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MANAGING
SEDIMENT
HOW SEDIMENT IN A RESERVOIR AFFECTS DAM SAFETY AND ELECTRICITY GENERATION
Stay
Current
04 CONNECTING YOU TO
THE WORLD OF HYDRO 14 SUPPORTING MHK
COMMERCIALIZATION 20 TRACKING FISH IN
DAM TAILRACES 24 ONE WOMANS
HYDRO CAREER
Better hydro
From 9-11 May 2017, leaders and specialists from the hydropower sector,
government, finance, UN agencies, academia and civil society will gather in
Addis Ababa to set the future course for hydropower.
9 11 May 2017
Addis Ababa
Organising partners
African Union
Commission
u
bli
Co
Rpu
ngo
ADPI-RDC
Agence pour le Dveloppement
*
*P
et la Promotion du
ue
li q
de
si
Government of nc ub
e d e la R p
Ethiopia
http://hrw.hotims.com RS #1
CONTENTS
06
DAMS AND CIVIL STRUCTURES DEPARTMENTS
ARTICLES
20
Turkey Authority of Thailand,
Tracking Fish Behavior in the Tailrace of a Hydropower Plant Emmanuel Antwi-Darkwa
Thailand
ETAD Consult Ltd., Ghana Christian Dalosto Pase
By Fabio Suzuki and Paulo Santos Pompeu Tractebel Energia, Brazil
Enrique Cifres
While conditions in the tailraces of dams make studying fish eWATER Consultant SL,
Spain
Doan Ke Ruan
Power Engineering Con-
sulting Company, Vietnam
telemetries difficult, new technologies employed at Brazils 66 MW Ian M. Cook
ICCL, United Kingdom Leon Tromp
Tres Marias project have given researchers a better insight into fish Jean-Louis Drommi
Lesotho Highlands Water
Commission, Lesotho
behavior and movement. Electricite de France,
France Christine van Oldeneel
Hydro Equipment Associa-
Maryse Francois-Xausa tion, Belgium
Alstom Renewable Power
Hydro, France C.V.J. Varma
24
Council of Power Utilities
Roger Gill and The Dams Society,
A Hydro Girl at Heart Sustena Partners, India
Australia
By Jane Crosswell Fernando de Menezes
Raghunath Gopal
(R.G.) Vartak
e Silva
Hydro Tasmania has shaped the Australian states industry, economy Itaipu Binacional, Brazil
Consultant, India
Luis C. Vintimilla
and community for generations. The companys boom years brought Peter Mulvihill Consulting Engineer,
Pioneer Generation, Ecuador
thousands of workers and their families to Tasmania, intertwining New Zealand
James Yang, PhD
Vattenfall Research and
Hydro Tasmanias own history with those of the Hydro People. Development AB, Sweden
Making connections at speakers.html to learn about the three keynote Itaipu becomes first hydropower plant to
HydroVision International 2017 speakers confirmed. And save the date: June break 100 TWh mark, Jan. 5
HydroVision International is a great place to 27-30 in Denver, Colo., USA. Leaked document hints at hydroelectric
make connections to the hydro industry: I powers role in Trumps energy plan, Jan. 26
come to HydroVision because in one place, you Most popular news stories from Canadian federal court dismisses First
can have all the stakeholders present worldwide HydroWorld.com for January 2017 Nations case against 1.1-GW Site C
and you can network with the people and learn Every month, the Hydro Group editors post hydropower project, Jan. 25
a lot in terms of technical approach over key dozens of news stories about hydropower and New York to support upgrades at seven
issues for hydro plants in the world, says dams around the world on HydroWorld.com. hydroelectric plants, Jan. 13
Emmanuel Branche with Electricite de France. What are the most popular ones for users of
Thank you HydroVision for this opportunity the site? Below are the top five news items Most popular HydroWorld
to meet all the people and keep in touch with for January, based on the number of clicks: Facebook post for January 2017
the high level individuals in the industry. Study reveals effects of hydropower proj- The friendly rivalry between Itaipu and Three
Visit www.hydroevent.com/conference/ ects in China on Mekong River, Jan. 9 Gorges continues
This Jan. 6 post reached 1,400 people and
got 60 clicks to the website. It also got 15 Likes
and was shared 10 times, with two people
Connecting Pumped Storage commenting.
