while designing a
structure these softwares will consider only regular shaped elements such as rectangular
and circular, Whereas ducted elements, composite elements, curved elements and different
irregular geometries will also exist in the structure. By using FEM tools, modelling of
elements having different geometries is possible. Modelling of primary as well as secondary
reinforcement in ANSYS is totally a new approach. But for any new approach validation is
necessary. In this paper a rectangular beam is designed using STAAD.PRO and with the
design details of STAAD.PRO as base, same model is created and analysed in ANSYS for
validation. The finite element model made in ANSYS should be capable of representing both
elastic and plastic behaviour of concrete in compression and tension zones. Modelling of a
composite beam having a hollow steel section for the purpose of passing sanitation pipes is
done after the validation process.

Keywords: Concrete beam, FEM, ANSYS, STAAD.PRO, Hollow concrete section, Sanitation.

CATIA, NASTRAN, SOLID WORKS and

1. INTRODUCTION:
Finite element methods (FEM)are in practice
by the civil engineer for designing and analysis
of different structures since 1970.FEM is
recently seeking interest of engineers
worldwide for its accuracy regarding its ability
to solve complex and complicated geometries
like continuum which can't be solved by other
methods like matrix method etc. In regular
methods other than FEM, solving continuum is
quite difficult and the solution is not
accurate.There are many software packages in
FEM like ANSYS, ABACUS, HYPERMESH,
ADINA. All these softwares are not
predefined, i.e. they work by feeding some
user defined data.In this project complete
modelling and analysis is done using ANSYS-
14.5. An acceptable analysis in FEM can be
done by adopting proper meshing and
particularly in the case of defining the material
properties of concerned material which is
going to be used in the Process [1]. ANSYS
gives the freedom to model and analyse
complex geometries profoundly.
2. SCOPE OF WORK:

70
The primary step of this project is to rectify the
problem of modellingcomposite sections using
softwares and providing a valid approach for
modelling complex geometries and to perform
analysis on composite beams by considering a
practical example as shown in the Fig 1.
Fig 1: Ruptured beam
This paper addresses the analysis of composite
beams using ANSYS and its validation using
STAAD.PRO.
Adopting a familiar and easy way to
design the model in ANSYS.
Validating the results in ANSYS
using STAAD-PRO as base.
Comparing the results of ANSYS and
STAAD-PRO models & justification
of the results.
Modelling and Analysis of beam with
hollow steel section which can be
adopted in present scenario.
Based on many trials section
providing optimum results are taken
into consideration.
3. MODELING IN ANSYS:
In ANSYS modelling and analysis can be done
in two ways either with MECHANICAL
APDL or with ANSYS WORK BENCH. In
comparison of both these tools APDL is not
user-friendly, which includes lot of detailing
and is time consuming. Error identification is
bit difficult in APDL but in the case of
WORKBENCH it is a lot easier. Modelling in
work bench is the quite advanced and all the
tools are predefined having easy user interface.
In comparison of these two tools
WORKBENCH is preferable because the
geometry required for this research is quite
complicated to model and involves minute
detailing.One should incorporate the fillet
edged stirrups in the concrete block which is
the very difficult in APDL. Further analyses
are done in the division of mechanical. All the
material properties are available (predefined)
in the engineering data table but even though
manually the properties are assigned because
some of the predefined properties are not
71
acceptable in this design analysis. The material
properties for concrete are taken as per
standards and for Fe-415 steel the properties
are taken from the code IS-1786:2008. In the
literatures [1] and[2] related to reinforced
cement concrete beam analysis secondary
reinforcement has been neglected. The
complete analysis was done using main
reinforcement, but in case of shear, bending
moment and load distribution, stirrups will
play a key role.This issue is resolved in this
paper.
4. MESHING IN ANSYS:
Meshing plays a vital role in FEM. Meshing is
nothing but dividing a specific object or
element in to number of smaller parts for
analysis. As per [3]basically in ANSYS
meshing can be done in two ways i.e., either
automatically nothing but predefined which is
default or user defined. In automatic meshing
softwareoperates the meshing in which the size
of the element, relevance factor, curvature and
proximity etc., are default. In case of user
defined meshing, user can define all the
parameters according to the required output
and the method of meshing can also be
assigned based on the requirement. In this
research tetra mesh is assigned to all the
elements with an element size of 20mm
throughout.
5. MATERIAL PROPERTIES AND
SUPPORT CONDITIONS:
5.1 RCC beam:
Grade of concrete: M25
Load on beam: 16 Kn/m
Support conditions: fixed
Diameter of bar: 16mm
Stirrup diameter: 8mm
Grade of steel: Fe415
5.2 Hollow Steel section:
Plate thickness: 8mm &15mm
Grade of steel: Fe 250
Thickness of Stiffeners: 4mm
No of stiffeners: 60
6. BOND BETWEEN CONCRETE AND
STEEL:
Bonding plays a key role in load distribution
and action of certain portion in load
transferring to sub structure. As per the
literature [1] and [4]improper bonding causes
uneven load distribution which leads to failure
of the beam. In this case,number of trails
hasbeen done with different bond types.By
referring to literature [1] and [4] the bonding
for all the members that is between concrete to
concrete, steel to steel and concrete to steel is Fig 2: STAAD-PRO model
given as bonded. Bonding contact is the type
of connection which is available in ANSYS. 7.2 ANSYS MODEL:
Bond configuration is that it wont allow
sliding of the composites materials and no By considering all the design details from the
separation. Simply it acts like glue. STAAD-PRO model beam is modelled in
Whereasother bond configurations like ANSYS. This is shown as follows.
frictional, non-frictional and rough bond
requires elgen solver in addition to ANSYS
and also it can be done using super computers
[5].

