Determination of parameters which effecting the Friction Stir welding of

Complex geometry in HSLA Grade 65 Steel.

Introduction

Welding is a process for fabrication of items with joining each other to make shapes. Temperature is used to
make such joining. Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is solid state joining method. This method is energy efficient,
eco-friendly and easily adaptable. It is mainly used in used in high strength aluminum application such as
aerospace and vehicle fabrication. Microstructural transformation of metallic materials causes the welding of
metal (R.S. Mishra & Z.Y. Ma 2005). Mechanical properties such as Corrosion, Residual stress, Fatigue and
Fracture can be the changes in microstructure happens when applying FSW between plates (P.L. Thredagill
et.al. 2013).

Tool design Geometry, Material flow, Welding tool wear, Welding of different metals & alloys and
Microstructure stability are factors critically affecting the FSW(R.S. Mishra & Z.Y. Ma 2005).
The minimum heat input incorporated with FSW is predicted to create fewer changes in the Heat affected zone
(HAZ) and It will help to reduce the distortion and minimize Residual stress and distortion in steel. So, we can
use it for commercial application. The hydrogen cracking in steels could possible to eliminate because of Solid
state joining method (R.S. Mishra & Z.Y. Ma 2005).

The weldability of metal can enhance by improving High strength and Toughness. Fracture toughness in
ductile materials is controlled by the pattern of plastic strains at the crack tip. More than 2 percent of Pre-
Straining on HSLA steels will result in deterioration of toughness (S. Sivaprasad a and S. Tarafder 2000). CTOD
Values are diverse for each standard of Welding and Testing of Offshore Structures. Common method using for
calculation of Welding toughness is CTOD. Its values of High Strength Steel can be varied depends on
temperature. (Zhangmu Miao et.al 2013). Large amount of work Hardening and plastic deformation occurs at
crack tip when welding occurs at High Strength steel (P.R. SreenivasanS & K. Ray 1996).

Complex geometry welding research are limited due to lack of analysis can be done using Finite element
meshes or Calculation codes for Calculating Elastic and plastic Fractures, CTOD and crack center (L.H. Larsson
1981).
While welding parent metal with weld metal, Ti- contained oxide created during submerged arc welding. There
is no being conducted research, how to control or utilize the oxide for toughness improvement in Heat
Affected Zone (H. Homma et. Al 1987). High heat input generated by varying Welding Speed and current
helped to have a good grain structure for welded metal and heat affected zone. The hardness varied in the
Heat affected zone and Weld Metal. So, welding of heavy steel sections imposes variety of problems such as
distortion, residual stress, softening and hardening of HAZ of steel because most of the steels are structure
sensitive (Keshav Prasad and D.K. Dwivedi 2006).

The welding of high strength steels for high pressure application needs good toughness and better crack
properties at the welded joints for Heat affected zone and weld metal. Crack resistance and toughness found
by Static-Impact method for High Strength Low Alloy Steel. It was not possible to avoid the crack if the welder
must be enough expertise to the job. So Behavior of Crack toughness adversely affected for Homogenous
microstructure of Parent metal and Heterogeneous microstructure of Heat Affected Zone (M. Zrilic et.al. 2006).

A rotating tool is hardly pressed between two surface of overlapping plates. The welding portion and rotating
tool move to the same direction is called Advancing side and rotating the tool to opposes the traverse direction
is called Retreating side. The tool is a pin (Probe) which projects from the tool base. The Heat Generation for
Frictional joining process occurs due to Shearing action of the tool base (The Shoulder) and pressure. MIG and
TIG welding are main competitors are for FSW. FSW is similar to machine tooling like milling. So it can be
modified to work complete automatic using Computer numerical control. FSW producing more heat/unit
length than any other welding methods. FSW can strive with other welding process in term of performance and
quality of welds. Friction stir welding quite new technology and need to be researched more to introduce for
commercial application (P.L. Thredagill et.al. 2013).

The main aim to find out the factor such as Microstructure, Property and Process of Friction Stir Welding of
Complex Geometry such as inclined pipe joint, Circumferential joint and Corner Joints in HSLA Steel Grade 65
and try to improve the weld quality without losing the characteristics. Finite element method and Scanning
Electron Microscope will be used to carry out the test.