Control, Protection
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and Regulation Systems
Electrical Systems
hydro.energy@ingeteam.com Substations READY FOR YOUR CHALLENGES
http://hrw.hotims.com RS #3
--
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A
lthough sedimentation of the worlds Background sediments continue to accumulate; and
reservoirs represents a serious threat Reservoir sedimentation is a process of erosion, Full sediment balance, with sediment inflow
to the sustainability of hydropower, entrainment, transportation, deposition and and outflow equal for all particle sizes.
there is limited guidance on how best to compaction of sediment carried into reservoirs Most of the worlds reservoirs are in the
address the problem. Sedimentation affects the formed and contained by dams. In unregulated, continuous accumulation stage.2 Many were
safety of dams and reduces energy production, mature rivers with stable catchments, sediment designed by estimating sedimentation rates in
storage, discharge capacity and flood attenua- processes are relatively balanced. Construction order to provide a pool with sufficient volume
tion capabilities. It increases loads on the dam of a dam decreases flow velocities, initiating to achieve a specified design life. However,
and gates, damages mechanical equipment or accelerating sedimentation,1 resulting in this design life is typically far less than what
and creates a wide range of environmental progressively finer materials being deposited is actually achievable. Therefore, managing
impacts. This article explores sedimentation (see Figure 1). reservoirs to achieve a full sediment balance
2
issues as they pertain to hydropower facilities, There are three stages in a reservoirs life: is essential in order to maximize their lives.
dam safety and the environment; discusses Continuous and rapidly occurring sedi- Developing regions of the world that stand
sedimentation management techniques; and ment accumulation; to benefit most from hydroelectricity are
describes how they can be implemented to Partial sediment balance, where often often those with the highest sediment yields
limit the impacts on hydropower. fine sediments reach a balance but coarse (see Figure 2 on page 8).3 In these regions,
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Flushing Dredging
1,000
Sluicing Dredging can be efficient but it will continue
Dredging
Bypassing for the life of the project and can have signif-
Excavation icant cost impacts. For example, dredging of 6
Check Dams
100 million m3 of sediment at the Loiza reservoir
in Puerto Rico in 1997 cost $10/m3.1,2
10 Flushing
Flushing, Sluicing,
Flushing involves emptying the reservoir
Hydrosuction,
Dredging by opening bottom outlets and allowing the
incoming streamflow to scour sediment.2,14
1
The effectiveness varies but, generally, only a
Non-Sustainable
core of sediment along the original channel
thalweg is flushed. Sediments on the sides of
0.1 the reservoir remain in place.2
1E-4 1E-3 0.01 0.1 1 10 An alternative method is pressure flushing,
Annual Retention Time (CAP/MAF)
where the reservoir is partially drawn down
Storage Operations Sluicing Pressure Flushing Bypassing
before flushing. This redistributes coarse
Drawdown Flushing Check Dams Dredging Dry Excavation
upstream sediments closer to the dam, alle-
The selection of the optimal sediment management technique for a reservoir can be estimated based on precedent
experience and other factors, such as the ratio of reservoir volume to mean annual sediment inflow and retention time. viating their impacts, but often does not clear
*Adapted 9 the finer sediments.2 Pressure flushing is also
Case studies
The case studies discussed below illustrate
a range of sediment management concerns
as well as strategies taken to mitigate them.
http://hrw.hotims.com RS #8
Editors Note: This is an abridged version of International Conference on Water Resources and Hydropower 15, 1990, pages 123-129.
a much longer article on the topic. To read the Development in Asia, 2016. 18
Steele, R., et al, Sedimentation Issues in the Dez Dam
Continents, Earths Future, Volume 2, 2014, pages 256-280. Sedimentation, International Journal of Sediment Research,
Notes 15
Abd-El Monsef, H., S. Smith, and K. Darwish, Impacts Volume 24, 2009, pages 369-384.
1
Reservoir Sedimentation Manual, McGraw-Hill, New York, of the Aswan High Dam After 50 Years, Water Resources
Sedimentation, in Sedimentation Engineering: Processes, River Sediment to the Oceans, Journal of Geology, Volume Richard Donnelly is principal consultant, Charles Holder
Measurements, Modeling, and Practice, American Society 91, No. 1, 1983, pages 1-21. is senior civil consultant, and Rajib Ahsan is senior
17
of Civil Engineers, Reston, Va., U.S., 2008. Smith, S., A Revised Estimate of the Life Span of Lake hydraulic engineer with Hatch.
3
Grummer, J., Combating Silt Erosion in Hydraulic Turbines,
2009.
PRODUCTS
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4
Bougacha, S., and J. Tassoulas, Seismic Response of Gravity
EXPERTISE
Mechanics, Volume 117, No. 8, 1991, pages 1839-1850.
5
Dominguez, J., R. Gallego, and B. Japon, Effects of Porous
TRUST
of Engineering Mechanics, Volume 117, No. 8, 1997, pages
302-311.
