Douglas: Fluid Mechanics, Solutions Manual, 5th edition

Chapter 2 : Pressure and Head

2.1 a. From eqn. 2.4 : p2 p1 = g( z2 z1) and taking sea level as datum point 1, then :
p1 = 0 Nm 2 , = 1002 kgm 3 , g = 9.81 ms 2 , z 2 = 2000 m and z1 = 0 m .
p2 0 = 1002 9.81 (2000 0) , p2 = 19.66 MNm2
dp
b. From eqn. 1.12, we know K = and from eqn. 2.17, p =gz giving :
d
2 g dz = K d . If it is assumed that z is measured from the surface and is negative
as depth increases, and that K is constant over small pressure ranges, we can then
integrate
2
z2 g 2 1
gz z 2 1
z1 K dz = 1 2 d K z1 =
1

gz 1 1 K1
Since we know that z1 = 0 m then, = 2 =
K 2 1 1gz + K
1 1
Integrating, NB 1 + ax dx = a ln(1 + ax )
K 1 gz z2 gz
p2 p1 = 1g ln 1+ p2 p1 = Kln 1+ 1 2
1 g K z1 = 0 K
We know that p1 = 0 Nm , K = 2.05 10 Nm , 1 = 1002 kgm 3 and
2 9 2

z 2 = 2000 m , hence :
1002 9.81 ( 2000)
p2 0 = 2.05 109 ln 1 + p2 = 19.75 MNm2
2.05 10
9

2 . 2 a. From eqn. 2.4 : p2 p1 = g( z2 z1) . Taking the free surface as datum point 1
then, p1 = 0 Nm 2 , = 1000 kgm 3 , g = 9.81 ms 2 , z 2 = 12 m and z1 = 0 m .
p2 = 117.72 kNm 2
b. From eqn. 2.16 : p =gh + patm , ie Absolute pressure = Gauge pressure +
Atmospheric pressure. Here, gauge pressure = 117720 Nm 2 and atmospheric
pressure = 101000 Nm 2 , Absolute pressure = 218.72 kNm 2

2 . 3 a. Specific gravity of oil = oil 0.8 = oil oil = 800 kgm3
H2 O 1000
From eqn. 2.17 : p =gh , where p =120 103 Nm 2 , = 800 kgm 3 ,
g = 9.81 ms 2 , 120 10 3 = 800 9.81 h , h = 15.3 m
b. As before, p =120 103 Nm 2 andg = 9.81 ms 2 , however, = 1000 kgm 3 .
From eqn. 2.17 : p =gh 120 10 3 = 1000 9.81 h
h = 12.2 m
2.4 We know that 1 bar = 1 105 Nm 2 .
From eqn. 2.4 : p2 p1 = g( z2 z1) . Taking the free surface as datum point 1 :
p2 = 1 105 Nm2 , p1 = 0 Nm 2 , = 600 kgm 3 , g = 9.81 ms 2 and z1 = 0 m .

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1 10 5 0 = 600 9.81 (z 2 0 ) z2 = 17 m , depth = 17 m