Reference

Chapetti, M.D., T. Tagawa, and T. Miyata. "Ultra-Long Cycle Fatigue Of High-Strength Carbon Steels
Part I: Review And Analysis Of The Mechanism Of Failure". Materials Science and Engineering: A
356.1-2 (2003): 227-235
"Friction Stir Welding And Processing". Choice Reviews Online 46.02 (2008): 46-0901-46-0901.
"Optimization Of Friction Stir Welding Parameters For Joining Aluminum Alloys Using RSM".
Advances in Theoretical and Applied Mechanics (2013).
Larsson, L.H. "A Calculational Round Robin In Elastic-Plastic Fracture Mechanics". International
Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 11.4 (1983): 207-228.
Prasad, Keshav, and D. K. Dwivedi. "Some Investigations on Microstructure And Mechanical
Properties Of Submerged Arc Welded HSLA Steel Joints". The International Journal of Advanced
Manufacturing Technology 36.5-6 (2006): 475-483.
Sivaprasad, S. et al. "Effect Of Prestrain On Fracture Toughness Of HSLA Steels". Materials Science
and Engineering: A 284.1-2 (2000): 195-201.
Sreenivasan, P. R. et al. "MEASUREMENT OF STRETCH ZONE HEIGHT AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO
CRACK TIP OPENING DISPLACEMENT AND INITIATION J-VALUE IN AN AISI 316 STAINLESS STEEL".
Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures 19.7 (1996): 855-868.
SUITA, Yoshikazu et al. "GHTA Spot Welding Experiments Of Aluminum And Titanium Plates Under
Simulated Space Environment.". JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN SOCIETY FOR AERONAUTICAL AND SPACE
SCIENCES 49.568 (2001): 155-161.
Wei Hua Tai, and Bing Xian Yang. "A New Microvoid-Damage Model For Ductile Fracture".
Engineering Fracture Mechanics 25.3 (1986): 377-384.
 Zrilic, M. et al. "Static And Impact Crack Properties Of A High-Strength Steel Welded Joint".
International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 84.3 (2007): 139-150.

Literature Planner
Student Name: Varun James Student Number: 5641391
Topic: CTOD (Crack tip opening displacement) test of high strength steels)

Reference Number: 1 Authors: S. Sivaprasad a and S. Tarafder

Title of Article: Effect of pre-strain on fracture toughness of HSLA steels
Type: Journal Publication: Progress in Material science
Year Published: 2000 Number of citations: 50, Google Scholar
Primary or Secondary: Primary
Publication Rating:
CiteScore: 32.97 Rank: 1428 Percentile: 99% In-Category: General Material Science
CiteScore Year: 2016
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review? Tensile flow & fracture Toughness in two type of High
Strength Steels (HSLA-80 & HSLA-100).
What was the research question? The Variation of Fracture Toughness with Pre-strain in High speed Steels on
the basis of variation in Strength Properties
Design: Experimental method used to find tensile deformation using the servo hydraulic testing machine.
What was the finding? Fracture toughness in ductile materials is controlled by the pattern of plastic strains at
the crack tip. More than 2 percent of Pre-Straining on HSLA steels will result in deterioration of toughness.
What were the gaps? Didnt find out what are factors affecting the deterioration of toughness.

Reference Number: 2 Authors: Zhangmu Miao et.al

Title of Article: CTOD fracture toughness assessment method of High-strength steel based on
BS7910
Type: Conference Publication: 13th International Conference on Fracture
Year Published: 2013 Number of citations: N/A
Primary or Secondary: Primary
Publication Rating:
CiteScore: N/A Rank: N/A Percentile: N/A In-Category: N/A CiteScore Year: N/A
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review? Estimation of welding toughness using CTOD in High
Strength Steel
What was the research question? Welding on High Strength Steel in Ocean Engineering Structures (Offshore
Platforms) and find out toughness of Weld joints using CTOD
Design: Done through Experiment. Uniaxial Tensile test carried out with Electric Servo-Hydraulic Material as
specimen to find out toughness on Butt Weld Joints.
What was the finding? CTOD Values are different for each standard of fabrication And Testing of Offshore
Structures. The average critical CTOD value is 0.06 mm.
What were the gaps? As the true stress-strain curve is calculated within the elastic stage, which would cause
the errors. If the true stress and strain are measure by photography with single specimen, the true stress and
strain values would larger than the values obtained by the equations.
Reference Number: 3 Authors: P.R . SreenivasanS & K. Ray
Title of Article: Measurement of Stretch Zone Height and Its Relationship to Crack Tip Opening Displacement
and Initiation J-Value In An AISI 316 Stainless Steel
Type: Journal Publication: Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials &
Structures Ltd
Year Published: 1996 Number of citations: 23, Google Scholar
Primary or Secondary: Primary
Publication Rating:
CiteScore: N/A Rank: N/A Percentile: N/A In-Category: N/A CiteScore Year: N/A
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review? Measurement of stretch zone size on a fracture
surface
What was the research question? Calculating the stretch zone size on a fracture surface using scanning
electron microscope (SEM) in AISI 316 Stainless Steel
Design: Done through Experiment. Charpy test carried out with AISI 316 Stainless steel as specimen which is
undergone Different Aging treatments.
What was the finding? Scanning electron microscope (SEM) is accurate method for finding Stretch zone and
Crack bend angle. The plastic CTOD values corresponding to the maximum load-point, which is not sensitive to
the aging conditions; as they incorporate significant crack growth. Stretch zone size is constant after crack
initiation which is helpful find out CTOD & Crack Initiation Toughness
What were the gaps? Failure to find out Initial toughness. And difficult to take Stretch zone measurements
near to Surfaces where plane stress condition affected.