7. JUSTIFICATION AND
REINFORCEMENT ALLOTMENT FOR
ANSYS MODEL WITH STAAD-PRO:

Justification is required to know that the

adopted way of approach is accurate or not.
Hence a concrete beam of dimensions
200mm*400mm*5000mm with fixed supports Fig 3: ANSYS model
on both the ends is designed as per IS 456-
2000. Grade of steel used is Fe 415 and that of
concrete is M25. And the complete design
details which are generated using STAAD- 7.3 STAAD-PRO and ANSYS DESIGN
PRO are noted down. With the reference of the DETAILS:
STAAD-PRO design details the same model is
prepared in ANSYS design modular tool. The entire user defined properties and data are
Further analysis is done using ANSYS similar in the case of both analysis and the
mechanical module by assigning the similar results are compared for the validation of
properties and support conditions to steel and software. The results of both ANSYS and
concrete. In case of FEM the complete analysis STAAD-PRO are as shown as follows:
depends on meshing which is done in
mechanical module. A fine mesh is 7.3.1 STAAD-PRO results and design details:
adaptedbefore analysing the beam. By
comparing both results from STAAD-PRO and
ANSYS, results from ANSYS are lesser values
than STAAD-PRO.

7.1 STAAD-PRO model:

A beam of dimensions
200mm*400mm*5000mm is modelled in Fig 4: Deflection diagrams
STAAD-PRO. Since ANSYS is a user defined
software but STAAD-PRO will give the design
details but not ANSYS so to model the same
type of beam one require data so in this work
based on STAAD-PRO design details the same
model is prepared in ANSYS and analysed.

Fig 5: Shear force diagram

72
 Fig 6: Bending moment diagram

Fig 9: Force reaction diagram

Fig 7: RCC design details

7.3.2 ANSYS results:

Fig10: Moment reaction diagram

Fig 8: Defection diagram

Table 1: ANSYS analysis report

Moment
Object Name Moment Reaction 2 Force Reaction Force Reaction 2
Reaction
State Solved
Type Moment Reaction Force Reaction
Location Method Boundary Condition
Boundary Condition Fixed Support Fixed Support 2 Fixed Support Fixed Support 2
Orientation Global Coordinate System
Suppressed No
Result Selection All
Display Time 50. s End Time
Results
3.3303e+007
X Axis -3.3303e+007 Nmm -2.6415e-004 N -2.7122e-002 N
Nmm
Y Axis -163.02 Nmm 60.939 Nmm 39999 N
Z Axis 45.347 Nmm 9.7034 Nmm -575.83 N 575.83 N
Total 3.3303e+007 Nmm 40003 N

