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LOC 2 : Substructures
1. Foundations
2. Drainage works
3. Culverts

4. Underpasses

5. Utilities

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Introduction:
Any structure has two parts which are Sub Structure and
Super Structure.

Substructure is an underlying or supporting structure

to superstructure. It is below ground level.

Substructure is the lower portion of the building which

transmits the dead load, live loads and other loads to the
underneath sub soil.

The sub-structure transmits the load of super structure to

the underlying soil and is termed as Foundation.
Foundation
Ensure that the structural loads are transmitted to the subsoil safely,
economically and without any unacceptable movement during the
construction period as well as throughout the anticipated life of the
structure.
Functions of Foundation
Distribution of loads

Stability against sliding & overturning

Minimize differential settlements

Safe against undermining

Provide level surface

Minimize distress against soil movement

 Types of loads on foundations: Dead, live, wind, inclined
thrusts and uplift, water table and earthquake forces.
Types of settlements: Uniform and differential - Differential
settlement must be minimized, depends on site soil conditions and
distribution of loads on columns supporting the building.

No Settlement Total Settlement

Differential Settlement

Uniform Settlement Is Usually Of Little Consequence In A Building,

But differential settlement can cause severe structural damage
 Primary Factors Affecting
Foundation Choice

Subsurface soil

Ground water conditions

Structural requirements
Secondary Factors Affecting Foundation
Choice

Construction access, methods & site conditions

Environmental factors
Building Codes & Regulations
Impact on surrounding structures
Construction schedule
Construction risks
Foundation Components

Footing
The foundation bed, which consists of the soil or rock
upon which the building or structure rests;

The footing, which is normally widened and rests on the

foundation bed;
and The foundation wall, which rises from the foundation
to a location somewhere above the ground.
Types of Footing
Types of Foundation

Shallow foundations
Deep foundations

Shallow Foundations
When the foundation is placed immediately
beneath the lowest part of the superstructure, it is
termed as shallow foundation.

Object of this type of foundation is to distribute the

structural loads over a wider horizontal area
Types of Shallow Foundations
Spread Footing Foundation

Mat or Raft foundation

Spread Footing Foundation

The base of the member transmitting load to the soil is
made wider so that load of the structure is distributed on
sufficient area of the soil in such a way that the safe bearing
capacity of the soil not exceeded.
Types
Wall Footing or Strip Footing
Isolated or Pad Footing
Continuous Footing
Combined Footing

Wall Footing or Strip Footing

 A continuous strip of concrete under a continuous wall carrying a
uniformly distributed load.

Footing spread is usually provided.

Isolated or Pad Footing
Footing are used to support single columns.

This is the most economical types of footings and is used

when columns are spaced at relatively long distances.
Combined Footing Foundation
A common footing provided for two or more columns is
known as a combined footing.

1. When columns are very near to each other and their

individual footings overlap.

2. When bearing capacity of the soil is less, requiring more

area under individual footing.
Continuous Footing Foundation
Support a row of three or more columns.

Which are limited width and continue under all columns.

Strap Footing Foundation
Consist of two single footings connected with a beam or a strap
and support two columns.

This type replaces a combined footing and is more economical.

 Spread footing foundation, which is typical in residential
building, has a wider bottom portion which is used to
spread the weight of the structure over more area for great
stability but for high rise buildings which is not sufficient to
bear the load.
Advantages
a) Cost (affordable)
b) Construction Procedure (simple)]
c) Material (mostly concrete)
d) Labour (doesnt need expertise)
Mat or Raft Foundation
Raft foundation is combined footing that covers entire area
beneath a structure and supports all walls and columns.
Situation:
Whenever building loads are so heavy

Soil is soft with a low bearing capacity.

Advantages:

This foundation type is suitable for when the soil at site is

soft and marshy having uncertain behavior. Raft foundation
eliminates the possibility of differential settlement.

Overall settlement of the structure is reduced, as the total

load of the structure is distributed over a large area and
thus intensity of pressure on the foundation soil is reduced
to minimum.

Distribution of load on entire area of foundation is

uniform.
Types of Raft Foundation
1) Ribbed foundation or Two way beam & slab
raft foundation
2) Flat plate raft foundation
3) Piled raft foundation
4) Cellular mat foundation