Reference Number: 4 Authors: Xian-Kui Zhu & James A. Joyce

Title of Article: Review of fracture toughness (G, K, J, CTOD, CTOA) testing and standardization
Type: Journal Publication: Engineering Fracture Mechanics
Year Published: 2012 Number of citations: 214, Google Scholar
Primary or Secondary: Primary
Publication Rating:
CiteScore: 2.44 Rank: 62/520 Percentile: 87% In-Category: Mechanical Engineering CiteScore
Year: 2016
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review? Technical evaluation of fracture toughness testing,
calculation and standardization for metallic materials in terms of the linear elastic fracture mechanics as well
as the elasticplastic fracture mechanics.
What was the research question? Fracture mechanics method and its engineering applications.
Design: Done through Analytical Method. CTOA based fracture mechanics method used.
What was the finding? The experimental fracture mechanics analysis was focused on linear elastic materials
testing using the energy release rate G and the stress intensity factor K. J-integral and on the CTOD testing for
elasticplastic materials are prime factor for analysing Fracture toughness testing. J Integral used to measure
fracture toughness. The attention was paid to CTOA testing for stable crack extension of thin-walled materials
in low-constraint conditions. Continues development & Researches have been made in the field of Fracture
mechanics area.
What were the gaps? The development of fracture toughness test standards has been a concentrated effort
by many researchers and scientists worldwide for more than a half century. The work to improve test
procedures has been a constant topic of interest, debate and incremental research, and this process is still
continuing. Proper ductile crack growth result can be calculated with FEA Simulation got complicated &
expensive. And Different specimen required different fracture test.

Reference Number: 5 Authors: Y. J. Chao et.al

Title of Article: Brittle fracture: Variation of fracture toughness with constraint and crack curving under mode I
conditions
Type: Journal Publication: Experimental Mechanics
Year Published: 2001 Number of citations: 67, Google Scholar
Primary or Secondary: Primary
Publication Rating:
CiteScore: 1.76 Rank: 14/106 Percentile: 87% In-Category: Aerospace Engineering CiteScore
Year: 2016
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review? Constraint effect to the ASTM Break Toughness
Serious Energy Release Proportion using CTOD as a Fracture Principle and Crack Twisted
What was the research question? Finding out Brittle fractures of different solid geometry with help of elastic
deformation and Mode I Condition.
Design: done though Experimental & Analytical Method. Ploymethyl methacrylate is undergone fracture test
using single edge notch, Cantilever beam Specimen and tensions which showed the facture toughness. This
result is analysed using FEM.
What was the finding? Critical Opening Stress or Strain is a valid Fracture Criterion; Fracture toughness varies
with Specimen Configuration. Fracture toughness of the material is changes with changes in the shape of
specimen.
What were the gaps? Test Specimen for Critical CTOD not available for all materials and Critical Energy release
rate and apparent fracture toughness need to be altered with parameters like Stress and Fatigue.