73
 7.4. Comparison of STAAD.pro and ANSYS
results:

Table2: Comparison of STAAD-PRO and

ANSYS results

Parameters of
STAAD-PRO ANSYS
the beam.
Deflection (mm) 1.093 0.813

Shear force 40 at ends 0 at

40.003
(KN) mid span

Bending 33.33 at ends

33.3303
moment (KN-m) 16.7 at mid span

By comparing both the outputs it can be

observed that there is a minute variation in Fig11: Hallow steel section
deflection. Thisoccurs due to the allowance of
tolerance between primary steel and secondary 8.1 Design and modelling of hollow Steel
steel. The same minute variation is there in section:
case of bending moment and shear force. This
may occur because the reinforcement is To allow the passage of sanitation pipes
allowed till the either end of the concrete through the beam or column without breaking/
specimen (beam) and due to the tolerance. The rupturing the beam a hollow steel section is
variation in the out puts is not much designed. Where ever the pipe has to cross the
considerable so that the approach which is beam or column instead of breaking the beam
adopted in this case is valid. that much portion coming under breaking will
be replaced by a hollow steel section. This
8. MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF entire work should be done while casting itself.
COMPOSITE BEAM FOR PROVIDING This is prepared by working on different
SANITATION PIPE: number of ways and techniques. Simply
modelling of the steel section is completely
In majority of the structures for the purpose of
depends on trial and error method. After all a
providing sanitation pipes there is no special
hollow steel section is finalizedthis is having
design for the passage of sanitation pipes
for similar web portions. Entire steel section is
through the building. In majority of the
modelled with 8mm thickens steel plates and
structures sanitation pipes are placed by
15mm thickness plates as shown in the Fig12.
breaking or puncturing the beam as shown in
After preparing all the four similar Sections to
theFig1. Which causes a huge damage to the
make it as a hollow section which will be in
entire structure in the aspect of strength, due to
such a way that the pipe should pass through it.
this the reinforcement is exposed to the
All the sections are connected with two plates
environment which will cause corrosion and
of 15mm thickness on either side of the
also the aesthetic view will be damaged. Also
sections which is as shown in the Fig12 and
the bond between the concrete and
Fig13. To provide the additional strength and
reinforcement will get affected because of
to avoid the shape deformation of the hollow
heavy vibrations caused while rupturing the
section stiffeners are provided in addition
beam. So as a structural engineer one should
which are highlighted in green colour as
take care of this entire thing else the result will
shown in Fig 13.
be huge damage. To overcome this problem
after working on number of ideas and ways the
research has been started. Coming to the
technique which is adopted for this problem is
where ever the pipe is passing though the beam
or columns instead of rupturing/puncturing the
beam a monolithically casted hallow steel
section is going to be placed which is as shown
in Fig11.