2.5 For each of the following : p =gh (from eqn. 2.17) and h = 400 10 3 m .

a. Specific gravity of mercury = Hg 13.6 = Hg Hg = 13600 kgm 3
H2 O 1000
Hence, p =gh , p = 13600 9.81 400 10 3 , p = 53.4 kNm 2
b. Here, = 1000 kgm 3 , therefore p =gh , p = 1000 9.81 400 10 3
p = 3.92 kNm 2
c . Specific weight, w = g = 7.9 103 Nm 3 . Therefore, p =gh p = w h
p = 7.9 103 400 10 3 , p = 3.16 kNm 2
d. Here, = 520 kgm 3 , therefore p =gh
p = 520 9.81 400 10 3 , p = 2.04 kNm 2
2.6 We know that : Force = mass x gravity. Here, mass = 50 kg and g = 9.81 ms 2
force
F = 50 9.81, F = 490.5 N , Now, pressure = where area =
area
490.5
0.01 m 2 , p = Nm 2 , p = 4.905 10 4 Nm2
0.01
2.7 Referring to figure 2.7a, we can assume that manometers are connected at points 1
and 2. Using eqn. 2.27 and equating pressures at XX, then :
pgas + ( gh )gas = patm =2 + (gh)H 2O (1)
where gas = 0.561 kgm 3 , h gas = 0.18 m , H2 O =1000 kgm 3 and h H2O = 0.18 m .
Equating pressures at YY :
[pgas ] [ ]
+ ( p)gas (2 1) + (gh)gas = p atm= 2 + ( p)air ( 21 ) + ( gh)H2 O (2)
where (p)gas2( 1) = gas g 120 m , ( p)gas (2 1) = 0.561 9.81 120
( p)gas (2 1) = 660.41 Nm 2 and (p)airgas( 21 ) = air g 120 m
( p)airgas (2 1) = 1.202 9.81 120 m , ( p)airgas (2 1) = 1415 Nm 2
gas and H2 O are unchanged. Subtracting eqn. 2 from eqn. 1 gives :
(0.561 g 0.18) 660.41 ( 0.561 g h )
= (1000 g 0.18) 1415 (1000 g h )
We know g = 9.81 ms 2 , h = 103 mm
180mm

2
gas
water x x
120m

h
gas 1
gas water
Y Y

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J. F. Douglas, J. M. Gasiorek, J. A. Swaffield and Lynne B. Jack 2006
 Douglas: Fluid Mechanics, Solutions Manual, 5th edition

2.8 From eqn. 2.17 : p =gh , where = 13600 kgm 3 , g = 9.81 ms 2 and
h = 50 103 m , p = 13600 9.81 ( 50 103 )
p = 6671 Nm 2 , Absolute pressure = 93.3 kNm 2
2.9 Pressure at base = pressure of air + pressure of oil + pressure of water (all gauge)
Since the tank is open : pair = 0 Nm 2 (gauge)

We know that specific gravity of oil = oil 0.75 = oil oil = 750 kgm3
H2 O 1000
Also, poil = oil gh (from eqn. 2.17) where g = 9.81 ms 2 and h = 2 m, hence
poil = 750 9.81 2 = 14715 Nm 2
Similarly, for water, where = 1000 kgm 3 , g = 9.81 ms 2 and h = 3 m :
pH2O = 1000 9.81 3 = 29430 Nm2
pressure at base = (0 +14715 + 29430) Nm 2
pressure at base = 44.145 kNm 2 (gauge), so Absolute pressure =
(44.145 10 ) + (1 10 ) Nm
3 5 2
= 144.145 kNm 2
2.10 Gauge pressure at base = pHg + pH2O + p oil + p air . Using g = 9.81 ms 2 ,
Hg = 13600 kgm 3 , H2 O =1000 kgm 3 , oil = 600 kgm 3 , and h Hg = 0.5 m ,
h H2O = 2 m & h oil = 3 m , hence gauge pressure at base =
(gh )Hg + (gh )H2O + (gh) oil + p air , pair = 96 kNm 2

1
2.11 Referring to figure 2.11a : Original volume of water = r1 2h1
3
If half this water is drained, then assume the remaining half fills a new cone with
dimensions r2 and h 2 .
R

r3

r1

r2

r
2
1 1
r1 2h1 = r2 2h 2 . But h 1 = 0.5 m 0.25 1 = h 2
1
2 3 3 r2
r r r h
Due to similarity : 1 = 2 1 = 1 hence :
h 1 h2 r2 h2

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r h
2 2

0.25 1 = h2 0.25 1 = h 2 .
r2 h2
Substituting for h 1 = 0.5 m h 2 = h H2 O = 0.397 m . Before the pressure on the
base of the cone can be calculated, the remaining height of oil must be known.
1
If the total volume before draining equals : v = R 2 H
3
then the total volume of oil and water after draining equals :
1 1
v oil&H 2 O = R 2 H r12h 1 which fills volume, v = r32 h3
1 1
3 2 3 3
1 2 1 1 2 1 2
R H r1 h1 = r3 h 3
3 2 3 3
r R r R
Substituting for h 1 and H, and from similarity : 1 = and 3 =
h1 H h3 H
h h
2 2