Reference Number: 6 Authors: M.L. Wilkins et.al

Title of Article: Cumulative-Strain-Damage Model of Ductile Fracture: Simulation and Prediction of Engineering
Fracture Tests
Type: Journal Publication: Science Applications
Year Published: 1980 Number of citations: 157, Google Scholar
Primary or Secondary: Primary
Publication Rating:
CiteScore: N/A Rank: N/A Percentile: N/A In-Category: N/A CiteScore Year: N/A
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review? Factors affecting Ductile fracture such as Strain
Damage, CTOD, Work Toughening function to describe plasticity of metals.
What was the research question? Find out initiation & propagation of fractures in ductile materials.
Why fracture of ductile materials in engineering structures related to gross yielding, elastic-plastic crack
growth, or the initiation and propagation of cracks in the linear elastic region.
Design: done though Experimental method. The Fracture model undergone Plane strain Fracture toughness
testing by applying hydrostatic tension fracture model, that is consistent with a void-growth-and-coalescence
mechanism for ductile fracture should be capable of predicting fracture regardless of the loading or geometry
of the structure involved.
What was the finding? Fracture of ductile materials in engineering structures related to gross yielding, elastic-
plastic crack growth, or the initiation and propagation of cracks in the linear elastic region.
What were the gaps? For accuracy, the experiments should be conducted with notch radii near the dimension
of the expected size effect. A major difficulty is the correlation of the computer simulation with the
experiment; this difficulty arises because of the relatively small displacement in notched-tension tests.

Reference Number: 7 Authors: M.D. Chapetti et.al.

Title of Article: Ultra-long cycle fatigue of high-strength carbon steels part I: review and analysis of the
mechanism of failure.
Type: Journal Publication: Progress in Material Science
Year Published: 2003 Number of citations: 79, Google Scholar
Primary or Secondary: Primary
Publication Rating:
CiteScore:32.97 Rank:1/428 Percentile: 99% In-Category: General Materials Science CiteScore Year:2016
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review? Factors affecting the fatigue failure by External &
inside Cracks and Non-metallic insertion, Crack Spread in High Strength Steels.
What was the research question? Calculation of fatigue propagation characters for of internal cracks
originated in high strength steel s by applying Non-metallic insertion.
Design: Done through analytical method. Fatigue Crack Propagation from Surface and from internal insertion
in the high strength steel assessed.
What was the finding? Length of Crack is function of material resistance to crack propagation.
What were the gaps? Without establishing Crack initiation period, we cant get the solution for Overall fatigue
life integrated failure generated by crack originated at non-metallic inclusion.

Reference Number: 8 Authors: R Jones et.al

Title of Article: Weight functions, CTOD, and related solutions for cracks at notches
Type: Journal Publication: Engineering Failure Analysis
Year Published: 2004 Number of citations: 44, Google scholar
Primary or Secondary: Primary
Publication Rating:
CiteScore: 1.84 Rank: 38/262 Percentile: 85% In-Category: General Engineering CiteScore Year:2016
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review? Find out reason for Short & long crack with help of
Weight Functions, Fracture Mechanics Notches & Stress Concentration Features.
What was the research question? Calculation of Weight Function associated with Long & Short cracks in the
aerospace & in the railway originating from a notch under inconsistent Load.
Design: Done by analytical method in Rail industry and Aerospace application for metallic structures.
What was the finding? Aerospace & Railway filed has lot of problems due to Crack in materials which will
result poor safety & durability. Weight function will take time to find result & complicated procedure.
What were the gaps? Crack problems not being rectified completely. Prime challenge is to make a design &
material with Safety & Durability. There is no method still to find out CTOD easily.

Reference Number: 9 Authors: L.H. Larsson

Title of Article: A calculational round robin in elastic-plastic fracture mechanics
Type: Journal Publication: International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping
Year Published: 1981 Number of citations: 32
Primary or Secondary: Primary
Publication Rating:
CiteScore: 2.01 Rank:86/520 Percentile:83% In-Category: Mechanical Engineering.
CiteScore Year: 2016
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review? CTOD & Complex crack shape of Plastic & Elastic
Fractures for different solid geometry such as robin.
What was the research question? Finding out of Elastic & Plastic Fracture Method for complex geometry such
as round robin.
Design: Carried out through analytical method. The evaluation of Cracked Elastic-Plastic bodies by
standardizing the Specimens and compare the Numerical predictions and experiments to predict J and CTOD
by using Elastic-Plastic Fracture Mechanics.
What was the finding? Edge crack can be find out by using linear exploration from distant crack side nodes.
Difference in Elastic and Plastic areas are increase with increase of Plastic deformation.
What were the gaps? There is no proper answer whether we need to take difference in Finite element meshes
or Calculational codes for Calculating CTOD of Round robin. No solution to find out crack in the centre.

Reference Number: 10 Authors: KarlHeinz Schwalbe et.al.