74

Fig12: Sectional view of hollow steel
section
Fig13: Stiffeners and joining plate
Fig 14: deflection (complete) diagram
75
Fig 15: deflection (reinforcement)
Fig16: maximum principal stress (in concrete)
Fig17: von-mises stress (steel)
9. CONCLUSION:
By comparing the results of ANSYS and
STAAD-PRO show in table2 and the sample
composite beam show in Fig14,15,16 and 17
the stresses, deflection, force reaction and
moment are acceptable as per the IS code. By
this it can be justified that the approach
adopted using ANSYS is quite perfect and the
results are accurate in comparison with
STAAD-PRO. A sample beam with
intermediate steel section is modelled and
analysed. So to analyse different geometries of
irregular shape, ANSYS can be adopted since
other softwares dont give us the liberty to do
that. Further validation is possible
experimentally and has better chances of
giving the same result as that from ANSYS.
The results are accurate since ANSYS module
is based upon FEM.
10. FUTURE SCOPE:
As from the research work done till now a
perfect approach is adopted and validated for
modelling and analysis of composite
geometries.
Fig 18: Ruptured beam for providing pipes
Fig 19: Sectional view of the hollow steel
section with sanitation pipe
76
Thedamage of aesthetic view andeffect of
strength due to the rupturing of the beam as
shown in fig 18 can be avoided by using this
technique. In practice indefinite geometries
cant be analysed using existing civil
engineering softwares. Due to this number of
experimentations and cross checks should be
done to finalise the design so which will
consume more time and lot of material waste
will be done. So this approach can perfectly
alter the limitations. As show in the Fig1the
beam is punctured for passing the pipe. To
overcome the puncturing and to safe guard the
strength reduction, corrosion attack and also
the aesthetic view of the structure a hollow
steel section is developed to all the free
passage of pipe through beam. This whole
modelling of composite beam section done
using the same approach.
11. REFERENCES:
[1] MitaliR Patel and Tejendra Tank,
August2014, Finite element modelling of RC
deep beams strengthened in shear with CFRP
strips, The Indian concrete journal.
[2] Prof.S.S. Patil and A.N. Shaikh, April 2013,
Non Linear Finite Element Method of
Reinforced Concrete Deep Beam,
International Journal of Engineering and
Innovative Technology (IJEIT)
Volume 2, Issue 10.
[3] Robert ravi.S and Prince Arulraj.G, 2010,
Finite element modelling on behaviour of
reinforced concrete beam-column joints
retrofitted with carbon fibre reinforced
polymer sheets, International journal of civil
and structural engineering, volume 1, no 3.
[4] Amer m. Ibrahim and Wissam d.
Salman,December 2009, Finite element
analysis of reinforced concrete beams
strengthened with CFRP in flexural,Diyala
journal of engineering sciences, vol. 02, pp.
88-104.
[5] Ugale Ashish B and Raut Harshalata R, 2014,
Investigation on Behaviour of Reinforced
Concrete Beam Column Joints Retrofitted
with FRP Wrapping Govt. International
Journal of Civil Engineering Research. ISSN
2278-3652 Volume 5, pp. 289-294.
2. JOURNAL: Indian concrete journal
STATUS OF PAPER: Under review.

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF RCC BEAM USING ANSYS AND VALIDATION