1 = 1 and 3 = 3 giving : 1 0.25 1 = 3 h 3

r h r h
R H R H H H
Substituting for h 1 and H gives h 3 = 0.979 m .
But this is the combined height ie h oil&H 2 O = h oil + h H2O
0.979 = h oil + 0.397 , h oil = 0.582 m .
From eqn. 2.17, pressure at base = ( gh )oil + (gh )H2O
Taking H2 O =1000 kgm 3 and oil = 900 kgm 3 ((since spec gravity of oil = 0.9)
pressure at base = (900 9.81 0.582) + (1000 9.81 0.397)
pressure at base = 9033 Nm 2
2 . 1 2 a. Area of large piston = r 2 where r = 0.3 m A l = 0.283 m2
0.3
Area of small piston = r 2 where r = = 0.0375 m As = 4.418 103 m 2
8
m=3500kg

ratio 8:1

If the mass supported by the larger piston is 3500 kg, then the force on the larger
area is given by : force = mg = 3500 9.81 = 34335 N
force 34335
Since : pressure = , pressure = = 121.33 kNm 2
area 0.283
This is transmitted to the smaller piston with no difference in height, hence p is
unchanged : force = p A s = 121.33 10 3 4.418 103 Force = 536 N
b. If the smaller piston is 2.6 m below the larger piston, then the additional pressure
on the smaller area is given by : p =gh (from eqn. 2.17)

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fluid
Here, we know spec. gravity = = 0.8 fluid = 800 kgm 3 .
1000
Now: g = 9.81 ms and h = 2.6 m,, p = 800 9.81 2.6 = 20.4 kNm 2
2

Since this is in addition to the 121.33 kNm2 , the total pressure is :

pT =121.33 + 20.4 kNm 2 = 141.73 kNm2
This pressure is applied over the area As , hence the force can be found from :
force = pT As = 141.73 103 4.418 103 , Force = 626.2 N
p
2 . 1 3 a. We know that for a perfect gas, eqn. 1.13 applies ie : =
RT
We also know that if the atmosphere is isothermal, then temperature does not vary
dp dp pg dp g
with altitude. Since = g , = = dh
dh dh RT p RT
Integrating from p = p1 when h = h1 to p = p 2 when h = h2
g
p2 g p2 (h h )
log e = (h h ) , = e RT 2 1
. Also, since p2 = 2 RT
p1 RT 2 1 p1
g
p RT 2 p (h2 h1 )
, 2 = 2 = e RT
and p1 = 1 RT then : 2 = 2 =
p1 1RT 1 p1 1
b. In the stratosphere, the above equation applies and if the pressure is halved with
p 1
altitude, then : 2 = . We know that : g = 9.81 ms 2 , R = 287 Jkg 1K 1 & T = -
p1 2
g
(h 2 h1 )
, = exp (h h1)
p 1 9.81
56.5+273 = 216.5 K : 2 = e RT

p1 2 287 216.5 2
1 9.81
log e = (h h 1) , h2 h1 = 4390 m
2 287 216.5 2
2 . 1 4 a. For a uniformly decreasing temperature with increasing altitude, eqn. 2.14 applies
g

p2 T RT
ie : = 1 ( z2 z1) . We know : p2 = 45.5 103 Nm 2 ,
p1 T1
p1 = 101.5 10 3 Nm 2 , g = 9.81 ms 2 , T1 = ( 273 +15) K , T2 = [ 273 + ( 25)] K
T T1
and R = 287 Jkg 1K 1 , and : z 2 z1 = 2 . Substituting gives :
T
9.81 9.81
45.5 10 3 T T2 T1 287 T 248 288 287 T
3 = 1 0.4483 = 1+
, ,
101.5 10 288 T 288
9.81 9.81
0.4483 = ( 0.86111)287 T . Taking ln: log e 0.4483 = log e 0.86111,
287 T
T = 6.37 103 K m 1 , T = 6.37 o C per 1000 m.
b. Now, at (z 2 z1 ) = 3000 m, p2 is unknown. But we know from eqn. 2.14 that :