Title of Article: The Engineering Treatment Model (ETM) A Simple Method for Estimating the driving force
under Elastic-Plastic and Plane Stress Conditions.
Type: Journal Publication: Fatigue and Fracture of Engineering Materials and
Structures.
Year Published: 1999 Number of citations: 70, Google scholar
Primary or Secondary: Primary
Publication Rating:
CiteScore: 1.85 Rank: 94/520 Percentile: 82 In-Category: Mechanical Engineering CiteScore Year:2016
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review? Crack Length and Crack tip opening displacement
found out by using Engineering Treatment Model and J integral with help of Stress Strain curve.
What was the research question?
Design: Done through analytical method. Cracked part is deformed in a state of prevailing plane stress find out
by Engineering Treatment Model Formulae with help of J integral
What was the finding? Calculating the Crack Tip Opening Displacement (CTOD) for thin Section has been found
for Thin section materials.
What were the gaps? There is no proper justification for prevailing plane stress deformation. And while
Calculating CTOD, Proof stress considered as same as yield Strength with any valid resolving. ETM method cant
possible to apply for Thick section & welding Joints.

Reference Number: 11 Authors: O. Nguyen et. al.

Title of Article: A cohesive model of fatigue crack growth
Type: Journal Publication: International Journal of Fractures
Year Published: 2001 Number of citations: 310, Google Scholar
Primary or Secondary: Primary
Publication Rating:
CiteScore: 1.94 Rank: 4/38 Percentile:90% In-Category: Computational Mechanics CiteScore Year:2016
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review? Long & Short crack finding by using Cohesive Law, and
analyzed with Finite Element Method.
What was the research question? Fatigue Life Predication with help of cohesive law for fractures by testing
short & long Cracks.

Design: Done though analytical method. Monotonic Fracture processes carried out through number of
cohesive models establishing with a behavior under ideal conditions of long cracks, small scale yielding and
Persistent amplitude loading
What was the finding? Unloading-reloading hysteresis is prime factor for preventing shake down which will
result to Steady Crack growth. Gradual increasing in the Crack growth rate will help for the growth constant-
amplitude rate which will help to lag in the Size of Crack. So it will increase the Fatigue life.
What were the gaps? Analysis carried out with assumption that Stress Intensity factor do not depends on
Small Scale Yielding for Crack tip loading.

Reference Number: 12 Authors: H. Homma et. al.

Title of Article: Improvement of HAZ Toughness in HSLA Steel by Introducing Finely Dispersed Ti-Oxide
Type: Journal Publication: Welding Journal
Year Published: 1987 Number of citations: 89, Google Scholar
Primary or Secondary: Primary
Publication Rating:
CiteScore: 0.48 Rank:70/137 Percentile: 49% In-Category: Metal and Alloys CiteScore Year:2016
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review? Characteristics of Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) for
Submerged Arc Welding, Titanium Oxides (Ti2O3), Transformation behavior of weld and base metal, Relation
between CTOD properties and Notch Toughness.
What was the research question? Austenite to ferrite transformation behavior of materials starting from weld
deposits, Application of Titanium Oxides (Ti2O3)
Design: Done by Experimental method. The Ti-Oxide diffuse to base metal called High strength low Alloy steel
which result to electron & x-ray diffraction checked by electrolysis.
What was the finding? Titanium Oxides formed in Sub Merged Arc Welding increased the toughness in the
Heat affected zone.
What were the gaps? A limited number of studies have been conducted concerning the utilization of oxides to
the improvement of HAZ toughness.

Reference Number: 13 Authors: Keshav Prasad & D. K. Dwivedi

Title of Article: Some investigations on microstructure and mechanical properties of submerged arc welded
HSLA steel joints.
Type: Journal Publication: Springer-Verlag London Limited
Year Published: 2006 Number of citations: 78, google Scholar
Primary or Secondary: Primary
Publication Rating:
CiteScore: 58 Rank: 1/520 Percentile: 99% In-Category: Mechanical Engineering CiteScore Year: 2015
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review? Submerged arc welding (SAW) process
Parameters (welding current and welding speed) on the microstructure, hardness, And toughness of HSLA steel
weld joints.
What was the research question? The welding of heavy steel sections imposes variety of problems such as
distortion, residual stress, softening and hardening of HAZ of steel because most of the steels are structure
sensitive.
Design: Done by Experimental method. Fracture nodes found by fractured surfaces of Impact test material
used in the scanning electron Microscopy. Difference in weight percentage of variety of elements in the weld
metal and Heat affected zone experimentally carried out using Electron Probe micro analysis.
What was the finding? The average hardness of both weld metal and HAZ decreased with increase in heat
input. HAZ showed higher hardness than the weld metal. Toughness of weld metal has been found a function
of welding current and welding speed. SEM analysis revealed that the increase in the heat input encourages
the ductile fracture. At low heat input fracture mode was largely brittle while at high heat input it was mostly
ductile.
What were the gaps? Carbon composition in the HSLA Steel joint didnt measured due to unavailability of
equipment.

