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CODE
to joints in the precast system and coefficient of friction,
4 is 1.04, where 2s given in 11.6.4.3. At least one-
halt of Ay shall be uniformly distributed along the
length of the potential shear plane. Area of distributed
reinforcement in topping slab shall satisty 7.12.2.1 in
each direction,
21.11.9.4 — Above joints between precast elements
in noncomposite and composite cast-in-place topping
slab diaphragms, V, shall not exceed the limits in
11.6.5 where Ag is Computed using the thickness of
the topping slab only.
21.11.10 — Construction joints
All construction joints in diaphragms shall conform to
6.4 and contact surfaces shall be roughened as in
11.68.
21.11.11 — Structural trusses
21.11.1114 — Structural truss elements with
compressive stresses exceeding 0.2f; at any section
shall have transverse reinforcement, as given in
21.6.4.2 through 21.6.4.4 and 21.6.4.7, over the length
of the element.
21.11.11.2 — All continuous reinforcement in
structural truss elements shall be developed or spliced
{or fy in tension,
21.12 — Foundations
21.12.1 — Scope
21.12.1.1 — Foundations resisting earthquake-
induced forces or transferring earthquake-induced
forces between structure and ground in structures
assigned to SDC D, E, or F shall comply with 21.12
and other applicable Code provisions.
21.12.1.2 — The provisions in this section for piles,
drilled piers, caissons, and slabs-on-ground shall
supplement other applicable Code design and
construction criteria. See 1.1.6 and 1.1.7.
21.12.2 — Footings, foundation mats, and pile caps
21.12.2.1 — Longitudinal reinforcement of columns
and structural walls resisting forces induced by earth-
quake effects shall extend into the footing, mat, or pile
cap, and shall be fully developed for tension at the
interface.
21.12.2.2 — Columns designed assuming fixed-end
conditions at the foundation shall comply with 21.12.2.1
MANUAL OF CONCRETE PRACTICE
COMMENTARY
Boundary reinforcement within the diaphragm was called
chord reinforcement in ACI 318 before 2008. Although the
Doundary reinforcement also resists flexural forces in the
diaphragm, the reduction in the shear friction resistance in
the tension zone is offset by the increase in shear friction
resistance in the compression zone. Therefore, the area of
boundary reinforcement used to resist shear friction need
not be added to the area of boundary reinforcement used to
resist flexural forces. The distibuted topping slab reinforce-
‘ment must conttibute at least half of the nominal shear
strength, Its assumed that connections between the precast
elements do not contribute to the shear strength of the
topping slab diaphragm.
Section 21.11.94 limits the maximum shear that may be
‘transmitted by shear friction within a topping slab diaphragm.
R21.12 — Foundations
R21.12.1— Scope
Requirements for foundations supporting buildings assigned
to SDC D, E, or F were added to the 1999 Code. They
represent a consensus of a minimum level of good practice
in designing and detailing concrete foundations including
piles, drilled piers, and caissons. It is desirable that inelastic
response in strong ground shaking occurs above the founda
tions, as repairs to foundations can be extremely difficult
and expensive.
R21.12.2— Footings, foundation mats, and pile caps
R21.12.2.2 — Tests’™ 5? have demonstrated that flexural
‘members terminating in a footing, slab, or beam (a Tjoint)‘STRUCTURAL CONCRETE BUILDING CODE/COMMENTARY
CODE
land, if hooks are required, longitudinal reinforcement
resisting flexure shall have 90-degree hooks near the
bottom of the foundation with the free end of the bars
oriented toward the center of the column.
21.12.2.8 — Columns or boundary elements of
special structural walls that have an edge within one-
half the footing depth from an edge of the footing shall
have transverse reinforcement in accordance with
21.6.4.2 through 21.6.4.4 provided below the top of
the footing. This reinforcement shall extend into the
footing, mat, or pile cap and be developed for fy in
tension,
21.12.2.4 — Where earthquake effects create uplift
forces in boundary elements of special structural walls
‘or columns, flexural reinforcement shall be provided in
the top of the footing, mat, or pile cap to resist actions
resulting from the design load combinations, and shall
not be less than required by 10.5.
21.12.2.5 — See 22.10 for use of structural plain
concrete in footings and basement walls.
21.12.38 — Grade beams and slabs-on-ground
21.12.3.1 — Grade beams designed to act as
horizontal ties between pile caps or footings shall have
continuous longitudinal reinforcement that shall be
developed within or beyond the supported column or
anchored within the ple cap or footing at all discontinuities.
21.12.3.2 — Grade beams designed to act as hori-
zontal ties between pile caps or footings shall be
proportioned such that the smallest cross-sectional
dimension shall be equal to or greater than the clear
spacing between connected columns divided by 20,
but need not be greater than 18 in. Closed ties shall be
provided at a spacing not to exceed the lesser of one-
half the smallest orthogonal cross-sectional dimension
and 12 in,
21.12.3.3 — Grade beams and beams that are part
‘of a mat foundation subjected to flexure from columns
that are part of the seismic-force-resisting system shall
conform to 21.5.
21.12.3.4 — Slabs-on-ground that resist seismic
forces from walls or columns that are part of the
selsmic-force-resisting system shall be designed as
structural diaphragms in accordance with 21.11. The
design drawings shall clearly state that the slab-on-
ground is a structural diaphragm and part of the
seismic-force-resisting system.
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COMMENTARY
should have their hooks turned inward toward the axis of the
‘member for the joint to be able to resist the flexure in the
‘member forming the stem of the T.
‘R21.12.2.3 — Columns or boundary members supported
close to the edge of the foundation, as often occurs near
property lines, should be detailed to prevent an edge failure
of the footing, pile cap, or mat,
R2L.12.2.4 — The purpose of 21.12.24 is to emphasize
that top reinforcement should be provided as well as other
required reinforcement
[R21,12.2.5 — Committee 318 recommends that foundation
‘or basement walls be reinforced in buildings assigned to
SDCD, E, or
R21.12.3— Grade beams and slabs-on-ground
For seismic conditions, slabs-on-ground (soil-supported
slabs) are often part of the lateral-force-resisting system and
should be designed in accordance with this Code as well as
other appropriate standards or guidelines, See 1.1.7
‘R2L12.3.2 — Grade beams between pile caps or footings
ccan be separate beams beneath the slab-on-ground or can be
4 thickened portion of the slab-on-ground. The cross-
sectional limitation and minimum tie requirements provide
reasonable proportions,
R2L1233 — Grade beams resisting seismic Mexural
stresses from column moments should have reinforcement
dotails similar to the beams ofthe frame above the foundation,
R2L12.3.4 — Slabs-on-ground often act as a diaphragm
to hold the building together at the ground level and mini-
mize the effects of out-of-phase ground motion that may
‘occur aver the footprint of the building. In these cases, the
slab-on-ground should be adequately reinforced and
detailed. The design drawings should clearly state that these
slabs-on-ground are structural members so as to prohibit
sawcutting of the sab.