6
Hatami, K., Effect of Reservoir Bottom on Earthquake
400-413.
8
Dorij, U., and R. Ghomaschi, Hydro Turbine Failure
Canada, 2013.
11
Kenny, S., et al, Assessment of Impacts to the Sedimentation Whatever your challenge, weve got the
Environment for the Keeyask Generating Station Project
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13
Bui, M., and P. Rutschmann, Numerical Modelling for
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Prior to being deployed, the Scotrenewables SR2000, foreground, and SME PLATO devices are
pictured at Hatston Pier in Orkney in June 2016. (Photo: Colin Keldie, courtesy of EMEC)
E
stablished in 2003, the European We have proven you can turn seawater when it comes to assessing the challenges
Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) into electricity and we [the MHK industry] that remain for developers of wave and tidal
in Scotland is a marine and hydroki- have started to do that with higher degrees energy technologies.
netic (MHK) energy testing facility of reliability. There is still work to be done in terms
supporting MHK technology on the road As the man in charge of the Orkney of winning over a wider audience, beyond
to commercialization. Islands-based EMEC, you would expect the marine energy sector itself, he says. I
In terms of the potential to produce epic Kermode to be buoyant about the sectors think that many people are still fixated on
quantities of power from wave and tide, we progress towards commercialization. But the issue of pricing, whereas they should be
have shown we are on the right track, says while he might be evangelical about the global concerned about the fact we have had the
Neil Kermode, EMEC managing director. potential of MHK, Kermodes also pragmatic highest temperature winter on record, with
A 160 meter-long extension was added to Haston Pier in Hatston Quay, Kirkwall, Orkney, in 2013, Lisa MacKenzie is marketing and communications officer
extending it from 225 meters to 385 meters almost one-quarter mile. The pier accommo- for the European Marine Energy Center. Dave Flanagan is
dates Scotlands longest commercial deep-water berth. (Photo courtesy K4 Graphics) a journalist reporting for EMEC.
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http://hrw.hotims.com RS #14 http://hrw.hotims.com RS #15
Researchers inserted HTI acoustic tags into 90 fish, allowing for tracking in three dimensions.
D
ams can interrupt fish reproductive oxygen, which can lead to mortality. Other study described in this article sought to deter-
cycles by fragmenting habitat and dangerous exposure can include the rapid mine if new tracking technology could be used
migratory pathways. In particular, decompression and mechanical shock expe- to track fish movement and better understand
the tailraces of dams that impound water rienced during the systems starts and stops. their behavior. The end goal would be for hydro
for hydropower facilities present significant Detailed monitoring of fish movement and project owners to gain insights about how to
challenges for migratory fish attempting to migration patterns in tailraces can provide manage operations of hydropower facilities to
move upstream to spawn. The hydrodynamic information for reducing fish mortality in minimize fish kill in the turbines.
conditions of the tailrace including high turbines and at other key points in tailraces.
turbulence and temperature variations attract However, little is known about upstream Methods
a large number of migratory fish to the tailrace. migrating fish in the tailraces of dams because The study brought together a number of par-
Fish potentially can swim into the draft the majority of fish telemetry technologies ties, including the Federal University of Lavras
tubes during operation of the turbines, becom- have been unable to detect fish with precision (UFLA) Department of Biology; Brazilian
ing trapped and exposed to low dissolved in the acoustically noisy tailraces of dams. The power generator Companhia Energetica de
days) than P. argenteus (2.81 days). Within a day, patterns of movement varied impact, applications of acoustic telemetry have
However, 35 individuals (19 P. macula- between the two species. P. maculatus were proven challenging, with high turbulence, high
tus and 16 P. argenteus) returned, and most more active during nocturnal periods, whereas flows, entrained air and electrical interference
returned more than twice -- some up to 38 P. argenteus activity was greater during the proving problematic. Despite the challenges,
times. There was no statistically significant daytime. But, analysis of the ratio of inward to the acoustic tags and tracking techniques used
difference in the rate of return between the outward movements in the tailrace indicated within the Tres Marias tailrace delivered clear
two species. However, there was a significant a prevalence of outward movements from the and useful information with a fidelity as fine
negative correlation between the number of tailrace during the first 14 days of the study. as 20 cm in 3D position resolution.
visits and individual size for P. maculatus, After that the ratio was 1:1. The experiment was a feasibility test to
but no such correlation between these two see whether the researchers would be able to
variables for P. argenteus. This result can explain Lessons learned effectively track fish in the tailrace of a dam.
the predominance of smaller individuals of Telemetry technology has done much to The research team was more than satisfied with
P. maculatus (mean length of 22 cm) among further the understanding of how dams affect the outcome of this feasibility study.