Reference Number: 14 Authors: M.Zrilic et.al.

Title of Article: Static and impact crack properties of a high-strength steel welded joint.
Type: Journal Publication: International Journal of Pressure Vessels
Year Published: 2006 Number of citations: 22, Google Scholar
Primary or Secondary: Primary
Publication Rating:
CiteScore: 2.01 Rank:86/520 Percentile:83% In-Category: Mechanical Engineering.
CiteScore Year: 2016
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review? Welding properties of High Strength Low Alloy Steel,
Crack sensitivity, Homogenous and heterogenous micro structure of parent and weld metal. Crack resistance of
welded steel.
What was the research question? Finding of welding properties of High Strength low alloy steel using Static
and Impact test.
Design: Done by experimental evaluation of High Strength Low Alloy steel of Pressure vessel in Ship building
structures using electric furnace for heating and subsequent quenching. The final result was done by Charpy
test.
What was the finding? Crack resistance & Toughness are considerably less in weld metal than parent metal.
What were the gaps? Heterogenous micro structure of parent metal not well established and stress failure by
brittle fracture not been proved.

Reference Number: 15 Authors: Yoshikazu et.al

Title of Article: GHTA Spot-Welding Experiments of Aluminum and Titanium Plates under a simulated Space
environment.
Type: Journal Publication: Transaction of the Japan Society for Aeronautical
and Space science.
Year Published: 2001 Number of citations: 8, Google Scholar
Primary or Secondary: Primary
Publication Rating:
CiteScore: 0.29 Rank:80/106 Percentile:24% In-Category: Aerospace Engineering
CiteScore Year: 2016
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review? Characteristics of Gas Hollow Tungsten Arc(GHTA)
Welding in Aluminum and Titanium Plates and Micro Gravity on Simulated Space.
What was the research question? How Tungsten arc welding affects in the aluminum and Titanium plates on
Space with vacuum and micro gravity.
Design: Experiment were carried out in a simulated space atmosphere with vacuum and microgravity. Flying
laboratory was created for conducting the test.
What was the finding? Welded metal hanging in the simulated space smaller than vacuum environment.
What were the gaps? The flying laboratory conditions are always varying in actual space and lot of particle
such as gases and heat are different.

Reference Number: 16 Authors: R.S. Mishra and Z.Y. Ma.

Title of Article: Friction stir welding and processing
Type: Journal Publication: Material Science and Engineering
Year Published: 2005 Number of citations: 3956, Google Scholar
Primary or Secondary: Primary
Publication Rating:
CiteScore:0.17 Rank: 416/520 Percentile: 19% In-Category: Mechanical Engineering
CiteScore Year: 2016
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review? Friction stir welding & processing for different
materials, CTOD & fracture toughness for Elastic-Plastic loading
What was the research question? Establishing the controlling factors influencing corrosion properties and how
corrosion resistance affects the CTOD
Design: Computational model and theoretical, Experimental techniques are used to find out material flow
pattern when corrosion happens.
What was the finding? Geometry of tool is a critical factor for producing good friction welds. Need to consider
following factor to get good weld such as Spindle tilt angle, Target depth, Tool rotation and traverse speed.
What were the gaps? All the friction welding limited to simple design geometries such as rod or tube. Lot of
limitation to friction welding in complex geometry.

Reference Number: 17 Authors: P L Threadgill et.al.

Title of Article: Friction Stir Welding of Aluminum Alloys
Type: Journal Publication: International Material Reviews
Year Published: 2013 Number of citations: 473, Google Scholar
Primary or Secondary: Primary
Publication Rating:
CiteScore: 10.35 Rank: 5/520 Percentile: 99% In-Category: Mechanical Engineering
CiteScore Year: 2016
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review? Friction stir welding of Aluminum alloys, Residual
stress in welding joints, CTOD in Friction Stir Welding.
What was the research question? Finding out parameters affecting the weld microstructure and application of
same at aluminum industry.
Design: Metallographic marker experiments carried out to find out characteristics of Welded aluminum alloys.
What was the finding? Friction stir welding is mostly applied by lap & butt type. Fabrication of important
components are well established for aluminum alloys.
What were the gaps? All the friction welding limited to simple design geometries such as rod or tube. Lot of
limitation to friction welding in complex geometry.