WITH STAAD.PRO FOR MODELLING DIFFERENT GEOMETRIES OF
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

Rajesh Thallapaneni a,Dr. R. K. Morchalleb ,Dr. G. Mohan Ganesh Professorc

a
M Tech. Student, Structural Engineering,VIT University, Vellore, India.
b
Scientist, CSIR- Advanced material processes and research institute, Bhopal,462064, India
c
Professor, Structural Engineering Division, SMBS, VIT University, Vellore, 632014,India
a
civilrajesh157@gmail.com,+918682043675
brkmorchhale@yahoo.com,+919425011047
cgmohanganesh@vit.ac.in, +919894690073
plastic behaviour of concrete in
Abstract: compression and tension zones. The
Generally in building practice only complete compressive behaviour
concrete elements are designed and should include both elastic and
analysed using softwares like inelastic behaviour concrete
staad.pro, tekla structures, SAP- including strain softening regimes.
2000 and e-tabs. Basically while Keywords: Concrete beam, FEM,
designing a structure these ANSYS, STAAD.PRO, Hollow
softwares will consider only regular concrete section, Sanitation.
shaped elements such as rectangular
and circular. Ducted elements, 1. Introduction
composite elements, curved elements Finite element methods are in practice
and different irregular geometries by the civil engineer for designing and
will be present. So that to using analysis of different structures since
FEM tool ANSYS modelling of 1970. FEM (finite element method) is
elements having different geometries got fame because it can solve any
is possible. Modelling reinforced continuum in an accurate way which
concrete segment in FEM is quite can't be done by other methods like
tough job. Modelling of concrete and matrix method etc., other method
reinforcement in combination is works only on definite geometries for
completely a new approach as per example in 2-D it is circular,
the literature. So of any new rectangular and triangular and in 3-D it
approach validation is required is cube, cylindrical and spherical etc,.
either manually or with the help Or any other definite geometry. In
other softwares as base. In this general methods other than FEM
paper a rectangular beam is solving continuum is quite difficult and
designed using STAAD.PRO and the solution is not accurate. In general
with the design details of methods the whole body or element
STTAD.PRO as base same model is will be done considered for the
created and analysed in the ANSYS solution. in case of FEM the name
for validation. Proper material itself says "finite elements" means the
model in the finite element model continuum or body/element will be
should inevitably be capable of divided into number of similar
representing both the elastic and elements, either tetrahedrons or
77
quadrilaterals and in the solution a
small element out of all the similar
elements will be considered and output
will be generated so that for the
continuum having curvature can be
divided into number of small elements
using curvature and proximity
technique. There are any software
packages in FEM like ANSYS,
ABACUS, HYPERMESH, CATIA,
NASTRAN, SOLID WORKS and
ADINA. All these applications are not
predefined, which can work on feeding
some user defined data and
requirements. In this project complete
modelling and analysis is done using
ANSYS-14.5. An acceptable analysis
in FEM can be done by adopting
proper meshing and particularly in the
case of defining the material properties
of concerned material which is going
to be used in the
experimentation/execution. However
while working on reinforced concrete
structures one should be good enough
in all the aspects of concrete and steel
to serve the best in analysis and output.
All the existing FEM software are not
purely construction analysis or civil
engineering based. So that modelling
of a composite is a tough task.
Modelling the tiny elements like
stirrups is a bit tough task in concrete
so that one should be through in
modelling and calculations.
2. Scope of work
The primary step of this project is to
adopt the definite way of approach to
model the irregular/user defined
geometries in ANSYS and the analysis
of the models.
This paper addresses validation of
approach done in ANSYS. The
modelling and analysis results of two
different geometries in ANSYS.
Adopting a familiar and easy
way to design the model in
ANSYS.
78
Validating the results in
ANSYS using staad.pro as
base.
Comparing the results of
ANSYS and STAAD.PRO
models & justification based on
software outputs.
Modelling and analysis of two
different geometries.
3. Modeling in ANSYS
In ANSYS modelling and analysis can
be done in two ways either with
MECHANICAL APDL or with
ANSYS WORK BENCH. In
comparison of both these tools from
the literature aspect APDL is not user-
friendly, which requires lot of
calculations and attention should be
required for analysis. Error
identification is bit difficult in APDL
but in the case of WORKBENCH, It is
a modified tool of APDL. Modelling in
work bench is the most advanced and
all the tools are predefined and easy
accessible. In comparison of these two
tools WORKBENCH is preferable
because the geometry required for this
research is quite complicated to model
many tiny designs are to be done i.e.,
one should incorporate the fillet edged
stirrups in the concrete block which is
the most difficult task in APDL.
Further analyses is done in the division
of mechanical. All the material
properties are available (predefined) in
the engineering data table but even
though manually the properties are
assigned because some the predefined
properties are not acceptable to this
design analysis. The material
properties for concrete are taken as per
standards and for Fe-415 steel the
properties are a taken from the code
IS-1786:2008. In many literatures
related to reinforced cement concrete
beam analysis secondary reinforcement
have been neglected. The complete
analysis had done using main
reinforcement, but in case of shear,
bending moment and load distribution
stirrups will play a key role so
considering all the aspects stirrups are
also designed in model. Which is very
complicated task in the modelling.
4. Meshing in ANSYS
Fem is completely depends on
meshing. Meshing is nothing but
dividing the specific object or element
in to number of equal parts for
analysis. Basically in ANSYS meshing
can be done in two ways i.e., either
automatically nothing but predefined
which will be done by software or user
defined nothing but manual input. In
automatic meshing software it operates
the meshing in which the size of the
element, relevance factor, curvature
and proximity etc., are default. In case
of user defined meshing, user can
define all the parameters according to
the required output and the method of
meshing can also be assigned based on
the requirement. In this research tetra
mesh is assigned to all the elements
with an element size of 20mm
throughout.
5. Material properties and
support conditions:
5.3 RCC beam:
Grade of concrete: M25
Load on beam: 16 Kn/m
Support conditions: fixed
Diameter of bar: 16mm
Stirrup diameter: 8mm
Grade of steel: Fe415
5.4 Hallow Steel section:
Plate thickness: 8mm &15mm
Grade of steel: Fe 250
Thickness of Stiffeners: 4mm
No of stiffeners: 60
6. Bond contact between concrete
and steel
79
Bonding plays a key role in load
distribution and action of certain
portion under loading to sub structure.
Improper bonding causes uneven load
distribution will leads to failure of the
beam. In this case no.of bonding trails
have done and by referring the
literature the bonding for all the
members that is between concrete and
steel is given as bonded connection.
7. Justification and
reinforcement allotment for ANSYS
model using STAAD.PRO
Justification is required to know about
the adopted way of approach is
accurate or not. So that a concrete
beam of dimensions
200mm*400mm*5000mm with fixed
supports on both the ends designed as
per IS 456-2000. Grade of steel used is
Fe 415 and concrete of M25. And the
complete design details which are
generated using staad.pro are noted
down. With the reference of the
staad.pro design details the ANSYS
model is prepared in ANSYS design
modular tool. Further analysis is done
using ANSYS mechanical module by
assigning the similar properties and
support conditions to steel and
concrete. In case of FEM the complete
analysis depends on meshing which
will be done in mechanical module. A
fine mesh of 25mm is adopted to the
beam and reinforcement. By
comparing both results from
STAAD.PRO and ANSYS, results
from ANSYS are lesser values than
STAAD.PRO. So that similarity and
accuracy in results is concluded that
the way of approach adopted for
solving the problem is acceptable.
7.1 STAAD.PRO and ANSYS design
details
All the input data to the software's is
tabulated as follows:
 All the user defined properties and data
are similar in the case of both analysis
and the results are compared for the
validation of software.