fishes entrained within turbines at Tres Marias fish migratory patterns. The major threat to Due to funding limitations, the study
Dam, according to CEMIG data. fish below hydropower facilities in Brazil is was only conducted for 81 days. This study
The average tailrace residency duration was associated with high mortality due to fish cost about US$300,000 and was funding by
significantly longer for P. maculatus at about entering and becoming entrained within CEMIG. The results of this project have been
29 hours than P. argenteus, which stayed in the turbine draft tubes. useful for hydro project owners to define the
tailrace about six hours. However, there was no Although knowledge of fish movement best scenario of turbine operation with less
correlation between tailrace residency duration patterns in the tailrace can be an essential risk to fish, since the fish mortality in turbines
and the size of individuals for either species. step to determine strategies to minimize this can occur in combination with fish attraction
to the tailrace.
Although this is the first study applying this
technology in the tailrace of Brazilian hydro-
power, these results can encourage the use of
telemetry techniques to provide the necessary
data to allow asset managers to take actions
related to hydropower facility operations.
Through continual progress in the devel-
opment of acoustic tag tracking technology,
one will be able to track tailrace fish in more
extreme situations and define operational
patterns to minimize harm to migratory fish
in dam tailraces.
This overhead view shows the placement of the hydrophones used to capture data from the HTI Santos Pompeu is a professor at Federal University of
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http://hrw.hotims.com RS #19
T
wenty-two years is a long time to work somewhere. You could I commenced my work career at the Tullah office aged 15 years as
say that I grew up with Hydro Tasmania in my blood. what was known as a nipper. I earned $1.50 per hour washing
My father, Geoff Apted, worked on construction of cars, making tea and washing floors. My favorite task was taking the
Meadowbank Dam [on the River Derwent, this dam impounds water rain gauge readings each morning. I felt very important as I had to
for a 41.8 MW hydro powerhouse] in the late 1960s. As a family, we take the reading at precisely 9 a.m. each morning and report the levels
moved to Strathgordon [the village built to construct the 432 MW to Head Office for passing on to the weather bureau.
Gordon power station] when I was 3 years old, and I went to primary You could say I have been a bit of a trailblazer. Ive had quite a series
school at Strathgordon. of firsts in hydro. I was the first girl to work at Stringers Creek (now
I remember my father coming home from work and telling us about the site of Reece Dam) and I remained the only female for some time.
the strange foods many of the migrants [who arrived during and after There were no female engineers around in those days. I worked there
WWII] would bring in their lunch boxes. We were fascinated that until the Zeehan bushfires went through the site and burned down the
someone could eat whole chilies or black pudding for lunch! These only female toilet on site. I couldnt go back until they built a new one,
were things we had never even seen at our dinner table. so we ended up with what was probably to first unisex toilet on the
I grew up in Hydro Tasmania villages and, like my brothers and West Coast. It made for some interesting encounters!
sister, went to work for Hydro Tasmania straight out of school. So as When I later moved into the office environment in the Accounts
you can imagine, I witnessed a lot of change. section at Tullah, I was the first person to operate an electric typewriter
in the office. We only had one!
And at the tender age of 17, I was acting Paymaster for three
months during the height of the West Coast Construction era. There
were more than 2,000 people on the payroll and we paid everyone in
cash. I remember the day I was given the combination to the huge
bank safe. Again, I felt very important and responsible!
They were more innocent times back then. We worked hard (nothing
compared to the effort we would put in now of course). I remember
that in the pay office at Tullah, our first task each morning was to
complete the Advocate newspapers crossword as a team! We mucked
around a lot and created our own fun. Some of the practical jokes we
played would probably get us fired today but it was all harmless and
a typical part of Hydro village life. We were very insulated.
I was in the first group of girls who applied for an apprenticeship
Increasing demands for power during Tasmanias post-World War II with Hydro. There were three of us and we were not accepted into the
boom gave rise to a number of Hydro Tasmania company towns, es- program. I dont think the organization was ready for us to be rolling our
tablished to house workers and their families. At its peak, the utility sleeves up with the boys just yet, so they didnt know what to do with us.
employed more than 5,200 Hydro People. I was working on the West Coast at the height of the Franklin Dam
Building a team of recycling champions The AbAF Partnership award for the Events and Sponsorship Coordinator for Hydro Tasmanias
and introducing a widespread recycling Artists in Schools Program, which is a Public Relations team. She spent 22 years with the
program; partnership with Arts@Work. company and is now business development director with
Managing many corporate events, The most important part of working Cancer Council Tasmania, among other roles.
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http://hrw.hotims.com RS #21
http://hrw.hotims.com RS #22