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p2 T RT
= 1 ( z2 z1) where p1 , T1 , g and R remain unchanged.
p1 T1
Also, T = 6.37 10 3 K m 1 giving :
9.81
p2 6.37 103 2876.37 103
3 = 1 3000 , p2 = 70.22 kNm 2
101.5 10 288
p
c . To find 2 , we refer to the equation of state : 2 = 2
RT2
70.22 103
Substituting T2 = [ T1 T( z2 z1 )] 2 =
287 [288 6.37 10 3 (3000)]
2 = 0.91 kgm 3
2 . 1 5 a. Letting p and T = pressure and temperature at level z and p0 and T0 = pressure and
temperature at level z 0 , we know from eqn. 2.13 : T = T0 T(z z 0 ) .
T T
Rearranging gives : 0 = (z z0 ) and substituting into eqn. 2.14 :
T
g g

p T RT p T T T RT
= 1 (z z0 ) , = 1 0
p0 T0 p0 T0 T
g
p T R T p T
n

= , =
p0 T0 p 0 T0
g

p T RT
b. We know that : = 1 (z z0 )
p0 T0
where T = 6.5 10 3 K m 1 , (z z 0 ) = 10700 m , T0 = (15 + 273) K ,
g = 9.81 ms 2 and R = 287 Jkg 1K 1 , giving :
9.81
p 6.5 103 287 6.5103 p
= 1 (10700) , = 0.2337
p0 288 p0
g
1
T RT
c . From eqn. 2.15 : = 1 (z z 0 )
0 T0
9.81
3 1
6.5 10 3

287 6.5 10
= 1 (10700 ) , = 0.3082
0 288 0
2 . 1 6 a. Before the pressure at 14 500 m can be calculated, the pressure at the start of the
stratosphere ie that at the end of the troposphere must be known. Since the
troposphere experiences a uniform temperature decrease, eqn. 2.14 is applicable up
g

p T RT
to a height of 11 000 m ie : 2 = 1 ( z2 z1)
p1 T1
where from eqn. 2.17, p1 = Hg gh =13600 9.81 0.76 =101396 Nm 2 .

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 Douglas: Fluid Mechanics, Solutions Manual, 5th edition

Also, T = 6.5 10 3 K m 1 , T1 = 288 K , (z 2 z1 ) = 11000 m , g = 9.81 ms 2

and R = 287 Jkg 1K 1 , giving :
9.81
p2 6.5 10 3 287 6.5103
= 1 (11000 ) p2 = 22610 Nm 2
101396 288
This pressure now becomes p1 in the stratosphere in which the following equation
g
( z2 z 1) where (z 2 z1 ) = 14500 11000 = 3500 m
p
applies : 2 = exp
p1 RT
and T = 216.5 K , giving : 2 = exp (3500)
p 9.81
22610 287 216.5
2
p2 = 13011 Nm . From eqn. 2.17 : p = Hggh , h = 97.52 mm
p 13011
b. From the equation of state : 2 = 2 2 =
RT 287 216.5
2 = 0.2094 kgm 3
2.17 Taking the fluid/air level in the right hand arm of the U-tube as the level XX, then at
XX : Sum of pressures in left arm = Sum of pressures in right arm
pA + ( gh1)H2 O + (gh 2 )Hg = patm where g = 9.81 ms 2 , H2 O =1000 kgm 3 ,
h 1 = 0.15 m , h 2 = 0.3 m and patm =101300 Nm 2 .
Also, since spec. weight of Hg = 13.6 spec. weight of water
(g)Hg =13.6 ( g)H 2O
Hg =13.6 1000 = 13600 kgm 3 . Hence, summing pressures :
pA + (1000 9.81 0.15) + (13600 9.81 0.3) = 101300 , pA = 59.8 kNm2
2.18 Taking the interface on the left arm of the U-tube as the level XX, then at XX :
Sum of pressures in left arm = Sum of pressures in right arm
pA + ( 1ga) = p B + [1g ( b h)] + (2 gh ) (1)
We are told that : a = 1.5 m, b = 0.75 m, h = 0.5 m and that 2 = 13.61 .