Fig2: ANSYS MODEL

FIG1: STAAD.PRO MODEL

Table 1: ANSYS ANALYSIS REPORT

Object Name Moment Reaction Moment Reaction 2 Force Reaction Force Reaction 2
State Solved
Definition
Type Moment Reaction Force Reaction
Location Method Boundary Condition
Boundary
Fixed Support Fixed Support 2 Fixed Support Fixed Support 2
Condition
Orientation Global Coordinate System
Summation Centroid
Suppressed No
Options
Result Selection All
Display Time 50. s End Time
Results
3.3303e+007 -3.3303e+007
X Axis -2.6415e-004 N -2.7122e-002 N
Nmm Nmm
Y Axis -163.02 Nmm 60.939 Nmm 39999 N
Z Axis 45.347 Nmm 9.7034 Nmm -575.83 N 575.83 N
Total 3.3303e+007 Nmm 40003 N
Maximum Value Over Time
3.3303e+007 -3.3303e+007
X Axis -2.6415e-004 N -2.7122e-002 N
Nmm Nmm
Y Axis -163.02 Nmm 60.939 Nmm 39999 N
Z Axis 45.347 Nmm 9.7034 Nmm -575.83 N 575.83 N
Total 3.3303e+007 Nmm 40003 N
Minimum Value Over Time
X Axis 3.3303e+007 -3.3303e+007 -2.6415e-004 N -2.7122e-002 N

80
 Nmm Nmm
Y Axis -163.02 Nmm 60.939 Nmm 39999 N
Z Axis 45.347 Nmm 9.7034 Nmm -575.83 N 575.83 N
Total 3.3303e+007 Nmm 40003 N

81
 TABLE2: COMPARISON OF STAAD.PRO AND
ANSYS RESULTS

Parameters of
STAAD.PRO ANSYS
the beam.
Deflection (mm) 1.093 0.813
40 at ends 0 at
Shear force (Kn) 40.003
mid span

Bending 33.33-ends
33.3303 FIG 6: RCC DESIGN DETAILS OF STAAD MODEL
moment (Kn.m) 16.7 at mid span

FIG3: DEFLECTION DIAGRAM OF STAAD MODEL FIG7: DEFECTION DIAGRAM OF ANSYS MODEL

8. MODELING AND ANALYSIS

FIG4: SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM OF STAAD MODEL
OF A RCC BEAM WITH
INTERMEDIATE STEEL
SECTION USED FOR
SANITATION PIPING
A steel section of dimension 200mm x
400mm is provided through the beam
of dimension 300mm x 400mm. The
steel section is made up of steel plates
having thickness of 8mm. same
reinforcement as that in the above case
of validation is provided. Stresses
distribution and deflection of the beam
element is evaluated.

9. MODELING AND ANALYSIS

OF COMPOSITE BEAM

The complete modelling is done using

ANSYS work bench. As per the
literature done. There is no analysis or
model is done with stirrups. As per IS
456-2000 stirrups will play key role in
FIG5: BENDING MOMENT OF STAAD DIAGRAM
transferring the shear stress in a
reinforced element. So by undertaking
all this aspects in to consideration this
research is started and modelling is
done. The complete modelling is done

82
for a period of 60 days on ANSYS
software.
FIG8: DEFLECTION (COMPLETE) DIAGRAM
FIG9: DEFLECTION (REINFORCEMENT) DIAGRAM
FIG10: VON-MISES STRESS (OUTER) DIAGRAM
FIG11: VON-MISES STRESS (STEEL) DIAGRAM
10. CONCLUSION
By comparing the results it can be
justified that the approach adopted
using ANSYS is quite perfect and the
results are accurate in comparison with
83
STAAD-PRO. A sample beam with
intermediate steel section is modelled
and analysed. So to analyse different
geometries of irregular shape, ANSYS
can be adopted since other softwares
dont give us the liberty to do that.
Further validation is possible
experimentally and has better chances
of giving the same result as that from
ANSYS. The results are accurate since
ANSYS module is based upon FEM.
11. FUTURE SCOPE
As from the research done till now a
perfect approach is adopted and
validated for modelling and analysis.
The aesthetic view and the damage due
to the rupturing of the beam can be
avoided by using this technique so that
in practice in define geometries cant
be analysed and due to this no.of
experimentations and cross checks
should be done to finalise the design so
which will consume more time and lot
material waste will be done. So this
approach can perfectly alter the
limitations.
11. REFERENCES
[1] Mitali R Patel and Tejendra Tank,
Finite element modelling of RC
deep beams strengthened in shear
with CFRP strips, The Indian
concrete journal, Augest2014.
[2] S.V. Chaudri and M.A.
Chakrabarti, modelling of concrete
for nonlinear analysis using Finite
element code ABACUS, 2009.
[3] Robert ravi.S and Prince Arulraj.G,
Finite element modelling on
behaviour of reinforced concrete
beam-column joints retrofitted with
carbon fibre reinforced polymer
sheets,International journal of civil
and structural engineering, volume
1, no 3, and 2010.
[4] Prof.S.S. Patil anda.N. Shaikh, Non
Linear Finite Element Method of
Reinforced Concrete Deep Beam,
International Journal of
Engineering and Innovative
Technology (IJEIT)
Volume 2, Issue 10, April 2013.
[5] HamidSinaei, Mahid Shariati, Amir
Hosein Abna, Mohammad Aghae
and Ali Shariati., Evaluation of
reinforced concrete beam
behaviour using Finite element
analysis by ABAQUS, Scientific
Research and Essays Vol. 7(21),
pp. 2002-2009, 7 June, 2012.
[6] Oral buyukozturk, nonlinear
analysis of reinforced concrete
structures, Computer and
structures, November 1975, vol. 7,
pp. 149-156.
[7] Amer m. Ibrahim and Wissam d.
Salman, Finite element analysis of
reinforced concrete beams
strengthened with CFRP in
flexural, Diyala journal of
engineering sciences vol. 02,
pp.88-104, December 2009.

84