As fluid 2 is mercury (2 = 13600 kgm 3 ) 1 = 2 =
13600
= 1000 kgm 3 .
13.6 13.6
Rearranging equation 1 gives : pA p B = 1g ( b h a ) + 2 gh
We know that g = 9.81 ms 2 , pA pB = 54.4 kNm 2
2.19 Firstly, let us calculate the density of both fluids :
oil
Specific gravity of oil = 0.98 = = oil oil = 980 kgm 3 .
H2 O@4 oC 1000
H2 O H2 O
Also, specific gravity of water = 1.01 = = oil = 1010 kgm 3 .
H2 O@4 oC 1000
Referring to figure 2.19a, we see that at level XX:

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J. F. Douglas, J. M. Gasiorek, J. A. Swaffield and Lynne B. Jack 2006
 Douglas: Fluid Mechanics, Solutions Manual, 5th edition

h1 oil

X h2 X

h
0.075m

water

A B

Sum of pressures in left arm = Sum of pressures in right arm

pA H2Og( h h1) = pB H2Og( h h2 ) oil g( h 2 h1 )
(
This reduces to : pA p B = g H2O h 2 oil h2 + oil h1 H2 Oh1 )
But we know that : h 2 h1 = 0.075 m h 2 = 0.075 + h1 .
Hence substitution gives :
pA p B
= H 2O ( 0.075 + h1 ) oil ( 0.075 + h1 ) + oil h1 H2 O h1
g
which then reduces to : A
p pB
g [ (
= 0.075 H2O oil )]
giving for g = 9.81 ms 2 : pA pB = 22 Nm2
2.20 If the accuracy required is 3 % of 3mm, then the manometer must be able to
measure a pressure of : 3% of 3 mm = 0.09 mm of water, hence :
Pressure to be measured, using eqn 2.17 and H2 O =1000 kgm 3 & g = 9.81 ms 2
p =gh =1000 9.81 0.09 10 3 = 0.8829 Nm 2 . For an inclined
manometer, we know that :
d 2
p1 p 2 = gz 1 + where z = x sin
D
Here, p1 p 2 = 0.8829 Nm 2 , = 740 kgm 3 , d = 0.008 m , D = 0.024 m and
x = 0.0005 m giving :
0.008 2
0.8829 = 740 9.81 0.0005 sin 1+
0.024
= 12 o 39'

2.21 Volume of oil transferred from cylinder to sloping manometer tube Vol = 50 *

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(22/7) * 52/4 = 982.143 mm3

Drop in oil level in cylinder = Vol/((22/7)*352/4)

= 982.143/962.50 = 1.02 mm

Vertical height of oil in sloping manometer tube

h = 50 * sin 15 = 12.941 mm

Pressure in duct relative to atmosphere = g h

where h = 12.941 + 1.02 the vertical separation of the fluid levels

pressure = 0.785 * 9.81 * (12.941 + 1.02) = 107.5 N/m2.

If the cylinder surface movement is ignored the error is due to the 1.02 mm head =
1.02 * 9.81 * 0.785 = 7.85 N/m2

oil
2.22 If the specific gravity of oil = 0.83 = = oil oil = 830 kgm3
H2 O 1000
If the movement in the 7 mm tube is 1 cm, then the volume displaced is :
v = r12 h1 where r1 = 0.0035 m and h 1 = 0.01 m
v = (0.0035) 0.01 = 3.85 10 7 m 3
2

44mm
A B
h2
water oil
h3 h4

X
h1 =1cm Y1
X1 Y
7mm

This causes a height change in the large end of h 2

ie : vol = r 22 h 2 where r2 = 0.022 m giving :

3.85 10 7 = (0.022) h 2
2

h 2 = 0.253 10 3 m

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At the interface XY : px = py
pA + H2Ogh 3 = p B +oil gh 4
If (p A p B ) = p1 then :
p1 = oil gh 4 H 2O gh3
After movement to the position X' Y' then :
px' = p y'

[ ] [
pA + H2Og h 3 + (0.01) + (0.253 10 3 ) = p B +oil g h 4 + (0.01) (0.253 103 )]
Similarly, if we let (p A p B ) = p 2 then :
[ ] [
p2 = oil g h 4 + (0.01) (0.253 10 3) H2O g h3 + (0.01) + (0.253 10 3 )]
2
Hence, the overall difference in pressure to cause movement of 1 10 m is :
pT = p1 p 2 which after substitution and reduction leaves :
pT = oilg (0.01 0.253 103 ) + H2Og( 0.01 + 0.253 10 3 )
p T = 830 9.81( 0.01 0.253 10 3) + 1000 9.81(0.01 + 0.253 10 3 )
pT = 21 Nm2
a
2 . 2 3 a. Pressure on the bottom of the vessel = p = gh 1+ from eqn. 2.23, where :
g
= 840 kgm 3 , g = 9.81 ms 2 , h = 0.8 m and a = 4 ms 2 giving :
4
p = 840 9.81 0.8 1+ = 9280.32 Nm 2
9.81
Now, force = p area = 9280.32 (1.4 2)
Force = 25985 N
b. At constant velocity, acceleration = 0 and hence eqn. 2.23 reduces to :
p =gh
p = 840 9.81 0.8 = 6592.32 Nm 2
Similarly, force = p area = 6592.32 (1.4 2)
Force = 18458 N

2.24 If the speed, N is 600 rpm, then the angular velocity, , given by :

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J. F. Douglas, J. M. Gasiorek, J. A. Swaffield and Lynne B. Jack 2006
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2N 2 (600)
= = = 62.83 rad s 1
60 60

=0.025
0.6m

=0.5

The force exerted on the top of the drum is caused by two components ie a force
due to rotation and a force caused by hydrostatic pressure. The force due to rotation
is calculated as follows:
r2
Force = r1
gz r dA
2 r2
But we know that z r = + const (from eqn. 2.32)
2g
The free surface is open to atmosphere, hence at r = 0 , p = 0 and z r = 0.
2 r2
Substituting into eqn. 2.32 gives const = 0, hence : z r =
2g
We also know that dA = 2r dr .
2 r 2
Force = r g
r2 r2
2r dr = 2 r r 3 dr
1 2g 1

r
r4 2
Integrating gives : Force = 2

4 r1
0.025
Here, r1 = = 0.0125 m (upper pipe radius)
2
0.5
& r2 = = 0.25 m (radius of the drum).
2
4 0.25
2 r
Force =
4 0.0125
Substituting for the limits of integration,
for and putting = 1000 kgm 3 gives :
0.25 4 0.01254
Force =1000 62.832
4 4
Force = 12111 N
To calculate the force caused by the hydrostatic pressure : p =gh from eqn. 2.17
where = 1000 kgm 3 , g = 9.81 ms 2 and h = 0.6 m.
p = 1000 9.81 0.6 = 5886 Nm 2

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The force due to this pressure is found from : force = pressure area
where area = ( r2 2 r12 ) and r1 & r2 = 0.0125 m & 0.25 m respectively, giving :
Force = 5886 ( 0.252 0.01252 ) = 1153 N
This means that the total force ie the sum of the rotational and hydrostatic forces is
given by :
FT =12111 + 1153 N
Force = 13.26 kNm 2

2.25 Since the point C is on the centre line of rotation, then the pressure at C is purely
hydrostatic and can be calculated using eqn. 2.17 :
p =gh where = 1000 kgm 3 , g = 9.81 ms 2 and h = ( 50 + 250) mm
pC = 1000 9.81 300 10 3 = 2943 Nm 2
250mm
A

50mm
D B
z
r
250mm

We know that the pressure at point D is generated by both hydrostatic and rotational
forces. Referring to figure 2.25a, we know that the hydrostatic pressure at point D
can also be calculated from eqn. 2.17 :
p =gh where = 1000 kgm 3 , g = 9.81 ms 2 and h = 50 mm.
p = 1000 9.81 50 10 3 = 490.5 Nm 2
Furthermore, the pressure generated by the rotational force is given by :
2 r 2
p= + const (from eqn. 2.33) where r = 0.25
2
But at r = 0, p = 0, hence const = 0. Thus for = 1000 kgm 3 :
1000 2 0.252
p = +0
2
p = 31.25 2

Since the pressure at point C equals

the pressure at point D ie pC = pD
2943 = 490.5 + 31.25 2
= 8.86 rad s 1

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2N
But we know that : =
60
2N
8.86 =
60
N = 84.6 rpm

b. We have established that for any radius, r, at height z from point D, the pressure
can be calculated from :
pT = hydrostatic press. at B + hydrostatic press. due to z + rotational press. at r
2r 2
pT = 490.5 +gz +
2
Knowing = 1000 kgm 3 , g = 9.81 ms 2 and = 8.86 rad s1
pT = 490.5 + 9810 z + 39249.8 r 2
Hence, for varying heights from point D at the corresponding radius, r, the total
pressure head can be calculated. Knowing that the equation of this quadrant can be
expressed as : (z) + r 2 = 0.252 (from the equation of a circle ie x 2 + y 2 = r 2 ), the
2

graph shown below was plotted.

4000
3500
3000
Total hydrostatic pressure
2500
Pressure, Pa

2000 Rotational pressure

1500
Total pressure
1000
500
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
Height down from D, m

This shows the line representing the total hydrostatic head (which obviously
increases with distance from point D), as well as that for rotational pressure. The
curve representing the sum of the two is also shown and from this the value and the
position of the maximum pressure head is easily obtained.
Maximum pressure head = 3556 Nm 2
Since, from eqn. 2.17 : p =gh
p 3556
h= =
g 1000 9.81
h = 0.362 m of water.
From the graph we see that this occurs at 0.12 m below point D on the curved
portion CD.

16
J. F. Douglas, J. M. Gasiorek, J. A. Swaffield and Lynne B. Jack 2006
 Douglas: Fluid Mechanics, Solutions Manual, 5th edition

2.26 We know that if the tank is rotating at 180 rpm, then angular velocity can be
2N 2 180
calculated from : = = = 18.85 rad s1
60 60
We are told that the tank (diameter 1 m) originally contains water to a depth of
3.3 m, hence the volume of water = r 2 depth = ( 0.5) 3.3 = 2.592 m 3
2

p=40kNm-2 L0

4m
3.3m
L1

1m

Since
i) no water is lost
ii) volume of a paraboloid = half volume of the circumscribing cylinder
iii) whilst rotating, the water wets the top of the tank :
Volume of water = Volume of tank - Volume of paraboloid where :

2
1
2
[ 2
]
Volume of paraboloid = ( r 2 Lo ) = (0.5) Lo = 0.3927 Lo m 3
1

[ ]
2.592 = (0.5) 4 [ 0.3927 Lo ]
2

L o = 1.4 m
Hence, the height of water left in the tank is : L 1 = 4 L o = 4 1.4 = 2.6 m
At the centre of the tank, the pressure is due only to the hydrostatic head and the air
pressure. Using eqn. 2.17 and knowing p = 40 103 Nm 2 , H2 O =1000 kgm 3
and g = 9.81 ms 2 , the head due to the air pressure can be calculated as :
p 40 103
h= = = 4.08 m of water :
g 1000 9.81
Pressure head at the centre of the tank = 2.6 m + 4.08 m (gauge)
We know that atmospheric pressure = 101325 Nm2 which again using eqn. 2.17
p 101325
equates to a head of h = = =10.33 m .
g 1000 9.81
Thus, absolute pressure at the centre of the base of the tank = 2.6 + 4.08 + 10.33 m
Absolute pressure = 17.01 m
To calculate the pressure at the circumference, we need to know the pressure due to
rotation, which from eqn. 2.33 is given by :
2 r 2
p= + const
2

17
J. F. Douglas, J. M. Gasiorek, J. A. Swaffield and Lynne B. Jack 2006
 Douglas: Fluid Mechanics, Solutions Manual, 5th edition

To find the constant, we know that at r = 0, p = 40 103 Nm 2

40 10 3 = 0 + const const = 40 103 Nm 2
2r 2
Substituting into eqn. 2.33 : p = + 40 103
2
At the circumference, r = 0.5, hence :
1000 18.852 0.52
p= + 40 103 = 84415 Nm 2
2
Again using eqn. 2.17, this equates to :
p 84415
head, h = = = 8.6 m
g 1000 9.81
Since the air pressure has been included
in the calculation here, only the hydrostatic
pressure need be added to get :
Gauge pressure = 8.6 + 2.6 = 11.2
Absolute pressure = 11.2 + 10.33 m
Absolute pressure = 21.53 m

18
J. F. Douglas, J. M. Gasiorek, J. A. Swaffield and Lynne B. Jack 2006